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-
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Please note: double dashed longoptions (e.g.
--version) are written this way: -
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\backslash
/
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-
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Two resp.
three consecutive dashes simply result in a long resp.
extra long dash.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
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Architecture specific stuff (like memory models, code examples) should maybe
later go
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into seperate sections/chapters/appendices (it is hard to document PIC or
Z80 in
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a 8051 centered document) - for now simply add.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Title
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SDCC Compiler User Guide
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-\begin_layout Date
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\size normal
SDCC 2.6.4
$Date$
\newline
$Revision$
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The above strings enclosed in $ are automatically updated by Subversion
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
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Introduction
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About SDCC
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\series bold
SDCC
\newline
In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of
standard optimizations like:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
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global sub expression elimination,
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
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loop optimizations (loop invariant, strength reduction of induction variables
and loop reversing),
-\end_layout
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constant folding & propagation,
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-\begin_layout Itemize
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copy propagation,
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-\begin_layout Itemize
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dead code elimination
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
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jump tables for
\emph on
switch
\emph default
statements.
-\end_layout
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For the back-end SDCC uses a global register allocation scheme which should
be well suited for other 8 bit MCUs.
\newline
Supported data-types are:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
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<features>
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default
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1.175494351E-38,
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
3.402823466E+38
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1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes
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SDCC also
provides an option (-
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
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Obviously this has pros and cons
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\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
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Open Source
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
All packages used in this compiler system are
\emph on
open source
You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve what
you give them.
Help stamp out software-hoarding!
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Typographic conventions
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Typographic conventions}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
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Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention.
Commands you have to type in are printed in
\family sans
Interesting items and new terms are printed in
\emph on
italic.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Compatibility
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version.
But we also introduced some incompatibilities with older versions.
Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable, efficient
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char
(8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation
files are stored is now in /usr/local/share.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
char type parameters to vararg
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg}
functions are casted to int unless explicitly casted
\begin_inset Marginal
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+collapsed true
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\series bold
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!
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
\family typewriter
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-\InsetSpace ~
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+\SpecialChar ~
char a=3;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
printf ("%d %c
\backslash
n", a, (char)a);
\newline
will push a as an int and as a char resp.
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-\begin_layout Itemize
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option -
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-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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-regextend has been removed.
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-noregparms has been removed.
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option -
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bit
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
\newline
\family typewriter
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bit b;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
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b = ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator}
b; /* equivalent to b=1 instead of toggling b */
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\series bold
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!
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\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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b = !b; /* toggles b */
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\family default
In previous versions, both forms would have toggled the bit.
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\emph on
<pending: more incompatibilities?>
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
System Requirements
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What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and
a desire to compute.
The preferred method of installation is to compile SDCC from source using
For Windows some pre-compiled binary distributions are available for your
convenience.
You should have some experience with command line tools and compiler use.
-\end_layout
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Other Resources
-\end_layout
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The SDCC home page at
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/}
If you want the latest unreleased software, the complete source package
is available directly from Subversion on https://svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/sdcc
/trunk/sdcc.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
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Wishes for the future
-\end_layout
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There are (and always will be) some things that could be done.
Here are some I can think of:
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
char KernelFunction3(char p) at 0x340;
\newline
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\family typewriter
better code banking
.
\newline
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-\begin_layout Chapter
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Installing SDCC
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Installation}
\end_inset
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For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux}
(Windows).
More detailed instructions follow below.
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-\begin_layout Section
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Configure Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options SDCC configuration}
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The install paths, search paths and other options are defined when running
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-enable-doc Build pdf, html and txt files from the lyx sources
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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-enable-libgc Use the Bohem memory allocator.
Lower runtime footprint.
-\end_layout
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Furthermore the environment variables CC, CFLAGS, ...
the tools and their arguments can be influenced.
Please see `configure -
\begin_inset ERT
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\backslash
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are used by the SDCC team to build the official Win32 binaries.
The SDCC team uses Mingw32 to build the official Windows binaries, because
it's
-\end_layout
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open source,
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-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
a gcc compiler and last but not least
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
the binaries can be built by cross compiling on Sourceforge's compile farm.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
See the examples, how to pass the Win32 settings to 'configure'.
The other Win32 builds using Borland, VC or whatever don't use 'configure',
but a header file sdcc_vc_in.h is the same as sdccconf.h built by 'configure'
These defaults are:
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Variable
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
default
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Win32 builds
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
PREFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
/usr/local
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
sdcc
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
EXEC_PREFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$PREFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$PREFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
BINDIR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$EXEC_PREFIX
\emph default
/bin
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$EXEC_PREFIX
\backslash
bin
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
DATADIR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$DATAROOTDIR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$DATAROOTDIR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
DATAROOTDIR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$PREFIX
\emph default
/share
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$PREFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
DOCDIR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$DATAROOTDIR
\emph default
/sdcc/doc
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$DATAROOTDIR
\backslash
doc
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
sdcc/include
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
include
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
LIB_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
sdcc/lib
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
lib
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\noindent
'configure' also computes relative paths.
This is needed for full relocatability of a binary package and to complete
search paths (see section search paths below):
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Variable (computed)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
default
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Win32 builds
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
BIN2DATA_DIR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
../share
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
..
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
PREFIX2BIN_DIR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
bin
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
bin
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
PREFIX2DATA_DIR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
share/sdcc
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\noindent
Examples:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
./configure
\newline
./configure -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
./configure -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-disable-avr-port -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-disable-xa51-port
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
To cross compile on linux for Mingw32 (see also 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_mingw
32'):
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
./configure
\backslash
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-build=unknown-unknown-linux-gnu
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
To
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
compile on Cygwin for Mingw32 (see also sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32
):
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
./configure -C
\backslash
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
'configure' is quite slow on Cygwin (at least on windows before Win2000/XP).
The option '-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-C' turns on caching, which gives a little bit extra speed.
However if options are changed, it can be necessary to delete the config.cache
file.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Install paths
+\added_space_bottom medskip
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-paths}
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="4">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Description
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Path
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Default
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Win32 builds
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Binary files*
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$EXEC_PREFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
/usr/local/bin
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
sdcc
\backslash
bin
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Include files
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
/usr/local/share/sdcc/include
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
sdcc
\backslash
include
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Library file**
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
sdcc
\backslash
lib
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Documentation
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$DOCDIR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
/usr/local/share/sdcc/doc
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
sdcc
\backslash
doc
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\size footnotesize
*compiler, preprocessor, assembler, and linker
\shape default
is auto-appended by the compiler, e.g.
small, large, z80, ds390 etc
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\noindent
The install paths can still be changed during `make install` with e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Of course this doesn't change the search paths compiled into the binaries.
\newline
\end_inset
:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
make install DESTDIR=$(HOME)/sdcc.rpm/
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Please note that DESTDIR must have a trailing slash!
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Search Paths
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Search-Paths}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Some search paths or parts of them are determined by configure variables
(in
\emph on
Binary files (preprocessor, assembler and linker)
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Search path
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
default
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Win32 builds
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME/
\emph on
$PPREFIX2BIN_DIR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME/bin
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME
\backslash
bin
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Path of argv[0] (if available)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Path of argv[0]
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Path of argv[0]
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$PATH
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$PATH
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$PATH
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\noindent
2.
Include files
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Search path
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
default
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Win32 builds
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-I dir
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-I dir
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-I dir
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_INCLUDE
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_INCLUDE
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_INCLUDE
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME/
\newline
$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/
\newline
$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_ HOME/
\newline
share/sdcc/
\newline
include
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME
\backslash
include
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
path(argv[0])/
\newline
\emph on
$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
path(argv[0])/
\newline
../sdcc/include
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
path(argv[0])
\backslash
..
\backslash
include
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$DATADIR/
\emph on
$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
/usr/local/share/sdcc/
\newline
include
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
(not on Win32)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\noindent
The option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
Library files
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
With the exception of
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Search path
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
default
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Win32 builds
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-L dir
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-L dir
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-L dir
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_LIB/
\newline
\emph on
<model>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_LIB/
\newline
\emph on
<model>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_LIB
\backslash
\emph on
<model>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME/
\newline
$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/
\newline
$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME/
\newline
share/sdcc/
lib/
\emph on
<model>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME
\backslash
lib
\newline
<model>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
path(argv[0])/
\newline
\emph on
$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
path(argv[0])/
\newline
../sdcc/lib/
\emph on
<model>
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
path(argv[0])
\backslash
\emph on
<model>
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-
-\end_layout
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
$DATADIR/
\newline
$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
/usr/local/share/sdcc/
\newline
lib/
\emph on
<model>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
(not on Win32)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Comment
-status collapsed
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking
the HTML output (last line)!
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\InsetSpace ~
+\layout Standard
+\SpecialChar ~
\newline
The option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-nostdlib disables the last two search paths.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Building SDCC
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Building SDCC}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Building SDCC on Linux
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
\series medium
Download the source package
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
\series medium
Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
\series medium
Unpack the file using a command like:
"
\series medium
, this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type:
\family sans
\series bold
"cd sdcc
\series default
".
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
\series medium
Type
\series default
".
This configures the package for compilation on your system.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
\series medium
Type
\series default
All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
\series medium
Type
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Building SDCC on OSX 2.x
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Follow the instruction for Linux.
\newline
gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease)) fails to compile SDCC.
Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine.
This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32.
See section 'Configure Options'.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions
for Linux.
\newline
Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected
because of dependencies with the manually selected packages.
Never deselect these packages!
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
flex
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
bison
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
binutils ; selected with gcc
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
make
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
later
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
later
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
svn ; only if you use Subversion access
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If you want to develop something you'll need:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
python ; for the regression tests
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't
use autoconf-stable!
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
rxvt is a nice console with history.
Replace in your cygwin.bat the line
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
bash -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-login -i
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
with (one line):
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-login
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting
works with shift-insert.
\newline
\end_inset
is too long, you can change it with e.g.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
mount -s -u -c /mnt
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF.
Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted
in binary mode.
Although a tabulator spacing of 8 is a sensible choice for programmers
(it's a power of 2 and allows to display 8/16 bit signed variables without
loosing columns) the plan is to move towards using only spaces in the source.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series medium
Download the source package
Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the
required programs.
Here there are two alternatives (choose one!):
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
The easy way:
\newline
\newline
(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that
could be useful, such as diff and patch.)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
A more compact way:
\newline
\backslash
' and add these lines:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
set BISON_SIMPLE=C:
\backslash
util
\backslash
bison.simple
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
set BISON_HAIRY=C:
\backslash
util
\backslash
bison.hairy
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
\newline
\backslash
Tools'.
So you don't have to execute step 'e' :)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
That is it.
Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy
the executables from sdcc
bin_vc to sdcc
\backslash
bin, and you can compile using SDCC.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Building SDCC Using Borland
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc".
This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for
SDCDB and ucSim.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci
es may not be correctly calculated.
The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again.
\family default
\series default
from the sdcc directory.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Windows Install Using a ZIP Package
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
Download the binary zip package from
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
sdcc
\backslash
lib for the include and libraries.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin
directory or start sdcc using the full path.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Windows Install Using the Setup Program
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Windows-Install}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Download the setup program
\emph on
sdcc-x.y.z-setup.exe
and execute it.
A windows typical installer will guide you through the installation process.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
VPATH
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{VPATH}
\end_inset
feature
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC supports the VPATH feature provided by configure and make.
It allows to separate the source and build trees.
Here's an example:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
-cd ~\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+cd ~\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
# cd $HOME
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
-tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\InsetSpace ~
+tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\SpecialChar ~
# extract source to directory sdcc
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
-mkdir sdcc.build\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+mkdir sdcc.build\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
# put output in sdcc.build
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
cd sdcc.build
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
-../sdcc/configure\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+../sdcc/configure\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
# configure is doing all the magic!
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
make
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\noindent
That's it!
\series bold
make
\series default
will do the rest for you!
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Building the Documentation
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Add -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Reading the Documentation
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown
reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they
are not
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If you should know why please drop us a note
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document
(commercially these probably would be separate documents/products).
This document
currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati
on about f.e.
Z80, PIC14, PIC16 and HC08.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
There are many references pointing away from this documentation.
Don't let this distract you.
If there f.e.
we expect you to have a quick look there and come back.
If you read this you are on the right track.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings
than to the solution.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles
than pictures.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Testing the SDCC Compiler
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Testing-the-SDCC}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to
see if it runs.
Type
\series bold
"sdcc -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\family typewriter
SDCC : mcs51/z80/avr/ds390/pic16/pic14/ds400/hc08 2.5.6 #4169 (May 8 2006)
(UNIX)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then
you need to check over your installation.
Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\series medium
Install trouble-shooting for suggestions
ASCII
\series medium
editor:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
char test;
\newline
void main(void) {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
test=0;
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series medium
Compile this using the following command:
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\series medium
Install trouble-shooting for suggestions).
\series medium
header files and libraries.
Edit test.c and change it to the following:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
#include <string.h>
\newline
void main(void) {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
strcpy(str1, "testing");
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series medium
Compile this by typing
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\series medium
Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions).
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Install Trouble-shooting
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
If SDCC does not build correctly
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package
again in an empty directory.
Configure it like:
If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem.
Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful
when requesting help from the mailing list.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
What the
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
does
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
to ensure the source package compiles on your system.
It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine
what compiler features are installed.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
What the
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
does
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source
packages into the final installed binary executables.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
What the
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
command does.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include
files into the appropriate directories.
See sections
\end_inset
-,\InsetSpace ~
+,\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
about install and search paths.
\newline
On most systems you will need super-user privilege
s to do this.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Components of SDCC
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers.
These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components.
Here is a summary of some of the components.
\newline
In <installdir>/bin:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sdcc - The compiler.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sdcpp - The C preprocessor.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
as-z80
\series bold
,
\series default
as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
link-z80
\series bold
,
\series default
link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sdcdb - The source debugger.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In <installdir>/share/sdcc/include
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
the include files
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled
relocatables.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
the documentation
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include
executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
sdcc - The Compiler
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes
the assembler and linkage editor.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The preprocessor
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
.
The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef
statements, #defines and so on.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
as
\emph on
xxxx
xxx
\emph default
- The Assemblers and Linkage Editors
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan
Baldwin.
John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some
enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
s51 - The Simulator
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
S51
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51}
.
It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips
XA51 family.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
sdcdb - Source Level Debugger
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCDB
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
\end_inset
, but can be easily changed to use other simulators.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Chapter
+\layout Chapter
Using SDCC
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Compiling
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Single Source File Projects
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple.
Compile your programs with the following command
\family sans
\series default
This will compile, assemble and link your source file.
Output files are as follows:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.asm
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.asm}
\end_inset
file created by the compiler
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.lst
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lst}
\end_inset
file created by the Assembler
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.rst
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rst}
\end_inset
file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.sym
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.sym}
\end_inset
for the sourcefile, created by the assembler
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.rel
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
\end_inset
created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.map
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
\end_inset
for the load module, created by the Linker
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.mem
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.mem}
\end_inset
- A file with a summary of the memory usage
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.ihx
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.ihx}
with -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.adb
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.adb}
- An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the
.cdb file (with -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.cdb
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.cdb}
- An optional file (with -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-debug) containing debug information.
The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.
- (no extension)
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file> (no extension)}
file containing debug information (generated with option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
, simulators, emulators)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sourcefile.dump*
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.dump*}
- Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
and section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of}
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Postprocessing the Intel Hex
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
\end_inset
file
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In most cases this won't be needed but the Intel Hex file
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.ihx}
\family sans
\series bold
-srec_cat\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-sourcefile.ihx -intel\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+srec_cat\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
-o sourcefile.hex -intel
\newline
\series default
An example for a more complex command line
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
the command backfills
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{backfill unused memory}
0x1212
\family default
(where an emergency routine could sit).
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\family sans
\series bold
\size footnotesize
-srec_cat\InsetSpace ~
-sourcefile.ihx -intel\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
--fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\InsetSpace ~
+srec_cat\SpecialChar ~
+sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+-fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\SpecialChar ~
-little-endian-checksum-nega
-tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
-o sourcefile.hex -intel
\size default
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Projects with Multiple Source Files
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time.
Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following
files:
\family sans
\series bold
-sdcc\InsetSpace ~
--c\InsetSpace ~
+sdcc\SpecialChar ~
+-c\SpecialChar ~
foo1.c
\family default
\series default
\family sans
\series bold
\size default
-sdcc\InsetSpace ~
--c\InsetSpace ~
+sdcc\SpecialChar ~
+-c\SpecialChar ~
foo2.c
\family default
\series default
\family sans
\series bold
-sdcc\InsetSpace ~
-foomain.c\InsetSpace ~
-foo1.rel\InsetSpace ~
+sdcc\SpecialChar ~
+foomain.c\SpecialChar ~
+foo1.rel\SpecialChar ~
foo2.rel
\family default
\series default
\newline
\newline
-sdcc\InsetSpace ~
--c\InsetSpace ~
+sdcc\SpecialChar ~
+-c\SpecialChar ~
foomain.c
\newline
sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel
.
You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising
from missing libraries.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Projects with Additional Libraries
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation
for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc)
for how to create a
libsdcc.lib
\emph default
in the directory <installdir>/share/lib/small.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Using sdcclib to Create and Manage Libraries
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library
file as described in the preceding section, sdcclib can be used to embed
all the modules belonging to such library in the library file itself.
To display a list of options supported by sdcclib type:
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
For example:
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc -c _divsint.c
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc -c _divuint.c
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc -c _modsint.c
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc -c _moduint.c
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc -c _mulint.c
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This will create files _divsint.rel, _divuint.rel, _modsint.rel, _moduint.rel,
and _mulint.rel.
The next step is to add the .rel files to the library file:
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If the file already exists in the library, it will be replaced.
To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s
and -m are available.
\family typewriter
\series default
_divsint.rel:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divsint_a_1_1
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divsint_PARM_2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divsint
\newline
_divuint.rel:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divuint_a_1_1
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divuint_PARM_2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divuint_reste_1_1
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divuint_count_1_1
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divuint
\newline
_modsint.rel:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__modsint_a_1_1
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__modsint_PARM_2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__modsint
\newline
_moduint.rel:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__moduint_a_1_1
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__moduint_PARM_2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__moduint_count_1_1
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__moduint
\newline
_mulint.rel:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__mulint_PARM_2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
__mulint
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
If the source files are compiled using -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
is embedded in the library file itself.
Library files created using sdcclib are used as described in the preceding
sections.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Command Line Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Command Line Options}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Processor Selection Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options processor selection}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
family of processors.
This is the default processor target.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
processor.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
processor.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
family of processors.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
family of processors.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
processor (Not actively maintained).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Comment
-status collapsed
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
I think it is fair to direct users there for now.
Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work .
But I didn't find the 'official' link.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-bit processors (p16f84 and variants.
In development, not complete).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Comment
-status collapsed
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877?
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-bit processors (p18f452 and variants.
In development, not complete).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
processor (Not maintained, not complete).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
-mxa51
\end_inset
processor (Not maintained, not complete).
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Preprocessor Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options preprocessor}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
files.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\series default
Command line definition of macros.
Passed to the preprocessor.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
'.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\series default
Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments.
Used with the `-E' option.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
file"'.
System header files included with `#include <file>' are omitted.
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'.
`-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target
machine.
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-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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Undefine macro macro.
`-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include'
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-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that
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Used with the `-E' option.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\series default
Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in
their proper sequence in the rest of the output.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\bar default
Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted.
Only `#define name' is included in the output.
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-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\emph on
Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard!
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-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
--Wp\InsetSpace ~
+-Wp\SpecialChar ~
preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]
\series default
\end_inset
-), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\InsetSpace ~
-4.1.1\InsetSpace ~
-CPP\InsetSpace ~
+), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\SpecialChar ~
+4.1.1\SpecialChar ~
+CPP\SpecialChar ~
Manual
at
\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/}
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.
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-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options linker}
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--L\InsetSpace ~
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-
\series default
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\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
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<absolute path to additional libraries> This option is passed to the linkage
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
The path name must be absolute.
Additional library files may be specified in the command line.
See section Compiling programs for more details.
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<Value> The start location of the code
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
is also relocated to the given address.
The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
\begin_inset ERT
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-\InsetSpace ~
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<Value> By default the stack
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
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-
\begin_inset ERT
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-\InsetSpace ~
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram}
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
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\end_inset
-no-pack-iram
\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram}
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option if you need to manually place the stack.
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-
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-\end_layout
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-\InsetSpace ~
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<Value> By default the external stack
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xstack}
The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
-
\begin_inset ERT
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-\end_layout
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-xstack-loc 0x8000 or -
\begin_inset ERT
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-\begin_layout Standard
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-loc 32768.
The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as the
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\begin_inset ERT
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-\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
-
\begin_inset ERT
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-data-loc 0x20 or -
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For example if register banks 0 and 1 are used without bit variables, the
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\begin_inset ERT
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-
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<Value> The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
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-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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-idata-loc 0x88 or -
\begin_inset ERT
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-bit-loc
\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
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<Value> The start location of the bit
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
not
\emph default
implemented yet.
- Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\InsetSpace ~
+ Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\SpecialChar ~
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processors)
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\series bold
--Wl\InsetSpace ~
+-Wl\SpecialChar ~
linkOption[,linkOption]
\series default
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
--Wl\InsetSpace ~
+-Wl\SpecialChar ~
-bCSEG=0x1000
\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
.
File sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html has more on linker options.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
MCS51 Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options MCS51}
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-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more
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This is the default model.
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-
\begin_inset ERT
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
with this option.
It must also be used when invoking the linker.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
with this option.
It must also be used when invoking the linker.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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-
\begin_inset ERT
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-\begin_layout Standard
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
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External Stack for more details.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
-iram-size
\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
<Value>
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of
the given value.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
-xram-size
\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
<Value>
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size <Value>}
Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of
the given value.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
-code-size
\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
<Value>
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size <Value>}
Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of
the given value.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-size
\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
<Value>
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-size <Value>}
\end_inset
Causes the linker to check if there is at minimum <Value> bytes for stack.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
-pack-iram
\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram}
Causes the linker to use unused register banks for data variables and pack
data, idata and stack together.
This is the default now.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
-no-pack-iram
\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram}
\end_inset
Causes the linker to use old style for allocating memory areas.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
DS390 / DS400 Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options DS390}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph default
.
See section Memory Models for more details.
-\end_layout
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\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
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\series default
disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates.
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-
\begin_inset ERT
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\emph on
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-\end_layout
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\emph on
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-\begin_layout Standard
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-\end_layout
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\emph on
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\begin_inset ERT
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-\end_layout
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\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue.
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-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\end_layout
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\series default
<nnnn> LibraryID used in -mTININative.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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\series bold
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\begin_inset ERT
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\series default
generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Z80 Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options Z80}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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\size default
\emph default
Force a called function to always save BC.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
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When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file.
You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options optimization}
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-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
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\begin_inset ERT
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-\end_layout
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).
A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler
will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated.
- It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
nogcse
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
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for a given function only.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
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\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
- It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
noinvariant
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant}
\end_inset
can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction
for more details.
- It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
noinduction
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
\end_inset
can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
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\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
Switch Statements for more details.
- It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
nojtbound
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function
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-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
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\backslash
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optimization.
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\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable).
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-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
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\end_inset
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
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\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
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\series default
The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function,
see section Parameters and local variables for more details.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
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\series default
Disable peep-hole optimization with built-in rules.
-\end_layout
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
<filename> This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by
the peep hole optimizer.
See section
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
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rules defined in the source file tree '<target>/peeph.def' before using
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-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
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\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
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\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
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-\end_layout
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\series default
The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
at the expense of code size.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
at the expense of code speed.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Other Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options other}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
--c\InsetSpace ~
+-c\SpecialChar ~
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\series default
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it.
The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
Run only the C preprocessor.
Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard
output.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
--o\InsetSpace ~
+-o\SpecialChar ~
<path/file>
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-o <path/file>}
If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash
for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
with this option.
It automatically implies --int-long-reent and --float-reent.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file
should be compiled with the same -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-callee-saves option string.
- Also see #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ Also see #pragma\SpecialChar ~
callee_saves
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
format which is commonly used by third party tools.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\bar default
Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble.
The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant.
Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant.
See section Installation for more details.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph default
see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
.
See section Installation for more details.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
sjmp .
\family default
'.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path
to the preprocessor.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
path to the linker.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Shows the various actions the compiler is performing.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\series default
Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always
blame the compiler :)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Will not include peep-hole comments in the generated files.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Include i-codes in the asm file.
Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
(jwk burps: please be more specific here, please!).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
--disable-warning\InsetSpace ~
+-disable-warning\SpecialChar ~
<nnnn>
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-disable-warning}
\series default
Disable specific warning with number <nnnn>.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Display the directories in the compiler's search path
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
output style, integration into most programming editors should be straightforwa
rd.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
--Wa\InsetSpace ~
+-Wa\SpecialChar ~
asmOption[,asmOption]
\series default
.
See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
with the standard (default).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
standard.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
with the standard (incomplete support).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
standard (incomplete support).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
<Name> The name to be used for the code
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
place in memory.
Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a
bank.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
<Name> The name to be used for the const
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
in a special place in memory.
Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data
in a bank.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Permit '$' as an identifier character
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
more-pedantic
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
-__at\InsetSpace ~
+__at\SpecialChar ~
\series bold
(
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
-__interrupt\InsetSpace ~
+__interrupt\SpecialChar ~
(2)
\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
\newline
\family sans
-splint\InsetSpace ~
--I\InsetSpace ~
-/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+splint\SpecialChar ~
+-I\SpecialChar ~
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
myprogram.c
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Intermediate Dump Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging
the compiler.
They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in
sequence of execution.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
, into a file named
\emph on
<source filename>.dumpgcse.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
, into a file named
\emph on
<source filename>.dumpdeadcode.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
, into a file named
\emph on
<source filename>.dumploop.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
, into a file named
\emph on
<source filename>.dumprange.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
for all symbols.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
, into a file named
\emph on
<source filename>.dumprassgn.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\size default
\bar default
Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Redirecting output on Windows Shells
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
By default SDCC writes it's error messages to
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\emph on
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph on
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph on
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph on
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-model-large -c $(InputPath)
\series default
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Environment variables
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Environment variables}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC recognizes the following environment variables:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception.
If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler
in order to be able to debug SDCC.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-TMP,\InsetSpace ~
-TEMP,\InsetSpace ~
+TMP,\SpecialChar ~
+TEMP,\SpecialChar ~
TMPDIR
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR}
In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's
no need to set them.
On Windows it's recommended to set one of them.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
..
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these
are solely used for debugging purposes.
They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Storage Class Language Extensions
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
MCS51/DS390 Storage Class
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
\end_inset
Language Extensions
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51
specific storage classes:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
data
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This is the
\series bold
default
can be used synonymously).
Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly
addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__data unsigned char test_data;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-75*00 01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+75*00 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_test_data,#0x01
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
xdata
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external
RAM.
This is the
default
\series default
storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__xdata unsigned char test_xdata;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-90s00r00\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+90s00r00\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dptr,#_test_xdata
\newline
-74\InsetSpace ~
-01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+74\SpecialChar ~
+01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,#0x01
\newline
-F0\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-movx\InsetSpace ~
+F0\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+movx\SpecialChar ~
@dptr,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
idata
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly
addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__idata unsigned char test_idata;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-78r00\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+78r00\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
r0,#_test_idata
\newline
-76\InsetSpace ~
-01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+76\SpecialChar ~
+01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
@r0,#0x01
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM
as the data memory.
The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have
\end_inset
is located in idata memory.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
pdata
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing
modes of a 8051.
It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of
default
\series default
storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__pdata unsigned char test_pdata;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-78r00\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+78r00\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r0,#_test_pdata
\newline
-74 01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+74 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,#0x01
\newline
-F2\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+F2\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
movx @r0,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area
and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
code
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code
memory:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__code unsigned char test_code;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Read access to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-90s00r6F\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+90s00r6F\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov dptr,#_test_code
\newline
-E4\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+E4\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
clr a
\newline
-93\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+93\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
movc a,@a+dptr
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
char
\family default
indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'};
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly
code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-E5*00\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+E5*00\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,_index
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-90s00r41\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+90s00r41\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov dptr,#_test_array
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-93\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+93\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
movc a,@a+dptr
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
bit
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This is a data-type and a storage class specifier.
When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable
memory of 8051, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__bit test_bit;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-D2*00\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-setb\InsetSpace ~
+D2*00\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+setb\SpecialChar ~
_test_bit
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20
to 0x2f in data memory.
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are
about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c
-\end_layout
\end_inset
.
In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit
signed modifier are implemented as unsigned.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
sfr
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Like the bit keyword,
\emph on
sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit
bit
\emph default
variables of a 8051, eg:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__sfr __at
\end_inset
- (0x80) P0;\InsetSpace ~
+ (0x80) P0;\SpecialChar ~
/* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */
\newline
/* 16 bit
special function register combination for timer 0
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
with the high byte at
location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */
\newline
\end_inset
- (0xd7) CY;\InsetSpace ~
+ (0xd7) CY;\SpecialChar ~
/* CY (Carry Flag
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flags}
\end_inset
) */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by
8 are bit-addressable, an
\emph on
this is not guaranteed.
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Please note, if you use a header file which was written for another compiler
then the sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit Storage Class extensions will most
likely be
compatible.
Specifically the syntax
\family typewriter
-\InsetSpace ~
-sfr P0 = 0x80;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sfr P0 = 0x80;\SpecialChar ~
\family default
is compiled
\family typewriter
\begin_inset Marginal
-status collapsed
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
!
-\end_layout
\end_inset
).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
Pointers
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer}
\end_inset
to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any
of the memory spaces
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
\newline
Pointer
declaration examples:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
/* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram
physically located in data space */
\newline
char (* __data fp)(void);
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Well you get the idea.
\newline
\end_inset
type will generate the most efficient code.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
Notes on MCS51 memory
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory}
\end_inset
layout
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal
RAM memory which is structured as follows:
\newline
- Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use.
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of
additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory (
\emph on
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
Startup-Code).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Normally SDCC will only use the first bank
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
at address 0x22.
You can also use -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph default
and -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data
variables.
Option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
) you can place the stack on it.
You may also need to use -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph default
) and -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
to specify its size.
Same goes for the code memory, using -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
and -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
.
If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory
layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
The linker generates two files with memory allocation information.
The first, with extension .map
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what
the problem is.
The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Z80/Z180 Storage Class
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Storage class}
\end_inset
Language Extensions
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
sfr
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
\end_inset
(in/out to 8-bit addresses)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The Z80
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
\end_inset
is accessed with special instructions, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-3E 01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+3E 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
ld a,#0x01
\newline
-D3 78\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+D3 78\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
out (_IoPort),a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
banked sfr
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
\end_inset
(in/out to 16-bit addresses)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The keyword
\emph on
banked
\emph default
is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
sfr banked at
\end_inset
0x123 IoPort;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-01 23 01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+01 23 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
ld bc,#_IoPort
\newline
-3E 01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+3E 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
ld a,#0x01
\newline
-ED 79\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+ED 79\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
out (c),a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
sfr
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
\end_inset
)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
The compiler option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\SpecialChar ~
portmode
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Pragmas!\#pragma portmode}
\family default
.
If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
HC08 Storage Class
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Storage class}
\end_inset
Language Extensions
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
data
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (hc08 storage class)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256
bytes of memory (the direct page).
The HC08
\end_inset
is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) stored here.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
xdata
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (hc08 storage class)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in
memory.
This is the default if no storage class is specified.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Absolute Addressing
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the
\emph on
at
<address>
\emph default
keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
xdata
\end_inset
0x7ffe unsigned int chksum;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff
of the external ram.
The compiler does
\emph default
reserve any space for variables declared in this way
\begin_inset Marginal
-status collapsed
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
!
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph on
not
\begin_inset Marginal
-status collapsed
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
!
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword
\emph on
volatile
\emph default
has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
volatile
\end_inset
(0x8000) unsigned char PORTA_8255;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa
r) array
\family typewriter
\newline
Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all
storage classes, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__bit
\end_inset
(0x02) bvar;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab
le space.
There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables
For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller
I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you
can declare the I/O pins in your routine using:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
extern volatile
\end_inset
- __bit MOSI;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+ __bit MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* master out, slave in */
\newline
-extern volatile __bit MISO;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+extern volatile __bit MISO;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* master
in, slave out */
\newline
-extern volatile __bit MCLK;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+extern volatile __bit MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* master clock */
\newline
/* Input and
Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus.
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
If needed adapt polarity of clock,
polarity of data and bit order
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
*/
\newline
unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte)
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
unsigned char i=8;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
do {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
MOSI = out_byte & 0x80;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
out_byte <<= 1;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
MCLK =
1;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-/* _asm nop _endasm; */\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* _asm nop _endasm; */\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* for slow peripherals */
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
if(MISO)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
out_byte +=
1;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
MCLK = 0;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
} while(--i);
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
return out_byte;
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__bit __at
\end_inset
- (0x80) MOSI;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+ (0x80) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* I/O port 0, bit 0 */
\newline
-__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* I/O port 0,
bit 1 */
\newline
-__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* I/O port 0, bit 2 */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Similarly, for the second hardware you would use
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* I/O port 0, bit 3 */
\newline
-__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/*
I/O port 1, bit 1 */
\newline
\end_inset
- __at (0x92) MCLK;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+ __at (0x92) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* I/O port 1, bit 2 */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as
for example in a library.
This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be
specified in the whole project.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Parameters
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameters}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed
on the stack or in data-space.
The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph default
option, by using
\emph on
-#pragma\InsetSpace ~
+#pragma\SpecialChar ~
stackauto
\emph default
\emph default
keyword in the function declaration, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned char foo(char i) __reentrant
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the
\emph on
reentrant
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
addresses, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned char foo()
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
__xdata unsigned char i;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
__bit bvar;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
__data __at
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
(0x31) unsigned char j;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In the above example the variable
\emph on
i
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
reentrant
\emph default
this should only be done for static variables.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Parameters
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
, (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is
governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also
non-static local bit variables are supported.
Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space.
\end_inset
as a single byte just like the normal registers.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Overlaying
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Overlaying}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For non-reentrant
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
\end_inset
is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlayed.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin
g the data items.
Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine
\begin_inset Marginal
-status collapsed
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
!
-\end_layout
\end_inset
- should be preceded by a #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
nooverlay
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
\end_inset
if they are not reentrant.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler
code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters
of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls
other c-functions that might use the overlay.
- In that case the #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ In that case the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
nooverlay should be used.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica
tion
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
will NOT be overlayed since these are implemented using external functions,
e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
#pragma save
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
P3 = errcd;
\newline
}
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
set_error(10);
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
In the above example the parameter
\emph on
errcd
\emph on
set_error
\emph default
- would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
nooverlay was
not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called
from an interrupt service routine.
- The #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ The #pragma\SpecialChar ~
nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for
the function are NOT overlayed.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Interrupt Service Routines
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
General Information
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC allows
\emph on
i
r
\emph default
outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
void timer_isr (void) __interrupt (1) __using (1)
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The optional number following the
\emph on
interrupt
\newline
Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
\end_inset
Common interrupt pitfall: variable not declared
\emph on
volatile
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by
other functions these variables have to be declared
\emph on
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-atomic}
\end_inset
Common interrupt pitfall:
\emph on
non-atomic access
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If the access to these variables is not
\emph on
atomic
\family typewriter
-flags\InsetSpace ~
-|=\InsetSpace ~
+flags\SpecialChar ~
+|=\SpecialChar ~
0x80;
\family default
\family typewriter
-flags\InsetSpace ~
-|=\InsetSpace ~
+flags\SpecialChar ~
+|=\SpecialChar ~
0x40;
\family default
\family typewriter
-counter\InsetSpace ~
-+=\InsetSpace ~
+counter\SpecialChar ~
++=\SpecialChar ~
8;
\family default
Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can
cause a lot of trouble.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-stack-overflow}
\end_inset
Common interrupt pitfall:
\emph on
stack overflow
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine
are saved on the stack
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e.
many return addresses.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-reentrant}
\end_inset
Common interrupt pitfall:
\emph on
use of non-reentrant functions
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division}
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
required by ANSI C can cause 16 bit routines to be used
\begin_inset Marginal
-status collapsed
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
!
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended,
avoid it if possible.
Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine
- it should be preceded by a #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ it should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
nooverlay
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
about Overlaying and section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
about Functions using private register banks.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Interrupt
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
to the maximum interrupt number specified.
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Interrupt #
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Description
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Vector Address
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
External 0
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0x0003
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Timer 0
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0x000b
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
2
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
External 1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0x0013
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
3
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Timer 1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0x001b
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
4
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Serial
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0x0023
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
5
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Timer 2 (8052)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0x002b
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
...
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
...
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
n
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0x0003 + 8*n
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If the interrupt service routine is defined without
\emph on
using
stack.
This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which
have low register usage.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register
bank then only
\emph on
.
This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
HC08
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
\end_inset
Interrupt Service Routines
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
Since the number of interrupts
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt}
\end_inset
for details on customizing startup.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Z80 Interrupt Service Routines
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The Z80
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
vector depending on the hardware implementation.
Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt
to generate an interrupt vector table.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI
instruction to return from the interrupt.
To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs
critical
\emph default
keyword:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
However if you need to create a non-interruptable interrupt service routine
you would also require the
\emph on
keyword.
To distinguish between this and an nmi_isr you must provide an interrupt
number.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Critical Functions and Critical Statements
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring
it as
\emph on
\end_inset
for each call.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
int foo () __critical
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like
\emph on
reentrant.
critical
\emph default
may also be used to disable interrupts more locally:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__critical{ i++; }
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
More than one statement could have been included in the block.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Interrupts
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
\end_inset
can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051):
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-EA = 0;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-or:\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+EA = 0;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+or:\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
EA_SAVE = EA;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-...\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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-\InsetSpace ~
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-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
EA = 0;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-EA = 1;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
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+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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-\InsetSpace ~
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-\InsetSpace ~
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-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
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+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
EA = EA_SAVE;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling
interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
\end_inset
):
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
#define CLI _asm
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-cli\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+cli\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_endasm
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
\end_inset
;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-#define SEI _asm\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-sei\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+#define SEI _asm\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sei\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_endasm;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
...
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source
like f.e.
a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an
\emph default
register.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as
short as possible.
This minimizes both
On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed
by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas
a much smaller jitter will be very audible.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture
s you can make use of two (or more) levels of
\emph on
and don't add complexity unless you have to.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Semaphore
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{semaphore}
\end_inset
locking (mcs51/ds390)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
don't have to be disabled for the locking operation.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
volatile
\newline
if (resource_is_free)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
resource_is_free=0;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
resource_is_free=1;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and
\emph on
set).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Functions using private register banks
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
\end_inset
(mcs51/ds390)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets.
SDCC supports this feature with the
\emph on
functions (see footnote below).
This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient
since it will not have to save registers on the stack.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The
\emph on
using
\emph default
function (but may occasionally be useful anyway
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions
using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute
as the calling 'interrupt' functions.
call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy()
'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero
to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function
-\end_layout
\end_inset
.
\emph on
)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
An
\emph on
interrupt
If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your
own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance
hit.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions.
If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions
use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the
It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank
from an ISR.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Startup Code
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Startup-Code}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
MCS51/DS390 Startup Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The compiler inserts a call to the C routine
\emph on
_sdcc_external_startup()
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph default
is used.
(recommended for Chipcon CC1010).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
See also the compiler options
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
about MCS51-variants.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
HC08 Startup Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
The HC08
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
\end_inset
startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Z80 Startup Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
On the Z80
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
\emph default
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
and provide your own crt0.o.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Inline Assembler Code
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
A Step by Step Introduction
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51
how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and
an array in xdata memory.
The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures.
This is a buffer routine which should be optimized:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
\newline
-unsigned char head, tail;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+unsigned char head, tail;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* if interrupts
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
are involved see
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1)
- )\InsetSpace ~
+ )\SpecialChar ~
/* cast
\series bold
needed
to integer */
\begin_inset Marginal
-status collapsed
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
!
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-buf[ head++ ] = c;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+buf[ head++ ] = c;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* access to a 256 byte aligned array */
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC
then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated.
We define a new function
\end_inset
to the beginning and the end of the function body:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
/* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with.
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
The
function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */
\newline
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_asm
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
r2,dpl
\newline
-;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \InsetSpace ~
+;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \SpecialChar ~
/* cast
\series bold
needed
to integer */
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,_tail
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-dec\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dec\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
r3,a
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,_head
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
cjne a,ar3,00106$
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
ret
\newline
00106$:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
r3,_head
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-inc\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_head
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dpl,r3
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dph,#(_buf >> 8)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,r2
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
movx @dptr,a
\newline
00103$:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
ret
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_endasm
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
;
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced
function argument 'c'.
Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY
(1) and finally have:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
if(
head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
buf[ head++ ] = c;
\newline
}
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_asm
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
; save used registers here.
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here.
\newline
; if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
a,_tail
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-dec\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dec\SpecialChar ~
a
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-xrl\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+xrl\SpecialChar ~
a,_head
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
; we
could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-jz\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+jz\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
t_b_end$
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
;
\newline
;
buf[ head++ ] = c;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
- a,dpl \InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+ a,dpl \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
; dpl holds lower byte of function argument
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-
- dpl,_head \InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+
+ dpl,_head \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
dph,#(_bu
f>>8)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
movx @dptr,a
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-inc \InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc \SpecialChar ~
_head
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a
smaller buffer (see above)
\newline
t_b_end$:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
; restore used registers here
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_endasm
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
}
\newline
#endif
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler
, this includes any assembler directives and comment lines.
The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments.
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the
\family typewriter
_asm
has to be done manually.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed
in a separate line (as the example shows).
When the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
SDCCpeeph.def
\emph default
before using this option.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Naked Functions
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Naked-Functions}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as
\emph on
_naked
This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large
(and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue.
For example, compare the code generated by these two functions:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
volatile
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
counter++;
\newline
}
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_asm
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-inc\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-reti\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+reti\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
; MUST explicitly
include ret or reti in _naked function.
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_endasm
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
;
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
Note, this is an
\newline
_simpleInterrupt:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-push\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+push\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
acc
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-push\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+push\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
b
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
pu
-sh\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+sh\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dpl
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-push\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+push\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dph
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-push\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+push\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
psw
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
psw,#0x00
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-inc\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_counter
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-pop\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
psw
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-pop\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dph
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-pop\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dpl
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-pop\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
b
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-pop\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
acc
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
reti
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
whereas nakedInterrupt looks like:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
_nakedInterrupt:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-inc\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-reti\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+reti\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
;
MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The related directive #pragma exclude
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
\end_inset
the registers.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a
\family typewriter
_naked
\family default
function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this,
and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Use of Labels within Inline Assembler
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding
labels.
In older versions of the compiler all labels defined within inline assembler
\noun default
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
_asm
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
b,#10
\newline
00001$:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-djnz\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+djnz\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
b,00001$
\newline
_endasm
\end_inset
;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference
labels
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Labels}
\end_inset
defined by the inline assembler, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
foo() {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* some c code */
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_asm
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
; some assembler code
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
ljmp $0003
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_endasm;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* some more c code */
\newline
-clabel:\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+clabel:\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* inline assembler cannot reference this
label */
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_asm
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
$0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_endasm
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* some more c code */
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline
assembly within the scope of the function.
The same goes the other way, i.e.
labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Interfacing with Assembler Code
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Global Registers used for Parameter Passing
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameter passing}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The compiler always uses the global registers
\emph on
DPL, DPH
The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant
routines or if -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-auto is used) or in data / xdata memory (depending on the memory
model).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Assembler Routine (non-reentrant)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In the following example
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
return asm_func(i,j);
\newline
}
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
return c_func(10,9);
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The corresponding assembler function is:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
.globl _asm_func_PARM_2
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
.globl _asm_func
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
.area OSEG
\newline
_asm_func_PARM_2:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
.ds
1
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
.area CSEG
\newline
_asm_func:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,dpl
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-add\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+add\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,_asm_func_PARM_2
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dpl,a
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dph
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL}
,#0x00
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
ret
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Note here that the return values
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value}
two byte values.
'dpl', 'dph' and 'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph','
b' & 'acc' for four byte values.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The parameter naming convention is _<function_name>_PARM_<n>, where n is
the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left.
The first parameter is passed in
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Assembler Routine (reentrant)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In this case
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
to left i.e.
after the call the leftmost parameter will be on the top of the stack.
Here is an example:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
return asm_func(i,j);
\newline
}
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
return
c_func(10,9);
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The corresponding assembler routine is:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
.globl _asm_func
\newline
_asm_func:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
push _bp
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov _bp,sp
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r2,dpl
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,_bp
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
add
a,#0xfd
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r0,a
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
add a,#0xfc ;?
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r1,a
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,@r0
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
add a,r2 ;?
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov dpl,a
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov dph,#0x00
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov sp,_bp
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
pop _bp
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
ret
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
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+\added_space_bottom bigskip
The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra
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frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters
and local variables.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
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-\begin_layout Section
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int (16 bit)
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\end_inset
Support
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division,
multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines.
These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting
found in <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib.
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
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<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\series bold
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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_mulint.c
-\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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16 bit multiplication
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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_divsint.c
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint)
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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-\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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unsigned 16 bit division
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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_modsint.c
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint)
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
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unsigned 16 bit modulus
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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_mullong.c
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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32 bit multiplication
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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_divslong.c
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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signed 32 division (calls _divulong)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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_divulong.c
-\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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unsigned 32 division
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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_modslong.c
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong)
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\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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unsigned 32 bit modulus
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Since they are compiled as
\emph on
non-reentrant
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly.
The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation
is required.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Floating Point Support
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers.
The floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and
consist of the following routines:
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
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\align center
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Function
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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_fsadd.c
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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add floating point numbers
-\end_layout
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</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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_fssub.c
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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subtract floating point numbers
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\begin_layout Standard
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_fsdiv.c
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-\begin_layout Standard
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divide floating point numbers
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\begin_layout Standard
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_fsmul.c
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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-\begin_layout Standard
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multiply floating point numbers
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\begin_layout Standard
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_fs2uchar.c
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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convert floating point to unsigned char
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convert floating point to signed char
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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convert floating point to unsigned int
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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convert floating point to signed int
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c
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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convert int to floating point numbers
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</cell>
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convert unsigned long to floating point number
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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_long2fs.c
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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convert long to floating point number
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\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
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These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space
and speed improvement
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
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These floating point routines (
\emph on
not
\emph default
sinf(), cosf(), ...) for the mcs51 are implemented in assembler.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly.
The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation
is required.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
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Library Routines
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\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
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\emph on
<pending: this is messy and incomplete - a little more information is in
sdcc/doc/libdoc.txt
\emph default
>
-\end_layout
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Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.)
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Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.)
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<stdio.h>
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getchar(), putchar()
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\end_inset
putchar()
\family default
routine might be a start:
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-\begin_layout Verse
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void putchar (char c) {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-while (!TI)\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
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+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
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/* assumes UART is initialized */
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
TI
= 0;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
SBUF = c;
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Paragraph
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printf()
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
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The default
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printf()
\emph on
-
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-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\backslash
/
-\end_layout
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\emph on
-
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-status collapsed
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\backslash
/
-\end_layout
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\emph default
for the mcs51 port, since this uses a lot of memory.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
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If you're short on code memory you might want to use
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printf_small()
Be sure to only use only one of these printf options within a project.
\newline
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-\begin_layout Standard
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Feature matrix of different
\emph on
printf
\emph default
options on mcs51.
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-\begin_layout Standard
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<lyxtabular version="3" rows="14" columns="7">
<features islongtable="true">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="12col%">
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mcs51
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\end_inset
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printf
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USE_FLOATS=1
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printf_small
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filename
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-\begin_layout Standard
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printf_large.c
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-\begin_layout Standard
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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printf_fast.c
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Quotes sld
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cdi
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byte arguments on stack
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
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%f
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%f
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Range limited to +/- 4294967040, precision limited to 8 digits past decimal
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-
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x
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-\begin_layout Standard
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x
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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-\begin_layout Standard
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-
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\begin_layout Standard
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string speed
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Execution time of printf("%s%c%s%c%c%c", "Hello", ' ', "World", '!', '
\backslash
r', '
\backslash
n'); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
,
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
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small / large
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\begin_layout Standard
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1.52 / 2.59 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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1.53 / 2.62 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0.92 / 0.93 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0.45 / 0.45 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0.46 / 0.46 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0.45 / 0.45 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
int speed
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Execution time of printf("%d", -12345); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty
putchar()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
,
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
small / large
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
3.01 / 3.61 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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3.01 / 3.61 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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3.51 / 18.13 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0.22 / 0.22 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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0.23 / 0.23 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0.25 / 0.25 ms
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
printf_tiny integer speed is data dependent, worst case is 0.33 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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long speed
\begin_inset Foot
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-\begin_layout Standard
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Execution time of printf("%ld", -123456789); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz,
empty putchar()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
,
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
small / large
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\begin_layout Standard
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5.37 / 6.31 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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5.37 / 6.31 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
8.71 / 40.65 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0.40 / 0.40 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0.40 / 0.40 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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-
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\end_inset
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float speed
\begin_inset Foot
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Execution time of printf("%.3f", -12345.678); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz,
empty putchar()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
,
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
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small / large
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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-
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\end_inset
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-\begin_layout Standard
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7.49 / 22.47 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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-\begin_layout Standard
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-
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\end_inset
</cell>
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-
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
1.04 / 1.04 ms
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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-
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\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
<malloc.h>
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{malloc.h}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
As of SDCC 2.6.2 you no longer need to call an initialization routine before
using dynamic memory allocation
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{dynamic memory allocation (malloc)}
required size defined in HEAP_SIZE.
It is recommended to make a copy of this file into your project directory
and compile it there with:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
sdcc -c _heap.c -D HEAD_SIZE=2048
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
And then link it with:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
sdcc main.rel _heap.rel
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
<math.h>
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
See definitions in file <math.h>.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Other libraries
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Libraries
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
LGPL
\emph default
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Comment
-status collapsed
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
license statements for the libraries are missing.
sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
or _decdptr f.e.
come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal
enough for many embedded programmers.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code
which f.e.
falls into any of these categories Busses (I
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
would certainly like to hear about it.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being
enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl
e these references are very valuable.
Let's help to create a climate where information is shared.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Memory Models
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
MCS51 Memory Models
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
Small, Medium and Large
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code,
\shape slanted
small, medium
medium and large.
The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small,
medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a
storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all
parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant
functions).
When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated
in the internal ram.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the
large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless
absolutely required.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
External Stack
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:External-Stack}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The external stack (-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
256 bytes).
When -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements.
When used with the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same
options.
There is a predefined target in the library makefile).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment
into port P2
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
may not
\emph default
be used by the application program.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
DS390 Memory Model
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The only model supported is Flat 24
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)}
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph default
on the SDCC command line.
However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Pragmas
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Pragmas}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC supports the following #pragma directives:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
save
\end_inset
- this will save most current options to the save/restore stack.
- See #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ See #pragma\SpecialChar ~
restore.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
restore
saves & restores can be nested.
SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack,
restore pulls current options from the stack.
- See #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ See #pragma\SpecialChar ~
save.
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
callee_saves
to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
If -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-callee-saves command line option is used, the function names specified
- in #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+ in #pragma\SpecialChar ~
callee_saves
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
\end_inset
is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
exclude
outines.
The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition
and it affects ALL ISR functions following it.
- To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\InsetSpace ~
-exclude\InsetSpace ~
+ To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+exclude\SpecialChar ~
none
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
less_pedantic
- the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you'r on
your own now ;-(
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
disable_warning
\end_inset
- the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number <nnnn>.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
nogcse
\end_inset
- will stop global common subexpression elimination.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
noinduction
\end_inset
- will stop loop induction optimizations.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
noinvariant
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
noiv
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
about interrupts.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
nojtbound
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
noloopreverse
\end_inset
- Will not do loop reversal optimization
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
nooverlay
- the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a
function.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
stackauto
- See option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
Parameters and Local Variables.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
opt_code_speed
- The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
at the expense of code size.
Currently this has little effect.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
opt_code_size
- The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
at the expense of code speed.
Currently this has little effect.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
opt_code_balanced
as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the
default).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
std_sdcc89
- Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
with the standard (default).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
std_c89
- Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
standard.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
std_sdcc99
- Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
with the standard (incomplete support).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
std_c99
- Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
standard (incomplete support).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
codeseg
8 characters) for the code segment.
See option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-codeseg.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
constseg
8 characters) for the const segment.
See option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-constseg.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The preprocessor SDCPP
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
\end_inset
supports the following #pragma directives:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
pedantic_parse_number
\emph on
Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard!
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
#pragma pedantic_parse_number +
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3)
;
\newline
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
return c;
\newline
}
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
preproc_asm
This will prevent the preprocessor from changing the formating required
by assembly code.
Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
#pragma preproc_asm -
\newline
#define MYDELAY _asm
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
nop ;my assembly comment...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
nop
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
nop
\newline
_endasm
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
MYDELAY;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
}
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\series bold
sdcc_hash
\newline
Default is off.
Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
#pragma preproc_asm +
\backslash
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov R6_B3, #(x & 0xff)
\backslash
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov R7_B3, #((x >> 8) & 0xff)
\backslash
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
lcall __romcall
\newline
...
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations
which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to
store compiler generated temporary variables.
are used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas
should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside
a function body could have unpredictable results.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
#pragma save
\end_inset
- \InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* save the current settings */
\newline
#pragma nogcse
\end_inset
- \InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* turnoff global subexpression elimination */
\newline
#pragma noinduction
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
/* large code */
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
\end_inset
/* turn the optimizations back on */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated.
It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragma's be used when
changing options for a function.
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Defines Created by the Compiler
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The compiler creates the following #defines
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#defines}
:
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
<features>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
#define
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Description
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Always defined.
Since version 2.5.6 the version number as an int (ex.
256)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC_mcs51
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_mcs51}
\end_inset
, etc.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
__mcs51
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_mcs51}
\end_inset
, etc
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
depending on the model used (e.g.
-mz80)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC_STACK_AUTO
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_AUTO}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
when
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-auto
\emph default
option is used
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC_MODEL_SMALL
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_SMALL}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
when
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-model-small
\emph default
is used
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_MEDIUM}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
when
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-model-medium
\emph default
is used
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC_MODEL_LARGE
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_LARGE}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
when
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-model-large
\emph default
is used
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC_USE_XSTACK
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_USE\_XSTACK}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
when
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-xstack
\emph default
option is used
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC_STACK_TENBIT
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_TENBIT}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
when
\emph on
-mds390
\emph default
is used
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_FLAT24}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
when
\emph on
-mds390
\emph default
is used
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Chapter
+\layout Chapter
Notes on supported Processors
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
MCS51 variants
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:MCS51-variants}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different
flavours.
While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers
the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
pdata access by SFR
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices
using port P2
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
\family default
at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this.
Some examples are:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
__sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed.
See section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
\end_inset
for other possibilities.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Other Features available by SFR
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
These are currently not used for the MCS51 port.
If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit
a patch to SDCC.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
DS400 port
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
The DS80C400
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
.
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
The Z80 and gbz80 port
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC can target both the Zilog Z80
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
) as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long
variables and bitfield support is fine.
See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and
z80/gen.c.
The stack
The gbz80 port use the same set of registers for the return values, but
in a different order of significance: E (one byte), DE (two bytes), or
HLDE (four bytes).
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
The HC08 port
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
unoptimized.
Some of the SDCC's standard C library functions have embedded non-HC08
inline assembly and so are not yet usable.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\pagebreak_bottom
The HC08 port passes the regression test suite (see section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
\end_inset
).
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\newpage
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
The PIC14 port
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The 14bit PIC
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
sdcc/src/regression
\shape default
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
C code and 14bit PIC code page
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code page (pic14)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks.
It does not have intimate knowledge of the code flow.
It will put all the code section of a single asm file into a single code
\newline
To get the best follow these guide lines:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
Make local functions static, as non static functions require code page selection
overhead.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
For devices that have multiple code pages it is more efficient to use the
same number of files as pages, i.e.
for the 16F877 use 4 separate files and i.e.
for the 16F874 use 2 separate files.
This way the linker can put the code for each file into different code
pages and there's less page selection overhead.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC 14 as they have a very simple
instruction set), use 'unsigned char' whereever possible instead of 'int'.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Creating a device include file
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For generating a device include file
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Header files}
\end_inset
use the support perl script inc2h.pl kept in directory support/script.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Interrupt code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For the interrupt function, use the keyword '__interrupt'
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!interrupt}
with level number of 0 (PIC14 only has 1 interrupt so this number is only
there to avoid a syntax error - it ought to be fixed).
E.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
void Intr(void) __interrupt 0
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
T0IF = 0; /* Clear timer interrupt */
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Linking and assembling
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For assembling you can use either GPUTILS'
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)}
Makefile
\family default
using GPUTILS:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
.c.o:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $<
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
gpasm -c $*.asm
\newline
\newline
$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
gplink
-m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Here is a
\family typewriter
Makefile
\family default
using MPLAB:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
.c.o:
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $<
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm
\newline
$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mplink /v $(PRJ).lkr /m $(PRJ).map /o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Please note that indentations within a
\family typewriter
Makefile
\family default
have to be done with a tabulator character.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Command-line options
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Besides the switches common to all SDCC backends, the PIC14 port accepts
the following options (for an updated list see sdcc -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-help):
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
emit debug info in assembly output
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
disable (slightly faulty) optimization on pCode
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
sets the lowest address of the argument passing stack (defaults to a suitably
large shared databank to reduce BANKSEL overhead)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
sets the size if the argument passing stack (default: 16, minimum: 4)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
The library
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
error: missing definition for symbol
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The PIC14 port uses library routines to provide more complex operations
like multiplication, division/modulus and (generic) pointer dereferencing.
In order to add these routines to your project, you must link with PIC14's
to the linker's arguments.
Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch
to the linker)!
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
Processor mismatch in file
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst
14 bit PIC
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
\end_inset
devices.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device
by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in
\family typewriter
to reflect your device.
This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unneccesary
BANKSELs migth be removed.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Known bugs
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
initialized data
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Currently, data can only be initialized if it resides in the source file
+\pagebreak_bottom
together with
\emph on
main()
\size footnotesize
\begin_inset Marginal
-status collapsed
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
!
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\newpage
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
The PIC16
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
\end_inset
port
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The PIC16
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
(TM) microcontrollers with 16 bit core.
Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx.
Currently supported devices are:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="6">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F242
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F248
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F252
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F258
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F442
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F448
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F452
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F458
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F1220
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F2220
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F2550
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F4331
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F4455
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F6520
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F6620
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F6680
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F6720
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F8520
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F8620
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F8680
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
18F8720
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Global Options
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PIC16 port supports the standard command line arguments as supposed, with
the exception of certain cases that will be mentioned in the following
list:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
See -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-all-callee-saves
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph on
There is no need to specify this in the command line.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses no local variables.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Port Specific Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options PIC16}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc --help
output.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
General Options
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
General options enable certain port features and optimizations.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-pstack-model=[model] Used in conjuction with the command above.
Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are :
-\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\emph on
Selects small stack model.
8 bit stack and frame pointers.
Supports 256 bytes stack size.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\emph on
Selects large stack model.
16 bit stack and frame pointers.
Supports 65536 bytes stack size.
-\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating
unitialized data variables with [kword].
Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr".
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-ivt-loc <nnnn> positions the Interrupt Vector Table at location <nnnn>.
Useful for bootloaders.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-asm= sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-link= sets the full path and name of an external linker to call.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
compatibility option.
Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
Optimization Options
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-optimize-goto Try to use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-obanksel=nn Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs.
\newline
-\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
0 no optimization
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit
BANKSEL, accounts only for labels.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs
if they are in the same bank.
\emph on
Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections
across bank borders!
-\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
Linking Options
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-nodefaultlibs do not link default libraries when linking
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-use-crt= Use a custom run-time module instead of the defaults.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
Debugging Options
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-debug-xtra Similar to -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
, but dumps more information.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-debug-ralloc Force register allocator to dump <source>.d file with debugging
information.
<source> is the name of the file compiled.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-pcode-verbose Enable pcode debugging information in translation.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes.
Use with care.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-call-tree dump call tree in .calltree file
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Enviromental Variables
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
There is a number of enviromental variables that can be used when running
SDCC to enable certain optimizations or force a specific program behaviour.
these variables are primarily for debugging purposes so they can be enabled/dis
abled at will.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Currently there is only two such variables available:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure
bitfields is optimized by directly loading FSR0 with the address of the
(ie.
80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this option).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
NO_REG_OPT do not perform pCode registers optimization.
This should be used for debugging purposes.
In some where bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit
from temporarily disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Preprocessor Macros
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PIC16
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
\end_inset
port defines the following preprocessor macros while translating a source.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Macro
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Description
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC_pic16
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Port identification
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
_
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
_pic16
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Port identification (same as above)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
pic18fxxxx
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
MCU Identification.
\emph on
\emph default
is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
452, 6620, etc
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
_
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
_18Fxxxx
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
MCU Identification (same as above)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
STACK_MODEL_nnn
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Macro
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Description
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
__18Fxxxx
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
MCU Identification.
\emph on
\emph default
is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
452, 6620, etc
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC_MODEL_nnn
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for
SDCC
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
STACK_MODEL_nnn
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Directories
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PIC16
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
\end_inset
port uses the following directories for searching header files and libraries.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Directory
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Description
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Target
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Command prefix
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PIC16 specific headers
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Compiler
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-I
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PIC16 specific libraries
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Linker
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-L
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Pragmas
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Pragmas}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PIC16
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
\end_inset
port currently supports the following pragmas:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
stack
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma stack}
stack pragma should be used only once in a project.
Multiple pragmas may result in indeterminate behaviour of the program.
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The old format (ie.
#pragma stack 0x5ff) is deprecated and will cause the stack pointer to
cross page boundaries (or even exceed the available data RAM) and crash
the program.
Make sure that stack does not cross page boundaries when using the SMALL
stack model.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
The format is as follows:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
#pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
bottom_address
\emph default
is the lower bound of the stack section.
The stack pointer initially will point at address (bottom_address+stack_size-1).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
Example:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
/* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
#pragma stack 0x200 100
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If the stack_size field is omitted then a stack is created with the default
size of 64.
This size might be enough for most programs, but its not enough for operations
with deep function nesting or excessive stack usage.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
code
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma code}
\end_inset
place a function symbol at static FLASH address
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
Example:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
/* place function test_func at 0x4000 */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
#pragma code test_func 0x4000
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
library instructs the linker to use a library module.
\newline
Usage:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
#pragma library module_name
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
module_name
can be any library or object file (including its path).
Note that there are four reserved keywords which have special meaning.
These are:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Keyword
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Description
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Module to link
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
ignore
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
ignore all library pragmas
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
(none)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
c
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
link the C library
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
libc18f
\emph default
.lib
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
math
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
link the Math libarary
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
libm18f
\emph default
.lib
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
io
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
link the I/O library
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
libio18f*
\emph default
.lib
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
debug
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
link the debug library
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
libdebug
\emph default
.lib
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
* is the device number, i.e.
452 for PIC18F452 MCU.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This feature allows for linking with specific libraries withoug having to
explicit name them in the command line.
Note that the
ignore
\noun default
keyword will reject all modules specified by the library pragma.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
udata pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker will
place a variable at a specific memory bank
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
Example:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
/* places variable foo at bank2 */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
#pragma udata bank2 foo
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
char foo;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In order for this pragma to work extra SECTION directives should be added
in the .lkr script.
In the following example a sample .lkr file is shown:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
// Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
LIBPATH .
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The linker will recognise the section name set in the pragma statement and
will position the variable at the memory bank set with the RAM field at
the SECTION line in the linker script file.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Header Files
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Header-Files}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
There is one main header file
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Header files}
so it is necessary if the source accesses them.
It can be included by adding the following line in the beginning of the
file:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
#include <pic18fregs.h>
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The specific microcontroller is selected within the pic18fregs.h automatically,
so the same source can be used with a variety of devices.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Libraries
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The libraries
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Libraries}
is the microcontroller identification number.
The specific library is selected automatically by the compiler at link
stage according to the selected device.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Libraries are created with gplib which is part of the gputils package
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
Building the libraries
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Before using SDCC/pic16 there are some libraries that need to be compiled.
This process is not done automatically by SDCC since not all users use
SDCC for pic16 projects.
So each user should compile the libraries separately.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The steps to compile the pic16 libraries under Linux are:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
cd device/lib/pic16
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
./configure
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
make
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
cd ..
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
make model-pic16
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If you need to install the headers too, do:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
cd device/include
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
There exist a special target to build the I/O libraries.
This target is not automatically build because it will build the I/O library
for
device/lib/pic16/pics.build
\series default
file and then execute:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
make lib-io
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Memory Models
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
small model
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
large model
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source.
The sizes are shown in the next table:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Pointer sizes according to memory model
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
small model
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
large model
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
code pointers
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
16-bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
24-bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
data pointers
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
16-bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
16-bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
It is advisable that all sources within a project are compiled with the
same memory model.
If one wants to override the default memory model, this can be done by
.
Far selects large memory model's pointers, while near selects small memory
model's pointers.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The standard device libraries (see
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:PIC16_Header-Files}
) contain no reference to pointers, so they can be used with both memory
models.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Stack
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The stack
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
implementation for the PIC16 port uses two indirect registers, FSR1 and
FSR2.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\noun on
small
\noun default
model
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
\noun on
large
\noun default
model
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\noun on
Small
uses both FSRxL and FSRxH registers.
The following table shows the stack/frame pointers sizes according to stack
model and the maximum space they can address:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
small
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
large
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Stack pointer FSR1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
8-bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
16-bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Frame pointer FSR2
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
8-bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
16-bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\noun on
Large
Also there are some other points that need special care:
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
Do not create stack sections with size more than one physical bank (that
is 256 bytes)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
Stack sections should no cross physical bank limits (i.e.
#pragma stack 0x50 0x100)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
These limitations are caused by the fact that only FSRxL is modified when
using SMALL stack model, so no more than 256 bytes of stack can be used.
This problem will disappear after LARGE model is fully implemented.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Functions
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In addition to the standard SDCC function keywords, PIC16
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
\end_inset
port makes available two more:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
wparam
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!wparam}
that are called via function pointers, otherwise the first byte of the
first parameter will get lost.
Usage:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
void func_wparam(int a) wparam
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
{
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
/* WREG hold the lower part of a */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
/* the high part of a is stored in FSR2+2 (or +3 for large stack model)
*/
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
...
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
shadowregs
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!shadowregs}
interrupt
\emph default
keyword in the function's header.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
{
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
...
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
shadowregs
\emph default
instructs the code generator not to store/restore WREG, STATUS, BSR when
entering/exiting the ISR.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Function return values
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following
a modified Microchip policy optimized for SDCC.
The following table shows these registers:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
size
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
destination register
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
8 bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
WREG
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
16 bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PRODL:WREG
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
24 bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PRODH:PRODL:WREG
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
32 bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
>32 bits
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Interrupts
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
An interrupt
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!interrupt}
interrupt
\emph default
keyword.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
void isr(void) interrupt
\emph on
n
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
{
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
...
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
n
\emph default
is the interrupt number, which for PIC18F devices can be:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
n
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Interrupt Vector
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Interrupt Vector Address
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
RESET vector
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0x000000
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
HIGH priority interrupts
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0x000008
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
2
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
LOW priority interrupts
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0x000018
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
When generating assembly code for ISR the code generator places a
\noun on
goto
at the next interrupt´s vector address and cause undeterminate program
behaviour if that interrupt is raised.
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This is not a problem when
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
this is a HIGH interrupt ISR and LOW interrupts are
\emph on
disabled
\emph default
or not used.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt´s vector address.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
n
is possible to be omitted.
This way a function is generated similar to an ISR, but it is not assigned
to any interrupt.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
When entering an interrupt, currently the PIC16
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
\end_inset
port automatically saves the following registers:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
WREG
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
STATUS
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
BSR
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
PROD (PRODL and PRODH)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
These registers are restored upon return from the interrupt routine.
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
NOTE that when the _naked attribute is specified for an interrupt routine,
then NO registers are stored or restored.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Generic Pointers
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types.
There are 3 types of generic pointers currently implemented data, code
and eeprom pointers.
They are differentiated by the value of the 7th and 6th bits of the upper
byte:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
pointer type
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
7th bit
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
6th bit
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
rest of the pointer
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
description
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
data
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
\shape slanted
\emph on
uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
code
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
\shape slanted
\emph on
uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
eeprom
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
\shape slanted
\emph on
uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
(unimplemented)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
\shape slanted
\emph on
xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
unimplemented pointer type
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Generic pointer are read and written with a set of library functions which
read/write 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
PIC16 C Libraries
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
Standard I/O Streams
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In the
\emph on
stdio.h
\emph default
the type FILE is defined as:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
typedef char * FILE;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This type is the stream type implemented I/O in the PIC18F devices.
Also the standard input and output streams are declared in stdio.h:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
extern FILE * stdin;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
extern FILE * stdout;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The FILE type is actually a generic pointer which defines one more type
of generic pointers, the
\emph on
\emph default
pointer.
This new type has the format:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="7">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
pointer type
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
<7:6>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
<5>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
<4>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
<3:0>
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
rest of the pointer
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
descrption
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
stream
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
00
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
0
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
nnnn
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
\shape slanted
\emph on
uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
stream type
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
value
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
module
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
description
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
STREAM_USART
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
0x200000UL
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
USART
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
STREAM_MSSP
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
0x210000UL
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
MSSP
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
STREAM_USER
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
0x2f0000UL
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
(none)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In the libc library there exist the functions that are used to write to
each of the above streams.
These are
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
_
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
_stream_usart_putchar writes a character at the USART stream
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
_
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
_stream_mssp_putchar writes a character at the MSSP stream
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
putchar dummy function.
This writes a character to a user specified manner.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In order to increase performance
\emph on
putchar
\emph default
is the name of the variable that holds the character to print.
An example follows:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
#include <pic18fregs.h>
\newline
#include <stdio.h>
\newline
PUTCHAR( c )
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
{
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
}
\newline
\newline
void main(void)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
{
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessary, since stdout points
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
* by default to STREAM_USER */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
printf (¨This is a printf test
\backslash
n¨);
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
Printing functions
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PIC16 contains an implementation of the printf-family of functions.
There exist the following functions:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...);
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap);
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...);
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap);
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...);
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap);
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For sprintf and vsprintf
\emph on
buf
\emph default
should be a stream pointer (i.e.
stdout, STREAM_MSSP, etc...).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
Signals
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources.
A list of these interrupts is shown in the following table:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="4">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
signal name
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
description
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
signal name
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
descritpion
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_RB
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PORTB change interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_EE
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_INT0
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
INT0 external interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_BCOL
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Bus collision interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_INT1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
INT1 external interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_LVD
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Low voltage detect interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_INT2
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
INT2 external interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_PSP
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Parallel slave port interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_CCP1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
CCP1 module interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_AD
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
AD convertion complete interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_CCP2
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
CCP2 module interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_RC
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
USART receive interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_TMR0
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
TMR0 overflow interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_TX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
USART transmit interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_TMR1
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
TMR1 overflow interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_MSSP
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SSP receive/transmit interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_TMR2
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SIG_TMR3
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
TMR3 overflow interrupt
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The prototypes for these names are defined in the header file
\emph on
signal.h
\emph default
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for
high priority interrupts.
name
\emph default
is the function name to use.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo
low priority interrupt.
name
\emph default
is the function name to use.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
DEF_HANDLER(sig,handler) define a handler for signal
\emph on
sig.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Additionally there are two more macros to simplify the declaration of the
signal handler:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series medium
handler
\emph default
function.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout List
+\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
An example of using the macros above is shown below:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
#include <pic18fregs.h>
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
#include <signal.h>
\newline
\newline
DEF_INTHIGH(high_int)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
END_DEF
\newline
\newline
SIGHANDLER(_tmr0_handler)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
{
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
/* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
}
\newline
\newline
SIGHANDLERNAKED(_bcol_handler)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
{
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
_asm
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
/* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
retfie
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
_endasm;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
NOTES:
\series default
Special care should be taken when using the above scheme:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
when declaring SIGHANDLERNAKED handler never forget to use
\emph on
retfie
\emph default
for proper returning.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
PIC16 Port -- Tips
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\layout Subsubsection
Stack size
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The default stack
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
need to set the stack size around the maximum (256 for small stack model).
The following diagram shows what happens when calling printf to print an
integer:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\layout LyX-Code
printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar ()
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
It is should be understood that stack is easily consumed when calling complicate
d functions.
Using command line arguments like -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-fommit-frame-pointer might reduce stack usage by not creating unnecessery
stack frames.
Other ways to reduce stack usage may exist.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Known bugs
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The PIC16 Port currently does not pass SDCC's regression test
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC16)}
\end_inset
(pick the most up to date file there, scroll down, lend a hand).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Chapter
+\layout Chapter
Debugging
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
There are several approaches to debugging your code.
This chapter is meant to show your options and to give detail on some of
them:
\newline
When writing your code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
write your code with debugging in mind (avoid duplicating code, put conceptually
similar variables into structs, use structured code, have strategic points
within your code where all variables are consistent, ...)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
run a syntax-checking tool like splint
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
(see -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
) over the code.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
for the high level code use a C-compiler (like f.e.
GCC) to compile run and debug the code on your host.
See (see -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
) on howto handle syntax extensions like __xdata, __at(), ...
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
use another C-compiler to compile code for your target.
Always an option but not recommended:) And not very likely to help you.
If you seriously consider walking this path you should at least occasionally
check portability of your code.
Most commercial compiler vendors will offer an evaluation version so you
can test compile your code or snippets of your code.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Debugging on a simulator:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
there is a separate section about SDCDB (section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
\end_inset
) below.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
or (8051 specific) use a freeware/commercial simulator which interfaces
to the AOMF
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
\end_inset
) optionally generated by SDCC.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Debugging On-target:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
use a MCU port pin to serially output debug data to the RS232 port of your
host.
You'll probably want some level shifting device typically involving a MAX232
or similar IC.
If the hardware serial port of the MCU is not available search for 'Software
UART' in your favourite search machine.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
use an on-target monitor.
In this context a monitor is a small program which usually accepts commands
via a serial line and allows to set program counter, to single step through
\end_inset
).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
toggle MCU port pins at strategic points within your code and use an oscilloscop
e.
A
If you need to monitor more pins than your oscilloscope provides you can
sometimes get away with a small R-2R network.
On a single channel oscilloscope you could f.e.
- monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\InsetSpace ~
+ monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\SpecialChar ~
k
\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
\end_inset
- resistor and the other one by a 5\InsetSpace ~
+ resistor and the other one by a 5\SpecialChar ~
k
\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
\end_inset
logic analyzer
\emph default
will be handy.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
use an ICE (
\emph on
i
And very nice to have too.
And usually locks you (for years...) to the devices the ICE can emulate.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
use a remote debugger.
In most 8-bit systems the symbol information is not available on the target,
and a complete debugger is too bulky for the target system.
Terms to enter into your favourite search engine could be 'remote debugging',
'gdb stub' or 'inferior debugger'.
(is there one?)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
use an on target hardware debugger.
Some of the more modern MCUs include hardware support for setting break
points and monitoring/changing variables by using dedicated hardware pins.
) as input file.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Last not least:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
if you are not familiar with any of the following terms you're likely to
run into problems rather sooner than later:
\emph on
before
\emph default
you have problems?)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
tell someone else about your problem (actually this is a surprisingly effective
means to hunt down the bug even if the listener is not familiar with your
environment).
As 'failure to communicate' is probably one of the job-induced deformations
of an embedded programmer this is highly encouraged.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Debugging with SDCDB
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger}
specified during configuration.
The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source
level.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Compiling for Debugging
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
files and the address information.
This .cdb is used by the debugger.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
How the Debugger Works
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
When the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
is an effort to connect directly to the hardware.)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Starting the Debugger SDCDB
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The debugger can be started using the following command line.
(Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo).
\newline
\newline
The debugger will look for the following files.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
foo.c - the source file.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
foo.ihx - the Intel hex format
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
\end_inset
object file.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
SDCDB Command Line Options
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
if the source files can be in the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2,
the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-directory option should be -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-directory=/home/src1:/home/src2.
Note there can be no spaces in the option.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
-cd <directory> - change to the <directory>.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
-fullname - used by GUI front ends.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
-cpu <cpu-type> - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the
simulator docs for details.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
-X <Clock frequency > this options is passed to the simulator please see
the simulator docs for details.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
-s <serial port file> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
-S <serial in,out> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
-k <port number> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
SDCDB Debugger Commands
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel
y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible.
This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces
(like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger.
If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip this
section.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
break [line | file:line | function | file:function]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Set breakpoint at specified line or function:
\newline
sdcdb>break funcfoo
\newline
sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Clear breakpoint at specified line or function:
\newline
sdcdb>clear funcfoo
\newline
sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
continue
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
finish
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Execute till the end of the current function.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
delete [n]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Delete breakpoint number 'n'.
If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
info [break | stack | frame | registers ]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
info break - list all breakpoints
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
info stack - show the function call stack.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
info frame - show information about the current execution frame.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
info registers - show content of all registers.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
step
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Step program until it reaches a different source line.
Note: pressing <return> repeats the last command.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
next
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
run
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Start debugged program.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
ptype variable
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Print type information of the variable.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
print variable
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
print value of variable.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
file filename
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
load the given file name.
Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
frame
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
print information about current frame.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
set srcmode
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Toggle between C source & assembly source.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
! simulator command
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is
displayed.
Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator,
so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution
context and may display incorrect values.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection*
quit
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
"Watch me now.
Iam going Down.
My name is Bobby Brown"
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Interfacing SDCDB with DDD
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Comment
-status collapsed
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The screenshot was converted from png to eps with:
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
which produces a pretty compact eps file which is free from compression
artifacts.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The screenshot was included in sdccman.lyx cvs version 1.120 but later removed
as this broke the build system on Sourceforge (pdf-file was broken.
pdflatex does not accept eps files).
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The
\emph on
p
\series default
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
ddd -debugger "sdcdb -cpu 8032 ddd_example"
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Check that the double quotes or an apostroph within the command line survive
the LyX tool chain.
Previously the apostrophs got slanted in the PDF output so a cut and paste
did not work.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Interfacing SDCDB with XEmacs
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XEmacs}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs,
sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el.
These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat
The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are
bound to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el.
The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
sdcdbsrc-serial nil
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\InsetSpace ~
+\layout Standard
+\SpecialChar ~
+\pagebreak_bottom
\family typewriter
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
Current Listing ::
\newline
-;;key\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-binding\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;key\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+binding\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
Comment
\newline
-;;---\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
--------\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;---\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+-------\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
-------
\newline
;;
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-n\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+n\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sdcdb-next-fro
-m-src\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+m-src\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
SDCDB next command
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-b\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-sdcdb-back-from-src\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+b\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdb-back-from-src\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
SDCDB back command
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-c\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+c\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sdcdb-cont-f
-rom-src\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+rom-src\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
SDCDB continue command
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-s\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-sdcdb-step-from-src\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+s\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdb-step-from-src\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
SDCDB step command
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-?\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+?\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sdcdb-w
-hatis-c-sexp\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+hatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
SDCDB ptypecommand for data at
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
buffer point
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-x\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-sdcdbsrc-delete\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+x\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
SDCD
B Delete all breakpoints if no arg
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
given or delete arg (C-u arg x)
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-m\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+m\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sdcdbsrc
--frame\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+-frame\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
SDCDB Display current frame if no arg,
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
given or display frame arg
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
buffer point
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-!\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+!\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
Goto the SDCDB output buffer
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-p\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+p\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sdcdb-prin
-t-c-sexp\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+t-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
SDCDB print command for data at
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
buffer point
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-g\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+g\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
Got
o the SDCDB output buffer
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-t\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-sdcdbsrc-mode\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+t\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it
off)
\newline
;;
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-C-c\InsetSpace ~
-C-f\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-sdcdb-finish-from-src\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+C-c\SpecialChar ~
+C-f\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdb-finish-from-src\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
SDCDB finish command
\newline
;;
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-C-x\InsetSpace ~
-SPC\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+C-x\SpecialChar ~
+SPC\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sdcdb-brea
-k\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+k\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
Set break for line with point
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-ESC\InsetSpace ~
-t\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-sdcdbsrc-mode\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+ESC\SpecialChar ~
+t\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode
\newline
-;;\InsetSpace ~
-ESC\InsetSpace ~
-m\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+ESC\SpecialChar ~
+m\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sdc
-dbsrc-srcmode\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+dbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
Toggle list mode
\newline
;;
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\newpage
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Chapter
+\layout Chapter
TIPS
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient
code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally
good programming practice.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value.
If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then
use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'.
\begin_inset Marginal
-status collapsed
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
!
-\end_layout
\end_inset
can be omitted, if the result is the same.
The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often
surprising:
-\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned char uc = 0xfe;
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
....
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family typewriter
uc * uc
\newline
Another one:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
(unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ...
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
No, the result is not 4:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
(int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 =
(int) 244 / (int) -3 =
\newline
(int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result.
gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints.
Therefore the results are different.
\end_inset
:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Quote
+\layout Quote
\emph on
If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values
character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny" integers,
doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredictable
sign extension and increased code size.
-\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to
be negative.
This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting
or are using an array index.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
NEVER jump into a LOOP.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
Declare the variables to be local
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
\end_inset
whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
Have a look at the assembly listing to get a
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
for the code generation.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Porting code from or to other compilers
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check whether endianness of the compilers differs and adapt where needed.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check the device specific header files
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
\end_inset
).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check whether the startup code contains the correct initialization (watchdog,
peripherals).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check whether the sizes of short, int, long match.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check if some 16 or 32 bit hardware registers require a specific addressing
order (least significant or most significant byte first) and adapt if needed
(
not
\emph default
the same as endianness).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check whether the keyword
\emph on
volatile
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check that the compilers are not told to supress warnings.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check and convert compiler specific extensions (interrupts, memory areas,
pragmas etc.).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check for differences in type promotion.
Especially check for math operations on
\family typewriter
(unsigned char)
\family default
.
- Also check that the ~\InsetSpace ~
+ Also check that the ~\SpecialChar ~
operator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator}
\family default
- variables, use the !\InsetSpace ~
+ variables, use the !\SpecialChar ~
operator instead.
See sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{type promotion}
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check the assembly code generated for interrupt routines (f.e.
for calls to possibly non-reentrant library functions).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check whether timing loops result in proper timing (or preferably consider
a rewrite of the code with timer based delays instead).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check for differences in printf parameters (some compilers push (va_arg
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg}
\end_inset
).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
check the resulting memory map
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map}
Usage of different memory spaces: code, stack, data (for mcs51/ds390 additional
ly idata, pdata, xdata).
Eventually check if unexpected library functions are included.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Tools
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tools}
\end_inset
included in the distribution
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align left
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Name
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Purpose
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Directory
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
uCsim
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Simulator for various architectures
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
sdcc/sim/ucsim
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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keil2sdcc.pl
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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header file
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
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conversion
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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sdcc/support/scripts
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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mh2h.c
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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header file conversion
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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sdcc/support/scripts
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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as-gbz80
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Assembler
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\family roman
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sdcc/bin
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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as-z80
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Assembler
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\begin_inset Text
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sdcc/bin
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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asx8051
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Assembler
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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sdcc/bin
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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SDCDB
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Simulator
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\family roman
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sdcc/bin
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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aslink
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Linker
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\family roman
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sdcc/bin
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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link-z80
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Linker
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\family roman
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sdcc/bin
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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link-gbz80
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Linker
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\family roman
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sdcc/bin
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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packihx
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Intel Hex packer
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\family roman
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\noun off
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sdcc/bin
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
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Documentation
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation}
\end_inset
included in the distribution
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
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\align left
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Subject / Title
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\series bold
Filename / Where to get
-\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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SDCC Compiler User Guide
-\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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You're reading it right now
\emph on
- \InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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online at:
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Changelog of SDCC
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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sdcc/Changelog
\emph on
- \InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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\hfill
online at:
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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ASXXXX
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
\end_inset
Relocating Linker
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
\emph on
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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\hfill
online at:
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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SDCC regression test
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf
\emph on
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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\hfill
online at:
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Various notes
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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sdcc/doc/*
\emph on
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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\hfill
online at:
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Notes on debugging with SDCDB
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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sdcc/debugger/README
\emph on
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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\hfill
online at
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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uCsim
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim}
\end_inset
Software simulator for microcontrollers
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\family roman
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\noun default
/index.html
\emph on
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\hfill
online at:
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Temporary notes on the pic16
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
\end_inset
port
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES
\emph on
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
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+\SpecialChar ~
\hfill
online at:
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format)
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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sdcc/doc/
\family roman
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\noun default
f
\emph on
- \InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\hfill
online at:
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
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Related open source tools
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Related-open-source-tools}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align left
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="14" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\series bold
Name
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Purpose
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\series bold
Where to get
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
gpsim
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gpsim (pic simulator)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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PIC simulator
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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gputils
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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GNU PIC utilities
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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flP5
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
PIC programmer
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/}
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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ec2drv/newcdb
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Tools for Silicon Laboratories JTAG debug adapter, partly based on SDCDB
(Unix only)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ec2drv}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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indent
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{indent (source formatting tool)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Formats C source - Master of the white spaces
-\end_layout
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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srecord
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Object file conversion, checksumming, ...
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/srecord}
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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objdump
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Object file conversion, ...
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Part of binutils (should be there anyway)
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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cmon51
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmon51}
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-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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doxygen
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{doxygen (source documentation tool)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Source code documentation system
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org}
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kdevelop
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\begin_layout Standard
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IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only)
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-\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org}
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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paulmon
-\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/paulmon2.html}
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-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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splint
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
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Statically checks c sources (see
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
\end_inset
)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
ddd
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to SDCDB
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
\end_inset
(Unix only)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Related documentation / recommended reading
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align left
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Name
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Subject / Title
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Where to get
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
c-refcard.pdf
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
C Reference Card
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C Reference card}
\end_inset
, 2 pages
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
c-faq
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
C-FAQ
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C FAQ}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.c-faq.com}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
ISO/IEC 9899:TC2
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
ISO/IEC DTR 18037
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Latest datasheet of target CPU
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
vendor
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Revision history of datasheet
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
vendor
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Application notes specifically for SDCC
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC makes no claims about the completeness of this list and about up-to-datenes
s or correctness of the application notes
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Application notes}
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\align left
\size footnotesize
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
\size footnotesize
Vendor
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
\size footnotesize
Subject / Title
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
\size footnotesize
Where to get
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Maxim / Dallas
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3346.pdf}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Maxim / Dallas
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none" width="30line%">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450
\end_inset
Family of Microcontrollers
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3477.pdf}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Silicon Laboratories / Cygnal
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.silabs.com/public/documents/tpub_doc/anote/Microcontrollers/en/an198.pdf}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Texas Instruments
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
MSC12xx Programming with SDCC
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Some Questions
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn
ask
\emph on
you
\emph default
some questions:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you
find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever?
Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit?
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU
and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating
system on the target device help?
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy?
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy?
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer
in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside?
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro
tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s),
internationali(z|s)ation, packaging, labels, 2nd source for components,
electromagnetic compatability/interference, documentation for production,
production test software, update mechanism, patent issues?
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune,
fun?
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may
even be
\emph on
\emph default
, nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres
-\end_layout
\end_inset
.
Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them...
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Chapter
+\layout Chapter
Support
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Support}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC has grown to be a large project.
The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is
well over 150,000 lines of code (blank stripped).
There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part
in making SDCC a great software package.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at
\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc}
\end_inset
there.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Reporting Bugs
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bug reporting}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the
sourceforge site.
You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about
the known bugs.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and
will be fixed ASAP.
When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program
this can be very helpful.
Compiling your program with the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems.
When reporting a bug please make sure you:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
Specify the SDCC version (type "
\family sans
\series bold
\series default
"), your platform, and operating system.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
Put something meaningful in the subject of your message.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all
requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC.
Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your
Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided
that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please
be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug!
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and
the bug is not yet known.
This is the link for reporting bugs:
on sourceforge per day
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
220 daily downloads on average Jan-Sept 2006 and about 150 daily downloads
between 2002 and 2005.
This does not include other methods of distribution.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
reporting bugs is good
\emph default
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Requesting Features
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Requesting-Features}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing
list.
This is the link for requesting features:
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Submitting patches
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing
list.
This is the link for submitting patches
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
You need to specify some parameters to the
\family typewriter
diff
\family default
will do.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Getting Help
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
These links should take you directly to the
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Mailing lists]{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599}
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting
automated messages (mid 2003)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
While mails to the lists themselves are delivered promptly their web front
end on sourceforge sometimes shows a severe time lag (up to several weeks),
if you're seriously using SDCC please consider subscribing to the lists.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
ChangeLog
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
You can follow the status of the Subversion version
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version}
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Subversion Source Code Repository
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The output of
\family sans
\series bold
to Subversion (April 2006) are either by accessible by Subversion or by
cvs).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Release policy
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release policy}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Historically there often were long delays between official releases and
the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all.
Excuses in the past might have referred to problems with live range analysis,
\end_inset
also holds some information about past and future releases.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Examples
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
You'll find some small examples in the directory
\emph on
sdcc/device/examples/.
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Comment
-status collapsed
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather
dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e.
shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor.
Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized
development boards anyway).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Maybe we should include some links to real world applications.
Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays
manageable here?
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Quality control
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Quality-control}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The compiler is passed through nightly compile and build checks.
The so called
\shape italic
\end_inset
).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
There is a separate document
\shape italic
test_suite.pdf
\end_inset
about the regression test suite.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
You'll find the test code in the directory
\shape italic
sdcc/support/regression
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The 14bit pic port uses a different set of regression tests
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)}
sdcc/src/regression
\shape default
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Use of SDCC in Education
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In short:
\emph on
highly
\emph default
encouraged
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
the phrase "use in education" might evoke the association "
\emph on
only
fit for use in education".
This connotation is not intended but nevertheless risked as the licensing
of SDCC makes it difficult to offer educational discounts
-\end_layout
\end_inset
.
If your rationales are to:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
give students a chance to understand the
\emph on
complete
\emph default
steps of code generation
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
have a curriculum that can be extended for years.
Then you could use an fpga board as target and your curriculum will seamlessly
extend from logic synthesis (
\end_inset
) and to C.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
be able to insert excursions about skills like using a revision control
system, submitting/applying patches, using a type-setting (as opposed to
word-processing) engine LyX/LaTeX, using
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
not tie students to a specific host platform and instead allow them to use
a host platform of
\emph on
\end_inset
)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
not encourage students to use illegal copies of educational software
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
be immune to licensing/availability/price changes of the chosen tool chain
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
be able to change to a new target platform without having to adopt a new
tool chain
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
have complete control over and insight into the tool chain
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
make your students aware about the pros and cons of open source software
development
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
give back to the public as you are probably at least partially publically
funded
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\layout Enumerate
give students a chance to publically prove their skills and to possibly
see a world wide impact
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
then SDCC is probably among the first choices.
+\pagebreak_bottom
Well, probably SDCC might be the only choice.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\newpage
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Chapter
+\layout Chapter
SDCC Technical Data
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Optimizations
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific
optimizations.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Sub-expression Elimination
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The compiler does local and
\emph on
g
e
\emph default
limination, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
i = x + y + 1;
\newline
j = x + y;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
will be translated to
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
iTemp = x + y;
i = iTemp + 1;
\newline
j = iTemp;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
a->b[i].c = 10;
\newline
a->b[i].d = 11;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once;
the equivalent code in C would be.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
iTemp = a->b[i];
iTemp.c = 10;
\newline
iTemp.d = 11;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Dead-Code Elimination
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
int global;
\newline
void f () {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
int i;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-i = 1; \InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+i = 1; \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* dead store */
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-global = 1;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+global = 1;\SpecialChar ~
/* dead
store */
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
global = 2;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
return;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-global = 3;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+global = 3;\SpecialChar ~
/* unreachable */
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
will be changed to
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
int global;
\newline
void f () {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
global = 2;
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Copy-Propagation
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Copy propagation}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
int f() {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
int i, j;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
i = 10;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
j = i;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
return j;
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
will be changed to
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
int f() {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
int i, j;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
i = 10;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
j = 10;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
return 10;
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated
by dead-code elimination.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Loop Optimizations
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC
\emph on
loop invariant
If this extra space allocation is undesirable then induction optimization
can be eliminated either for the entire source file (with -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
--noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+-noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\SpecialChar ~
noinduction
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
\newline
Loop Invariant:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
f += k + l;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
changed to
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
itemp = k + l;
\newline
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
f += itemp;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static
address computations are also moved out of the loop.
\newline
\end_inset
, this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
for (i=0;i < 100; i++)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
ar[i*5] = i*3;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
changed to
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
itemp1 = 0;
\newline
for (i=0;i< 100;i++) {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
ar[itemp1] = itemp2;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
itemp1
+= 5;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
itemp2 += 3;
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The more expensive multiplication
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
\end_inset
is changed to a less expensive addition.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Loop Reversing
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries
for every iteration.
Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a
SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible
(note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make
this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
The 'for' loop is of the form
\newline
for(<symbol> = <expression>; <sym> [< | <=] <expression>; [<sym>++ | <sym>
+= 1])
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
<for body>
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
The <for body> does not contain
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
All goto's are contained within the loop.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
No function calls within the loop.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
The loop control variable <sym> is not assigned any value within the loop
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation
within the loop.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
There are NO switch statements in the loop.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Algebraic Simplifications
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set
of these optimizations.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-i = j + 0;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
i = j;
\newline
-i /= 2;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
i >>= 1;
\newline
i
- = j - j;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+ = j - j;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
i = 0;
\newline
-i = j / 1;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
i = j;
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Note the subexpressions
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression}
given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result
of copy/constant propagation.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
'switch' Statements
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:'switch'-Statements}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{jump tables}
.
It makes the decision based on an estimate of the generated code size.
SDCC is quite liberal in the requirements for jump table generation:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
The labels need not be in order, and the starting number need not be one
or zero, the case labels are in numerical sequence or not too many case
labels are missing.
-\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-switch(i) {\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
switch (i) {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-case 4: ...\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 0: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-case 5: ...\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 1: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-case 3: ...\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-
-\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-case 6: ...\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 3: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-case 7: ...\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 7: ...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 4: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-case 8: ...\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 5: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-case 9: ...\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 6: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-case 10: ...\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 7: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-case 11: ...\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 11: ...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 8: ...
\newline
-}\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+}\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table.
The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for
the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed.
-\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
The number of case labels is not larger than supported by the target architectur
e.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
If the case labels are not in numerical sequence ('gaps' between cases)
SDCC checks whether a jump table with additionally inserted dummy cases
is still attractive.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
If the starting number is not zero and a check for the lower boundary of
the jump-table can thus be eliminated SDCC might insert dummy cases 0,
...
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Switch statements which have large gaps in the numeric sequence or those
that have too many case labels can be split into more than one switch statement
for efficient code generation, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
switch (i) {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 1: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 2: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 3: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 4: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 5: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 6: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 7: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 101: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 102: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 103: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 104: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 105: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 106: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 107: ...
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
switch (i) {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 1: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 2: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 3: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 4: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 5: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 6: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 7: ...
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
and
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
switch (i) {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 101: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 102: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 103: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 104: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 105: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 106: ...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
case 107: ...
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas
the unmodified switch statement will not be.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Comment
-status collapsed
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
There might be reasons which SDCC cannot know about to either favour or
not favour jump tables.
If the target system has to be as quick for the last switch case as for
the first (pro jump table), or if the switch argument is known to be zero
in the majority of the cases (contra jump table).
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The pragma nojtbound
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
argument is not matched by a case statement the processor will happily
jump into Nirvana.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Bit-shifting Operations
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit shifting}
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin
g.
SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way
possible, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned char i;
i >>= 4;
\newline
...
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
generates the following code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-mov\InsetSpace ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
a,_i
\newline
swap a
\newline
-anl\InsetSpace ~
+anl\SpecialChar ~
a,#0x0f
\newline
-mov\InsetSpace ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
_i,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known.
Another example:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned int i;
i >>= 9;
\newline
...
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
will generate:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,(_i + 1)
\newline
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
(_i + 1),#0x00
\newline
-clr\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+clr\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
c
\newline
-rrc\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+rrc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a
\newline
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_i,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Bit-rotation
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit rotation}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{rotating bits}
\end_inset
, SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
unsigned
\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-char i;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+char i;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* unsigned is needed for rotation */
\newline
...
\family typewriter
...
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
will generate the following code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,_i
\newline
-rl\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+rl\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a
\newline
-mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_i,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio
ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Nibble and Byte Swapping
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{swapping nibbles/bytes}
\end_inset
, SDCC recognizes the following expressions:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
unsigned
\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
char i;
\newline
\series bold
unsigned
\series default
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
int j;
\newline
...
\family typewriter
j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8));
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Nibble swapping}
(unsigned int)
\family default
first.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian
\begin_inset Foot
-status open
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness.
This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction
to increment its
\emph default
so little-endian is the more efficient byte order.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
format (i.e.
lowest order first).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Highest Order Bit
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Highest Order Bit}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral
type (long, int, short or char types).
Also obtaining any other order bit is not uncommon.
SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the highest order bit
and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned int gint;
\newline
foo () {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
unsigned char hob1, aob1;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
bit hob2, hob3, aob2,
aob3;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
hob1 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
hob2 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
hob3 = gint & 0x8000;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
aob1 = (gint >> 9) & 1;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
aob2 = (gint >> 8) & 1;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
aob3 = gint & 0x0800;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
..
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
will generate the following code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 61 ;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 61 ;\SpecialChar ~
hob.c 7
\newline
-000A E5*01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 62\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+000A E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 62\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
-000C 23\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 63\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- rl\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+000C 23\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 63\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ rl\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a
\newline
-000D 54 01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-
- 64\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- anl\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+000D 54 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+
+ 64\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ anl\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,#0x01
\newline
-000F F5*02\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 65\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+000F F5*02\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 65\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_foo_hob1_1_1,a
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 66 ;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 66 ;\SpecialChar ~
hob.c 8
\newline
-0011 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-
- 67\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0011 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+
+ 67\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
-0013 33\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 68\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- rlc\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0013 33\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 68\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ rlc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a
\newline
-0014 92*00\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 69\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0014 92*00\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 69\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_foo_hob2_1_1,c
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 66 ;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 66 ;\SpecialChar ~
hob.c 9
\newline
-0016 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 67\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0016 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 67\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
-0018 33\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 68\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- rlc\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0018 33\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 68\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ rlc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a
\newline
-0019 92*01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-
- 69\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0019 92*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+
+ 69\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_foo_hob3_1_1,c
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 70 ;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 70 ;\SpecialChar ~
hob.c 10
\newline
-001B E5*01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 71\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+001B E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 71\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
001D
- 03\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 72\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- rr\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+ 03\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 72\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ rr\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a
\newline
-001E 54 01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 73\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- anl\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+001E 54 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 73\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ anl\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,#0x01
\newline
-0020 F5*03\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 74\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0020 F5*03\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 74\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_foo_aob1_1_1,a
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 75 ;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 75 ;\SpecialChar ~
hob.c 11
\newline
-0022 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 76\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0022 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 76\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
-0024 13\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 77\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- rrc\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0024 13\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 77\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ rrc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a
\newline
-0025 92*02\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-
- 78\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0025 92*02\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+
+ 78\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_foo_aob2_1_1,c
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 79 ;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 79 ;\SpecialChar ~
hob.c 12
\newline
-0027 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 80\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0027 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 80\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
0029
- A2 E3\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 81\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+ A2 E3\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 81\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
c,acc[3]
\newline
-002B 92*03\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 82\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+002B 92*03\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 82\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_foo_aob3_1_1,c
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Other variations of these cases however will
\emph on
not
way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable).
Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions,
e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1);
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
will still be recognized.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Higher Order Byte
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Byte}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
It is also frequently required to obtain a higher order byte or word of
a larger integral type (long, int or short types).
SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the higher order byte
or word and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned int gint;
\newline
foo () {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
unsigned char hob1,
hob2;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
unsigned int how1, how2;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
hob1 = (gint >> 8) & 0xFF;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
hob2 = glong >> 24;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
how2 = glong >> 8;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
..
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
will generate the following code:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 91 ;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 91 ;\SpecialChar ~
hob.c 15
\newline
-0037 85*01*06\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 92\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0037 85*01*06\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 92\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_foo_hob1_1_1,(_gint + 1)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 93 ;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 93 ;\SpecialChar ~
hob.c
16
\newline
-003A 85*05*07\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 94\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+003A 85*05*07\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 94\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_foo_hob2_1_1,(_glong + 3)
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 95 ;\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 95 ;\SpecialChar ~
hob.c 17
\newline
-003D 85*04*08\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-
- 96\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+003D 85*04*08\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+
+ 96\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_foo_how1_1_1,(_glong + 2)
\newline
-0040 85*05*09\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 97\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0040 85*05*09\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 97\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
(_foo_how1_1_1 +
1),(_glong + 3)
\newline
-0043 85*03*0A\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- 98\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0043 85*03*0A\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 98\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
_foo_how2_1_1,(_glong + 1)
\newline
-0046 85*04*0B\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-
- 99\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
- mov\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+0046 85*04*0B\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+
+ 99\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
(_foo_how2_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 2)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Again, variations of these cases may
\emph on
not
way to get the higher order byte/word, (it is portable).
Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions,
e.g.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
xyz = gint + ((gint >> 8) & 0xFF);
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
will still be recognized.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
+\layout Subsection
Peephole Optimizer
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Peephole-Optimizer}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism
for peep-hole optimization.
It is inspired by
copt
\emph default
a peep-hole optimizer by Christopher W.
- Fraser (cwfraser\InsetSpace ~
-@\InsetSpace ~
+ Fraser (cwfraser\SpecialChar ~
+@\SpecialChar ~
microsoft.com).
A default set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules
may be added with the
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\emph default
option.
The rule language is best illustrated with examples.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
replace {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov %1,a
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,%1
\newline
} by {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov %1,a
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The above rule will change the following assembly
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
\end_inset
sequence:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
mov r1,a
\newline
mov a,r1
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
to
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
mov r1,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Note: All occurrences of a
\emph on
%n
\emph default
(pattern variable) must denote the same string.
With the above rule, the assembly sequence:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
mov r1,a
\newline
mov a,r2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
will remain unmodified.
\newline
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
and
\family typewriter
acall
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 }
\newline
replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 }
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The
\emph on
inline-assembler code
\newline
The syntax for a rule is as follows:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
rule := replace [ restart ] '{' <assembly sequence> '
\backslash
n'
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
'}' by '{' '
\backslash
n'
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
<assembly sequence> '
\backslash
n'
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
'}' [if <functionName> ] '
\backslash
n'
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
<assembly sequence> := assembly instruction (each instruction including
labels must be on a separate line).
\newline
the same rule again.
An example of this (not a good one, it has side effects) is the following
rule:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
replace restart {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
pop %1
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
push %1 } by {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
; nop
\newline
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment line.
Without the 'restart' option only the innermost 'pop' 'push' pair would
be eliminated, i.e.:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
pop ar1
push ar2
\newline
push ar1
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
would result in:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
pop ar1
; nop
\newline
push ar1
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\emph on
with
\emph default
the restart option the rule will be applied again to the resulting code
and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated to yield:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
; nop
\newline
; nop
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
A conditional function can be attached to a rule.
Attaching rules are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with
an example.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
replace {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
ljmp %5
\newline
%2:
\newline
} by {
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
- \InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
sjmp %5
\newline
%2:
\newline
} if labelInRange
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function
\emph on
notVolatile
\emph default
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
I know this whole thing is a little kludgey, but maybe some day we will
have some better means.
If you are looking at this file, you will see the default rules that are
compiled into the compiler, you can add your own rules in the default set
there if you get tired of specifying the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-peep-file option.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
ANSI-Compliance
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The latest publically available version of the standard
\emph on
ISO/IEC 9899 - Programming languages - C
.
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Deviations from the compliance:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
functions are not reentrant
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
command line option is specified.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
structures
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{struct}
\end_inset
from a function, e.g.:
-\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
struct s { ...
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
struct s rets;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
return rets; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
\newline
}
-\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
initialization of structure arrays must be fully braced.
-\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* invalid in SDCC */
\newline
struct s { char x
} a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */
-\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
'long long
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long long (not supported)}
\end_inset
) not supported.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
'double
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{double (not supported)}
\end_inset
not supported.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
Old K&R style
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{K\&R style}
\end_inset
function declarations are NOT allowed.
-\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */
\newline
{
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
...
\newline
}
-\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, f.e.:
-\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
int
\series default
i=0; i<10; i++) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99 */
-\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
Certain words that are valid identifiers in the standard may be reserved
words in SDCC unless the
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
or -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
, f.e.
'__data' instead of 'data'.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Cyclomatic Complexity
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent
paths the program can take during execution of the function.
This is an important number since it defines the number test cases you
SDCC uses the following formula to compute the complexity:
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - (number of nodes
in control flow graph) + 2;
\newline
The complexity level is by no means an absolute measure of the algorithmic
complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting point
for which functions you might look at for further optimization.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
Retargetting for other Processors
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be covered
by this document.
What follows is a brief description of each of the seven phases of the
compiler and its MCU dependency.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree.
This phase is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions).
Syntax & semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial
optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations
like bit-rotation etc.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy
manipulated during the later phases.
This phase is entirely MCU independent.
The compiler can be made to dump a human readable form of the code generated
by using the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-dumpraw option.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also MCU independe
nt.
This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases:
If loop optimizations
caused any changes then do 'global subexpression elimination' and 'dead
code elimination' again.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those iTemp
variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all the optimization
s.
is essential for register allocation, since these computation determines
which of these iTemps will be assigned to registers, and for how long.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
Phase five is register allocation.
There are two parts to this process.
\newline
allocating registers to the remaining live ranges.
A lot of MCU specific code does creep into this phase because of the limited
number of index registers available in the 8051.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and very
little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU.
However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand for each
iCode operand may be reused.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\layout Itemize
As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is rule
based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
More information is available in a wiki
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki}
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Chapter
+\layout Chapter
Compiler internals
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compiler internals}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
The anatomy of the compiler
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:The-anatomy-of}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\shape italic
This is an excerpt from an article published in Circuit Cellar Magazine
It is fairly easy to retarget for other 8-bit MCU.
Here we take a look at some of the internals of the compiler.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Paragraph*
+\layout Paragraph*
Parsing
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parsing}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Annotated syntax tree}
xdata will be treated as a storage class specifier when parsing 8051 C
code but will be treated as a C identifier when parsing z80 or ATMEL AVR
C code.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Paragraph*
+\layout Paragraph*
Generating iCode
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Intermediate code generation.
In this phase the AST is broken down into three-operand form (iCode).
These three operand forms are represented as doubly linked lists.
ICode is the term given to the intermediate form generated by the compiler.
ICode example section shows some examples of iCode generated for some simple
C source functions.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Paragraph*
+\layout Paragraph*
Optimizations
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Bulk of the target independent optimizations is performed in this phase.
The optimizations include constant propagation, common sub-expression eliminati
on, loop invariant code movement, strength reduction of loop induction variables
and dead-code elimination.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Paragraph*
+\layout Paragraph*
Live range analysis
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
During intermediate code generation phase, the compiler assumes the target
machine has infinite number of registers and generates a lot of temporary
variables.
The live ranges are computed in terms of these numbers.
The from number is the number of the iCode which first defines the operand
and the to number signifies the iCode which uses this operand last.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Paragraph*
+\layout Paragraph*
Register Allocation
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed
by each operand.
In most MCUs only a few registers can be used for indirect addressing.
operand and use the registers in this block, the operand will then be popped
at the end of the basic block.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
There are other MCU specific considerations in this phase.
Some MCUs have an accumulator; very short-lived operands could be assigned
to the accumulator instead of a general-purpose register.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Paragraph*
+\layout Paragraph*
Code generation
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Figure II gives a table of iCode
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Figure II
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
iCode
\end_inset
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Operands
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
Description
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\series bold
C Equivalent
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'!'
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
NOT operation
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = ! IC_LEFT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'~'
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Bitwise complement of
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = ~IC_LEFT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
RRC
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Rotate right with carry
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << 1) | (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8-1));
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
RLC
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Rotate left with carry
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << (sizeof(LC_LEFT)*8-1) ) | (IC_LEFT >> 1);
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
GETHBIT
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Get the highest order bit of IC_LEFT
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8 -1));
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
UNARYMINUS
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Unary minus
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = - IC_LEFT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IPUSH
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Push the operand into stack
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
NONE
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IPOP
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Pop the operand from the stack
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
NONE
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
CALL
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Call the function represented by IC_LEFT
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT();
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
PCALL
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Call via function pointer
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT)();
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
RETURN
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Return the value in operand IC_LEFT
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
return IC_LEFT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
LABEL
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LABEL()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Label
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LABEL:
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
GOTO
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LABEL()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Goto label
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
goto IC_LABEL();
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'+'
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Addition
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT + IC_RIGHT
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'-'
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Subtraction
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT - IC_RIGHT
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'*'
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Multiplication
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT * IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'/'
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Division
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT / IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'%'
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Modulus
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT % IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'<'
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Less than
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT < IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'>'
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Greater than
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT > IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
EQ_OP
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Equal to
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT == IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
AND_OP
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Logical and operation
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT && IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
OR_OP
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Logical or operation
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT || IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'^'
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Exclusive OR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT ^ IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'|'
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Bitwise OR
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT | IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
BITWISEAND
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Bitwise AND
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT & IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
LEFT_OP
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Left shift
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT << IC_RIGHT
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
RIGHT_OP
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Right shift
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT >> IC_RIGHT
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
GET_VALUE_
\newline
AT_ ADDRESS
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Indirect fetch
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT);
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
POINTER_SET
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Indirect set
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
(*IC_RESULT) = IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'='
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Assignment
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IFX
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_COND IC_TRUE IC_LABEL
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Conditional jump.
If true label is present then jump to true label if condition is true else
jump to false label if condition is false
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
if (IC_COND) goto IC_TRUE;
\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
Or
\newline
If (!IC_COND) goto IC_FALSE;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
ADDRESS_OF
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Address of
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = &IC_LEFT();
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
JUMPTABLE
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_JTCOND IC_JTLABELS
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Jump to list of labels depending on the value of JTCOND
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Switch statement
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
CAST
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RIGHT() IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Cast types
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (typeof IC_LEFT) IC_RIGHT;
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
SEND
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
This is used for passing parameters in registers;
\newline
move IC_LEFT to the next
available parameter register.
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
None
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
RECV
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT()
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
This is used for receiving parameters passed in registers;
\newline
Move the values
in the next parameter register to IC_RESULT
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
None
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\shape slanted
\size footnotesize
(some more have been added)
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\shape slanted
\size footnotesize
in
\family typewriter
src/mcs51/gen.c
-\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Comment
-status collapsed
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In the original article Figure II was announced to be downloadable on
\shape italic
Circuit Cellar
\shape default
's web site.
ftp://ftp.circuitcellar.com/pub/Circuit_Cellar/2000/121/dutta.ZIP
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Paragraph*
+\layout Paragraph*
ICode Example
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This section shows some details of iCode.
The example C code does not do anything useful; it is used as an example
to illustrate the intermediate code generated by the compiler.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Verse
+\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-1.\InsetSpace ~
+1.\SpecialChar ~
xdata int * p;
\newline
-2.\InsetSpace ~
+2.\SpecialChar ~
int gint;
\newline
-3.\InsetSpace ~
+3.\SpecialChar ~
/* This function does nothing useful.
It is used
\newline
-4.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+4.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
for the purpose of explaining iCode */
\newline
-5.\InsetSpace ~
+5.\SpecialChar ~
short function (data
int *x)
\newline
-6.\InsetSpace ~
+6.\SpecialChar ~
{
\newline
-7.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-short i=10; \InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+7.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+short i=10; \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* dead initialization eliminated */
\newline
-8.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+8.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
short sum=10;
/* dead initialization eliminated */
\newline
-9.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+9.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
short mul;
\newline
-10.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+10.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
int j ;
\newline
-11.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+11.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
while (*x) *x++
= *p++;
\newline
-12.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+12.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sum = 0 ;
\newline
-13.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+13.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mul = 0;
\newline
-14.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+14.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* compiler detects i,j to be induction
variables */
\newline
-15.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+15.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
for (i = 0, j = 10 ; i < 10 ; i++, j
\family default
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\backslash
/
-\end_layout
\end_inset
\family typewriter
) {
\newline
-16.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+16.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sum += i;
\newline
-17.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-mul += i * 3; \InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+17.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mul += i * 3; \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* this multiplication remains */
\newline
-18.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+18.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
gint +=
- j * 3;\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+ j * 3;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
/* this multiplication changed to addition */
\newline
-19.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+19.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
}
\newline
-20.\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+20.\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
return sum+mul;
\newline
-21.\InsetSpace ~
+21.\SpecialChar ~
}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In addition to the operands each iCode contains information about the filename
and line it corresponds to in the source file.
The first field in the listing should be interpreted as follows:
respectively.
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c (5:1:0:0) _entry($9) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(5:2:1:0) proc _function [lr0:0]{function short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:3:2:0) iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:4:53:0) preHeaderLbl0($11) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:5:55:0) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near
* int}[r2]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:6:5:1) _whilecontinue_0($1) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:7:7:1) iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near *
int}[r0]]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:8:8:1) if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:9:14:1) iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far
* int}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:10:15:1) _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2
{short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:13:18:1) iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far
* int}[DPTR]]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:14:19:1) *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int
}[r2 r3]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:15:12:1) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near
* int}[r0] + 0x2 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:16:20:1) goto _whilecontinue_0($1)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:17:21:0)_whilebreak_0($3) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(12:18:22:0) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(13:19:23:0) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:20:54:0)preHeaderLbl1($13) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:21:56:0) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:22:57:0) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:23:58:0) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:24:26:1)_forcond_0($4) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:25:27:1) iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
< 0xa {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:26:28:1) if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(16:27:31:1) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2]
+ ITemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(17:29:33:1) iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
* 0x3 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(17:30:34:1) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3]
+ iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(18:32:36:1:1) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7
r0]- 0x3 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(18:33:37:1) _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{
int}[r7 r0]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:36:42:1) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
+ 0x1 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:37:45:1) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5
r6]- 0x1 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(19:38:47:1) goto _forcond_0($4)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(19:39:48:0)_forbreak_0($7) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:40:49:0) iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}[DPTR] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2]
+ ITemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:41:50:0) ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:42:51:0)_return($8) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:43:52:0) eproc _function [lr0:0]{ ia0 re0 rm0}{function short}
Finally the code generated for this function:
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
.area DSEG (DATA)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
_p::
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
.ds 2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
_gint::
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
.ds 2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; sample.c 5
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; ----------------------------------------------
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; function function
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; ----------------------------------------------
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
_function:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r2,dpl
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov ar0,r2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
;_whilecontinue_0($1) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00101$:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov ar2,@r0
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
inc r0
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov ar3,@r0
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dec r0
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
orl a,r3
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
jz 00103$
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00114$:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov dpl,_p
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov dph,(_p + 1)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,#0x02
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
add a,_p
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov _p,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
clr a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
addc a,(_p + 1)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov (_p + 1),a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
movx a,@dptr
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r2,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
inc dptr
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
movx a,@dptr
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r3,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov @r0,ar2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
inc r0
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov @r0,ar3
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] =
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] +
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; 0x2 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
inc r0
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; goto _whilecontinue_0($1)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sjmp 00101$
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _whilebreak_0($3) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00103$:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r2,#0x00
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r3,#0x00
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r4,#0x00
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r5,#0x0A
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r6,#0x00
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r7,#0x1E
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r0,#0x00
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _forcond_0($4) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00104$:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
clr c
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r4
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
xrl a,#0x80
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
subb a,#0x8a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
jnc 00107$
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00115$:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] +
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r4
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
add a,r2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r2,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov b,#0x03
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r4
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mul ab
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r1,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] +
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
add a,r3
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r3,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r7
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
add a,#0xfd
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r7,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r0
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
addc a,#0xff
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov r0,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r7
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
add a,_gint
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov _gint,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r0
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
addc a,(_gint + 1)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov (_gint + 1),a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
inc r4
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dec r5
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
cjne r5,#0xff,00104$
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
dec r6
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; goto _forcond_0($4)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
sjmp 00104$
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _forbreak_0($7) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00107$:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r3
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
add a,r2
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
mov dpl,a
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _return($8) :
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00108$:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
ret
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
+\layout Section
A few words about basic block successors, predecessors and dominators
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Successors are basic blocks
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks}
blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic block.
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
[basic block 1]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
if (something)
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\layout Standard
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
[basic block 2]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
else
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
+\layout Standard
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
[basic block 3]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
[basic block 4]
\newline
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
a) succList of [BB2] = [BB4], of [BB3] = [BB4], of [BB1] = [BB2,BB3]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
b) predList of [BB2] = [BB1], of [BB3] = [BB1], of [BB4] = [BB2,BB3]
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
c) domVect of [BB4] = BB1 ...
here we are not sure if BB2 or BB3 was executed but we are SURE that BB1
was executed.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Chapter
+\layout Chapter
Acknowledgments
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net#Who}
\end_inset
which has hosted the project since 1999 and donates significant download
bandwidth and probably more than
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status Collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
$10^{13}$
-\end_layout
\end_inset
CPU cycles per day.
\newline
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed false
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
more than 10^13 is an estimate: on my Athlon 2800+ it takes about (0.5+6.5+20)
minutes for (configure+make+regression test), and there is (i386, amd64,
alpha, ppc64, (mingw32), sparc, macosx).
-\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This document was initially written by Sandeep Dutta
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
All product names mentioned herein may be trademarks
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Trademarks}
of their respective companies.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section*
+\layout Section*
Alphabetical index
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
To avoid confusion, the installation and building options for SDCC itself
(chapter 2) are not part of the index.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \printindex{}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\end_body
-\end_document
+\the_end
projects / fw / sdcc / commitdiff