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-
-
-<title> lSDCC Compiler User Guide</title>
-
-<h1 align="center">lSDCC Compiler User Guide </h1>
-
-<p>
- <h2><a name="tth_sEc1">
-1</a> Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc1.1">
-1.1</a> About SDCC</h3>
-
-<p>
-<b>SDCC</b> is a Free ware, retargettable, optimizing ANSI-C compiler
-by <b>Sandeep Dutta</b> designed for 8 bit Microprocessors. The
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+<P>
+<H1 ALIGN="CENTER">lSDCC Compiler User Guide</H1>
+<BR>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00010000000000000000">
+Contents</A>
+</H2>
+<!--Table of Contents-->
+
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html122"
+ HREF="SDCCUdoc.html">1 Introduction</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html123"
+ HREF="#SECTION00021000000000000000">1.1 About SDCC</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html124"
+ HREF="#SECTION00022000000000000000">1.2 Open Source</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html125"
+ HREF="#SECTION00023000000000000000">1.3 Typographic conventions</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html126"
+ HREF="#SECTION00024000000000000000">1.4 Pending: compatibilaty with previous versions</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html127"
+ HREF="#SECTION00025000000000000000">1.5 System Requirements</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html128"
+ HREF="#SECTION00026000000000000000">1.6 Other Resources</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html129"
+ HREF="#SECTION00030000000000000000">2 Installation</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html130"
+ HREF="#SECTION00031000000000000000">2.1 Linux/Unix Installation</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html131"
+ HREF="#SECTION00032000000000000000">2.2 Windows Installation</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html132"
+ HREF="#SECTION00033000000000000000">2.3 Testing out the SDCC Compiler</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html133"
+ HREF="#SECTION00034000000000000000">2.4 Install Trouble-shooting</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html134"
+ HREF="#SECTION00035000000000000000">2.5 Additional Information for Windows Users</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html135"
+ HREF="#SECTION00036000000000000000">2.6 SDCC on Other Platforms</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html136"
+ HREF="#SECTION00037000000000000000">2.7 Advanced Install Options</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html137"
+ HREF="#SECTION00038000000000000000">2.8 Components of SDCC</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html138"
+ HREF="#SECTION00040000000000000000">3 Using SDCC</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html139"
+ HREF="#SECTION00041000000000000000">3.1 Compiling</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html140"
+ HREF="#SECTION00042000000000000000">3.2 Command Line Options</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html141"
+ HREF="#SECTION00043000000000000000">3.3 MCS51/DS390 Storage Class Language Extensions</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html142"
+ HREF="#SECTION00044000000000000000">3.4 Pointers</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html143"
+ HREF="#SECTION00045000000000000000">3.5 Parameters & Local Variables</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html144"
+ HREF="#SECTION00046000000000000000">3.6 Overlaying</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html145"
+ HREF="#SECTION00047000000000000000">3.7 Interrupt Service Routines</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html146"
+ HREF="#SECTION00048000000000000000">3.8 Critical Functions</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html147"
+ HREF="#SECTION00049000000000000000">3.9 Naked Functions</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html148"
+ HREF="#SECTION000410000000000000000">3.10 Functions using private banks</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html149"
+ HREF="#SECTION000411000000000000000">3.11 Absolute Addressing</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html150"
+ HREF="#SECTION000412000000000000000">3.12 Startup Code</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html151"
+ HREF="#SECTION000413000000000000000">3.13 Inline Assembler Code</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html152"
+ HREF="#SECTION000414000000000000000">3.14 int(16 bit) and long (32 bit) Support</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html153"
+ HREF="#SECTION000415000000000000000">3.15 Floating Point Support</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html154"
+ HREF="#SECTION000416000000000000000">3.16 MCS51 Memory Models</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html155"
+ HREF="#SECTION000417000000000000000">3.17 DS390 Memory Models</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html156"
+ HREF="#SECTION000418000000000000000">3.18 Defines Created by the Compiler</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html157"
+ HREF="#SECTION00050000000000000000">4 SDCC Technical Data</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html158"
+ HREF="#SECTION00051000000000000000">4.1 Optimizations</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html159"
+ HREF="#SECTION00052000000000000000">4.2 Pragmas</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html160"
+ HREF="#SECTION00053000000000000000">4.3 Library Routines</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html161"
+ HREF="#SECTION00054000000000000000">4.4 Interfacing with Assembly Routines</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html162"
+ HREF="#SECTION00055000000000000000">4.5 Global Registers used for Parameter Passing</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html163"
+ HREF="#SECTION00056000000000000000">4.6 External Stack</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html164"
+ HREF="#SECTION00057000000000000000">4.7 ANSI-Compliance</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html165"
+ HREF="#SECTION00058000000000000000">4.8 Cyclomatic Complexity</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html166"
+ HREF="#SECTION00060000000000000000">5 TIPS</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html167"
+ HREF="#SECTION00070000000000000000">6 Retargetting for other MCUs.</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html168"
+ HREF="#SECTION00080000000000000000">7 SDCDB - Source Level Debugger</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html169"
+ HREF="#SECTION00081000000000000000">7.1 Compiling for Debugging</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html170"
+ HREF="#SECTION00082000000000000000">7.2 How the Debugger Works</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html171"
+ HREF="#SECTION00083000000000000000">7.3 Starting the Debugger</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html172"
+ HREF="#SECTION00084000000000000000">7.4 Command Line Options.</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html173"
+ HREF="#SECTION00085000000000000000">7.5 Debugger Commands.</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html174"
+ HREF="#SECTION00086000000000000000">7.6 Interfacing with XEmacs.</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html175"
+ HREF="#SECTION00090000000000000000">8 Other Processors</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html176"
+ HREF="#SECTION00091000000000000000">8.1 The Z80 and gbz80 port</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html177"
+ HREF="#SECTION000100000000000000000">9 Support</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html178"
+ HREF="#SECTION000101000000000000000">9.1 Reporting Bugs</A>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html179"
+ HREF="#SECTION000102000000000000000">9.2 Acknowledgments</A>
+</UL>
+<BR>
+<LI><A NAME="tex2html180"
+ HREF="#SECTION000110000000000000000">About this document ...</A>
+</UL>
+<!--End of Table of Contents-->
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00020000000000000000">
+1 Introduction</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00021000000000000000">
+1.1 About SDCC</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+<I><pending: tabularise these features, this is unreadeble></I>
+<BR>
+<BR><B>SDCC</B> is a Free ware, retargettable, optimizing ANSI-C compiler
+by <B>Sandeep Dutta</B> designed for 8 bit Microprocessors. The
current version targets Intel MCS51 based Microprocessors(8051,8052,
etc), Zilog Z80 based MCUs, and the Dallas 80C390 MCS51 variant. It
can be retargetted for other microprocessors, support for PIC, AVR
retargettable assembler & linker. SDCC has extensive language extensions
suitable for utilizing various microcontrollers underlying hardware
effectively. In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also
-does a host of standard optimizations like <em>global sub expression
+does a host of standard optimizations like <I>global sub expression
elimination, loop optimizations (loop invariant, strength reduction
of induction variables and loop reversing), constant folding & propagation,
copy propagation, dead code elimination and jumptables for 'switch'
-statements.</em> For the back-end SDCC uses a global register allocation
+statements.</I> For the back-end SDCC uses a global register allocation
scheme which should be well suited for other 8 bit MCUs. The peep
hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which is MCU
-dependent. Supported data-types are <em>char (8 bits, 1 byte), short
-and int (16 bits, 2 bytes), long (32 bit, 4 bytes)</em> and <em>float
-(4 byte IEEE).</em> The compiler also allows <em>inline assembler code</em>
+dependent. Supported data-types are <I>char (8 bits, 1 byte), short
+and int (16 bits, 2 bytes), long (32 bit, 4 bytes)</I> and <I>float
+(4 byte IEEE).</I> The compiler also allows <I>inline assembler code</I>
to be embedded anywhere in a function. In addition routines developed
in assembly can also be called. SDCC also provides an option to report
the relative complexity of a function, these functions can then be
further optimized, or hand coded in assembly if needed. SDCC also
comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB, the debugger currently
uses ucSim a freeware simulator for 8051 and other micro-controllers.
-The latest version can be downloaded from <b><a href="http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/"><tt>http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/</tt></a>
-.</b>
+The latest version can be downloaded from <B>http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/
+.</B>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc1.2">
-1.2</a> Open Source</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
-All packages used in this compiler system are <em>opensource</em> (freeware);
-source code for all the sub-packages (asxxxx assembler/linker, pre-processor)
-are distributed with the package. This documentation is maintained
-using a freeware word processor (LY<!--hbox-->X).
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00022000000000000000">
+1.2 Open Source</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
+All packages used in this compiler system are <I>opensource</I> and
+<I>freeware</I>; source code for all the sub-packages (asxxxx assembler/linker,
+pre-processor) is distributed with the package. This documentation
+is maintained using a freeware word processor (LYX).
+
+<P>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
use, share and improve this program. You are forbidden to forbid anyone
else to use, share and improve what you give them. Help stamp out
software-hoarding!
+<BR>
+<BR><I><pending: add a link to gnu></I>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc1.3">
-1.3</a> Typographic conventions</h3>
-
-<p>
-Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention. Commands
-you have to type in are printed in <font face="helvetica"><b>"sans
-serif"</b></font><font face="helvetica">.</font> Code samples are printed in <tt>typewriter
-font.</tt> Interesting items and new terms are printed in <em>italicised
-type.</em>
+<P>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc1.4">
-1.4</a> System Requirements</h3>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00023000000000000000">
+1.3 Typographic conventions</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
+Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention. Commands
+you have to type in are printed in <I><B>"sans
+serif"</B></I><I>.</I> Code samples are printed in <TT>typewriter
+font.</TT> Interesting items and new terms are printed in <I>italicised
+type.</I>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00024000000000000000">
+1.4 Pending: compatibilaty with previous versions</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+This version has numerous bug fixes comperated with the previous version.
+But we also introduced some incompatibilaties with older versions.
+Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable,
+efficient and ANSI compliant.
+<BR>
+<BR>
+short char
+<BR>
+directory structure (2.7)
+<BR>
+vararg pars expl int unless casted
+<BR>
+never had a regextend
+<BR>
+no -noreparms anymore
+<BR>
+<BR>
+more?
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00025000000000000000">
+1.5 System Requirements</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer,
and a desire to compute. The preferred method of installation is to
compile SDCC from source using GNU GCC and make. For Windows some
You should have some experience with command line tools and compiler
use.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc1.5">
-1.5</a> Other Resources</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
-The SDCC home page at <a href="http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/"><tt>http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/</tt></a> is a great
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00026000000000000000">
+1.6 Other Resources</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+The SDCC home page at http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/ is a great
place to find distribution sets. You can also find links to the user
mailing lists that offer help or discuss SDCC with other SDCC users.
Web links to other SDCC related sites can also be found here. This
the complete source package is available directly by anonymous CVS
on cvs.sdcc.sourceforge.net.
-<p>
- <h2><a name="tth_sEc2">
-2</a> Installation</h2>
-
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc2.1">
-2.1</a> Linux/Unix Installation</h3>
-
-<p>
-
-<ol type="1"><p>
-<li> Download the source package, it will be named something like sdcc-2.x.x.tgz.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Unpack the file using a command like: <font face="helvetica"><b>"tar
--xzf sdcc-2.x.x.tgz"</b></font>, this will create a sub-directory
-called sdcc with all of the sources.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type: <font face="helvetica"><b>"cd
-sdcc"</b></font><font face="helvetica">.</font></li>
-<p>
-<li> Type <font face="helvetica"><b>"./configure"</b></font>. This configures
-the package for compilation on your system.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Type <font face="helvetica"><b>"make"</b></font>. All of the source
-packages will compile, this can take a while.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Type <font face="helvetica"><b>"make install"</b></font> as root. This
-copies the binary executables to the install directories.</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc2.2">
-2.2</a> Windows Installation</h3>
-
-<p>
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00030000000000000000">
+2 Installation</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00031000000000000000">
+2.1 Linux/Unix Installation</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+
+<OL>
+<LI>Download the source package, it will be named something like sdcc-2.x.x.tgz.
+</LI>
+<LI>Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm.
+</LI>
+<LI>Unpack the file using a command like: <I><B>"tar
+-xzf sdcc-2.x.x.tgz"</B></I>, this will create a sub-directory
+called sdcc with all of the sources.
+</LI>
+<LI>Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type: <I><B>"cd
+sdcc"</B></I><I>.</I>
+</LI>
+<LI>Type <I><B>"./configure"</B></I>. This configures
+the package for compilation on your system.
+</LI>
+<LI>Type <I><B>"make"</B></I>. All of the source
+packages will compile, this can take a while.
+</LI>
+<LI>Type <I><B>"make install"</B></I> as root. This
+copies the binary executables to the install directories.
+</LI>
+</OL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00032000000000000000">
+2.2 Windows Installation</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+<I><pending: is this complete? where is borland, mingw></I>
+<BR>
+<BR>
For installation under Windows you first need to pick between a pre-compiled
binary package, or installing the source package along with the Cygwin
package. The binary package is the quickest to install, while the
may want to read the section on additional information for Windows
users prior to your initial installation.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.2.1">
-2.2.1</a> Windows Install Using a Binary Package</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00032100000000000000">
+2.2.1 Windows Install Using a Binary Package</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
-<ol type="1"><p>
-<li> Download the binary package and unpack it using your favorite unpacking
+<OL>
+<LI>Download the binary package and unpack it using your favorite unpacking
tool (gunzip, WinZip, etc). This should unpack to a group of sub-directories.
-An example directory structure after unpacking is: c:usrlocalbin
-for the executables, c:usrlocalsharesdccinclude
-and c:usrlocalsharesdcclib
-for the include and libraries.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Adjust your environment PATH to include the location of the bin directory.
-For example, make a setsdcc.bat file with the following: set PATH=c:usrlocalbin;%PATH%</li>
-<p>
-<li> When you compile with sdcc, you may need to specify the location of
-the lib and include folders. For example, sdcc -I c:usrlocalsharesdccinclude
--L c:usrlocalsharesdcclibsmall
-test.c</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.2.2">
-2.2.2</a> Windows Install Using Cygwin</h4>
-
-<p>
-
-<ol type="1"><p>
-<li> Download and install the cygwin package from the redhat site<a href="http://sources.redhat.com/cygwin/"><tt>http://sources.redhat.com/cygwin/</tt></a>.
+An example directory structure after unpacking is: c:\usr\local\bin
+for the executables, c:\usr\local\share\sdcc\include
+and c:\usr\local\share\sdcc\lib
+for the include and libraries.
+</LI>
+<LI>Adjust your environment PATH to include the location of the bin directory.
+For example, make a setsdcc.bat file with the following: set PATH=c:\usr\local\bin;%PATH%
+</LI>
+<LI>When you compile with sdcc, you may need to specify the location of
+the lib and include folders. For example, sdcc -I c:\usr\local\share\sdcc\include
+-L c:\usr\local\share\sdcc\lib\small
+test.c
+</LI>
+</OL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00032200000000000000">
+2.2.2 Windows Install Using Cygwin</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+
+<OL>
+<LI>Download and install the cygwin package from the redhat sitehttp://sources.redhat.com/cygwin/.
Currently, this involved downloading a small install program which
then automates downloading and installing selected parts of the package
-(a large 80M byte sized dowload for the whole thing).</li>
-<p>
-<li> Bring up a Unix/Bash command line terminal from the Cygwin menu.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Follow the instructions in the preceding Linux/Unix installation section.</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc2.3">
-2.3</a> Testing out the SDCC Compiler</h3>
-
-<p>
+(a large 80M byte sized dowload for the whole thing).
+</LI>
+<LI>Bring up a Unix/Bash command line terminal from the Cygwin menu.
+</LI>
+<LI>Follow the instructions in the preceding Linux/Unix installation section.
+</LI>
+</OL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00033000000000000000">
+2.3 Testing out the SDCC Compiler</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler
-is to see if it runs. Type <font face="helvetica"><b>"sdcc -version"</b></font>
+is to see if it runs. Type <I><B>"sdcc -version"</B></I>
at the prompt, and the program should run and tell you the version.
If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program,
then you need to check over your installation. Make sure that the
sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path defined by the
PATH environment setting (see the Trouble-shooting section for suggestions).
Make sure that the sdcc program is in the bin folder, if not perhaps
-something did not install correctly.<br />
-<br />
+something did not install correctly.
+<BR>
+<BR>
SDCC binaries are commonly installed in a directory arrangement like
-this:<br />
-
-<p>
-
-<table border="1">
-<tr><td>/usr/local/bin</td><td>Holds executables(sdcc, s51, aslink, ...)</td></tr><tr><td>
-<tr><td>/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib </td><td>Holds common C libraries</td></tr>
-<tr><td>/usr/local/share/sdcc/include</td><td>Holds common C header files</td></tr></table>
-<br />
-<br />
+this:
+<BR>
+<P>
+<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1">
+<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">/usr/local/bin</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Holds executables(sdcc, s51, aslink, ...)</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Holds common C libraries</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">/usr/local/share/sdcc/include</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Holds common C header files</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+<BR>
+<BR>
Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example. Type in the
-following test.c program using your favorite editor:<br />
-<em></em><br />
-Compile this using the following command: <font face="helvetica"><b>"sdcc
--c test.c"</b></font> If all goes well, the compiler will generate
+following test.c program using your favorite editor:
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Compile this using the following command: <I><B>"sdcc
+-c test.c"</B></I> If all goes well, the compiler will generate
a test.asm and test.rel file. Congratulations, you've just compiled
your first program with SDCC. We used the -c option to tell SDCC not
-to link the generated code, just to keep things simple for this step.<br />
-<br />
-The next step is to try it with the linker. Type in <font face="helvetica"><b>"sdcc
-test.c"</b></font>. If all goes well the compiler will link with the
+to link the generated code, just to keep things simple for this step.
+<BR>
+<BR>
+The next step is to try it with the linker. Type in <I><B>"sdcc
+test.c"</B></I>. If all goes well the compiler will link with the
libraries and produce a test.ihx output file. If this step fails (no
test.ihx, and the linker generates warnings), then the problem is
most likely that sdcc cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/lib directory
-(see the Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions).<br />
-<br />
+(see the Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions).
+<BR>
+<BR>
The final test is to ensure sdcc can use the standard header files
-and libraries. Edit test.c and change it to the following:<br />
-<br />
-#include <string.h><br />
-main() {<br />
-<tt>char str1[10];</tt> <br />
-<tt> strcpy(str1, "testing");</tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-Compile this by typing <font face="helvetica"><b>"sdcc test.c"</b></font>.
+and libraries. Edit test.c and change it to the following:
+<BR>
+<BR>#include <string.h>
+<BR>
+main() {
+<BR><TT>char str1[10];</TT>
+<BR><TT> strcpy(str1, "testing");</TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Compile this by typing <I><B>"sdcc test.c"</B></I>.
This should generate a test.ihx output file, and it should give no
warnings such as not finding the string.h file. If it cannot find
the string.h file, then the problem is that sdcc cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include
directory (see the Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions).
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc2.4">
-2.4</a> Install Trouble-shooting</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00034000000000000000">
+2.4 Install Trouble-shooting</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.4.1">
-2.4.1</a> SDCC cannot find libraries or header files.</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00034100000000000000">
+2.4.1 SDCC cannot find libraries or header files.</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
The default installation assumes the libraries and header files are
located at ``/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib'' and ``/usr/local/share/sdcc/include''.
An alternative is to specify these locations as compiler options like
-this: <font face="helvetica"><b>"sdcc -L /usr/local/sdcc/lib/small
--I /usr/local/sdcc/include test.c"</b></font>.
+this: <I><B>"sdcc -L /usr/local/sdcc/lib/small -I /usr/local/sdcc/include test.c"</B></I>.
+
+<P>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.4.2">
-2.4.2</a> SDCC does not compile correctly.</h4>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00034200000000000000">
+2.4.2 SDCC does not compile correctly.</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source
-package again in an empty directory. Confure it again and build like:<br />
-<br />
-<font face="helvetica"><b>make 2&>1 | tee make.log</b></font><br />
-<br />
+package again in an empty directory. Confure it again and build like:
+<BR>
+<BR><I><B>make 2SPMamp;>1 | tee make.log</B></I>
+<BR>
+<BR>
After this you can review the make.log file to locate the problem.
Or a relevant part of this be attached to an email that could be helpful
when requesting help from the mailing list.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.4.3">
-2.4.3</a> What the ''./configure'' does</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00034300000000000000">
+2.4.3 What the ''./configure'' does</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
The ''./configure'' command is a script that analyzes your system
and performs some configuration to ensure the source package compiles
on your system. It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile
a few tests to determine what compiler features are installed.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.4.4">
-2.4.4</a> What the ''make'' does.</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00034400000000000000">
+2.4.4 What the ''make'' does.</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the
source packages into the final installed binary executables.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.4.5">
-2.4.5</a> What the ''make install'' command does.</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00034500000000000000">
+2.4.5 What the ''make install'' command does.</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
This will install the compiler, other executables and libraries in
to the appropriate system directories. The default is to copy the
executables to /usr/local/bin and the libraries and header files to
/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib and /usr/local/share/sdcc/include.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc2.5">
-2.5</a> Additional Information for Windows Users</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00035000000000000000">
+2.5 Additional Information for Windows Users</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
+<I><pending: is this up to date?></I>
+<BR>
+<BR>
The standard method of installing on a Unix system involves compiling
the source package. This is easily done under Unix, but under Windows
it can be a more difficult process. The Cygwin is a large package
a pre-compiled Windows binary package. There are various trade-offs
between each of these methods.
-<p>
+<P>
The Cygwin package allows a Windows user to run a Unix command line
interface (bash shell) and also implements a Unix like file system
on top of Windows. Included are many of the famous GNU software development
if not you may find it easier to start by installing a binary Windows
package. The binary packages work with the Windows file system conventions.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.5.1">
-2.5.1</a> Getting started with Cygwin</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00035100000000000000">
+2.5.1 Getting started with Cygwin</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
SDCC is typically distributed as a tarred/gzipped file (.tgz). This
is a packed file similar to a .zip file. Cygwin includes the tools
you will need to unpack the SDCC distribution (tar and gzip). To unpack
it, simply follow the instructions under the Linux/Unix install section.
Before you do this you need to learn how to start a cygwin shell and
some of the basic commands used to move files, change directory, run
-commands and so on. The change directory command is <font face="helvetica"><b>``cd''</b></font>,
-the move command is <font face="helvetica"><b>``mv''</b></font>. To print the current
-working directory, type <font face="helvetica"><b>``pwd''</b></font>. To make a directory,
-use <font face="helvetica"><b>``mkdir''</b></font>.
+commands and so on. The change directory command is <I><B>``cd''</B></I>,
+the move command is <I><B>``mv''</B></I>. To print the current
+working directory, type <I><B>``pwd''</B></I>. To make a directory,
+use <I><B>``mkdir''</B></I>.
-<p>
+<P>
There are some basic differences between Unix and Windows file systems
you should understand. When you type in directory paths, Unix and
the Cygwin bash prompt uses forward slashes '/' between directories
-while Windows traditionally uses '' backward slashes.
+while Windows traditionally uses '\' backward slashes.
So when you work at the Cygwin bash prompt, you will need to use the
forward '/' slashes. Unix does not have a concept of drive letters,
such as ``c:``, instead all files systems attach and appear
as directories.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.5.2">
-2.5.2</a> Running SDCC as Native Compiled Executables</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00035200000000000000">
+2.5.2 Running SDCC as Native Compiled Executables</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
If you use the pre-compiled binaries, the install directories for
the libraries and header files may need to be specified on the sdcc
-command line like this: <font face="helvetica"><b>"sdcc -L c:usrlocalsdcclibsmall
--I c:usrlocalsdccinclude
-test.c"</b></font> if you are running outside of a Unix bash shell.
+command line like this: <I><B>"sdcc -L c:\usr\local\sdcc\lib\small
+-I c:\usr\local\sdcc\include
+test.c"</B></I> if you are running outside of a Unix bash shell.
-<p>
+<P>
If you have successfully installed and compiled SDCC with the Cygwin
package, it is possible to compile into native .exe files by using
the additional makefiles included for this purpose. For example, with
-the Borland 32-bit compiler you would run <font face="helvetica"><b>"make
--f Makefile.bcc"</b></font>. A command line version of the Borland
+the Borland 32-bit compiler you would run <I><B>"make
+-f Makefile.bcc"</B></I>. A command line version of the Borland
32-bit compiler can be downloaded from the Inprise web site.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc2.6">
-2.6</a> SDCC on Other Platforms</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00036000000000000000">
+2.6 SDCC on Other Platforms</A>
+</H2>
-<ul><p>
-<li> <b>FreeBSD and other non-GNU Unixes</b> - Make sure the GNU make
-is installed as the default make tool.</li>
-<p>
-<li> SDCC has been ported to run under a variety of operating systems and
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI><B>FreeBSD and other non-GNU Unixes</B> - Make sure the GNU make
+is installed as the default make tool.
+</LI>
+<LI>SDCC has been ported to run under a variety of operating systems and
processors. If you can run GNU GCC/make then chances are good SDCC
-can be compiled and run on your system.</li>
-</ul>
+can be compiled and run on your system.
+</LI>
+</UL>
+
+<P>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc2.7">
-2.7</a> Advanced Install Options</h3>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00037000000000000000">
+2.7 Advanced Install Options</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
The ``configure'' command has several options. The most commonly
-used option is -prefix=<directory name>, where <directory name> is
+used option is -prefix=<directory name>, where <directory name> is
the final location for the sdcc executables and libraries, (default
location is /usr/local). The installation process will create the
-following directory structure under the <directory name> specified
-(if they do not already exist). <br />
-<br />
-bin/ - binary exectables (add to PATH environment variable)<br />
-bin/share/<br />
-bin/share/sdcc/include/ - include header files<br />
-bin/share/sdcc/lib/<br />
+following directory structure under the <directory name> specified
+(if they do not already exist).
+<BR>
+<BR>
+bin/ - binary exectables (add to PATH environment variable)
+<BR>
+bin/share/
+<BR>
+bin/share/sdcc/include/ - include header files
+<BR>
+bin/share/sdcc/lib/
+<BR>
bin/share/sdcc/lib/small/ - Object & library files for small model
-library<br />
+library
+<BR>
bin/share/sdcc/lib/large/ - Object & library files for large model
-library<br />
-bin/share/sdcc/lib/ds390/ - Object & library files forDS80C390 library<br />
-<br />
-The command <font face="helvetica"><b>''./configure -prefix=/usr/local''</b></font>
+library
+<BR>
+bin/share/sdcc/lib/ds390/ - Object & library files forDS80C390 library
+<BR>
+<BR>
+The command <I><B>''./configure -prefix=/usr/local''</B></I>
will configure the compiler to be installed in directory /usr/local/bin.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc2.8">
-2.8</a> Components of SDCC</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00038000000000000000">
+2.8 Components of SDCC</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various
developers. These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other
components. Here is a summary of some of the components. Note that
from various developers are included and may have their own sets of
documentation.
-<p>
+<P>
You might want to look at the various executables which are installed
in the bin directory. At the time of this writing, we find the following
-programs:<br />
-<br />
-<b>sdcc</b> - The compiler.<br />
-<b>sdcpp</b> - The C preprocessor.<br />
-<b>asx8051</b> - The assembler for 8051 type processors.<br />
-<b>as-z80, as-gbz80</b> - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers.<br />
-<b>aslink</b> -The linker for 8051 type processors.<br />
-<b>link-z80, link-gbz80</b> - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers.<br />
-<b>s51</b> - The ucSim 8051 simulator.<br />
-<b>sdcdb</b> - The source debugger.<br />
-<b>packihx</b> - A tool to pack Intel hex files.<br />
-<br />
+programs:
+<BR>
+<BR><I><pending: tabularize this></I>
+<BR>
+<BR><B>sdcc</B> - The compiler.
+<BR><B>sdcpp</B> - The C preprocessor.
+<BR><B>asx8051</B> - The assembler for 8051 type processors.
+<BR><B>as-z80, as-gbz80</B> - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers.
+<BR><B>aslink</B> -The linker for 8051 type processors.
+<BR><B>link-z80, link-gbz80</B> - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers.
+<BR><B>s51</B> - The ucSim 8051 simulator.
+<BR><B>sdcdb</B> - The source debugger.
+<BR><B>packihx</B> - A tool to pack Intel hex files.
+<BR>
+<BR>
As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand
to include executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.8.1">
-2.8.1</a> sdcc - The Compiler</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00038100000000000000">
+2.8.1 sdcc - The Compiler</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and
invokes the assembler and linkage editor.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.8.2">
-2.8.2</a> sdcpp (C-Preprocessor)</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00038200000000000000">
+2.8.2 sdcpp (C-Preprocessor)</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
The preprocessor is a modified version of the GNU preprocessor. The
C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef
statements, #defines and so on.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.8.3">
-2.8.3</a> asx8051, as-z80, as-gbz80, aslink, link-z80, link-gbz80 (The Assemblers
-and Linkage Editors)</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00038300000000000000">
+2.8.3 asx8051, as-z80, as-gbz80, aslink, link-z80, link-gbz80 (The Assemblers
+and Linkage Editors)</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed
by Alan Baldwin. John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I
(Sandeep) have made some enhancements and bug fixes for it to work
properly with the SDCC.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.8.4">
-2.8.4</a> s51 - Simulator</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00038400000000000000">
+2.8.4 s51 - Simulator</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
S51 is a freeware, opensource simulator developed by Daniel Drotos
-(<a href="mailto:drdani@mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu"><tt>mailto:drdani@mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu</tt></a>). The simulator is
+(mailto:drdani@mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu). The simulator is
built as part of the build process. For more information visit Daniel's
-website at: <a href="http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51"><tt>http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51</tt></a>
+website at: http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/ drdani/embedded/s51
.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc2.8.5">
-2.8.5</a> sdcdb - Source Level Debugger</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00038500000000000000">
+2.8.5 sdcdb - Source Level Debugger</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
Sdcdb is the companion source level debugger. The current version
of the debugger uses Daniel's Simulator S51, but can be easily changed
to use other simulators.
-<p>
- <h2><a name="tth_sEc3">
-3</a> Using SDCC</h2>
+<P>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.1">
-3.1</a> Compiling</h3>
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00040000000000000000">
+3 Using SDCC</A>
+</H1>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.1.1">
-3.1.1</a> Single Source File Projects</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
-For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple. Compile
-your programs with the following command <font face="helvetica"><b>"sdcc
-sourcefile.c".</b></font> This will compile, assemble and link your
-source file. Output files are as follows<br />
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00041000000000000000">
+3.1 Compiling</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
-sourcefile.asm - Assembler source file created by the compiler
+<P>
-<p>
-sourcefile.lst - Assembler listing file created by the Assembler
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00041100000000000000">
+3.1.1 Single Source File Projects</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
+For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple. Compile
+your programs with the following command <I><B>"sdcc
+sourcefile.c".</B></I> This will compile, assemble and link your
+source file. Output files are as follows
+<BR>
+<BR>
+sourcefile.asm - Assembler source file created by the compiler
+<BR>
+sourcefile.lst - Assembler listing file created by the Assembler
+<BR>
sourcefile.rst - Assembler listing file updated with linkedit information,
created by linkage editor
-
-<p>
+<BR>
sourcefile.sym - symbol listing for the sourcefile, created by the
-assembler.
-
-<p>
+assembler
+<BR>
sourcefile.rel - Object file created by the assembler, input to Linkage
-editor.
-
-<p>
+editor
+<BR>
sourcefile.map - The memory map for the load module, created by the
-Linker.
-
-<p>
+Linker
+<BR>
sourcefile.ihx - The load module in Intel hex format (you can select
the Motorola S19 format with -out-fmt-s19)
-
-<p>
+<BR>
sourcefile.cdb - An optional file (with -debug) containing debug
-information.
+information
+<BR>
+<P>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.1.2">
-3.1.2</a> Projects with Multiple Source Files</h4>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00041200000000000000">
+3.1.2 Projects with Multiple Source Files</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time. Let us for example assume
-that you have a project containing the following files:<br />
-<br />
-foo1.c (contains some functions)<br />
-foo2.c (contains some more functions)<br />
-foomain.c (contains more functions and the function main)<br />
-<font size="-2"></font><br />
+that you have a project containing the following files:
+<BR>
+<BR>
+foo1.c (contains some functions)
+<BR>
+foo2.c (contains some more functions)
+<BR>
+foomain.c (contains more functions and the function main)
+<BR>
+<BR>
The first two files will need to be compiled separately with the commands:
-<font size="-2"></font><br />
-<br />
-<font face="helvetica"><b>sdcc -c foo1.c</b></font><font size="-2"></font><br />
-<font face="helvetica"><b>sdcc -c foo2.c</b></font><br />
-<br />
-Then compile the source file containing the <em>main()</em> function
-and link the files together with the following command: <br />
-<br />
-<font face="helvetica"><b>sdcc foomain.c foo1.rel foo2.rel</b></font><br />
-<br />
-Alternatively, <em>foomain.c</em> can be separately compiled as well:
-<font face="helvetica"><b></b></font><br />
-<font face="helvetica"><b></b></font><br />
-<font face="helvetica"><b>sdcc -c foomain.c</b></font><br />
-<font face="helvetica"><b>sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel</b></font><br />
-<font face="helvetica"><b></b></font><br />
-The file containing the <em>main()</em> function <em></em> <font size="-2">MUST</font>
-be the <font size="-2">FIRST</font> file specified in the command line, since the
+
+<BR>
+<BR><I><B>sdcc -c foo1.c</B></I>
+<BR><I><B>sdcc -c foo2.c</B></I>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Then compile the source file containing the <I>main()</I> function
+and link the files together with the following command:
+<BR>
+<BR><I><B>sdcc foomain.c foo1.rel foo2.rel</B></I>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Alternatively, <I>foomain.c</I> can be separately compiled as well:
+<BR>
+<BR><I><B>sdcc -c foomain.c</B></I>
+<BR><I><B>sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel</B></I>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+The file containing the <I>main()</I> function <SMALL>MUST</SMALL>
+be the <SMALL>FIRST</SMALL> file specified in the command line, since the
linkage editor processes file in the order they are presented to it.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.1.3">
-3.1.3</a> Projects with Additional Libraries</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00041300000000000000">
+3.1.3 Projects with Additional Libraries</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation
-for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc)
-for how to create a <em>.lib</em> library file. Libraries created in
+for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc)
+for how to create a <I>.lib</I> library file. Libraries created in
this manner can be included in the command line. Make sure you include
-the -L <library-path> option to tell the linker where to look for
+the -L <library-path> option to tell the linker where to look for
these files if they are not in the current directory. Here is an example,
-assuming you have the source file <em>foomain.c</em> and a library <em>foolib.lib</em>
-in the directory <em>mylib</em> (if that is not the same as your current
-project):<br />
-<br />
-<font face="helvetica"><b>sdcc foomain.c foolib.lib -L mylib</b></font><br />
-<font face="helvetica"><b></b></font><br />
-Note here that <em>mylib</em> must be an absolute path name.<br />
-<br />
+assuming you have the source file <I>foomain.c</I> and a library <I>foolib.lib</I>
+in the directory <I>mylib</I> (if that is not the same as your current
+project):
+<BR>
+<BR><I><B>sdcc foomain.c foolib.lib -L mylib</B></I>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Note here that <I>mylib</I> must be an absolute path name.
+<BR>
+<BR>
The most efficient way to use libraries is to keep seperate modules
in seperate source files. The lib file now should name all the modules.rel
-files. For an example see the standard library file <em>libsdcc.lib</em>
-in the directory <installdir>/share/lib/small.
-
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.2">
-3.2</a> Command Line Options</h3>
-
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.2.1">
-3.2.1</a> Processor Selection Options</h4>
-
-<p>
-
-<dl compact="compact">
-
-
-
-
- <dt><b><b>-mmcs51</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Generate code for the MCS51 (8051) family of processors.
-This is the default processor target.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-mds390</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Generate code for the DS80C390 processor.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-mz80</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Generate code for the Z80 family of processors.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-mgbz80</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Generate code for the GameBoy Z80 processor.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-mavr</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Generate code for the Atmel AVR processor(In development,
-not complete).</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-mpic14</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Generate code for the PIC 14-bit processors(In development,
-not complete).</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-mtlcs900h</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H processor(In
+files. For an example see the standard library file <I>libsdcc.lib</I>
+in the directory <installdir>/share/lib/small.
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00042000000000000000">
+3.2 Command Line Options</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00042100000000000000">
+3.2.1 Processor Selection Options</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>[<B>-mmcs51</B>]Generate code for the MCS51 (8051) family of processors.
+This is the default processor target.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-mds390</B>]Generate code for the DS80C390 processor.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-mz80</B>]Generate code for the Z80 family of processors.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-mgbz80</B>]Generate code for the GameBoy Z80 processor.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-mavr</B>]Generate code for the Atmel AVR processor(In development,
+not complete).
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-mpic14</B>]Generate code for the PIC 14-bit processors(In development,
+not complete).
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-mtlcs900h</B>]Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H processor(In
development, not complete).
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.2.2">
-3.2.2</a> Preprocessor Options</h4>
-
-<p>
-
-<dl compact="compact">
-
-
-
-
- <dt><b><b>-I<path></b></b></dt>
- <dd>The additional location where the pre processor
-will look for <..h> or ``..h'' files.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-D<macro[=value]></b></b></dt>
- <dd>Command line definition of macros.
-Passed to the pre processor.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-M</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make
+</LI>
+</UL>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00042200000000000000">
+3.2.2 Preprocessor Options</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>[<B>-I<path></B>]The additional location where the pre processor
+will look for <..h> or ``..h'' files.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-D<macro[=value]></B>]Command line definition of macros.
+Passed to the pre processor.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-M</B>]Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make
describing the dependencies of each object file. For each source file,
the preprocessor outputs one make-rule whose target is the object
file name for that source file and whose dependencies are all the
files `#include'd in it. This rule may be a single line or may be
-continued with `'-newline if it is long. The list
+continued with `\'-newline if it is long. The list
of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed
-C program. `-M' implies `-E'.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-C</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments. Used with
-the `-E' option.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-MM</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header
-files included with `#include ``file"'. System header
-files included with `#include <file>' are omitted.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-Aquestion(answer)</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Assert the answer answer for question,
+C program. `-M' implies `-E'.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-C</B>]Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments. Used with
+the `-E' option.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-MM</B>]Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header
+files included with `#include ``file"'. System header
+files included with `#include <file>' are omitted.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-Aquestion(answer)</B>]Assert the answer answer for question,
in case it is tested with a preprocessor conditional such as `#if
#question(answer)'. `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally
-describe the target machine.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-Aquestion</b></b></dt>
- <dd>(answer) Assert the answer answer for question,
+describe the target machine.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-Aquestion</B>](answer) Assert the answer answer for question,
in case it is tested with a preprocessor conditional such as `#if
#question(answer)'. `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally
-describe the target machine.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-Umacro</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Undefine macro macro. `-U' options are evaluated
-after all `-D' options, but before any `-include' and `-imacros' options.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-dM</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro
+describe the target machine.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-Umacro</B>]Undefine macro macro. `-U' options are evaluated
+after all `-D' options, but before any `-include' and `-imacros' options.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-dM</B>]Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro
definitions that are in effect at the end of preprocessing. Used with
-the `-E' option.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-dD</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions
-into the output, in their proper sequence in the rest of the output.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-dN</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents
+the `-E' option.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-dD</B>]Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions
+into the output, in their proper sequence in the rest of the output.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-dN</B>]Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents
are omitted. Only `#define name' is included in the output.
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.2.3">
-3.2.3</a> Linker Options</h4>
+</LI>
+</UL>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00042300000000000000">
+3.2.3 Linker Options</A>
+</H3>
-<dl compact="compact">
+<P>
-
-
-
- <dt><b><b>-L -lib-path</b></b></dt>
- <dd><absolute path to additional libraries> This
+<UL>
+<LI>[<B>-L -lib-path</B>]<absolute path to additional libraries> This
option is passed to the linkage editor's additional libraries search
path. The path name must be absolute. Additional library files may
be specified in the command line. See section Compiling programs for
-more details.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-xram-loc</b><Value></b></dt>
- <dd>The start location of the external ram,
+more details.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-xram-loc</B><Value>]The start location of the external ram,
default value is 0. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal
-format, e.g.: -xram-loc 0x8000 or -xram-loc 32768.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-code-loc</b><Value></b></dt>
- <dd>The start location of the code segment,
+format, e.g.: -xram-loc 0x8000 or -xram-loc 32768.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-code-loc</B><Value>]The start location of the code segment,
default value 0. Note when this option is used the interrupt vector
table is also relocated to the given address. The value entered can
be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -code-loc 0x8000 or -code-loc
-32768.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-stack-loc</b><Value></b></dt>
- <dd>The initial value of the stack pointer.
+32768.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-stack-loc</B><Value>]The initial value of the stack pointer.
The default value of the stack pointer is 0x07 if only register bank
0 is used, if other register banks are used then the stack pointer
is initialized to the location above the highest register bank used.
to location 0x18. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal
format, eg. -stack-loc 0x20 or -stack-loc 32. If all four register
banks are used the stack will be placed after the data segment (equivalent
-to -stack-after-data)</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-stack-after-data</b></b></dt>
- <dd>This option will cause the stack to be
-located in the internal ram after the data segment.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-data-loc</b><Value></b></dt>
- <dd>The start location of the internal ram
+to -stack-after-data)
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-stack-after-data</B>]This option will cause the stack to be
+located in the internal ram after the data segment.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-data-loc</B><Value>]The start location of the internal ram
data segment, the default value is 0x30.The value entered can be in
-Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. -data-loc 0x20 or -data-loc 32.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-idata-loc</b><Value></b></dt>
- <dd>The start location of the indirectly
+Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. -data-loc 0x20 or -data-loc 32.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-idata-loc</B><Value>]The start location of the indirectly
addressable internal ram, default value is 0x80. The value entered
can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. -idata-loc 0x88 or -idata-loc
-136.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-out-fmt-ihx</b></b></dt>
- <dd>The linker output (final object code) is in
-Intel Hex format. (This is the default option).</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-out-fmt-s19</b></b></dt>
- <dd>The linker output (final object code) is in
+136.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-out-fmt-ihx</B>]The linker output (final object code) is in
+Intel Hex format. (This is the default option).
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-out-fmt-s19</B>]The linker output (final object code) is in
Motorola S19 format.
-</dd>
-</dl>
+</LI>
+</UL>
+<P>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.2.4">
-3.2.4</a> MCS51 Options</h4>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00042400000000000000">
+3.2.4 MCS51 Options</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
-<dl compact="compact">
-
-
-
-
- <dt><b><b>-model-large</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Generate code for Large model programs see
+<UL>
+<LI>[<B>-model-large</B>]Generate code for Large model programs see
section Memory Models for more details. If this option is used all
source files in the project should be compiled with this option. In
addition the standard library routines are compiled with small model,
-they will need to be recompiled.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-model-small</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Generate code for Small Model programs see
+they will need to be recompiled.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-model-small</B>]Generate code for Small Model programs see
section Memory Models for more details. This is the default model.
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.2.5">
-3.2.5</a> DS390 Options</h4>
+</LI>
+</UL>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00042500000000000000">
+3.2.5 DS390 Options</A>
+</H3>
-<dl compact="compact">
+<P>
-
-
-
- <dt><b><b>-model-flat24</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Generate 24-bit flat mode code. This is the
+<UL>
+<LI>[<B>-model-flat24</B>]Generate 24-bit flat mode code. This is the
one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now and
-is default when using <em>-mds390</em>. See section Memory Models for
-more details.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-stack-10bit</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Generate code for the 10 bit stack mode of
+is default when using <I>-mds390</I>. See section Memory Models for
+more details.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-stack-10bit</B>]Generate code for the 10 bit stack mode of
the Dallas DS80C390 part. This is the one and only that the ds390
-code generator supports right now and is default when using <em>-mds390</em>.
+code generator supports right now and is default when using <I>-mds390</I>.
In this mode, the stack is located in the lower 1K of the internal
RAM, which is mapped to 0x400000. Note that the support is incomplete,
since it still uses a single byte as the stack pointer. This means
compiler will not generate any code to put the processor into 10 bit
stack mode. It is important to ensure that the processor is in this
mode before calling any re-entrant functions compiled with this option.
-In principle, this should work with the <em>-stack-auto</em> option,
-but that has not been tested. It is incompatible with the <em>-xstack</em>
+In principle, this should work with the <I>-stack-auto</I> option,
+but that has not been tested. It is incompatible with the <I>-xstack</I>
option. It also only makes sense if the processor is in 24 bit contiguous
-addressing mode (see the <em>-model-flat24 option</em>).
-</dd>
-</dl>
+addressing mode (see the <I>-model-flat24 option</I>).
+</LI>
+</UL>
+<P>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.2.6">
-3.2.6</a> Optimization Options</h4>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00042600000000000000">
+3.2.6 Optimization Options</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
-<dl compact="compact">
-
-
-
-
- <dt><b><b>-nogcse</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will not do global subexpression elimination, this
+<UL>
+<LI>[<B>-nogcse</B>]Will not do global subexpression elimination, this
option may be used when the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data
spaces to store compiler temporaries. A warning message will be generated
when this happens and the compiler will indicate the number of extra
-bytes it allocated. It recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma
-NOGCSE can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination for
-a given function only.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-noinvariant</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will not do loop invariant optimizations,
+bytes it allocated. It recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma NOGCSE
+can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination for a given
+function only.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-noinvariant</B>]Will not do loop invariant optimizations,
this may be turned off for reasons explained for the previous option.
For more details of loop optimizations performed see section Loop
-Invariants.It recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma NOINVARIANT
+Invariants.It recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma NOINVARIANT
can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function
-only.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-noinduction</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will not do loop induction optimizations,
+only.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-noinduction</B>]Will not do loop induction optimizations,
see section strength reduction for more details.It is recommended
-that this option is NOT used, #pragma NOINDUCTION can be used to
-turn off induction optimizations for a given function only.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-nojtbound</b></b></dt>
- <dd> Will not generate boundary condition check
+that this option is NOT used, #pragma NOINDUCTION can be used to
+turn off induction optimizations for a given function only.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-nojtbound</B>] Will not generate boundary condition check
when switch statements are implemented using jump-tables. See section
Switch Statements for more details. It is recommended that this option
-is NOT used, #pragma NOJTBOUND can be used to turn off boundary checking
-for jump tables for a given function only.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-noloopreverse</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will not do loop reversal optimization.
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.2.7">
-3.2.7</a> Other Options</h4>
-
-<p>
-
-<dl compact="compact">
-
-
-
-
- <dt><b><b>-c -compile-only</b></b></dt>
- <dd>will compile and assemble the source,
-but will not call the linkage editor.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-E</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Run only the C preprocessor. Preprocess all the C source
-files specified and output the results to standard output.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-stack-auto</b></b></dt>
- <dd>All functions in the source file will be compiled
-as <em>reentrant</em>, i.e. the parameters and local variables will
+is NOT used, #pragma NOJTBOUND can be used to turn off boundary
+checking for jump tables for a given function only.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-noloopreverse</B>]Will not do loop reversal optimization.
+</LI>
+</UL>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00042700000000000000">
+3.2.7 Other Options</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>[<B>-c -compile-only</B>]will compile and assemble the source,
+but will not call the linkage editor.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-E</B>]Run only the C preprocessor. Preprocess all the C source
+files specified and output the results to standard output.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-stack-auto</B>]All functions in the source file will be compiled
+as <I>reentrant</I>, i.e. the parameters and local variables will
be allocated on the stack. see section Parameters and Local Variables
for more details. If this option is used all source files in the project
-should be compiled with this option.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-xstack</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Uses a pseudo stack in the first 256 bytes in the
+should be compiled with this option.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-xstack</B>]Uses a pseudo stack in the first 256 bytes in the
external ram for allocating variables and passing parameters. See
-section on external stack for more details.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-callee-saves</b></b></dt>
- <dd><b>function1[,function2][,function3]....</b>
+section on external stack for more details.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-callee-saves</B>]<B>function1[,function2][,function3]....</B>
The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register
saving across function calls, however this can cause unneccessary
register pushing & popping when calling small functions from larger
function the appropriate library function needs to be recompiled with
the same option. If the project consists of multiple source files
then all the source file should be compiled with the same -callee-saves
-option string. Also see Pragma Directive CALLEE-SAVES.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-debug</b></b></dt>
- <dd>When this option is used the compiler will generate
+option string. Also see #pragma CALLEE-SAVES.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-debug</B>]When this option is used the compiler will generate
debug information, that can be used with the SDCDB. The debug information
is collected in a file with .cdb extension. For more information see
-documentation for SDCDB.</dd>
- <dt><b><b><em>-regextend</em></b></b></dt>
- <dd> <em>This option is obsolete and isn't
-supported anymore.</em></dd>
- <dt><b><b><em>-noregparms</em></b></b></dt>
- <dd><em>This option is obsolete and isn't
-supported anymore.</em></dd>
- <dt><b><b>-peep-file</b><filename></b></dt>
- <dd>This option can be used to use additional
+documentation for SDCDB.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B><I>-regextend</I></B>] <I>This option is obsolete and isn't
+supported anymore.</I>
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B><I>-noregparms</I></B>]<I>This option is obsolete and isn't
+supported anymore.</I>
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-peep-file</B><filename>]This option can be used to use additional
rules to be used by the peep hole optimizer. See section Peep Hole
-optimizations for details on how to write these rules.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-S</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble.
-The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-Wa_asmOption[,asmOption]</b>...</b></dt>
- <dd>Pass the asmOption to
-the assembler.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-Wl_linkOption[,linkOption]</b>...</b></dt>
- <dd>Pass the linkOption
-to the linker.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-int-long-reent</b></b></dt>
- <dd> Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries
+optimizations for details on how to write these rules.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-S</B>]Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble.
+The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-Wa_asmOption[,asmOption]</B>...]Pass the asmOption to
+the assembler.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-Wl_linkOption[,linkOption]</B>...]Pass the linkOption
+to the linker.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-int-long-reent</B>] Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries
have been compiled as reentrant. Note by default these libraries are
-compiled as non-reentrant. See section Installation for more details.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-cyclomatic</b></b></dt>
- <dd>This option will cause the compiler to generate
+compiled as non-reentrant. See section Installation for more details.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-cyclomatic</B>]This option will cause the compiler to generate
an information message for each function in the source file. The message
-contains some <em>important</em> information about the function. The
+contains some <I>important</I> information about the function. The
number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow
-graph of the function, and most importantly the <em>cyclomatic complexity</em>
-see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-float-reent</b></b></dt>
- <dd> Floating point library is compiled as reentrant.See
-section Installation for more details.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-nooverlay</b></b></dt>
- <dd> The compiler will not overlay parameters and
+graph of the function, and most importantly the <I>cyclomatic complexity</I>
+see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-float-reent</B>] Floating point library is compiled as reentrant.See
+section Installation for more details.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-nooverlay</B>] The compiler will not overlay parameters and
local variables of any function, see section Parameters and local
-variables for more details.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-main-return</b></b></dt>
- <dd>This option can be used when the code generated
+variables for more details.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-main-return</B>]This option can be used when the code generated
is called by a monitor program. The compiler will generate a 'ret'
upon return from the 'main' function. The default option is to lock
-up i.e. generate a 'ljmp '.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-no-peep</b></b></dt>
- <dd> Disable peep-hole optimization.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-peep-asm</b></b></dt>
- <dd> Pass the inline assembler code through the peep
+up i.e. generate a 'ljmp '.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-no-peep</B>] Disable peep-hole optimization.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-peep-asm</B>] Pass the inline assembler code through the peep
hole optimizer. This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler
code, please go through the peephole optimizer rules defined in the
-source file tree '<target>/peeph.def' before using this option.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-iram-size</b><Value></b></dt>
- <dd>Causes the linker to check if the interal
-ram usage is within limits of the given value.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-nostdincl</b></b></dt>
- <dd>This will prevent the compiler from passing
-on the default include path to the preprocessor.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-nostdlib</b></b></dt>
- <dd>This will prevent the compiler from passing on
-the default library path to the linker.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-verbose</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Shows the various actions the compiler is performing.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-V</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing.
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.2.8">
-3.2.8</a> Intermediate Dump Options</h4>
-
-<p>
+source file tree '<target>/peeph.def' before using this option.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-iram-size</B><Value>]Causes the linker to check if the interal
+ram usage is within limits of the given value.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-nostdincl</B>]This will prevent the compiler from passing
+on the default include path to the preprocessor.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-nostdlib</B>]This will prevent the compiler from passing on
+the default library path to the linker.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-verbose</B>]Shows the various actions the compiler is performing.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-V</B>]Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing.
+</LI>
+</UL>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00042800000000000000">
+3.2.8 Intermediate Dump Options</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting
and debugging the compiler. These provided a means to dump the intermediate
code (iCode) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various
stages of the compilation process.
-<p>
-
-<dl compact="compact">
+<P>
-
-
-
- <dt><b><b>-dumpraw</b></b></dt>
- <dd>This option will cause the compiler to dump the
-intermediate code into a file of named <em><source filename>.dumpraw</em>
+<UL>
+<LI>[<B>-dumpraw</B>]This option will cause the compiler to dump the
+intermediate code into a file of named <I><source filename>.dumpraw</I>
just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function,
i.e. before any optimizations are done. The basic blocks at this stage
ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in sequence
-of execution.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-dumpgcse</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will create a dump of iCode's, after global subexpression
-elimination, into a file named <em><source filename>.dumpgcse.</em></dd>
- <dt><b><b>-dumpdeadcode</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will create a dump of iCode's, after deadcode
-elimination, into a file named <em><source filename>.dumpdeadcode.</em></dd>
- <dt><b><b>-dumploop</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations,
-into a file named <em><source filename>.dumploop.</em></dd>
- <dt><b><b>-dumprange</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range
-analysis, into a file named <em><source filename>.dumprange.</em></dd>
- <dt><b><b>-dumlrange</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will dump the life ranges for all symbols.</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-dumpregassign</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will create a dump of iCode's, after register
-assignment, into a file named <em><source filename>.dumprassgn.</em></dd>
- <dt><b><b>-dumplrange</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's</dd>
- <dt><b><b>-dumpall</b></b></dt>
- <dd>Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be
+of execution.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-dumpgcse</B>]Will create a dump of iCode's, after global subexpression
+elimination, into a file named <I><source filename>.dumpgcse.</I>
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-dumpdeadcode</B>]Will create a dump of iCode's, after deadcode
+elimination, into a file named <I><source filename>.dumpdeadcode.</I>
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-dumploop</B>]Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations,
+into a file named <I><source filename>.dumploop.</I>
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-dumprange</B>]Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range
+analysis, into a file named <I><source filename>.dumprange.</I>
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-dumlrange</B>]Will dump the life ranges for all symbols.
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-dumpregassign</B>]Will create a dump of iCode's, after register
+assignment, into a file named <I><source filename>.dumprassgn.</I>
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-dumplrange</B>]Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's
+</LI>
+<LI>[<B>-dumpall</B>]Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be
created.
-</dd>
-</dl>
+</LI>
+</UL>
+<P>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.3">
-3.3</a> MCS51/DS390 Storage Class Language Extensions</h3>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00043000000000000000">
+3.3 MCS51/DS390 Storage Class Language Extensions</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following
MCS51 specific storage classes.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.3.1">
-3.3.1</a> xdata</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00043100000000000000">
+3.3.1 xdata</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the extern
-RAM. This is the <b>default</b> storage class for Large Memory model,
-e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>xdata unsigned char xduc;</tt>
+RAM. This is the <B>default</B> storage class for Large Memory model,
+e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>xdata unsigned char xduc;</TT>
+
+<P>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.3.2">
-3.3.2</a> data</h4>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00043200000000000000">
+3.3.2 data</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
-This is the <b>default</b> storage class for Small Memory model.
+<P>
+This is the <B>default</B> storage class for Small Memory model.
Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the
-internal RAM, e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>data int iramdata;</tt>
+internal RAM, e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>data int iramdata;</TT>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.3.3">
-3.3.3</a> idata</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00043300000000000000">
+3.3.3 idata</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into
the indirectly addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051,
-e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>idata int idi;</tt>
+e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>idata int idi;</TT>
+
+<P>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.3.4">
-3.3.4</a> bit</h4>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00043400000000000000">
+3.3.4 bit</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
This is a data-type and a storage class specifier. When a variable
is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable memory
-of 8051, e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>bit iFlag;</tt>
+of 8051, e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>bit iFlag;</TT>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc3.3.5">
-3.3.5</a> sfr / sbit</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
-Like the bit keyword, <em>sfr / sbit</em> signifies both a data-type
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00043500000000000000">
+3.3.5 sfr / sbit</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+Like the bit keyword, <I>sfr / sbit</I> signifies both a data-type
and storage class, they are used to describe the special function
-registers and special bit variables of a 8051, eg:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>sfr at 0x80 P0; /* special function register P0 at location
-0x80 */</tt> <br />
-<tt>sbit at 0xd7 CY; /* CY (Carry Flag) */</tt>
+registers and special bit variables of a 8051, eg:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>sfr at 0x80 P0; /* special function register P0 at location
+0x80 */</TT>
+<BR><TT>sbit at 0xd7 CY; /* CY (Carry Flag) */</TT>
+
+<P>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.4">
-3.4</a> Pointers</h3>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00044000000000000000">
+3.4 Pointers</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point
to any of the memory spaces of the 8051. In addition to the explicit
-pointers, the compiler also allows a <em>_generic</em> class of pointers
-which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces.<br />
-<br />
-Pointer declaration examples:<br />
-<font size="-1"></font><br />
-<tt>/* pointer physically in xternal ram pointing to object
-in internal ram */ </tt> <br />
-<tt>data unsigned char * xdata p;</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-<tt>/* pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata
-space */ </tt> <br />
-<tt>xdata unsigned char * code p;</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-<tt>/* pointer physically in code space pointing to data in
-code space */ </tt> <br />
-<tt>code unsigned char * code p;</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-<tt>/* the folowing is a generic pointer physically located
-in xdata space */</tt> <br />
-<tt>char * xdata p;</tt><font size="-1"></font><br />
-<font size="-1"></font><br />
-Well you get the idea. <br />
-<br />
-<em>For compatibility with the previous version of the compiler,
+pointers, the compiler also allows a <I>_generic</I> class of pointers
+which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces.
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Pointer declaration examples:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>/* pointer physically in xternal ram pointing to object
+in internal ram */ </TT>
+<BR><TT>data unsigned char * xdata p;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>/* pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata
+space */ </TT>
+<BR><TT>xdata unsigned char * code p;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>/* pointer physically in code space pointing to data in
+code space */ </TT>
+<BR><TT>code unsigned char * code p;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>/* the folowing is a generic pointer physically located
+in xdata space */</TT>
+<BR><TT>char * xdata p;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Well you get the idea.
+<BR>
+<BR><I>For compatibility with the previous version of the compiler,
the following syntax for pointer declaration is still supported but
-will disappear int the near future. </em><br />
-<em></em><br />
-<tt><em>unsigned char _xdata *ucxdp; /* pointer to data
-in external ram */ </em></tt> <br />
-<tt><em>unsigned char _data *ucdp ; /* pointer to data
-in internal ram */ </em></tt> <br />
-<tt><em>unsigned char _code *uccp ; /* pointer to data
-in R/O code space */</em></tt> <br />
-<tt><em>unsigned char _idata *uccp; /* pointer to upper
-128 bytes of ram */</em></tt><font size="-1"></font><br />
-<font size="-1"></font><br />
+will disappear int the near future. </I>
+<BR>
+<BR><TT><I>unsigned char _xdata *ucxdp; /* pointer to data
+in external ram */ </I></TT>
+<BR><TT><I>unsigned char _data *ucdp ; /* pointer to data
+in internal ram */ </I></TT>
+<BR><TT><I>unsigned char _code *uccp ; /* pointer to data
+in R/O code space */</I></TT>
+<BR><TT><I>unsigned char _idata *uccp; /* pointer to upper
+128 bytes of ram */</I></TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390)
-<em>generic</em> pointers. These type of pointers can also to be explicitly
-declared.<br />
-<br />
-<tt>unsigned char _generic *ucgp;</tt><font size="-1"></font><br />
-<font size="-1"></font><br />
-The highest order byte of the <em>generic</em> pointers contains the
+<I>generic</I> pointers. These type of pointers can also to be explicitly
+declared.
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>unsigned char _generic *ucgp;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+The highest order byte of the <I>generic</I> pointers contains the
data space information. Assembler support routines are called whenever
-data is stored or retrieved using <em>generic</em> pointers. These are
+data is stored or retrieved using <I>generic</I> pointers. These are
useful for developing reusable library routines. Explicitly specifying
the pointer type will generate the most efficient code. Pointers declared
using a mixture of OLD and NEW style could have unpredictable results.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.5">
-3.5</a> Parameters & Local Variables</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00045000000000000000">
+3.5 Parameters & Local Variables</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either
be placed on the stack or in data-space. The default action of the
compiler is to place these variables in the internal RAM (for small
model) or external RAM (for Large model). This in fact makes them
-<em>static</em> so by default functions are non-reentrant.
-
-<p>
-They can be placed on the stack either by using the <em>-stack-auto</em>
-compiler option or by using the <em>reentrant</em> keyword in the function
-declaration, e.g.:<br />
-<font size="-1"></font><br />
-<tt>unsigned char foo(char i) reentrant </tt> <br />
-<tt>{ </tt> <br />
-<tt>... </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt> <br />
-<br />
-Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the <em>reentrant</em> keyword
-or the <em>-stack-auto</em> option should be used sparingly. Note that
+<I>static</I> so by default functions are non-reentrant.
+
+<P>
+They can be placed on the stack either by using the <I>-stack-auto</I>
+compiler option or by using the <I>reentrant</I> keyword in the function
+declaration, e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>unsigned char foo(char i) reentrant </TT>
+<BR><TT>{ </TT>
+<BR><TT>... </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the <I>reentrant</I> keyword
+or the <I>-stack-auto</I> option should be used sparingly. Note that
the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local variables
-will be allocated to the stack, it <em>does not</em> mean that the function
-is register bank independent.<br />
-<br />
+will be allocated to the stack, it <I>does not</I> mean that the function
+is register bank independent.
+<BR>
+<BR>
Local variables can be assigned storage classes and absolute addresses,
-e.g.: <br />
-<br />
-<tt>unsigned char foo() {</tt> <br />
-<tt> xdata unsigned char i;</tt> <br />
-<tt> bit bvar;</tt> <br />
-<tt> data at 0x31 unsiged char j;</tt> <br />
-<tt> ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-In the above example the variable <em>i</em> will be allocated in the
-external ram, <em>bvar</em> in bit addressable space and <em>j</em> in
-internal ram. When compiled with <em>-stack-auto</em> or when a function
-is declared as <em>reentrant</em> this can only be done for static variables.
-
-<p>
+e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>unsigned char foo() {</TT>
+<BR><TT> xdata unsigned char i;</TT>
+<BR><TT> bit bvar;</TT>
+<BR><TT> data at 0x31 unsiged char j;</TT>
+<BR><TT> ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+In the above example the variable <I>i</I> will be allocated in the
+external ram, <I>bvar</I> in bit addressable space and <I>j</I> in
+internal ram. When compiled with <I>-stack-auto</I> or when a function
+is declared as <I>reentrant</I> this can only be done for static variables.
+
+<P>
Parameters however are not allowed any storage class, (storage classes
for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is governed by the
memory model in use, and the reentrancy options.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.6">
-3.6</a> Overlaying</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00046000000000000000">
+3.6 Overlaying</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
For non-reentrant functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space
usage by overlaying parameters and local variables of a function (if
possible). Parameters and local variables of a function will be allocated
-to an overlayable segment if the function has <em>no other function
-calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory model is small.</em>
+to an overlayable segment if the function has <I>no other function
+calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory model is small.</I>
If an explicit storage class is specified for a local variable, it
will NOT be overlayed.
-<p>
+<P>
Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision
for overlaying the data items. Functions that are called from an interrupt
-service routine should be preceded by a #pragma NOOVERLAY if they
+service routine should be preceded by a #pragma NOOVERLAY if they
are not reentrant.
-<p>
+<P>
Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler
code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and
parameters of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler
code calls other c-functions that might use the overlay. In that case
-the #pragma NOOVERLAY should be used.
+the #pragma NOOVERLAY should be used.
-<p>
+<P>
Parameters and Local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32
bit multiplication or division will NOT be overlayed since these are
-implemented using external functions, e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>#pragma SAVE </tt> <br />
-<tt>#pragma NOOVERLAY </tt> <br />
-<tt>void set_error(unsigned char errcd) </tt> <br />
-<tt>{</tt> <br />
-<tt> P3 = errcd;</tt> <br />
-<tt>} </tt> <br />
-<tt>#pragma RESTORE </tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-<tt>void some_isr () interrupt 2 using 1 </tt> <br />
-<tt>{</tt> <br />
-<tt> ...</tt> <br />
-<tt> set_error(10);</tt> <br />
-<tt> ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-In the above example the parameter <em>errcd</em> for the function <em>set_error</em>
-would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma NOOVERLAY
+implemented using external functions, e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>#pragma SAVE </TT>
+<BR><TT>#pragma NOOVERLAY </TT>
+<BR><TT>void set_error(unsigned char errcd) </TT>
+<BR><TT>{</TT>
+<BR><TT> P3 = errcd;</TT>
+<BR><TT>} </TT>
+<BR><TT>#pragma RESTORE </TT>
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>void some_isr () interrupt 2 using 1 </TT>
+<BR><TT>{</TT>
+<BR><TT> ...</TT>
+<BR><TT> set_error(10);</TT>
+<BR><TT> ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+In the above example the parameter <I>errcd</I> for the function <I>set_error</I>
+would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma NOOVERLAY
was not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when
-called from an ISR. The #pragma NOOVERLAY ensures that the parameters
+called from an ISR. The #pragma NOOVERLAY ensures that the parameters
and local variables for the function are NOT overlayed.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.7">
-3.7</a> Interrupt Service Routines</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00047000000000000000">
+3.7 Interrupt Service Routines</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
SDCC allows interrupt service routines to be coded in C, with some
-extended keywords.<br />
-<br />
-<tt>void timer_isr (void) interrupt 2 using 1 </tt> <br />
-<tt>{ </tt> <br />
-<tt>.. </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-The number following the <em>interrupt</em> keyword is the interrupt
+extended keywords.
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>void timer_isr (void) interrupt 2 using 1 </TT>
+<BR><TT>{ </TT>
+<BR><TT>.. </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+The number following the <I>interrupt</I> keyword is the interrupt
number this routine will service. The compiler will insert a call
to this routine in the interrupt vector table for the interrupt number
-specified. The <em>using</em> keyword is used to tell the compiler to
+specified. The <I>using</I> keyword is used to tell the compiler to
use the specified register bank (8051 specific) when generating code
for this function. Note that when some function is called from an
-interrupt service routine it should be preceded by a <em>#pragma
-NOOVERLAY</em> if it is not reentrant. A special note here, int (16 bit)
-and long (32 bit) integer division, multiplication & modulus operations
-are implemented using external support routines developed in ANSI-C,
-if an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations
-then the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will
-have to be recompiled using the <em>-stack-auto</em> option and the
-source file will need to be compiled using the <em>-int-long-ren</em>t
-compiler option.
-
-<p>
+interrupt service routine it should be preceded by a #pragma NOOVERLAY
+if it is not reentrant. A special note here, int (16 bit) and long
+(32 bit) integer division, multiplication & modulus operations are
+implemented using external support routines developed in ANSI-C, if
+an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then
+the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have
+to be recompiled using the <I>-stack-auto</I> option and the source
+file will need to be compiled using the <I>-int-long-ren</I>t compiler
+option.
+
+<P>
If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service
routines can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr
MUST be present or included in the file that contains the function
-<em>main</em>.
+<I>main</I>.
-<p>
+<P>
Interrupt Numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for
the Standard 8051 are listed below. SDCC will automatically adjust
-the interrupt vector table to the maximum interrupt number specified.<br />
-
-<p>
-
-<table border="1">
-<tr><td align="center">Interrupt #</td><td align="center">Description</td><td align="center">Vector Address</td></tr><tr><td>
-<tr><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">External 0</td><td align="center">0x0003</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">Timer 0</td><td align="center">0x000B</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">External 1</td><td align="center">0x0013</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">Timer 1</td><td align="center">0x001B</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">Serial</td><td align="center">0x0023</td></tr></table>
-<br />
-<br />
-If the interrupt service routine is defined without <em>using</em> a
+the interrupt vector table to the maximum interrupt number specified.
+<BR>
+<P>
+<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1">
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">Interrupt #</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Description</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Vector Address</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">External 0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0x0003</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Timer 0</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0x000B</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">2</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">External 1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0x0013</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">3</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Timer 1</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0x001B</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER">4</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">Serial</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="CENTER">0x0023</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+If the interrupt service routine is defined without <I>using</I> a
register bank or with register bank 0 (using 0), the compiler will
save the registers used by itself on the stack upon entry and restore
them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine calls another
This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines
which have low register usage.
-<p>
+<P>
If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific
-register bank then only <em>a, b & dptr</em> are save and restored,
+register bank then only <I>a, b & dptr</I> are save and restored,
if such an interrupt service routine calls another function (using
another register bank) then the entire register bank of the called
function will be saved on the stack. This scheme is recommended for
larger interrupt service routines.
-<p>
+<P>
Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended,
-avoid it if possible.<br />
-<br />
+avoid it if possible.
+<BR>
+<BR>
Also see the _naked modifier.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.8">
-3.8</a> Critical Functions</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00048000000000000000">
+3.8 Critical Functions</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as
-<em>critical</em>. SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts
+<I>critical</I>. SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts
upon entry to a critical function and enable them back before returning.
-Note that nesting critical functions may cause unpredictable results.<br />
-<font size="-1"></font><br />
-<tt>int foo () critical </tt> <br />
-<tt>{ </tt> <br />
-<tt>... </tt> <br />
-<tt>... </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt> <br />
-<br />
-The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like <em>reentrant.</em>
-
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.9">
-3.9</a> Naked Functions</h3>
-
-<p>
+Note that nesting critical functions may cause unpredictable results.
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>int foo () critical </TT>
+<BR><TT>{ </TT>
+<BR><TT>... </TT>
+<BR><TT>... </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like <I>reentrant.</I>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00049000000000000000">
+3.9 Naked Functions</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as
-<em>_naked.</em> The <em>_naked</em> function modifier attribute prevents
+<I>_naked.</I> The <I>_naked</I> function modifier attribute prevents
the compiler from generating prologue and epilogue code for that function.
This means that the user is entirely responsible for such things as
saving any registers that may need to be preserved, selecting the
-proper register bank, generating the <em>return</em> instruction at
+proper register bank, generating the <I>return</I> instruction at
the end, etc. Practically, this means that the contents of the function
must be written in inline assembler. This is particularly useful for
interrupt functions, which can have a large (and often unnecessary)
prologue/epilogue. For example, compare the code generated by these
-two functions:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>data unsigned char counter;</tt> <br />
-<tt>void simpleInterrupt(void) interrupt 1</tt> <br />
-<tt>{</tt> <br />
-<tt> counter++;</tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-<tt>void nakedInterrupt(void) interrupt 2 _naked</tt> <br />
-<tt>{</tt> <br />
-<tt> _asm</tt> <br />
-<tt> inc _counter</tt> <br />
-<tt> reti ; MUST explicitly include ret in _naked
-function.</tt> <br />
-<tt> _endasm;</tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt><br />
-<br />
-For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>_simpleIterrupt:</tt> <br />
-<tt> push acc</tt> <br />
-<tt> push b</tt> <br />
-<tt> push dpl</tt> <br />
-<tt> push dph</tt> <br />
-<tt> push psw</tt> <br />
-<tt> mov psw,#0x00</tt> <br />
-<tt> inc _counter</tt> <br />
-<tt> pop psw</tt> <br />
-<tt> pop dph</tt> <br />
-<tt> pop dpl</tt> <br />
-<tt> pop b</tt> <br />
-<tt> pop acc</tt> <br />
-<tt> reti</tt><br />
-<br />
-whereas nakedInterrupt looks like:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>_nakedInterrupt:</tt> <br />
-<tt> inc _counter</tt> <br />
-<tt> reti ; MUST explicitly include ret(i) in _naked
-function.</tt><br />
-<br />
+two functions:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>data unsigned char counter;</TT>
+<BR><TT>void simpleInterrupt(void) interrupt 1</TT>
+<BR><TT>{</TT>
+<BR><TT> counter++;</TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>void nakedInterrupt(void) interrupt 2 _naked</TT>
+<BR><TT>{</TT>
+<BR><TT> _asm</TT>
+<BR><TT> inc _counter</TT>
+<BR><TT> reti ; MUST explicitly include ret in _naked
+function.</TT>
+<BR><TT> _endasm;</TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>_simpleIterrupt:</TT>
+<BR><TT> push acc</TT>
+<BR><TT> push b</TT>
+<BR><TT> push dpl</TT>
+<BR><TT> push dph</TT>
+<BR><TT> push psw</TT>
+<BR><TT> mov psw,#0x00</TT>
+<BR><TT> inc _counter</TT>
+<BR><TT> pop psw</TT>
+<BR><TT> pop dph</TT>
+<BR><TT> pop dpl</TT>
+<BR><TT> pop b</TT>
+<BR><TT> pop acc</TT>
+<BR><TT> reti</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+whereas nakedInterrupt looks like:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>_nakedInterrupt:</TT>
+<BR><TT> inc _counter</TT>
+<BR><TT> reti ; MUST explicitly include ret(i) in _naked
+function.</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a
_naked function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot
doing this, and is is recommended that you stick to inline assembler.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.10">
-3.10</a> Functions using private banks</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
-The <em>using</em> attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register
-bank other than the default bank zero) should only be applied to <em>interrupt</em>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION000410000000000000000">
+3.10 Functions using private banks</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+The <I>using</I> attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register
+bank other than the default bank zero) should only be applied to <I>interrupt</I>
functions (see note 1 below). This will in most circumstances make
the generated ISR code more efficient since it will not have to save
registers on the stack.
-<p>
-The <em>using</em> attribute will have no effect on the generated code
-for a <em>non-interrupt</em> function (but may occasionally be useful
-anyway<a href="#tthFtNtAAB" name="tthFrefAAB"><sup>1</sup></a>).<br />
-<em>(pending: I don't think this has been done yet)</em>
+<P>
+The <I>using</I> attribute will have no effect on the generated code
+for a <I>non-interrupt</I> function (but may occasionally be useful
+anyway<A NAME="tex2html1"
+ HREF="#foot513"><SUP>1</SUP></A>).
+<BR><I>(pending: I don't think this has been done yet)</I>
-<p>
-An <em>interrupt</em> function using a non-zero bank will assume that
+<P>
+An <I>interrupt</I> function using a non-zero bank will assume that
it can trash that register bank, and will not save it. Since high-priority
interrupts can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends,
-this means that if a high-priority ISR <em>using</em> a particular bank
-occurs while processing a low-priority ISR <em>using</em> the same bank,
+this means that if a high-priority ISR <I>using</I> a particular bank
+occurs while processing a low-priority ISR <I>using</I> the same bank,
terrible and bad things can happen. To prevent this, no single register
-bank should be <em>used</em> by both a high priority and a low priority
+bank should be <I>used</I> by both a high priority and a low priority
ISR. This is probably most easily done by having all high priority
ISRs use one bank and all low priority ISRs use another. If you have
an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your own: I
suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance
hit.
-<p>
+<P>
It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions. If your
ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions
use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is
if the called functions use bank zero. It is very inefficient to call
a function using a different, non-zero bank from an ISR.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.11">
-3.11</a> Absolute Addressing</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION000411000000000000000">
+3.11 Absolute Addressing</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
-Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the <em>at <address></em>
-keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>xdata at 0x8000 unsigned char PORTA_8255 ;</tt> <br />
-<br />
+<P>
+Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the <I>at <address></I>
+keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>xdata at 0x8000 unsigned char PORTA_8255 ;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
In the above example the PORTA_8255 will be allocated to the location
0x8000 of the external ram. Note that this feature is provided to
-give the programmer access to <em>memory mapped</em> devices attached
+give the programmer access to <I>memory mapped</I> devices attached
to the controller. The compiler does not actually reserve any space
for variables declared in this way (they are implemented with an equate
in the assembler). Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure
there are no overlaps with other variables that are declared without
the absolute address. The assembler listing file (.lst) and the linker
output files (.rst) and (.map) are a good places to look for such
-overlaps.<br />
-<br />
+overlaps.
+<BR>
+<BR>
Absolute address can be specified for variables in all storage classes,
-e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>bit at 0x02 bvar;</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
+e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>bit at 0x02 bvar;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the
bit-addressable space. There is no real advantage to assigning absolute
addresses to variables in this manner, unless you want strict control
over all the variables allocated.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.12">
-3.12</a> Startup Code</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
-The compiler inserts a call to the C routine <em>_sdcc__external__startup()</em>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION000412000000000000000">
+3.12 Startup Code</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+The compiler inserts a call to the C routine <I>_sdcc__external__startup()</I>
at the start of the CODE area. This routine is in the runtime library.
By default this routine returns 0, if this routine returns a non-zero
value, the static & global variable initialization will be skipped
and the function main will be invoked Other wise static & global
variables will be initialized before the function main is invoked.
-You could add a <em>_sdcc__external__startup()</em> routine to
+You could add a <I>_sdcc__external__startup()</I> routine to
your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware
or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global
variable initialization.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.13">
-3.13</a> Inline Assembler Code</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION000413000000000000000">
+3.13 Inline Assembler Code</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restriction as
-regards labels. All labels defined within inline assembler code <em>has
-to be</em> of the form <em>nnnnn$</em> where nnnn is a number less than
-100 (which implies a limit of utmost 100 inline assembler labels <em>per
-function</em> ). It is strongly recommended that each assembly
+regards labels. All labels defined within inline assembler code <I>has
+to be</I> of the form <I>nnnnn$</I> where nnnn is a number less than
+100 (which implies a limit of utmost 100 inline assembler labels <I>per
+function</I>). It is strongly recommended that each assembly
instruction (including labels) be placed in a separate line (as the
-example shows). When the <em>-peep-asm</em> command line option is
+example shows). When the <I>-peep-asm</I> command line option is
used, the inline assembler code will be passed through the peephole
optimizer. This might cause some unexpected changes in the inline
assembler code. Please go throught the peephole optimizer rules defined
-in file <em>SDCCpeeph.def</em> carefully before using this option.<br />
-<br />
-<tt>_asm </tt> <br />
-<tt> mov b,#10 </tt> <br />
-<tt>00001$: </tt> <br />
-<tt> djnz b,00001$ </tt> <br />
-<tt>_endasm ;</tt><font size="-1"></font><br />
-<font size="-1"></font><br />
+in file <I>SDCCpeeph.def</I> carefully before using this option.
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>_asm </TT>
+<BR><TT> mov b,#10 </TT>
+<BR><TT>00001$: </TT>
+<BR><TT> djnz b,00001$ </TT>
+<BR><TT>_endasm ;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by
the assembler, this includes any assembler directives and comment
lines. The compiler does not do any validation of the code within
-the <tt>_asm ... _endasm;</tt> keyword pair. <br />
-<br />
+the <TT>_asm ... _endasm;</TT> keyword pair.
+<BR>
+<BR>
Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can
-reference labels defined by the inline assembler, e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>foo() { </tt> <br />
-<tt> /* some c code */ </tt> <br />
-<tt> _asm </tt> <br />
-<tt> ; some assembler code </tt> <br />
-<tt> ljmp $0003 </tt> <br />
-<tt> _endasm; </tt> <br />
-<tt> /* some more c code */ </tt> <br />
-<tt>clabel: /* inline assembler cannot reference this label
-*/ </tt> <br />
-<tt> _asm</tt> <br />
-<tt> $0003: ;label (can be reference by inline assembler
-only) </tt> <br />
-<tt> _endasm ; </tt> <br />
-<tt> /* some more c code */</tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
+reference labels defined by the inline assembler, e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>foo() { </TT>
+<BR><TT> /* some c code */ </TT>
+<BR><TT> _asm </TT>
+<BR><TT> ; some assembler code </TT>
+<BR><TT> ljmp $0003 </TT>
+<BR><TT> _endasm; </TT>
+<BR><TT> /* some more c code */ </TT>
+<BR><TT>clabel: /* inline assembler cannot reference this label
+*/ </TT>
+<BR><TT> _asm</TT>
+<BR><TT> $0003: ;label (can be reference by inline assembler
+only) </TT>
+<BR><TT> _endasm ; </TT>
+<BR><TT> /* some more c code */</TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline
assembly within the scope of the funtion.
-<p>
+<P>
The same goes the other way, ie. labels defines in inline assembly
CANNOT be accessed by C statements.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.14">
-3.14</a> int(16 bit) and long (32 bit) Support</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION000414000000000000000">
+3.14 int(16 bit) and long (32 bit) Support</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division,
multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines.
These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting
to other MCUs, although some model specific assembler optimations
are used. The following files contain the described routine, all of
-them can be found in <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib.<br />
-<br />
-_mulsint.c - signed 16 bit multiplication (calls _muluint)<br />
-_muluint.c - unsigned 16 bit multiplication<br />
-_divsint.c - signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint)<br />
-_divuint.c - unsigned 16 bit division<br />
-_modsint.c - signed 16 bit modulus (call _moduint)<br />
-_moduint.c - unsigned 16 bit modulus<br />
-_mulslong.c - signed 32 bit multiplication (calls _mululong)<br />
-_mululong.c - unsigned32 bit multiplication<br />
-_divslong.c - signed 32 division (calls _divulong)<br />
-_divulong.c - unsigned 32 division<br />
-_modslong.c - signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong)<br />
-_modulong.c - unsigned 32 bit modulus <font size="-2"></font><br />
-<font size="-2"></font><br />
-Since they are compiled as <em>non-reentrant</em>, interrupt service
+them can be found in <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib.
+<BR>
+<BR><I><pending: tabularise this></I>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+_mulsint.c - signed 16 bit multiplication (calls _muluint)
+<BR>
+_muluint.c - unsigned 16 bit multiplication
+<BR>
+_divsint.c - signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint)
+<BR>
+_divuint.c - unsigned 16 bit division
+<BR>
+_modsint.c - signed 16 bit modulus (call _moduint)
+<BR>
+_moduint.c - unsigned 16 bit modulus
+<BR>
+_mulslong.c - signed 32 bit multiplication (calls _mululong)
+<BR>
+_mululong.c - unsigned32 bit multiplication
+<BR>
+_divslong.c - signed 32 division (calls _divulong)
+<BR>
+_divulong.c - unsigned 32 division
+<BR>
+_modslong.c - signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong)
+<BR>
+_modulong.c - unsigned 32 bit modulus
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Since they are compiled as <I>non-reentrant</I>, interrupt service
routines should not do any of the above operations. If this is unavoidable
-then the above routines will need to be compiled with the <em>-stack-auto</em>
+then the above routines will need to be compiled with the <I>-stack-auto</I>
option, after which the source program will have to be compiled with
-<em>-int-long-rent</em> option.
+<I>-int-long-rent</I> option.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.15">
-3.15</a> Floating Point Support</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION000415000000000000000">
+3.15 Floating Point Support</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4bytes) floating point numbers.The
floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c
-and consists of the following routines:<br />
-<br />
-_fsadd.c - add floating point numbers<br />
-_fssub.c - subtract floating point numbers<br />
-_fsdiv.c - divide floating point numbers<br />
-_fsmul.c - multiply floating point numbers<br />
-_fs2uchar.c - convert floating point to unsigned char<br />
-_fs2char.c - convert floating point to signed char<br />
-_fs2uint.c - convert floating point to unsigned int<br />
-_fs2int.c - convert floating point to signed int<br />
-_fs2ulong.c - convert floating point to unsigned long<br />
-_fs2long.c - convert floating point to signed long<br />
-_uchar2fs.c - convert unsigned char to floating point<br />
-_char2fs.c - convert char to floating point number<br />
-_uint2fs.c - convert unsigned int to floating point<br />
-_int2fs.c - convert int to floating point numbers<br />
-_ulong2fs.c - convert unsigned long to floating point number<br />
-_long2fs.c - convert long to floating point number<font size="-2"></font><br />
-<font size="-2"></font><br />
+and consists of the following routines:
+<BR>
+<BR><I><pending: tabularise this></I>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+_fsadd.c - add floating point numbers
+<BR>
+_fssub.c - subtract floating point numbers
+<BR>
+_fsdiv.c - divide floating point numbers
+<BR>
+_fsmul.c - multiply floating point numbers
+<BR>
+_fs2uchar.c - convert floating point to unsigned char
+<BR>
+_fs2char.c - convert floating point to signed char
+<BR>
+_fs2uint.c - convert floating point to unsigned int
+<BR>
+_fs2int.c - convert floating point to signed int
+<BR>
+_fs2ulong.c - convert floating point to unsigned long
+<BR>
+_fs2long.c - convert floating point to signed long
+<BR>
+_uchar2fs.c - convert unsigned char to floating point
+<BR>
+_char2fs.c - convert char to floating point number
+<BR>
+_uint2fs.c - convert unsigned int to floating point
+<BR>
+_int2fs.c - convert int to floating point numbers
+<BR>
+_ulong2fs.c - convert unsigned long to floating point number
+<BR>
+_long2fs.c - convert long to floating point number
+<BR>
+<BR>
Note if all these routines are used simultaneously the data space
might overflow. For serious floating point usage it is strongly recommended
that the large model be used.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.16">
-3.16</a> MCS51 Memory Models</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION000416000000000000000">
+3.16 MCS51 Memory Models</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
SDCC allows two memory models for MCS51 code, small and large. Modules
-compiled with different memory models should <em>never</em> be combined
+compiled with different memory models should <I>never</I> be combined
together or the results would be unpredictable. The library routines
supplied with the compiler are compiled as both small and large. The
compiled library modules are contained in seperate directories as
small and large so that you can link to either set.
-<p>
+<P>
When the large model is used all variables declared without a storage
class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all parameters
and local variables (for non-reentrant functions). When the small
model is used variables without storage class are allocated in the
internal ram.
-<p>
+<P>
Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes and the
'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code, than
using the large model. Several optimizations are disabled when the
program is compiled using the large model, it is therefore strongly
recommdended that the small model be used unless absolutely required.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.17">
-3.17</a> DS390 Memory Models</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION000417000000000000000">
+3.17 DS390 Memory Models</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
The only model supported is Flat 24. This generates code for the 24
bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas DS80C390 part. In this
mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly
addressed. See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information
-on this part.<br />
-<br />
+on this part.
+<BR>
+<BR>
In older versions of the compiler, this option was used with the MCS51
-code generator (<em>-mmcs51</em>). Now, however, the '390 has it's own
-code generator, selected by the <em>-mds390</em> switch. <br />
-<br />
+code generator (<I>-mmcs51</I>). Now, however, the '390 has it's own
+code generator, selected by the <I>-mds390</I> switch.
+<BR>
+<BR>
Note that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor
-into 24 bitmode (although <em>tinibios</em> in the ds390 libraries will
-do that for you). If you don't use <em>tinibios</em>, the boot loader
+into 24 bitmode (although <I>tinibios</I> in the ds390 libraries will
+do that for you). If you don't use <I>tinibios</I>, the boot loader
or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24 bit contiguous
-addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code.<br />
-<br />
-Like the <em>-model-large</em> option, variables will by default be
-placed into the XDATA segment. <br />
-<br />
+addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code.
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Like the <I>-model-large</I> option, variables will by default be
+placed into the XDATA segment.
+<BR>
+<BR>
Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the
usual -*-loc options. Note that if any segments are located above
64K, the -r flag must be passed to the linker to generate the proper
segment relocations, and the Intel HEX output format must be used.
-The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option <em>-Wl-r</em>
+The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option <I>-Wl-r</I>
on the sdcc command line. However, currently the linker can not handle
-code segments > 64k.
+code segments > 64k.
+
+<P>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc3.18">
-3.18</a> Defines Created by the Compiler</h3>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION000418000000000000000">
+3.18 Defines Created by the Compiler</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
The compiler creates the following #defines.
-<p>
-
-<ul><p>
-<li> SDCC - this Symbol is always defined.</li>
-<p>
-<li> SDCC_mcs51 or SDCC_ds390 or SDCC_z80, etc - depending on the model
-used (e.g.: -mds390)</li>
-<p>
-<li> __mcs51 or __ds390 or __z80, etc - depending on the model used
-(e.g. -mz80)</li>
-<p>
-<li> SDCC_STACK_AUTO - this symbol is defined when <em>-stack-auto</em>
-option is used.</li>
-<p>
-<li> SDCC_MODEL_SMALL - when <em>-model-small</em> is used.</li>
-<p>
-<li> SDCC_MODEL_LARGE - when <em>-model-large</em> is used.</li>
-<p>
-<li> SDCC_USE_XSTACK - when <em>-xstack</em> option is used.</li>
-<p>
-<li> SDCC_STACK_TENBIT - when <em>-mds390</em> is used</li>
-<p>
-<li> SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24 - when <em>-mds390</em> is used</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
- <h2><a name="tth_sEc4">
-4</a> SDCC Technical Data</h2>
-
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc4.1">
-4.1</a> Optimizations</h3>
-
-<p>
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>SDCC - this Symbol is always defined.
+</LI>
+<LI>SDCC_mcs51 or SDCC_ds390 or SDCC_z80, etc - depending on the model
+used (e.g.: -mds390)
+</LI>
+<LI>__mcs51 or __ds390 or __z80, etc - depending on the model used
+(e.g. -mz80)
+</LI>
+<LI>SDCC_STACK_AUTO - this symbol is defined when <I>-stack-auto</I>
+option is used.
+</LI>
+<LI>SDCC_MODEL_SMALL - when <I>-model-small</I> is used.
+</LI>
+<LI>SDCC_MODEL_LARGE - when <I>-model-large</I> is used.
+</LI>
+<LI>SDCC_USE_XSTACK - when <I>-xstack</I> option is used.
+</LI>
+<LI>SDCC_STACK_TENBIT - when <I>-mds390</I> is used
+</LI>
+<LI>SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24 - when <I>-mds390</I> is used
+</LI>
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00050000000000000000">
+4 SDCC Technical Data</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00051000000000000000">
+4.1 Optimizations</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some
MCU specific optimizations.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.1.1">
-4.1.1</a> Sub-expression Elimination</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00051100000000000000">
+4.1.1 Sub-expression Elimination</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
The compiler does local and global common subexpression elimination,
-e.g.: <br />
-<br />
-<tt>i = x + y + 1; </tt> <br />
-<tt>j = x + y;</tt><br />
-<br />
-will be translated to<br />
-<br />
-<tt>iTemp = x + y </tt> <br />
-<tt>i = iTemp + 1 </tt> <br />
-<tt>j = iTemp</tt> <br />
-<br />
-Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>a->b[i].c = 10; </tt> <br />
-<tt>a->b[i].d = 11;</tt><br />
-<br />
-In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only
-once; the equivalent code in C would be.<br />
-<br />
-<tt>iTemp = a->b[i]; </tt> <br />
-<tt>iTemp.c = 10; </tt> <br />
-<tt>iTemp.d = 11;</tt><br />
-<br />
+e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>i = x + y + 1; </TT>
+<BR><TT>j = x + y;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+will be translated to
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>iTemp = x + y </TT>
+<BR><TT>i = iTemp + 1 </TT>
+<BR><TT>j = iTemp</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>a->b[i].c = 10; </TT>
+<BR><TT>a->b[i].d = 11;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only
+once; the equivalent code in C would be.
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>iTemp = a->b[i]; </TT>
+<BR><TT>iTemp.c = 10; </TT>
+<BR><TT>iTemp.d = 11;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.1.2">
-4.1.2</a> Dead-Code Elimination</h4>
-
-<p>
-<tt>int global; </tt> <br />
-<tt>void f () { </tt> <br />
-<tt> int i; </tt> <br />
-<tt> i = 1; /* dead store */ </tt> <br />
-<tt> global = 1; /* dead store */ </tt> <br />
-<tt> global = 2; </tt> <br />
-<tt> return; </tt> <br />
-<tt> global = 3; /* unreachable */ </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt><br />
-<br />
-will be changed to<br />
-<br />
-<tt>int global; void f () </tt> <br />
-<tt>{</tt> <br />
-<tt> global = 2; </tt> <br />
-<tt> return; </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt>
-
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.1.3">
-4.1.3</a> Copy-Propagation</h4>
-
-<p>
-<tt>int f() { </tt> <br />
-<tt> int i, j; </tt> <br />
-<tt> i = 10; </tt> <br />
-<tt> j = i; </tt> <br />
-<tt> return j; </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt><br />
-<br />
-will be changed to <br />
-<br />
-<tt>int f() { </tt> <br />
-<tt> int i,j; </tt> <br />
-<tt> i = 10; </tt> <br />
-<tt> j = 10; </tt> <br />
-<tt> return 10; </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00051200000000000000">
+4.1.2 Dead-Code Elimination</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+<TT>int global; </TT>
+<BR><TT>void f () { </TT>
+<BR><TT> int i; </TT>
+<BR><TT> i = 1; /* dead store */ </TT>
+<BR><TT> global = 1; /* dead store */ </TT>
+<BR><TT> global = 2; </TT>
+<BR><TT> return; </TT>
+<BR><TT> global = 3; /* unreachable */ </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+will be changed to
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>int global; void f () </TT>
+<BR><TT>{</TT>
+<BR><TT> global = 2; </TT>
+<BR><TT> return; </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00051300000000000000">
+4.1.3 Copy-Propagation</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+<TT>int f() { </TT>
+<BR><TT> int i, j; </TT>
+<BR><TT> i = 10; </TT>
+<BR><TT> j = i; </TT>
+<BR><TT> return j; </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+will be changed to
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>int f() { </TT>
+<BR><TT> int i,j; </TT>
+<BR><TT> i = 10; </TT>
+<BR><TT> j = 10; </TT>
+<BR><TT> return 10; </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated
by dead-code elimination.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.1.4">
-4.1.4</a> Loop Optimizations</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00051400000000000000">
+4.1.4 Loop Optimizations</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC loop invariant lifting
and strength reduction of loop induction variables. In addition to
the strength reduction the optimizer marks the induction variables
on the stack or data space. If this extra space allocation is undesirable
then induction optimization can be eliminated either for the entire
source file (with -noinduction option) or for a given function only
-(#pragma NOINDUCTION).<br />
-<br />
-Loop Invariant:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++) </tt> <br />
- <tt> f += k + l;</tt><br />
-<br />
-changed to<br />
-<br />
-<tt>itemp = k + l; </tt> <br />
-<tt>for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) </tt> <br />
-<tt> f += itemp;</tt><br />
-<br />
+using #pragma NOINDUCTION.
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Loop Invariant:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++) </TT>
+<BR> <TT> f += k + l;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+changed to
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>itemp = k + l; </TT>
+<BR><TT>for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) </TT>
+<BR><TT> f += itemp;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent,
-all static address computations are also moved out of the loop.<br />
-<br />
+all static address computations are also moved out of the loop.
+<BR>
+<BR>
Strength Reduction, this optimization substitutes an expression by
-a cheaper expression:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>for (i=0;i < 100; i++)</tt> <br />
-<tt> ar[i*5] = i*3;</tt><br />
-<br />
-changed to<br />
-<br />
-<tt>itemp1 = 0; </tt> <br />
-<tt>itemp2 = 0; </tt> <br />
-<tt>for (i=0;i< 100;i++) { </tt> <br />
- <tt> ar[itemp1] = itemp2; </tt> <br />
- <tt> itemp1 += 5; </tt> <br />
- <tt> itemp2 += 3; </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt><br />
-<br />
+a cheaper expression:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>for (i=0;i < 100; i++)</TT>
+<BR><TT> ar[i*5] = i*3;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+changed to
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>itemp1 = 0; </TT>
+<BR><TT>itemp2 = 0; </TT>
+<BR><TT>for (i=0;i< 100;i++) { </TT>
+<BR> <TT> ar[itemp1] = itemp2; </TT>
+<BR> <TT> itemp1 += 5; </TT>
+<BR> <TT> itemp2 += 3; </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
The more expensive multiplication is changed to a less expensive addition.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.1.5">
-4.1.5</a> Loop Reversing</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00051500000000000000">
+4.1.5 Loop Reversing</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop
boundaries for every iteration. Some simple loops can be reversed
and implemented using a ``decrement and jump if not zero'' instruction.
analysis to make this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded
analysis).
-<p>
-
-<ul><p>
-<li> The 'for' loop is of the form <br />
-<br />
-<tt>for (<symbol> = <expression> ; <sym> [< | <=] <expression>
-; [<sym>++ | <sym> += 1])</tt> <br />
-<tt> <for body></tt></li>
-<p>
-<li> The <for body> does not contain ``continue'' or 'break''.</li>
-<p>
-<li> All goto's are contained within the loop.</li>
-<p>
-<li> No function calls within the loop.</li>
-<p>
-<li> The loop control variable <sym> is not assigned any value within the
-loop</li>
-<p>
-<li> The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation
-within the loop.</li>
-<p>
-<li> There are NO switch statements in the loop.</li>
-</ul>
-Note djnz instruction can be used for 8-bit values <em>only</em>, therefore
-it is advantageous to declare loop control symbols as <em>char</em>.
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>The 'for' loop is of the form
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>for (<symbol> = <expression> ; <sym> [< | <=] <expression>
+; [<sym>++ | <sym> += 1])</TT>
+<BR><TT> <for body></TT>
+</LI>
+<LI>The <for body> does not contain ``continue'' or 'break''.
+</LI>
+<LI>All goto's are contained within the loop.
+</LI>
+<LI>No function calls within the loop.
+</LI>
+<LI>The loop control variable <sym> is not assigned any value within the
+loop
+</LI>
+<LI>The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation
+within the loop.
+</LI>
+<LI>There are NO switch statements in the loop.
+</LI>
+</UL>
+Note djnz instruction can be used for 8-bit values <I>only</I>, therefore
+it is advantageous to declare loop control symbols as <I>char</I>.
Ofcourse this may not be possible on all situations.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.1.6">
-4.1.6</a> Algebraic Simplifications</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00051600000000000000">
+4.1.6 Algebraic Simplifications</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small
-sub-set of these optimizations.<br />
-<br />
-<tt>i = j + 0 ; /* changed to */ i = j; </tt> <br />
-<tt>i /= 2; /* changed to */ i > >= 1; </tt> <br />
-<tt>i = j - j ; /* changed to */ i = 0; </tt> <br />
-<tt>i = j / 1 ; /* changed to */ i = j;</tt><br />
-<br />
+sub-set of these optimizations.
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>i = j + 0 ; /* changed to */ i = j; </TT>
+<BR><TT>i /= 2; /* changed to */ i >>= 1; </TT>
+<BR><TT>i = j - j ; /* changed to */ i = 0; </TT>
+<BR><TT>i = j / 1 ; /* changed to */ i = j;</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
Note the subexpressions given above are generally introduced by macro
expansions or as a result of copy/constant propagation.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.1.7">
-4.1.7</a> 'switch' Statements</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00051700000000000000">
+4.1.7 'switch' Statements</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
SDCC changes switch statements to jump tables when the following conditions
are true.
-<p>
-
-<ul><p>
-<li> The case labels are in numerical sequence, the labels need not be
-in order, and the starting number need not be one or zero.</li>
-</ul>
-<tt>switch(i) { switch (i)
-{ </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 4:... case 1: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 5:... case 2: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 3:... case 3: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 6:... case 4: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>} }</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>The case labels are in numerical sequence, the labels need not be
+in order, and the starting number need not be one or zero.
+</LI>
+</UL>
+<TT>switch(i) { switch (i)
+{ </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 4:... case 1: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 5:... case 2: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 3:... case 3: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 6:... case 4: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>} }</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table.
-<p>
+<P>
-<ul><p>
-<li> The number of case labels is at least three, since it takes two conditional
-statements to handle the boundary conditions.</li>
-<p>
-<li> The number of case labels is less than 84, since each label takes
-3 bytes and a jump-table can be utmost 256 bytes long.</li>
-</ul>
+<UL>
+<LI>The number of case labels is at least three, since it takes two conditional
+statements to handle the boundary conditions.
+</LI>
+<LI>The number of case labels is less than 84, since each label takes
+3 bytes and a jump-table can be utmost 256 bytes long.
+</LI>
+</UL>
Switch statements which have gaps in the numeric sequence or those
that have more that 84 case labels can be split into more than one
-switch statement for efficient code generation, e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>switch (i) { </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 1: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 2: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 3: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 4: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 9: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 10: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 11: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 12: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt><br />
-<br />
-If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements<br />
-<br />
-<tt>switch (i) { </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 1: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 2: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 3: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 4: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-and<tt></tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-<tt>switch (i) { </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 9: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 10: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 11: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>case 12: ... </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
+switch statement for efficient code generation, e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>switch (i) { </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 1: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 2: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 3: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 4: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 9: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 10: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 11: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 12: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>switch (i) { </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 1: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 2: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 3: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 4: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+and
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>switch (i) { </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 9: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 10: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 11: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>case 12: ... </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables
whereas the unmodified switch statement will not be.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.1.8">
-4.1.8</a> Bit-shifting Operations.</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00051800000000000000">
+4.1.8 Bit-shifting Operations.</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded
programming. SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most
-efficient way possible, e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-unsigned char i;<br />
-... <br />
-i> >= 4; <br />
-...<br />
-<br />
-generates the following code:<br />
-<br />
-mov a,_i <br />
-swap a <br />
-anl a,#0x0f <br />
-mov _i,a<br />
-<br />
+efficient way possible, e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR>
+unsigned char i;
+<BR>...
+<BR>
+i>>= 4;
+<BR>...
+<BR>
+<BR>
+generates the following code:
+<BR>
+<BR>
+mov a,_i
+<BR>
+swap a
+<BR>
+anl a,#0x0f
+<BR>
+mov _i,a
+<BR>
+<BR>
In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known.
-Another example:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>unsigned int i; </tt> <br />
-<tt>... </tt> <br />
-<tt>i > >= 9; </tt> <br />
-<tt>...</tt><br />
-<br />
-will generate:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>mov a,(_i + 1) </tt> <br />
-<tt>mov (_i + 1),#0x00 </tt> <br />
-<tt>clr c </tt> <br />
-<tt>rrc a </tt> <br />
-<tt>mov _i,a</tt><br />
-<br />
+Another example:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>unsigned int i; </TT>
+<BR><TT>... </TT>
+<BR><TT>i >>= 9; </TT>
+<BR><TT>...</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+will generate:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>mov a,(_i + 1) </TT>
+<BR><TT>mov (_i + 1),#0x00 </TT>
+<BR><TT>clr c </TT>
+<BR><TT>rrc a </TT>
+<BR><TT>mov _i,a</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian format (i.e. lowest
order first).
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.1.9">
-4.1.9</a> Bit-rotation</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00051900000000000000">
+4.1.9 Bit-rotation</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation, SDCC recognizes
-the following expression to be a left bit-rotation:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>unsigned char i; </tt> <br />
-<tt>... </tt> <br />
-<tt>i = ((i < < 1) | (i > >
-7));</tt> <br />
-...<br />
-<br />
-will generate the following code:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>mov a,_i </tt> <br />
-<tt>rl a </tt> <br />
-<tt>mov _i,a</tt><br />
-<br />
+the following expression to be a left bit-rotation:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>unsigned char i; </TT>
+<BR><TT>... </TT>
+<BR><TT>i = ((i << 1) | (i >>
+7));</TT>
+<BR>...
+<BR>
+<BR>
+will generate the following code:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>mov a,_i </TT>
+<BR><TT>rl a </TT>
+<BR><TT>mov _i,a</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variations
-of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.: <br />
-<br />
-<tt>i = ((i > > 7) | (i < <
-1)); /* left-bit rotation */</tt>
+of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>i = ((i >> 7) | (i <<
+1)); /* left-bit rotation */</TT>
+
+<P>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.1.10">
-4.1.10</a> Highest Order Bit</h4>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION000511000000000000000">
+4.1.10 Highest Order Bit</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral
type (long, int, short or char types). SDCC recognizes the following
expression to yield the highest order bit and generates optimized
-code for it, e.g.:<br />
-<br />
- <tt>unsigned int gint; </tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-<tt>foo () { </tt> <br />
-<tt>unsigned char hob; </tt> <br />
-<tt> ... </tt> <br />
-<tt> hob = (gint > > 15) & 1; </tt> <br />
-<tt> .. </tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt><br />
-<br />
-will generate the following code:<br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-<tt> 61
-; hob.c 7 </tt> <br />
-<tt> 000A E5*01 62
-mov a,(_gint + 1) </tt> <br />
-<tt> 000C 33 63
-rlc a </tt> <br />
-<tt> 000D E4 64
-clr a </tt> <br />
-<tt> 000E 13 65
-rrc a </tt> <br />
-<tt> 000F F5*02 66
-mov _foo_hob_1_1,a</tt> <br />
-<tt></tt> <br />
-Variations of this case however will <em>not</em> be recognized. It
+code for it, e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR> <TT>unsigned int gint; </TT>
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>foo () { </TT>
+<BR><TT>unsigned char hob; </TT>
+<BR><TT> ... </TT>
+<BR><TT> hob = (gint >> 15) & 1; </TT>
+<BR><TT> .. </TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+will generate the following code:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT> 61
+; hob.c 7 </TT>
+<BR><TT> 000A E5*01 62
+mov a,(_gint + 1) </TT>
+<BR><TT> 000C 33 63
+rlc a </TT>
+<BR><TT> 000D E4 64
+clr a </TT>
+<BR><TT> 000E 13 65
+rrc a </TT>
+<BR><TT> 000F F5*02 66
+mov _foo_hob_1_1,a</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Variations of this case however will <I>not</I> be recognized. It
is a standard C expression, so I heartily recommend this be the only
way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable). Of course it will
-be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, e.g.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>xyz = gint + ((gint > > 15) & 1);</tt><br />
-<br />
+be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, e.g.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1);</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
will still be recognized.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.1.11">
-4.1.11</a> Peep-hole Optimizer</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION000511100000000000000">
+4.1.11 Peep-hole Optimizer</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism
-for peep-hole optimization. It is inspired by <em>copt</em> a peep-hole
+for peep-hole optimization. It is inspired by <I>copt</I> a peep-hole
optimizer by Christopher W. Fraser (cwfraser@microsoft.com). A default
set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules may
-be added with the <em>-peep-file <filename></em> option. The rule language
-is best illustrated with examples.<br />
-<br />
-<tt>replace { </tt> <br />
-<tt> mov %1,a </tt> <br />
-<tt> mov a,%1</tt> <br />
-<tt>} by {</tt> <br />
-<tt> mov %1,a</tt> <br />
-<tt>}</tt><br />
-<br />
-The above rule will change the following assembly sequence:<br />
-<br />
-<tt> mov r1,a </tt> <br />
-<tt> mov a,r1</tt><br />
-<br />
-to<br />
-<br />
-<tt>mov r1,a</tt><br />
-<br />
-Note: All occurrences of a <em>%n</em> (pattern variable) must denote
-the same string. With the above rule, the assembly sequence:<br />
-<br />
-<tt> mov r1,a </tt> <br />
-<tt> mov a,r2</tt><br />
-<br />
-will remain unmodified.<br />
-<br />
-Other special case optimizations may be added by the user (via <em>-peep-file
-option</em>). E.g. some variants of the 8051 MCU allow only <tt>ajmp</tt>
-and <tt>acall</tt>. The following two rules will change all <tt>ljmp</tt>
-and <tt>lcall</tt> to <tt>ajmp</tt> and <tt>acall</tt><br />
-<br />
-<tt>replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 } </tt> <br />
-<tt>replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 }</tt><br />
-<br />
-The <em>inline-assembler code</em> is also passed through the peep hole
+be added with the <I>-peep-file <filename></I> option. The rule language
+is best illustrated with examples.
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>replace { </TT>
+<BR><TT> mov %1,a </TT>
+<BR><TT> mov a,%1</TT>
+<BR><TT>} by {</TT>
+<BR><TT> mov %1,a</TT>
+<BR><TT>}</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+The above rule will change the following assembly sequence:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT> mov r1,a </TT>
+<BR><TT> mov a,r1</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+to
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>mov r1,a</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Note: All occurrences of a <I>%n</I> (pattern variable) must denote
+the same string. With the above rule, the assembly sequence:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT> mov r1,a </TT>
+<BR><TT> mov a,r2</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+will remain unmodified.
+<BR>
+<BR>
+Other special case optimizations may be added by the user (via <I>-peep-file
+option</I>). E.g. some variants of the 8051 MCU allow only <TT>ajmp</TT>
+and <TT>acall</TT>. The following two rules will change all <TT>ljmp</TT>
+and <TT>lcall</TT> to <TT>ajmp</TT> and <TT>acall</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 } </TT>
+<BR><TT>replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 }</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+The <I>inline-assembler code</I> is also passed through the peep hole
optimizer, thus the peephole optimizer can also be used as an assembly
level macro expander. The rules themselves are MCU dependent whereas
the rule language infra-structure is MCU independent. Peephole optimization
-rules for other MCU can be easily programmed using the rule language.<br />
-<br />
-The syntax for a rule is as follows:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>rule := replace [ restart ] '{' <assembly sequence> 'n'
-</tt> <br />
-<tt> '}' by '{' 'n'
-</tt> <br />
-<tt> <assembly
-sequence> 'n' </tt> <br />
-<tt> '}' [if <functionName>
-] 'n' </tt> <br />
-<br />
-<assembly sequence> := assembly instruction (each instruction including
-labels must be on a separate line).<br />
-<br />
+rules for other MCU can be easily programmed using the rule language.
+<BR>
+<BR>
+The syntax for a rule is as follows:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>rule := replace [ restart ] '{' <assembly sequence> '\n'
+</TT>
+<BR><TT> '}' by '{' '\n'
+</TT>
+<BR><TT> <assembly
+sequence> '\n' </TT>
+<BR><TT> '}' [if <functionName>
+] '\n' </TT>
+<BR>
+<BR><assembly sequence> := assembly instruction (each instruction including
+labels must be on a separate line).
+<BR>
+<BR>
The optimizer will apply to the rules one by one from the top in the
sequence of their appearance, it will terminate when all rules are
exhausted. If the 'restart' option is specified, then the optimizer
will start matching the rules again from the top, this option for
a rule is expensive (performance), it is intended to be used in situations
where a transformation will trigger the same rule again. A good example
-of this the following rule:<br />
-<br />
-replace restart { <br />
- pop %1 <br />
- push %1 } by { <br />
- ; nop <br />
-}<br />
-<br />
+of this the following rule:
+<BR>
+<BR>
+replace restart {
+<BR> pop %1
+<BR> push %1 } by {
+<BR> ; nop
+<BR>}
+<BR>
+<BR>
Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment
line. Without the 'restart' option only the inner most 'pop' 'push'
-pair would be eliminated, i.e.:<br />
-<br />
-<tt> pop ar1 </tt> <br />
-<tt> pop ar2 </tt> <br />
-<tt> push ar2 </tt> <br />
-<tt> push ar1</tt><br />
-<br />
-would result in:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>pop ar1 </tt> <br />
-<tt>; nop </tt> <br />
-<tt>push ar1</tt><br />
-<br />
-<em>with</em> the restart option the rule will be applied again to the
+pair would be eliminated, i.e.:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT> pop ar1 </TT>
+<BR><TT> pop ar2 </TT>
+<BR><TT> push ar2 </TT>
+<BR><TT> push ar1</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
+would result in:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>pop ar1 </TT>
+<BR><TT>; nop </TT>
+<BR><TT>push ar1</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR><I>with</I> the restart option the rule will be applied again to the
resulting code and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated
-to yield:<br />
-<br />
-<tt>; nop </tt> <br />
-<tt>; nop</tt><br />
-<br />
+to yield:
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>; nop </TT>
+<BR><TT>; nop</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
A conditional function can be attached to a rule. Attaching rules
-are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with an example.<br />
-<br />
-<tt>replace { </tt> <br />
-<tt> ljmp %5 </tt> <br />
-<tt>%2:} by { </tt> <br />
-<tt> sjmp %5 </tt> <br />
-<tt>%2:} if labelInRange</tt><br />
-<br />
+are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with an example.
+<BR>
+<BR><TT>replace { </TT>
+<BR><TT> ljmp %5 </TT>
+<BR><TT>%2:} by { </TT>
+<BR><TT> sjmp %5 </TT>
+<BR><TT>%2:} if labelInRange</TT>
+<BR>
+<BR>
The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function
-<em>callFuncByName</em> in the source file SDCCpeeph.c, with the name
-<em>labelInRange</em>. If it finds a corresponding entry the function
+<I>callFuncByName</I> in the source file SDCCpeeph.c, with the name
+<I>labelInRange</I>. If it finds a corresponding entry the function
is called. Note there can be no parameters specified for these functions,
-in this case the use of <em>%5</em> is crucial, since the function
-<em>labelInRange</em> expects to find the label in that particular variable
+in this case the use of <I>%5</I> is crucial, since the function
+<I>labelInRange</I> expects to find the label in that particular variable
(the hash table containing the variable bindings is passed as a parameter).
If you want to code more such functions, take a close look at the
function labelInRange and the calling mechanism in source file SDCCpeeph.c.
will also see the default rules that are compiled into the compiler,
you can add your own rules in the default set there if you get tired
of specifying the -peep-file option.
+<BR>
+<BR><I><pending: this is as far as I got></I>
+
+<P>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc4.2">
-4.2</a> Pragmas</h3>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00052000000000000000">
+4.2 Pragmas</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
SDCC supports the following #pragma directives. This directives are
applicable only at a function level.
-<p>
+<P>
-<ul><p>
-<li> SAVE - this will save all the current options.</li>
-<p>
-<li> RESTORE - will restore the saved options from the last save. Note
+<UL>
+<LI>SAVE - this will save all the current options.
+</LI>
+<LI>RESTORE - will restore the saved options from the last save. Note
that SAVES & RESTOREs cannot be nested. SDCC uses the same buffer
-to save the options each time a SAVE is called.</li>
-<p>
-<li> NOGCSE - will stop global subexpression elimination.</li>
-<p>
-<li> NOINDUCTION - will stop loop induction optimizations.</li>
-<p>
-<li> NOJTBOUND - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when
-switch statements are turned into jump-tables.</li>
-<p>
-<li> NOOVERLAY - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local
-variables of a function.</li>
-<p>
-<li> NOLOOPREVERSE - Will not do loop reversal optimization</li>
-<p>
-<li> EXCLUDE NONE | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma
+to save the options each time a SAVE is called.
+</LI>
+<LI>NOGCSE - will stop global subexpression elimination.
+</LI>
+<LI>NOINDUCTION - will stop loop induction optimizations.
+</LI>
+<LI>NOJTBOUND - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when
+switch statements are turned into jump-tables.
+</LI>
+<LI>NOOVERLAY - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local
+variables of a function.
+</LI>
+<LI>NOLOOPREVERSE - Will not do loop reversal optimization
+</LI>
+<LI>EXCLUDE NONE | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma
disables generation of pair of push/pop instruction in ISR function
(using interrupt keyword). The directive should be placed immediately
before the ISR function definition and it affects ALL ISR functions
following it. To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions
-use ``#pragma EXCLUDE none''</li>
-<p>
-<li> CALLEE-SAVES function1[,function2[,function3...]] - The compiler
+use #pragma EXCLUDE none.
+</LI>
+<LI>CALLEE-SAVES function1[,function2[,function3...]] - The compiler
by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving across
function calls, however this can cause unneccessary register pushing
& popping when calling small functions from larger functions. This
run time performance of the generated code. In future the compiler
(with interprocedural analysis) will be able to determine the appropriate
scheme to use for each function call. If -callee-saves command line
-option is used, the function names specified in #pragma CALLEE-SAVES
-is appended to the list of functions specified inthe command line.</li>
-</ul>
+option is used, the function names specified in #pragma CALLEE-SAVES
+is appended to the list of functions specified inthe command line.
+</LI>
+</UL>
The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-off certain optimizations
which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space
to store compiler generated temporary variables. This usually happens
a function, placing pragma's inside a function body could have unpredictable
results.
-<p>
+<P>
eg
-<p>
-#pragma SAVE /* save the current settings */ <br />
-#pragma NOGCSE /* turnoff global subexpression elimination */
-<br />
-#pragma NOINDUCTION /* turn off induction optimizations */ <br />
-int foo () <br />
-{ <br />
- ... <br />
- /* large code */ <br />
- ... <br />
-} <br />
-#pragma RESTORE /* turn the optimizations back on */
-
-<p>
+<P>
+#pragma SAVE /* save the current settings */
+<BR>#pragma NOGCSE /* turnoff global subexpression elimination */
+
+<BR>#pragma NOINDUCTION /* turn off induction optimizations */
+<BR>
+int foo ()
+<BR>{
+<BR> ...
+<BR> /* large code */
+<BR> ...
+<BR>}
+<BR>#pragma RESTORE /* turn the optimizations back on */
+
+<P>
The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated.
It is strongly recommended that the SAVE and RESTORE pragma's be used
when changing options for a function.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc4.3">
-4.3</a> Library Routines</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00053000000000000000">
+4.3 Library Routines</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
The following library routines are provided for your convenience.
-<p>
+<P>
stdio.h - Contains the following functions printf & sprintf these
-routines are developed by Martijn van Balen <balen@natlab.research.philips.com>.
+routines are developed by Martijn van Balen <balen@natlab.research.philips.com>.
-<p>
+<P>
%[flags][width][b|B|l|L]type
-<p>
+<P>
flags: - left justify output in
-specified field width <br />
- + prefix output with
-+/- sign if output is signed type <br />
- space prefix output with a
-blank if it's a signed positive value <br />
- width: specifies minimum number
-of characters outputted for numbers <br />
- or strings. <br />
- - For numbers,
-spaces are added on the left when needed. <br />
- If width starts
-with a zero character, zeroes and used <br />
- instead of
-spaces. <br />
- - For strings,
-spaces are are added on the left or right (when <br />
- flag '-' is
-used) when needed. <br />
- <br />
- b/B: byte argument (used
-by d, u, o, x, X) <br />
- l/L: long argument (used
-by d, u, o, x, X)<br />
- type: d decimal number <br />
- u unsigned decimal
-number <br />
- o unsigned octal number
-<br />
- x unsigned hexadecimal
-number (0-9, a-f) <br />
- X unsigned hexadecimal
-number (0-9, A-F) <br />
- c character <br />
- s string (generic pointer)
-<br />
- p generic pointer (I:data/idata,
-C:code, X:xdata, P:paged) <br />
- f float (still to be
+specified field width
+<BR> + prefix output with
++/- sign if output is signed type
+<BR> space prefix output with a
+blank if it's a signed positive value
+<BR> width: specifies minimum number
+of characters outputted for numbers
+<BR> or strings.
+<BR> - For numbers,
+spaces are added on the left when needed.
+<BR> If width starts
+with a zero character, zeroes and used
+<BR> instead of
+spaces.
+<BR> - For strings,
+spaces are are added on the left or right (when
+<BR> flag '-' is
+used) when needed.
+<BR>
+<BR> b/B: byte argument (used
+by d, u, o, x, X)
+<BR> l/L: long argument (used
+by d, u, o, x, X)
+<BR> type: d decimal number
+<BR> u unsigned decimal
+number
+<BR> o unsigned octal number
+
+<BR> x unsigned hexadecimal
+number (0-9, a-f)
+<BR> X unsigned hexadecimal
+number (0-9, A-F)
+<BR> c character
+<BR> s string (generic pointer)
+
+<BR> p generic pointer (I:data/idata,
+C:code, X:xdata, P:paged)
+<BR> f float (still to be
implemented)
-<p>
+<P>
Also contains a very simple version of printf (printf_small). This
simplified version of printf supports only the following formats.
-<p>
-format output type argument-type <br />
-%d decimal short/int <br />
-%ld decimal long <br />
-%hd decimal char <br />
-%x hexadecimal short/int <br />
-%lx hexadecimal long <br />
-%hx hexadecimal char <br />
-%o octal short/int <br />
-%lo octal long <br />
-%ho octal char <br />
-%c character char <br />
-%s character _generic pointer
-
-<p>
+<P>
+format output type argument-type
+<BR>%d decimal short/int
+<BR>%ld decimal long
+<BR>%hd decimal char
+<BR>%x hexadecimal short/int
+<BR>%lx hexadecimal long
+<BR>%hx hexadecimal char
+<BR>%o octal short/int
+<BR>%lo octal long
+<BR>%ho octal char
+<BR>%c character char
+<BR>%s character _generic pointer
+
+<P>
The routine is very stack intesive, -stack-after-data parameter should
be used when using this routine, the routine also takes about 1K of
code space. It also expects an external function named putchar(char)
to be present (this can be changed). When using the %s format the
string / pointer should be cast to a generic pointer. eg.
-<p>
-printf_small(``my str %s, my int %dn'',(char
+<P>
+printf_small(``my str %s, my int %d\n'',(char
_generic *)mystr,myint);
-<p>
+<P>
-<ul><p>
-<li> stdarg.h - contains definition for the following macros to be used
+<UL>
+<LI>stdarg.h - contains definition for the following macros to be used
for variable parameter list, note that a function can have a variable
parameter list if and only if it is 'reentrant'
-<p>
-va_list, va_start, va_arg, va_end.</li>
-<p>
-<li> setjmp.h - contains defintion for ANSI setjmp & longjmp routines.
+<P>
+va_list, va_start, va_arg, va_end.
+
+<P>
+</LI>
+<LI>setjmp.h - contains defintion for ANSI setjmp & longjmp routines.
Note in this case setjmp & longjmp can be used between functions
executing within the same register bank, if long jmp is executed from
a function that is using a different register bank from the function
issuing the setjmp function, the results may be unpredictable. The
jump buffer requires 3 bytes of data (the stack pointer & a 16 byte
-return address), and can be placed in any address space.</li>
-<p>
-<li> stdlib.h - contains the following functions.
+return address), and can be placed in any address space.
+</LI>
+<LI>stdlib.h - contains the following functions.
-<p>
-atoi, atol.</li>
-<p>
-<li> string.h - contains the following functions.
+<P>
+atoi, atol.
-<p>
+<P>
+</LI>
+<LI>string.h - contains the following functions.
+
+<P>
strcpy, strncpy, strcat, strncat, strcmp, strncmp, strchr, strrchr,
strspn, strcspn, strpbrk, strstr, strlen, strtok, memcpy, memcmp,
-memset.</li>
-<p>
-<li> ctype.h - contains the following routines.
+memset.
+
+<P>
+</LI>
+<LI>ctype.h - contains the following routines.
-<p>
+<P>
iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isupper, isprint, ispunct, isspace,
-isxdigit, isalnum, isalpha.</li>
-<p>
-<li> malloc.h - The malloc routines are developed by Dmitry S. Obukhov
+isxdigit, isalnum, isalpha.
+
+<P>
+</LI>
+<LI>malloc.h - The malloc routines are developed by Dmitry S. Obukhov
(dso@usa.net). These routines will allocate memory from the external
ram. Here is a description on how to use them (as described by the
author).
-<p>
-//Example: <br />
- // #define DYNAMIC_MEMORY_SIZE 0x2000 <br />
- // ..... <br />
- // unsigned char xdata dynamic_memory_pool[DYNAMIC_MEMORY_SIZE];
-<br />
- // unsigned char xdata * current_buffer; <br />
- // ..... <br />
- // void main(void) <br />
- // { <br />
- // ... <br />
- // init_dynamic_memory(dynamic_memory_pool,DYNAMIC_MEMORY_SIZE);
-<br />
- // //Now it's possible to use malloc. <br />
- // ... <br />
- // current_buffer = malloc(0x100); <br />
- //</li>
-<p>
-<li> serial.h - Serial IO routines are also developed by Dmitry S. Obukhov
+<P>
+//Example:
+<BR> // #define DYNAMIC_MEMORY_SIZE 0x2000
+<BR> // .....
+<BR> // unsigned char xdata dynamic_memory_pool[DYNAMIC_MEMORY_SIZE];
+
+<BR> // unsigned char xdata * current_buffer;
+<BR> // .....
+<BR> // void main(void)
+<BR> // {
+<BR> // ...
+<BR> // init_dynamic_memory(dynamic_memory_pool,DYNAMIC_MEMORY_SIZE);
+
+<BR> // //Now it's possible to use malloc.
+<BR> // ...
+<BR> // current_buffer = malloc(0x100);
+<BR> //
+
+<P>
+</LI>
+<LI>serial.h - Serial IO routines are also developed by Dmitry S. Obukhov
(dso@usa.net). These routines are interrupt driven with a 256 byte
circular buffer, they also expect external ram to be present. Please
see documentation in file SDCCDIR/sdcc51lib/serial.c. Note the header
file ``serial.h'' MUST be included in the file containing the
-'main' function.</li>
-<p>
-<li> ser.h - Alternate serial routine provided by Wolfgang Esslinger <wolfgang@WiredMinds.com>
+'main' function.
+</LI>
+<LI>ser.h - Alternate serial routine provided by Wolfgang Esslinger <wolfgang@WiredMinds.com>
these routines are more compact and faster. Please see documentation
-in file SDCCDIR/sdcc51lib/ser.c</li>
-<p>
-<li> ser_ir.h - Another alternate set of serial routines provided by Josef
-Wolf <jw@raven.inka.de>, these routines do not use the external ram.</li>
-<p>
-<li> reg51.h - contains register definitions for a standard 8051</li>
-<p>
-<li> float.h - contains min, max and other floating point related stuff.</li>
-</ul>
+in file SDCCDIR/sdcc51lib/ser.c
+</LI>
+<LI>ser_ir.h - Another alternate set of serial routines provided by Josef
+Wolf <jw@raven.inka.de>, these routines do not use the external ram.
+</LI>
+<LI>reg51.h - contains register definitions for a standard 8051
+</LI>
+<LI>float.h - contains min, max and other floating point related stuff.
+</LI>
+</UL>
All library routines are compiled as -model-small, they are all non-reentrant,
if you plan to use the large model or want to make these routines
reentrant, then they will have to be recompiled with the appropriate
compiler option.
-<p>
+<P>
Have not had time to do the more involved routines like printf, will
get to them shortly.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc4.4">
-4.4</a> Interfacing with Assembly Routines</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00054000000000000000">
+4.4 Interfacing with Assembly Routines</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc4.5">
-4.5</a> Global Registers used for Parameter Passing</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00055000000000000000">
+4.5 Global Registers used for Parameter Passing</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
By default the compiler uses the global registers ``DPL,DPH,B,ACC''
to pass the first parameter to a routine, the second parameter onwards
is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant routines or -stack-auto
is used) or in the internal / external ram (depending on the memory
model).
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.5.1">
-4.5.1</a> Assembler Routine(non-reentrant)</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00055100000000000000">
+4.5.1 Assembler Routine(non-reentrant)</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
In the following example the function cfunc calls an assembler routine
asm_func, which takes two parameters.
-<p>
+<P>
extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
-<p>
- <br />
-int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) <br />
-{ <br />
- return asm_func(i,j); <br />
-} <br />
-int main() <br />
-{ <br />
- return c_func(10,9); <br />
-}
-
-<p>
+<P>
+
+<BR>
+int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j)
+<BR>{
+<BR> return asm_func(i,j);
+<BR>}
+<BR>
+int main()
+<BR>{
+<BR> return c_func(10,9);
+<BR>}
+
+<P>
The corresponding assembler function is:-
-<p>
- .globl _asm_func_PARM_2 <br />
- .globl _asm_func <br />
- .area OSEG <br />
-_asm_func_PARM_2: .ds 1 <br />
- .area CSEG <br />
-_asm_func: <br />
- mov a,dpl <br />
- add a,_asm_func_PARM_2 <br />
- mov dpl,a <br />
- mov dpl,#0x00 <br />
- ret
-
-<p>
+<P>
+ .globl _asm_func_PARM_2
+<BR> .globl _asm_func
+<BR> .area OSEG
+<BR>
+_asm_func_PARM_2: .ds 1
+<BR> .area CSEG
+<BR>
+_asm_func:
+<BR> mov a,dpl
+<BR> add a,_asm_func_PARM_2
+<BR> mov dpl,a
+<BR> mov dpl,#0x00
+<BR> ret
+
+<P>
Note here that the return values are placed in 'dpl' - One byte return
value, 'dpl' LSB & 'dph' MSB for two byte values. 'dpl', 'dph' and
'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph','b' &
'acc' for four byte values.
-<p>
-The parameter naming convention is _<function_name>_PARM_<n>,
+<P>
+The parameter naming convention is _<function_name>_PARM_<n>,
where n is the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from
the left. The first parameter is passed in ``dpl'' for One bye
parameter, ``dptr'' if two bytes, ``b,dptr'' for three bytes
and ``acc,b,dptr'' for four bytes, the varaible name for the second
-parameter will be _<function_name>_PARM_2.
+parameter will be _<function_name>_PARM_2.
-<p>
+<P>
Assemble the assembler routine with the following command.
-<p>
+<P>
asx8051 -losg asmfunc.asm
-<p>
+<P>
Then compile and link the assembler routine to the C source file with
the following command,
-<p>
+<P>
sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc4.5.2">
-4.5.2</a> Assembler Routine(reentrant)</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00055200000000000000">
+4.5.2 Assembler Routine(reentrant)</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
In this case the second parameter onwards will be passed on the stack,
the parameters are pushed from right to left i.e. after the call the
left most parameter will be on the top of the stack. Here is an example.
-<p>
+<P>
extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
-<p>
+<P>
-<p>
-int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) reentrant <br />
-{ <br />
- return asm_func(i,j); <br />
-} <br />
-int main() <br />
-{ <br />
- return c_func(10,9); <br />
-}
-
-<p>
+<P>
+int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) reentrant
+<BR>{
+<BR> return asm_func(i,j);
+<BR>}
+<BR>
+int main()
+<BR>{
+<BR> return c_func(10,9);
+<BR>}
+
+<P>
The corresponding assembler routine is.
-<p>
- .globl _asm_func <br />
-_asm_func: <br />
- push _bp <br />
- mov _bp,sp <br />
- mov r2,dpl<br />
- mov a,_bp <br />
- clr c <br />
- add a,#0xfd <br />
- mov r0,a <br />
- add a,#0xfc<br />
- mov r1,a <br />
- mov a,@r0 <br />
- add a,r2<br />
- mov dpl,a <br />
- mov dph,#0x00 <br />
- mov sp,_bp <br />
- pop _bp <br />
- ret
-
-<p>
+<P>
+ .globl _asm_func
+<BR>
+_asm_func:
+<BR> push _bp
+<BR> mov _bp,sp
+<BR> mov r2,dpl
+<BR> mov a,_bp
+<BR> clr c
+<BR> add a,#0xfd
+<BR> mov r0,a
+<BR> add a,#0xfc
+<BR> mov r1,a
+<BR> mov a,@r0
+<BR> add a,r2
+<BR> mov dpl,a
+<BR> mov dph,#0x00
+<BR> mov sp,_bp
+<BR> pop _bp
+<BR> ret
+
+<P>
The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note
the extra entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp
is the stack frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into
the stack for parameters and local variables.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc4.6">
-4.6</a> External Stack</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00056000000000000000">
+4.6 External Stack</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
The external stack is located at the start of the external ram segment,
and is 256 bytes in size. When -xstack option is used to compile
the program, the parameters and local variables of all reentrant functions
all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external stack
(note support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same options).
-<p>
+<P>
The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external
ram segment into PORT P2, therefore when using the External Stack
option, this port MAY NOT be used by the application program.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc4.7">
-4.7</a> ANSI-Compliance</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00057000000000000000">
+4.7 ANSI-Compliance</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
Deviations from the compliancy.
-<p>
+<P>
-<ol type="1"><p>
-<li> functions are not always reentrant.</li>
-<p>
-<li> structures cannot be assigned values directly, cannot be passed as
+<OL>
+<LI>functions are not always reentrant.
+</LI>
+<LI>structures cannot be assigned values directly, cannot be passed as
function parameters or assigned to each other and cannot be a return
value from a function.
-<p>
-eg</li>
-</ol>
-struct s { ... }; <br />
-struct s s1, s2; <br />
-foo() <br />
-{ <br />
-... <br />
-s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ <br />
-... <br />
-}
-
-<p>
+<P>
+eg
+
+<P>
+</LI>
+</OL>
+struct s { ... };
+<BR>
+struct s s1, s2;
+<BR>
+foo()
+<BR>{
+<BR>...
+<BR>
+s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
+<BR>...
+<BR>}
+
+<P>
struct s foo1 (struct s parms) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed
-in ANSI */ <br />
-{ <br />
-struct s rets; <br />
-... <br />
+in ANSI */
+<BR>{
+<BR>
+struct s rets;
+<BR>...
+<BR>
return rets;/* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
-<br />
-}
-<p>
+<BR>}
-<ol type="1"><p>
-<li> 'long long' (64 bit integers) not supported.</li>
-<p>
-<li> 'double' precision floating point not supported.</li>
-<p>
-<li> integral promotions are suppressed. What does this mean ? The compiler
+<P>
+
+<OL>
+<LI>'long long' (64 bit integers) not supported.
+</LI>
+<LI>'double' precision floating point not supported.
+</LI>
+<LI>integral promotions are suppressed. What does this mean ? The compiler
will not implicitly promote an integer expression to a higher order
-integer, exception is an assignment or parameter passing.</li>
-<p>
-<li> No support for setjmp and longjmp (for now).</li>
-<p>
-<li> Old K&R style function declarations are NOT allowed.</li>
-</ol>
-foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */ <br />
-int i,j; /* are valid in ANSI .. not valid in SDCC */ <br />
-{ <br />
-... <br />
-}
-
-<p>
-
-<ol type="1"><p>
-<li> functions declared as pointers must be dereferenced during the call.
-
-<p>
-int (*foo)();</li>
-</ol>
- ... <br />
- /* has to be called like this */ <br />
- (*foo)();/* ansi standard allows calls to be made like 'foo()'
+integer, exception is an assignment or parameter passing.
+</LI>
+<LI>No support for setjmp and longjmp (for now).
+</LI>
+<LI>Old K&R style function declarations are NOT allowed.
+</LI>
+</OL>
+foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */
+<BR>
+int i,j; /* are valid in ANSI .. not valid in SDCC */
+<BR>{
+<BR>...
+<BR>}
+
+<P>
+
+<OL>
+<LI>functions declared as pointers must be dereferenced during the call.
+
+<P>
+int (*foo)();
+
+<P>
+</LI>
+</OL>
+ ...
+<BR> /* has to be called like this */
+<BR> (*foo)();/* ansi standard allows calls to be made like 'foo()'
*/
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc4.8">
-4.8</a> Cyclomatic Complexity</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00058000000000000000">
+4.8 Cyclomatic Complexity</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent
paths the program can take during execution of the function. This
is an important number since it defines the number test cases you
by SDCC exceeds 10 you should think about simplification of the function
logic.
-<p>
+<P>
Note that the complexity level is not related to the number of lines
of code in a function. Large functions can have low complexity, and
small functions can have large complexity levels. SDCC uses the following
formula to compute the complexity.
-<p>
-complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - <br />
- (number of nodes in control flow graph) + 2;
+<P>
+complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) -
+<BR> (number of nodes in control flow graph) + 2;
-<p>
+<P>
Having said that the industry standard is 10, you should be aware
that in some cases it may unavoidable to have a complexity level of
less than 10. For example if you have switch statement with more than
complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting
point for which functions you might look at for further optimization.
-<p>
- <h2><a name="tth_sEc5">
-5</a> TIPS</h2>
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00060000000000000000">
+5 TIPS</A>
+</H1>
-<p>
+<P>
Here are a few guide-lines that will help the compiler generate more
efficient code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others
are generally good programming practice.
-<p>
+<P>
-<ul><p>
-<li> Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value. If it is
+<UL>
+<LI>Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value. If it is
known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then
-use a 'char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going
+use a 'char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'.
+</LI>
+<LI>Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going
to be negative. This helps especially if you are doing division or
-multiplication.</li>
-<p>
-<li> NEVER jump into a LOOP.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Declare the variables to be local whenever possible, especially loop
-control variables (induction).</li>
-<p>
-<li> Since the compiler does not do implicit integral promotion, the programmer
-should do an explicit cast when integral promotion is required.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Reducing the size of division, multiplication & modulus operations
+multiplication.
+</LI>
+<LI>NEVER jump into a LOOP.
+</LI>
+<LI>Declare the variables to be local whenever possible, especially loop
+control variables (induction).
+</LI>
+<LI>Since the compiler does not do implicit integral promotion, the programmer
+should do an explicit cast when integral promotion is required.
+</LI>
+<LI>Reducing the size of division, multiplication & modulus operations
can reduce code size substantially. Take the following code for example.
-<p>
-foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch)<br />
-{<br />
- unsigned char ch1 = p1 % ch ;<br />
- .... <br />
-}
+<P>
+foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch)
+<BR>{
+<BR> unsigned char ch1 = p1 % ch ;
+<BR> ....
+<BR>}
-<p>
+<P>
For the modulus operation the variable ch will be promoted to unsigned
int first then the modulus operation will be performed (this will
lead to a call to a support routine). If the code is changed to
-<p>
-foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch)<br />
-{<br />
- unsigned char ch1 = (unsigned char)p1 % ch ;<br />
- .... <br />
-}
+<P>
+foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch)
+<BR>{
+<BR> unsigned char ch1 = (unsigned char)p1 % ch ;
+<BR> ....
+<BR>}
-<p>
+<P>
It would substantially reduce the code generated (future versions
-of the compiler will be smart enough to detect such optimization oppurtunities).</li>
-</ul>
+of the compiler will be smart enough to detect such optimization oppurtunities).
+
+<P>
+</LI>
+</UL>
Notes on MCS51 memory layout(Trefor@magera.freeserve.co.uk)
-<p>
+<P>
The 8051 family of micro controller have a minimum of 128 bytes of
internal memory which is structured as follows
-<p>
+<P>
- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold up to 4 banks of the registers R7
to R7
-<p>
+<P>
- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold 128 bit variables and
-<p>
+<P>
- Bytes 30-7F - 60 bytes for general purpose use.
-<p>
+<P>
Normally the SDCC compiler will only utilise the first bank of registers,
but it is possible to specify that other banks of registers should
be used in interrupt routines. By default, the compiler will place
it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used
by the 128 bit variables, and 60 bytes for general purpose use.
-<p>
+<P>
By default, the compiler uses the 60 general purpose bytes to hold
-"near data". The compiler/optimiser may also declare
+"near data". The compiler/optimiser may also declare
some Local Variables in this area to hold local data.
-<p>
+<P>
If any of the 128 bit variables are used, or near data is being used
then care needs to be taken to ensure that the stack does not grow
so much that it starts to over write either your bit variables or
-"near data". There is no runtime checking to prevent
+"near data". There is no runtime checking to prevent
this from happening.
-<p>
-The amount of stack being used is affected by the use of the "internal
-stack" to save registers before a subroutine call is made,
+<P>
+The amount of stack being used is affected by the use of the "internal
+stack" to save registers before a subroutine call is made,
- -stack-auto will declare parameters and local variables on the
stack - the number of nested subroutines.
-<p>
+<P>
If you detect that the stack is over writing you data, then the following
can be done. -xstack will cause an external stack to be used for
saving registers and (if -stack-auto is being used) storing parameters
and local variables. However this will produce more and code which
will be slower to execute.
-<p>
+<P>
-stack-loc will allow you specify the start of the stack, i.e. you
could start it after any data in the general purpose area. However
this may waste the memory not used by the register banks and if the
-size of the "near data" increases, it may creep
+size of the "near data" increases, it may creep
into the bottom of the stack.
-<p>
+<P>
-stack-after-data, similar to the -stack-loc, but it automatically
-places the stack after the end of the "near data".
+places the stack after the end of the "near data".
Again this could waste any spare register space.
-<p>
+<P>
-data-loc allows you to specify the start address of the near data.
-This could be used to move the "near data" further
+This could be used to move the "near data" further
away from the stack giving it more room to grow. This will only work
if no bit variables are being used and the stack can grow to use the
bit variable space.
-<p>
+<P>
Conclusion.
-<p>
-If you find that the stack is over writing your bit variables or "near
-data" then the approach which best utilised the internal
-memory is to position the "near data" after the
+<P>
+If you find that the stack is over writing your bit variables or "near
+data" then the approach which best utilised the internal
+memory is to position the "near data" after the
last bank of used registers or, if you use bit variables, after the
last bit variable by using the -data-loc, e.g. if two register banks
are being used and no data variables, -data-loc 16, and - use the
-stack-after-data option.
-<p>
+<P>
If bit variables are being used, another method would be to try and
squeeze the data area in the unused register banks if it will fit,
and start the stack after the last bit variable.
-<p>
- <h2><a name="tth_sEc6">
-6</a> Retargetting for other MCUs.</h2>
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00070000000000000000">
+6 Retargetting for other MCUs.</A>
+</H1>
-<p>
+<P>
The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be
covered by this document. What follows is a brief description of each
of the seven phases of the compiler and its MCU dependency.
-<p>
+<P>
-<ol type="1"><p>
-<li> Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree. This phase
+<OL>
+<LI>Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree. This phase
is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions). Syntax
& semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial
optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations
-like bit-rotation etc.</li>
-<p>
-<li> The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can
+like bit-rotation etc.
+</LI>
+<LI>The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can
be easy manipulated during the later phases. This phase is entirely
MCU independent. The intermediate code generation assumes the target
machine has unlimited number of registers, and designates them with
the name iTemp. The compiler can be made to dump a human readable
-form of the code generated by using the -dumpraw option.</li>
-<p>
-<li> This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also
+form of the code generated by using the -dumpraw option.
+</LI>
+<LI>This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also
MCU independent. This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases.
-<p>
-
-<ul><p>
-<li> Break down intermediate code (iCode) into basic blocks.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Do control flow & data flow analysis on the basic blocks.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpression
-elimination</li>
-<p>
-<li> dead code elimination</li>
-<p>
-<li> loop optimizations</li>
-<p>
-<li> if loop optimizations caused any changes then do 'global subexpression
-elimination' and 'dead code elimination' again.</li>
-</ul></li>
-<p>
-<li> This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Break down intermediate code (iCode) into basic blocks.
+</LI>
+<LI>Do control flow & data flow analysis on the basic blocks.
+</LI>
+<LI>Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpression
+elimination
+</LI>
+<LI>dead code elimination
+</LI>
+<LI>loop optimizations
+</LI>
+<LI>if loop optimizations caused any changes then do 'global subexpression
+elimination' and 'dead code elimination' again.
+</LI>
+</UL>
+</LI>
+<LI>This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those
iTemp variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all
the optimizations. Live range analysis is essential for register allocation,
since these computation determines which of these iTemps will be assigned
-to registers, and for how long.</li>
-<p>
-<li> Phase five is register allocation. There are two parts to this process.
+to registers, and for how long.
+</LI>
+<LI>Phase five is register allocation. There are two parts to this process.
-<p>
+<P>
-<ol type="a"><p>
-<li> The first part I call 'register packing' (for lack of a better term).
+<OL>
+<LI>The first part I call 'register packing' (for lack of a better term).
In this case several MCU specific expression folding is done to reduce
-register pressure.</li>
-<p>
-<li> The second part is more MCU independent and deals with allocating
+register pressure.
+</LI>
+<LI>The second part is more MCU independent and deals with allocating
registers to the remaining live ranges. A lot of MCU specific code
does creep into this phase because of the limited number of index
-registers available in the 8051.</li>
-</ol></li>
-<p>
-<li> The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and
+registers available in the 8051.
+</LI>
+</OL>
+</LI>
+<LI>The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and
very little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU.
However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand
-for each iCode operand may be reused.</li>
-<p>
-<li> As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is
-rule based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs.</li>
-</ol>
+for each iCode operand may be reused.
+</LI>
+<LI>As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is
+rule based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs.
+</LI>
+</OL>
-<p>
- <h2><a name="tth_sEc7">
-7</a> SDCDB - Source Level Debugger</h2>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00080000000000000000">
+7 SDCDB - Source Level Debugger</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger. The debugger uses
a command line interface, the command repertoire of the debugger has
been kept as close to gdb (the GNU debugger) as possible. The configuration
during configuration. The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C
source and at the ASM source level.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc7.1">
-7.1</a> Compiling for Debugging</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00081000000000000000">
+7.1 Compiling for Debugging</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
The -debug option must be specified for all files for which debug
information is to be generated. The complier generates a .cdb file
for each of these files. The linker updates the .cdb file with the
address information. This .cdb is used by the debugger.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc7.2">
-7.2</a> How the Debugger Works</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00082000000000000000">
+7.2 How the Debugger Works</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
When the -debug option is specified the compiler generates extra
symbol information some of which are put into the the assembler source
and some are put into the .cdb file, the linker updates the .cdb file
When a command is issued for the debugger, it translates it into appropriate
commands for the simulator.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc7.3">
-7.3</a> Starting the Debugger</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00083000000000000000">
+7.3 Starting the Debugger</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
The debugger can be started using the following command line. (Assume
the file you are debugging has
-<p>
+<P>
the file name foo).
-<p>
->sdcdb foo
+<P>
+>sdcdb foo
-<p>
+<P>
The debugger will look for the following files.
-<p>
+<P>
-<ol type="1"><p>
-<li> foo.c - the source file.</li>
-<p>
-<li> foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file.</li>
-<p>
-<li> foo.ihx - the intel hex format object file.</li>
-</ol>
+<OL>
+<LI>foo.c - the source file.
+</LI>
+<LI>foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file.
+</LI>
+<LI>foo.ihx - the intel hex format object file.
+</LI>
+</OL>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc7.4">
-7.4</a> Command Line Options.</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00084000000000000000">
+7.4 Command Line Options.</A>
+</H2>
-<ul><p>
-<li> -directory=<source file directory> this option can used to specify
+<P>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>-directory=<source file directory> this option can used to specify
the directory search list. The debugger will look into the directory
list specified for source, cdb & ihx files. The items in the directory
list must be separated by ':', e.g. if the source files can be in
the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2, the -directory option
should be -directory=/home/src1:/home/src2. Note there can be no
-spaces in the option.</li>
-<p>
-<li> -cd <directory> - change to the <directory>.</li>
-<p>
-<li> -fullname - used by GUI front ends.</li>
-<p>
-<li> -cpu <cpu-type> - this argument is passed to the simulator please
-see the simulator docs for details.</li>
-<p>
-<li> -X <Clock frequency > this options is passed to the simulator please
-see simulator docs for details.</li>
-<p>
-<li> -s <serial port file> passed to simulator see simulator docs for details.</li>
-<p>
-<li> -S <serial in,out> passed to simulator see simulator docs for details.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc7.5">
-7.5</a> Debugger Commands.</h3>
-
-<p>
+spaces in the option.
+</LI>
+<LI>-cd <directory> - change to the <directory>.
+</LI>
+<LI>-fullname - used by GUI front ends.
+</LI>
+<LI>-cpu <cpu-type> - this argument is passed to the simulator please
+see the simulator docs for details.
+</LI>
+<LI>-X <Clock frequency > this options is passed to the simulator please
+see simulator docs for details.
+</LI>
+<LI>-s <serial port file> passed to simulator see simulator docs for details.
+</LI>
+<LI>-S <serial in,out> passed to simulator see simulator docs for details.
+</LI>
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00085000000000000000">
+7.5 Debugger Commands.</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
As mention earlier the command interface for the debugger has been
deliberately kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible, this
will help int integration with existing graphical user interfaces
(like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.1">
-7.5.1</a> break [line | file:line | function | file:function]</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00085100000000000000">
+7.5.1 break [line | file:line | function | file:function]</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
Set breakpoint at specified line or function.
-<p>
-sdcdb>break 100 <br />
-sdcdb>break foo.c:100<br />
-sdcdb>break funcfoo<br />
-sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo
+<P>
+sdcdb>break 100
+<BR>
+sdcdb>break foo.c:100
+<BR>
+sdcdb>break funcfoo
+<BR>
+sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.2">
-7.5.2</a> clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ]</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00085200000000000000">
+7.5.2 clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ]</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
Clear breakpoint at specified line or function.
-<p>
-sdcdb>clear 100<br />
-sdcdb>clear foo.c:100<br />
-sdcdb>clear funcfoo<br />
-sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo
+<P>
+sdcdb>clear 100
+<BR>
+sdcdb>clear foo.c:100
+<BR>
+sdcdb>clear funcfoo
+<BR>
+sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo
+
+<P>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.3">
-7.5.3</a> continue</h4>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00085300000000000000">
+7.5.3 continue</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.4">
-7.5.4</a> finish</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00085400000000000000">
+7.5.4 finish</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
Execute till the end of the current function.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.5">
-7.5.5</a> delete [n]</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00085500000000000000">
+7.5.5 delete [n]</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
Delete breakpoint number 'n'. If used without any option clear ALL
user defined break points.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.6">
-7.5.6</a> info [break | stack | frame | registers ]</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00085600000000000000">
+7.5.6 info [break | stack | frame | registers ]</A>
+</H3>
-<ul><p>
-<li> info break - list all breakpoints</li>
-<p>
-<li> info stack - show the function call stack.</li>
-<p>
-<li> info frame - show information about the current execution frame.</li>
-<p>
-<li> info registers - show content of all registers.</li>
-</ul>
+<P>
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.7">
-7.5.7</a> step</h4>
+<UL>
+<LI>info break - list all breakpoints
+</LI>
+<LI>info stack - show the function call stack.
+</LI>
+<LI>info frame - show information about the current execution frame.
+</LI>
+<LI>info registers - show content of all registers.
+</LI>
+</UL>
-<p>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00085700000000000000">
+7.5.7 step</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
Step program until it reaches a different source line.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.8">
-7.5.8</a> next</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00085800000000000000">
+7.5.8 next</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.9">
-7.5.9</a> run</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION00085900000000000000">
+7.5.9 run</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
Start debugged program.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.10">
-7.5.10</a> ptype variable </h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION000851000000000000000">
+7.5.10 ptype variable </A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
Print type information of the variable.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.11">
-7.5.11</a> print variable</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION000851100000000000000">
+7.5.11 print variable</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
print value of variable.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.12">
-7.5.12</a> file filename</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION000851200000000000000">
+7.5.12 file filename</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
load the given file name. Note this is an alternate method of loading
file for debugging.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.13">
-7.5.13</a> frame</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION000851300000000000000">
+7.5.13 frame</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
print information about current frame.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.14">
-7.5.14</a> set srcmode</h4>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION000851400000000000000">
+7.5.14 set srcmode</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
Toggle between C source & assembly source.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.15">
-7.5.15</a> ! simulator command</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION000851500000000000000">
+7.5.15 ! simulator command</A>
+</H3>
-<p>
+<P>
Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response
is displayed. Note the debugger does not interpret the command being
sent to the simulator, so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger
can loose its execution context and may display incorrect values.
-<p>
- <h4><a name="tth_sEc7.5.16">
-7.5.16</a> quit.</h4>
+<P>
+
+<H3><A NAME="SECTION000851600000000000000">
+7.5.16 quit.</A>
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+"Watch me now. Iam going Down. My name is Bobby Brown"
-<p>
-"Watch me now. Iam going Down. My name is Bobby Brown"
+<P>
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc7.6">
-7.6</a> Interfacing with XEmacs.</h3>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00086000000000000000">
+7.6 Interfacing with XEmacs.</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
Two files are (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with
XEmacs, sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el. These two files can be found in
the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installation is complete. These
command ESC-x sdcdbsrc, you will prompted to enter the file name to
be debugged.
-<p>
+<P>
The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly
are bound to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el the variables
are listed below these values maybe changed as required.
-<p>
+<P>
-<ul><p>
-<li> sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51</li>
-<p>
-<li> sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200</li>
-<p>
-<li> sdcdbsrc-serial nil</li>
-</ul>
+<UL>
+<LI>sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51
+</LI>
+<LI>sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200
+</LI>
+<LI>sdcdbsrc-serial nil
+</LI>
+</UL>
The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface.
-<p>
- <br />
-;; Current Listing :: <br />
-;;key binding Comment
-<br />
-;;- --- ---
-<br />
-;; <br />
-;; n sdcdb-next-from-src SDCDB
-next command <br />
-;; b sdcdb-back-from-src SDCDB
-back command <br />
-;; c sdcdb-cont-from-src SDCDB
-continue command<br />
-;; s sdcdb-step-from-src SDCDB
-step command <br />
-;; ? sdcdb-whatis-c-sexp SDCDB
-ptypecommand for data at <br />
-;;
-buffer point <br />
-;; x sdcdbsrc-delete SDCDB
-Delete all breakpoints if no arg <br />
-;; given
-or delete arg (C-u arg x) <br />
-;; m sdcdbsrc-frame SDCDB
-Display current frame if no arg, <br />
-;; given
-or display frame arg <br />
-;; buffer
-point <br />
-;; ! sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb Goto
-the SDCDB output buffer <br />
-;; p sdcdb-print-c-sexp SDCDB
-print command for data at <br />
-;;
-buffer point <br />
-;; g sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb Goto
-the SDCDB output buffer <br />
-;; t sdcdbsrc-mode Toggles
-Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it off) <br />
-;; <br />
-;; C-c C-f sdcdb-finish-from-src SDCDB
-finish command <br />
-;; <br />
-;; C-x SPC sdcdb-break Set
-break for line with point <br />
-;; ESC t sdcdbsrc-mode Toggle
-Sdcdbsrc mode <br />
-;; ESC m sdcdbsrc-srcmode
-Toggle list mode <br />
-;; <br />
-
-<p>
- <h2><a name="tth_sEc8">
-8</a> Other Processors</h2>
-
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc8.1">
-8.1</a> The Z80 and gbz80 port</h3>
-
-<p>
+<P>
+
+<BR>;; Current Listing ::
+<BR>;;key binding Comment
+
+<BR>;;-- ---- ----
+
+<BR>;;
+<BR>;; n sdcdb-next-from-src SDCDB
+next command
+<BR>;; b sdcdb-back-from-src SDCDB
+back command
+<BR>;; c sdcdb-cont-from-src SDCDB
+continue command
+<BR>;; s sdcdb-step-from-src SDCDB
+step command
+<BR>;; ? sdcdb-whatis-c-sexp SDCDB
+ptypecommand for data at
+<BR>;;
+buffer point
+<BR>;; x sdcdbsrc-delete SDCDB
+Delete all breakpoints if no arg
+<BR>;; given
+or delete arg (C-u arg x)
+<BR>;; m sdcdbsrc-frame SDCDB
+Display current frame if no arg,
+<BR>;; given
+or display frame arg
+<BR>;; buffer
+point
+<BR>;; ! sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb Goto
+the SDCDB output buffer
+<BR>;; p sdcdb-print-c-sexp SDCDB
+print command for data at
+<BR>;;
+buffer point
+<BR>;; g sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb Goto
+the SDCDB output buffer
+<BR>;; t sdcdbsrc-mode Toggles
+Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it off)
+<BR>;;
+<BR>;; C-c C-f sdcdb-finish-from-src SDCDB
+finish command
+<BR>;;
+<BR>;; C-x SPC sdcdb-break Set
+break for line with point
+<BR>;; ESC t sdcdbsrc-mode Toggle
+Sdcdbsrc mode
+<BR>;; ESC m sdcdbsrc-srcmode
+Toggle list mode
+<BR>;;
+<BR>
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION00090000000000000000">
+8 Other Processors</A>
+</H1>
+
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION00091000000000000000">
+8.1 The Z80 and gbz80 port</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
SDCC can target both the Zilog Z80 and the Nintendo Gameboy's Z80-like
gbz80. The port is incomplete - long support is incomplete (mul, div
and mod are unimplimented), and both float and bitfield support is
missing, but apart from that the code generated is correct.
-<p>
+<P>
As always, the code is the authoritave reference - see z80/ralloc.c
and z80/gen.c. The stack frame is similar to that generated by the
IAR Z80 compiler. IX is used as the base pointer, HL is used as a
effect of using IX as the base pointer is that a functions stack frame
is limited to 127 bytes - this will be fixed in a later version.
-<p>
- <h2><a name="tth_sEc9">
-9</a> Support</h2>
+<P>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION000100000000000000000">
+9 Support</A>
+</H1>
-<p>
+<P>
SDCC has grown to be large project, the compiler alone (without the
Assembler Package, Preprocessor) is about 40,000 lines of code (blank
stripped). The open source nature of this project is a key to its
SDCC users. There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage
you to take part in making SDCC a great software package.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc9.1">
-9.1</a> Reporting Bugs</h3>
+<P>
-<p>
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION000101000000000000000">
+9.1 Reporting Bugs</A>
+</H2>
+
+<P>
Send an email to the mailing list at 'user-sdcc@sdcc.sourceforge.net'
or 'devel-sdcc@sdcc.sourceforge.net'. Bugs will be fixed ASAP. When
reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program
your program with the -dumpall option can sometimes be useful in
locating optimization problems.
-<p>
- <h3><a name="tth_sEc9.2">
-9.2</a> Acknowledgments</h3>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="SECTION000102000000000000000">
+9.2 Acknowledgments</A>
+</H2>
-<p>
+<P>
Sandeep Dutta(sandeep.dutta@usa.net) - SDCC, the compiler, MCS51 code
-generator, Debugger, AVR port<br />
+generator, Debugger, AVR port
+<BR>
Alan Baldwin (baldwin@shop-pdp.kent.edu) - Initial version of ASXXXX
-& ASLINK. <br />
+& ASLINK.
+<BR>
John Hartman (jhartman@compuserve.com) - Porting ASXXX & ASLINK for
-8051<br />
-Dmitry S. Obukhov (dso@usa.net) - malloc & serial i/o routines. <br />
-Daniel Drotos <drdani@mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu> - for his Freeware
-simulator<br />
+8051
+<BR>
+Dmitry S. Obukhov (dso@usa.net) - malloc & serial i/o routines.
+<BR>
+Daniel Drotos <drdani@mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu> - for his Freeware
+simulator
+<BR>
Malini Dutta(malini_dutta@hotmail.com) - my wife for her patience
-and support.<br />
-Unknown - for the GNU C - preprocessor.<br />
-Michael Hope - The Z80 and Z80GB port, 186 development<br />
-Kevin Vigor - The DS390 port.<br />
-Johan Knol - DS390/TINI libs, lots of fixes and enhancements.<br />
-Scott Datallo - PIC port.<br />
-(Thanks to all the other volunteer developers who have helped with
+and support.
+<BR>
+Unknown - for the GNU C - preprocessor.
+<BR>
+Michael Hope - The Z80 and Z80GB port, 186 development
+<BR>
+Kevin Vigor - The DS390 port.
+<BR>
+Johan Knol - DS390/TINI libs, lots of fixes and enhancements.
+<BR>
+Scott Datallo - PIC port.
+<BR>(Thanks to all the other volunteer developers who have helped with
coding, testing, web-page creation, distribution sets, etc. You know
-who you are :-)<br />
-
-<p>
+who you are :-)
+<BR>
+<P>
This document initially written by Sandeep Dutta
-<p>
+<P>
All product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective
companies.
-<p>
-<hr /><h3>Footnotes:</h3>
-
-<p>
-<a name="tthFtNtAAB"></a><a href="#tthFrefAAB"><sup>1</sup></a>possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt'
+<P>
+<A NAME="959"></A>
+
+<H1><A NAME="SECTION000110000000000000000">
+About this document ...</A>
+</H1>
+ <STRONG>lSDCC Compiler User Guide</STRONG><P>
+This document was generated using the
+<A HREF="http://www-dsed.llnl.gov/files/programs/unix/latex2html/manual/"><STRONG>LaTeX</STRONG>2<tt>HTML</tt></A> translator Version 2K.1beta (1.47)
+<P>
+Copyright © 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
+<A HREF="http://cbl.leeds.ac.uk/nikos/personal.html">Nikos Drakos</A>,
+Computer Based Learning Unit, University of Leeds.
+<BR>
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999,
+<A HREF="http://www.maths.mq.edu.au/~ross/">Ross Moore</A>,
+Mathematics Department, Macquarie University, Sydney.
+<P>
+The command line arguments were: <BR>
+ <STRONG>latex2html</STRONG> <TT>-no_subdir -split 0 -show_section_numbers /tmp/lyx_tmpdir1913F54AWM/lyx_tmpbuf1913544rwj/SDCCUdoc.tex</TT>
+<P>
+The translation was initiated by Karl Bongers on 2001-07-05
+<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
+<DL>
+<DT><A NAME="foot513">...
+anyway</A><A NAME="foot513"
+ HREF="SDCCUdoc.html#tex2html1"><SUP>1</SUP></A>
+<DD>possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt'
functions using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same
'using' attribute as the calling 'interrupt' functions. For instance,
if you have several ISRs using bank one, and all of them call memcpy(),
1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero
to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function
-<br /><br /><hr /><small>File translated from
-T<sub><font size="-1">E</font></sub>X
-by <a href="http://hutchinson.belmont.ma.us/tth/">
-T<sub><font size="-1">T</font></sub>H</a>,
-version 3.01.<br />On 5 Jul 2001, 17:34.</small>
-</html>
+
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