Imported Upstream version 1.8.7

[debian/sudo] / doc / sudoers.ldap.cat

SUDOERS.LDAP(1m)             System Manager's Manual            SUDOERS.LDAP(1m)

N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
     s\bsu\bud\bdo\boe\ber\brs\bs.\b.l\bld\bda\bap\bp - sudo LDAP configuration

D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
     In addition to the standard _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo may be configured via
     LDAP.  This can be especially useful for synchronizing _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs in a
     large, distributed environment.

     Using LDAP for _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs has several benefits:

     o\bo   s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo no longer needs to read _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs in its entirety.  When LDAP is
         used, there are only two or three LDAP queries per invocation.  This
         makes it especially fast and particularly usable in LDAP
         environments.

     o\bo   s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo no longer exits if there is a typo in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs.  It is not
         possible to load LDAP data into the server that does not conform to
         the sudoers schema, so proper syntax is guaranteed.  It is still
         possible to have typos in a user or host name, but this will not
         prevent s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo from running.

     o\bo   It is possible to specify per-entry options that override the global
         default options.  _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs only supports default options and
         limited options associated with user/host/commands/aliases.  The
         syntax is complicated and can be difficult for users to understand.
         Placing the options directly in the entry is more natural.

     o\bo   The v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo program is no longer needed.  v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo provides locking and
         syntax checking of the _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.  Since LDAP updates are
         atomic, locking is no longer necessary.  Because syntax is checked
         when the data is inserted into LDAP, there is no need for a
         specialized tool to check syntax.

     Another major difference between LDAP and file-based _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs is that in
     LDAP, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo-specific Aliases are not supported.

     For the most part, there is really no need for s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo-specific Aliases.
     Unix groups, non-Unix groups (via the _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp_\b__\bp_\bl_\bu_\bg_\bi_\bn) or user netgroups can
     be used in place of User_Aliases and Runas_Aliases.  Host netgroups can
     be used in place of Host_Aliases.  Since groups and netgroups can also be
     stored in LDAP there is no real need for s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo-specific aliases.

     Cmnd_Aliases are not really required either since it is possible to have
     multiple users listed in a sudoRole.  Instead of defining a Cmnd_Alias
     that is referenced by multiple users, one can create a sudoRole that
     contains the commands and assign multiple users to it.

   S\bSU\bUD\bDO\bOe\ber\brs\bs L\bLD\bDA\bAP\bP c\bco\bon\bnt\bta\bai\bin\bne\ber\br
     The _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs configuration is contained in the ou=SUDOers LDAP container.

     Sudo first looks for the cn=default entry in the SUDOers container.  If
     found, the multi-valued sudoOption attribute is parsed in the same manner
     as a global Defaults line in _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs.  In the following example, the
     SSH_AUTH_SOCK variable will be preserved in the environment for all
     users.

         dn: cn=defaults,ou=SUDOers,dc=example,dc=com
         objectClass: top
         objectClass: sudoRole
         cn: defaults
         description: Default sudoOption's go here
         sudoOption: env_keep+=SSH_AUTH_SOCK

     The equivalent of a sudoer in LDAP is a sudoRole.  It consists of the
     following attributes:

     s\bsu\bud\bdo\boU\bUs\bse\ber\br
           A user name, user ID (prefixed with `#'), Unix group name or ID
           (prefixed with `%' or `%#' respectively), user netgroup (prefixed
           with `+'), or non-Unix group name or ID (prefixed with `%:' or
           `%:#' respectively).  Non-Unix group support is only available when
           an appropriate _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp_\b__\bp_\bl_\bu_\bg_\bi_\bn is defined in the global _\bd_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt_\bs
           sudoRole object.

     s\bsu\bud\bdo\boH\bHo\bos\bst\bt
           A host name, IP address, IP network, or host netgroup (prefixed
           with a `+').  The special value ALL will match any host.

     s\bsu\bud\bdo\boC\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd
           A fully-qualified Unix command name with optional command line
           arguments, potentially including globbing characters (aka wild
           cards).  If a command name is preceded by an exclamation point,
           `!', the user will be prohibited from running that command.

           The built-in command ``sudoedit'' is used to permit a user to run
           s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo with the -\b-e\be option (or as s\bsu\bud\bdo\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bt).  It may take command line
           arguments just as a normal command does.  Note that ``sudoedit'' is
           a command built into s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo itself and must be specified in without a
           leading path.

           The special value ALL will match any command.

           If a command name is prefixed with a SHA-2 digest, it will only be
           allowed if the digest matches.  This may be useful in situations
           where the user invoking s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo has write access to the command or its
           parent directory.  The following digest formats are supported:
           sha224, sha256, sha384 and sha512.  The digest name must be
           followed by a colon (`:') and then the actual digest, in either hex
           or base64 format.  For example, given the following value for
           sudoCommand:

               sha224:0GomF8mNN3wlDt1HD9XldjJ3SNgpFdbjO1+NsQ /bin/ls

           The user may only run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs if its sha224 digest matches the
           specified value.  Command digests are only supported by version
           1.8.7 or higher.

     s\bsu\bud\bdo\boO\bOp\bpt\bti\bio\bon\bn
           Identical in function to the global options described above, but
           specific to the sudoRole in which it resides.

     s\bsu\bud\bdo\boR\bRu\bun\bnA\bAs\bsU\bUs\bse\ber\br
           A user name or uid (prefixed with `#') that commands may be run as
           or a Unix group (prefixed with a `%') or user netgroup (prefixed
           with a `+') that contains a list of users that commands may be run
           as.  The special value ALL will match any user.

           The sudoRunAsUser attribute is only available in s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo versions
           1.7.0 and higher.  Older versions of s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo use the sudoRunAs
           attribute instead.

     s\bsu\bud\bdo\boR\bRu\bun\bnA\bAs\bsG\bGr\bro\bou\bup\bp
           A Unix group or gid (prefixed with `#') that commands may be run
           as.  The special value ALL will match any group.

           The sudoRunAsGroup attribute is only available in s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo versions
           1.7.0 and higher.

     s\bsu\bud\bdo\boN\bNo\bot\btB\bBe\bef\bfo\bor\bre\be
           A timestamp in the form yyyymmddHHMMSSZ that can be used to provide
           a start date/time for when the sudoRole will be valid.  If multiple
           sudoNotBefore entries are present, the earliest is used.  Note that
           timestamps must be in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), not the
           local timezone.  The minute and seconds portions are optional, but
           some LDAP servers require that they be present (contrary to the
           RFC).

           The sudoNotBefore attribute is only available in s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo versions
           1.7.5 and higher and must be explicitly enabled via the
           S\bSU\bUD\bDO\bOE\bER\bRS\bS_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bED\bD option in _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf.

     s\bsu\bud\bdo\boN\bNo\bot\btA\bAf\bft\bte\ber\br
           A timestamp in the form yyyymmddHHMMSSZ that indicates an
           expiration date/time, after which the sudoRole will no longer be
           valid.  If multiple sudoNotBefore entries are present, the last one
           is used.  Note that timestamps must be in Coordinated Universal
           Time (UTC), not the local timezone.  The minute and seconds
           portions are optional, but some LDAP servers require that they be
           present (contrary to the RFC).

           The sudoNotAfter attribute is only available in s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo versions 1.7.5
           and higher and must be explicitly enabled via the S\bSU\bUD\bDO\bOE\bER\bRS\bS_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bED\bD
           option in _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf.

     s\bsu\bud\bdo\boO\bOr\brd\bde\ber\br
           The sudoRole entries retrieved from the LDAP directory have no
           inherent order.  The sudoOrder attribute is an integer (or floating
           point value for LDAP servers that support it) that is used to sort
           the matching entries.  This allows LDAP-based sudoers entries to
           more closely mimic the behavior of the sudoers file, where the of
           the entries influences the result.  If multiple entries match, the
           entry with the highest sudoOrder attribute is chosen.  This
           corresponds to the ``last match'' behavior of the sudoers file.  If
           the sudoOrder attribute is not present, a value of 0 is assumed.

           The sudoOrder attribute is only available in s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo versions 1.7.5
           and higher.

     Each attribute listed above should contain a single value, but there may
     be multiple instances of each attribute type.  A sudoRole must contain at
     least one sudoUser, sudoHost and sudoCommand.

     The following example allows users in group wheel to run any command on
     any host via s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo:

         dn: cn=%wheel,ou=SUDOers,dc=example,dc=com
         objectClass: top
         objectClass: sudoRole
         cn: %wheel
         sudoUser: %wheel
         sudoHost: ALL
         sudoCommand: ALL

   A\bAn\bna\bat\bto\bom\bmy\by o\bof\bf L\bLD\bDA\bAP\bP s\bsu\bud\bdo\boe\ber\brs\bs l\blo\boo\bok\bku\bup\bp
     When looking up a sudoer using LDAP there are only two or three LDAP
     queries per invocation.  The first query is to parse the global options.
     The second is to match against the user's name and the groups that the
     user belongs to.  (The special ALL tag is matched in this query too.)  If
     no match is returned for the user's name and groups, a third query
     returns all entries containing user netgroups and checks to see if the
     user belongs to any of them.

     If timed entries are enabled with the S\bSU\bUD\bDO\bOE\bER\bRS\bS_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bED\bD configuration
     directive, the LDAP queries include a sub-filter that limits retrieval to
     entries that satisfy the time constraints, if any.

   D\bDi\bif\bff\bfe\ber\bre\ben\bnc\bce\bes\bs b\bbe\bet\btw\bwe\bee\ben\bn L\bLD\bDA\bAP\bP a\ban\bnd\bd n\bno\bon\bn-\b-L\bLD\bDA\bAP\bP s\bsu\bud\bdo\boe\ber\brs\bs
     There are some subtle differences in the way sudoers is handled once in
     LDAP.  Probably the biggest is that according to the RFC, LDAP ordering
     is arbitrary and you cannot expect that Attributes and Entries are
     returned in any specific order.

     The order in which different entries are applied can be controlled using
     the sudoOrder attribute, but there is no way to guarantee the order of
     attributes within a specific entry.  If there are conflicting command
     rules in an entry, the negative takes precedence.  This is called
     paranoid behavior (not necessarily the most specific match).

     Here is an example:

         # /etc/sudoers:
         # Allow all commands except shell
         johnny  ALL=(root) ALL,!/bin/sh
         # Always allows all commands because ALL is matched last
         puddles ALL=(root) !/bin/sh,ALL

         # LDAP equivalent of johnny
         # Allows all commands except shell
         dn: cn=role1,ou=Sudoers,dc=my-domain,dc=com
         objectClass: sudoRole
         objectClass: top
         cn: role1
         sudoUser: johnny
         sudoHost: ALL
         sudoCommand: ALL
         sudoCommand: !/bin/sh

         # LDAP equivalent of puddles
         # Notice that even though ALL comes last, it still behaves like
         # role1 since the LDAP code assumes the more paranoid configuration
         dn: cn=role2,ou=Sudoers,dc=my-domain,dc=com
         objectClass: sudoRole
         objectClass: top
         cn: role2
         sudoUser: puddles
         sudoHost: ALL
         sudoCommand: !/bin/sh
         sudoCommand: ALL

     Another difference is that negations on the Host, User or Runas are
     currently ignored.  For example, the following attributes do not behave
     the way one might expect.

         # does not match all but joe
         # rather, does not match anyone
         sudoUser: !joe

         # does not match all but joe
         # rather, matches everyone including Joe
         sudoUser: ALL
         sudoUser: !joe

         # does not match all but web01
         # rather, matches all hosts including web01
         sudoHost: ALL
         sudoHost: !web01

   S\bSu\bud\bdo\boe\ber\brs\bs s\bsc\bch\bhe\bem\bma\ba
     In order to use s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo's LDAP support, the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo schema must be installed on
     your LDAP server.  In addition, be sure to index the sudoUser attribute.

     Three versions of the schema: one for OpenLDAP servers (_\bs_\bc_\bh_\be_\bm_\ba_\b._\bO_\bp_\be_\bn_\bL_\bD_\bA_\bP),
     one for Netscape-derived servers (_\bs_\bc_\bh_\be_\bm_\ba_\b._\bi_\bP_\bl_\ba_\bn_\be_\bt), and one for Microsoft
     Active Directory (_\bs_\bc_\bh_\be_\bm_\ba_\b._\bA_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bv_\be_\bD_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bo_\br_\by) may be found in the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
     distribution.

     The schema for s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo in OpenLDAP form is also included in the _\bE_\bX_\bA_\bM_\bP_\bL_\bE_\bS
     section.

   C\bCo\bon\bnf\bfi\big\bgu\bur\bri\bin\bng\bg l\bld\bda\bap\bp.\b.c\bco\bon\bnf\bf
     Sudo reads the _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf file for LDAP-specific configuration.
     Typically, this file is shared between different LDAP-aware clients.  As
     such, most of the settings are not s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo-specific. Note that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo parses
     _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf itself and may support options that differ from those
     described in the system's ldap.conf(1m) manual.  The path to _\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf may
     be overridden via the _\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b__\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf plugin argument in sudo.conf(4).

     Also note that on systems using the OpenLDAP libraries, default values
     specified in _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bo_\bp_\be_\bn_\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b/_\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf or the user's _\b._\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\br_\bc files are not
     used.

     Only those options explicitly listed in _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf as being supported
     by s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo are honored.  Configuration options are listed below in upper
     case but are parsed in a case-independent manner.

     Long lines can be continued with a backslash (`\') as the last character
     on the line.  Note that leading white space is removed from the beginning
     of lines even when the continuation character is used.

     U\bUR\bRI\bI _\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b[_\bs_\b]_\b:_\b/_\b/_\b[_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b[_\b:_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt_\b]_\b] _\b._\b._\b.
           Specifies a white space-delimited list of one or more URIs
           describing the LDAP server(s) to connect to.  The _\bp_\br_\bo_\bt_\bo_\bc_\bo_\bl may be
           either _\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp _\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\bs, the latter being for servers that support TLS
           (SSL) encryption.  If no _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt is specified, the default is port 389
           for ldap:// or port 636 for ldaps://.  If no _\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is specified,
           s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will connect to _\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bh_\bo_\bs_\bt.  Multiple U\bUR\bRI\bI lines are treated
           identically to a U\bUR\bRI\bI line containing multiple entries.  Only
           systems using the OpenSSL libraries support the mixing of ldap://
           and ldaps:// URIs.  Both the Netscape-derived and Tivoli LDAP
           libraries used on most commercial versions of Unix are only capable
           of supporting one or the other.

     H\bHO\bOS\bST\bT _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b[_\b:_\bp_\bo_\br_\bt_\b] _\b._\b._\b.
           If no U\bUR\bRI\bI is specified, the H\bHO\bOS\bST\bT parameter specifies a white space-
           delimited list of LDAP servers to connect to.  Each host may
           include an optional _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt separated by a colon (`:').  The H\bHO\bOS\bST\bT
           parameter is deprecated in favor of the U\bUR\bRI\bI specification and is
           included for backwards compatibility.

     P\bPO\bOR\bRT\bT _\bp_\bo_\br_\bt_\b__\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br
           If no U\bUR\bRI\bI is specified, the P\bPO\bOR\bRT\bT parameter specifies the default
           port to connect to on the LDAP server if a H\bHO\bOS\bST\bT parameter does not
           specify the port itself.  If no P\bPO\bOR\bRT\bT parameter is used, the default
           is port 389 for LDAP and port 636 for LDAP over TLS (SSL).  The
           P\bPO\bOR\bRT\bT parameter is deprecated in favor of the U\bUR\bRI\bI specification and
           is included for backwards compatibility.

     B\bBI\bIN\bND\bD_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEL\bLI\bIM\bMI\bIT\bT _\bs_\be_\bc_\bo_\bn_\bd_\bs
           The B\bBI\bIN\bND\bD_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEL\bLI\bIM\bMI\bIT\bT parameter specifies the amount of time, in
           seconds, to wait while trying to connect to an LDAP server.  If
           multiple U\bUR\bRI\bIs or H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTs are specified, this is the amount of time to
           wait before trying the next one in the list.

     N\bNE\bET\bTW\bWO\bOR\bRK\bK_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEO\bOU\bUT\bT _\bs_\be_\bc_\bo_\bn_\bd_\bs
           An alias for B\bBI\bIN\bND\bD_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEL\bLI\bIM\bMI\bIT\bT for OpenLDAP compatibility.

     T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEL\bLI\bIM\bMI\bIT\bT _\bs_\be_\bc_\bo_\bn_\bd_\bs
           The T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEL\bLI\bIM\bMI\bIT\bT parameter specifies the amount of time, in seconds,
           to wait for a response to an LDAP query.

     T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEO\bOU\bUT\bT _\bs_\be_\bc_\bo_\bn_\bd_\bs
           The T\bTI\bIM\bME\bEO\bOU\bUT\bT parameter specifies the amount of time, in seconds, to
           wait for a response from the various LDAP APIs.

     S\bSU\bUD\bDO\bOE\bER\bRS\bS_\b_B\bBA\bAS\bSE\bE _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be
           The base DN to use when performing s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo LDAP queries.  Typically
           this is of the form ou=SUDOers,dc=example,dc=com for the domain
           example.com.  Multiple S\bSU\bUD\bDO\bOE\bER\bRS\bS_\b_B\bBA\bAS\bSE\bE lines may be specified, in
           which case they are queried in the order specified.

     S\bSU\bUD\bDO\bOE\bER\bRS\bS_\b_S\bSE\bEA\bAR\bRC\bCH\bH_\b_F\bFI\bIL\bLT\bTE\bER\bR _\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b__\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br
           An LDAP filter which is used to restrict the set of records
           returned when performing a s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo LDAP query.  Typically, this is of
           the form attribute=value or
           (&(attribute=value)(attribute2=value2)).

     S\bSU\bUD\bDO\bOE\bER\bRS\bS_\b_T\bTI\bIM\bME\bED\bD _\bo_\bn_\b/_\bt_\br_\bu_\be_\b/_\by_\be_\bs_\b/_\bo_\bf_\bf_\b/_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be_\b/_\bn_\bo
           Whether or not to evaluate the sudoNotBefore and sudoNotAfter
           attributes that implement time-dependent sudoers entries.

     S\bSU\bUD\bDO\bOE\bER\bRS\bS_\b_D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG _\bd_\be_\bb_\bu_\bg_\b__\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl
           This sets the debug level for s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo LDAP queries.  Debugging
           information is printed to the standard error.  A value of 1 results
           in a moderate amount of debugging information.  A value of 2 shows
           the results of the matches themselves.  This parameter should not
           be set in a production environment as the extra information is
           likely to confuse users.

           The S\bSU\bUD\bDO\bOE\bER\bRS\bS_\b_D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a
           future release.  The same information is now logged via the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
           debugging framework using the ``ldap'' subsystem at priorities _\bd_\bi_\ba_\bg
           and _\bi_\bn_\bf_\bo for _\bd_\be_\bb_\bu_\bg_\b__\bl_\be_\bv_\be_\bl values 1 and 2 respectively.  See the
           sudo.conf(4) manual for details on how to configure s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo debugging.

     B\bBI\bIN\bND\bDD\bDN\bN _\bD_\bN
           The B\bBI\bIN\bND\bDD\bDN\bN parameter specifies the identity, in the form of a
           Distinguished Name (DN), to use when performing LDAP operations.
           If not specified, LDAP operations are performed with an anonymous
           identity.  By default, most LDAP servers will allow anonymous
           access.

     B\bBI\bIN\bND\bDP\bPW\bW _\bs_\be_\bc_\br_\be_\bt
           The B\bBI\bIN\bND\bDP\bPW\bW parameter specifies the password to use when performing
           LDAP operations.  This is typically used in conjunction with the
           B\bBI\bIN\bND\bDD\bDN\bN parameter.

     R\bRO\bOO\bOT\bTB\bBI\bIN\bND\bDD\bDN\bN _\bD_\bN
           The R\bRO\bOO\bOT\bTB\bBI\bIN\bND\bDD\bDN\bN parameter specifies the identity, in the form of a
           Distinguished Name (DN), to use when performing privileged LDAP
           operations, such as _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs queries.  The password corresponding to
           the identity should be stored in the or the path specified by the
           _\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b__\bs_\be_\bc_\br_\be_\bt plugin argument in sudo.conf(4), which defaults to
           _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b._\bs_\be_\bc_\br_\be_\bt.  If no R\bRO\bOO\bOT\bTB\bBI\bIN\bND\bDD\bDN\bN is specified, the B\bBI\bIN\bND\bDD\bDN\bN
           identity is used (if any).

     L\bLD\bDA\bAP\bP_\b_V\bVE\bER\bRS\bSI\bIO\bON\bN _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br
           The version of the LDAP protocol to use when connecting to the
           server.  The default value is protocol version 3.

     S\bSS\bSL\bL _\bo_\bn_\b/_\bt_\br_\bu_\be_\b/_\by_\be_\bs_\b/_\bo_\bf_\bf_\b/_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be_\b/_\bn_\bo
           If the S\bSS\bSL\bL parameter is set to on, true or yes, TLS (SSL)
           encryption is always used when communicating with the LDAP server.
           Typically, this involves connecting to the server on port 636
           (ldaps).

     S\bSS\bSL\bL _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt_\b__\bt_\bl_\bs
           If the S\bSS\bSL\bL parameter is set to start_tls, the LDAP server
           connection is initiated normally and TLS encryption is begun before
           the bind credentials are sent.  This has the advantage of not
           requiring a dedicated port for encrypted communications.  This
           parameter is only supported by LDAP servers that honor the
           _\bs_\bt_\ba_\br_\bt_\b__\bt_\bl_\bs extension, such as the OpenLDAP and Tivoli Directory
           servers.

     T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCH\bHE\bEC\bCK\bKP\bPE\bEE\bER\bR _\bo_\bn_\b/_\bt_\br_\bu_\be_\b/_\by_\be_\bs_\b/_\bo_\bf_\bf_\b/_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be_\b/_\bn_\bo
           If enabled, T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCH\bHE\bEC\bCK\bKP\bPE\bEE\bER\bR will cause the LDAP server's TLS
           certificated to be verified.  If the server's TLS certificate
           cannot be verified (usually because it is signed by an unknown
           certificate authority), s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will be unable to connect to it.  If
           T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCH\bHE\bEC\bCK\bKP\bPE\bEE\bER\bR is disabled, no check is made.  Note that disabling
           the check creates an opportunity for man-in-the-middle attacks
           since the server's identity will not be authenticated.  If
           possible, the CA's certificate should be installed locally so it
           can be verified.  This option is not supported by the Tivoli
           Directory Server LDAP libraries.

     T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCA\bAC\bCE\bER\bRT\bT _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
           An alias for T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCA\bAC\bCE\bER\bRT\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE for OpenLDAP compatibility.

     T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCA\bAC\bCE\bER\bRT\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
           The path to a certificate authority bundle which contains the
           certificates for all the Certificate Authorities the client knows
           to be valid, e.g. _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bs_\bl_\b/_\bc_\ba_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bn_\bd_\bl_\be_\b._\bp_\be_\bm.  This option is only
           supported by the OpenLDAP libraries.  Netscape-derived LDAP
           libraries use the same certificate database for CA and client
           certificates (see T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCE\bER\bRT\bT).

     T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCA\bAC\bCE\bER\bRT\bTD\bDI\bIR\bR _\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt_\bo_\br_\by
           Similar to T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCA\bAC\bCE\bER\bRT\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE but instead of a file, it is a directory
           containing individual Certificate Authority certificates, e.g.
           _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bs_\bl_\b/_\bc_\be_\br_\bt_\bs.  The directory specified by T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCA\bAC\bCE\bER\bRT\bTD\bDI\bIR\bR is
           checked after T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCA\bAC\bCE\bER\bRT\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE.  This option is only supported by the
           OpenLDAP libraries.

     T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCE\bER\bRT\bT _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
           The path to a file containing the client certificate which can be
           used to authenticate the client to the LDAP server.  The
           certificate type depends on the LDAP libraries used.

           OpenLDAP:
                 tls_cert /etc/ssl/client_cert.pem

           Netscape-derived:
                 tls_cert /var/ldap/cert7.db

           Tivoli Directory Server:
                 Unused, the key database specified by T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY contains both
                 keys and certificates.

                 When using Netscape-derived libraries, this file may also
                 contain Certificate Authority certificates.

     T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
           The path to a file containing the private key which matches the
           certificate specified by T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCE\bER\bRT\bT.  The private key must not be
           password-protected.  The key type depends on the LDAP libraries
           used.

           OpenLDAP:
                 tls_key /etc/ssl/client_key.pem

           Netscape-derived:
                 tls_key /var/ldap/key3.db

           Tivoli Directory Server:
                 tls_cert /usr/ldap/ldapkey.kdb
           When using Tivoli LDAP libraries, this file may also contain
           Certificate Authority and client certificates and may be encrypted.

     T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bYP\bPW\bW _\bs_\be_\bc_\br_\be_\bt
           The T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bYP\bPW\bW contains the password used to decrypt the key
           database on clients using the Tivoli Directory Server LDAP library.
           If no T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bYP\bPW\bW is specified, a _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bs_\bh _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be will be used if it
           exists.  The _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bs_\bh _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be must have the same path as the file
           specified by T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_K\bKE\bEY\bY, but use a .sth file extension instead of
           .kdb, e.g. ldapkey.sth.  The default ldapkey.kdb that ships with
           Tivoli Directory Server is encrypted with the password
           ssl_password.  This option is only supported by the Tivoli LDAP
           libraries.

     T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
           The T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE parameter specifies the path to an entropy source
           for systems that lack a random device.  It is generally used in
           conjunction with _\bp_\br_\bn_\bg_\bd or _\be_\bg_\bd.  This option is only supported by
           the OpenLDAP libraries.

     T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCI\bIP\bPH\bHE\bER\bRS\bS _\bc_\bi_\bp_\bh_\be_\br _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
           The T\bTL\bLS\bS_\b_C\bCI\bIP\bPH\bHE\bER\bRS\bS parameter allows the administer to restrict which
           encryption algorithms may be used for TLS (SSL) connections.  See
           the OpenLDAP or Tivoli Directory Server manual for a list of valid
           ciphers.  This option is not supported by Netscape-derived
           libraries.

     U\bUS\bSE\bE_\b_S\bSA\bAS\bSL\bL _\bo_\bn_\b/_\bt_\br_\bu_\be_\b/_\by_\be_\bs_\b/_\bo_\bf_\bf_\b/_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be_\b/_\bn_\bo
           Enable U\bUS\bSE\bE_\b_S\bSA\bAS\bSL\bL for LDAP servers that support SASL authentication.

     S\bSA\bAS\bSL\bL_\b_A\bAU\bUT\bTH\bH_\b_I\bID\bD _\bi_\bd_\be_\bn_\bt_\bi_\bt_\by
           The SASL user name to use when connecting to the LDAP server.  By
           default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will use an anonymous connection.

     R\bRO\bOO\bOT\bTU\bUS\bSE\bE_\b_S\bSA\bAS\bSL\bL _\bo_\bn_\b/_\bt_\br_\bu_\be_\b/_\by_\be_\bs_\b/_\bo_\bf_\bf_\b/_\bf_\ba_\bl_\bs_\be_\b/_\bn_\bo
           Enable R\bRO\bOO\bOT\bTU\bUS\bSE\bE_\b_S\bSA\bAS\bSL\bL to enable SASL authentication when connecting
           to an LDAP server from a privileged process, such as s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo.

     R\bRO\bOO\bOT\bTS\bSA\bAS\bSL\bL_\b_A\bAU\bUT\bTH\bH_\b_I\bID\bD _\bi_\bd_\be_\bn_\bt_\bi_\bt_\by
           The SASL user name to use when R\bRO\bOO\bOT\bTU\bUS\bSE\bE_\b_S\bSA\bAS\bSL\bL is enabled.

     S\bSA\bAS\bSL\bL_\b_S\bSE\bEC\bCP\bPR\bRO\bOP\bPS\bS _\bn_\bo_\bn_\be_\b/_\bp_\br_\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\bt_\bi_\be_\bs
           SASL security properties or _\bn_\bo_\bn_\be for no properties.  See the SASL
           programmer's manual for details.

     K\bKR\bRB\bB5\b5_\b_C\bCC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
           The path to the Kerberos 5 credential cache to use when
           authenticating with the remote server.

     D\bDE\bER\bRE\bEF\bF _\bn_\be_\bv_\be_\br_\b/_\bs_\be_\ba_\br_\bc_\bh_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b/_\bf_\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b/_\ba_\bl_\bw_\ba_\by_\bs
           How alias dereferencing is to be performed when searching.  See the
           ldap.conf(1m) manual for a full description of this option.

     See the _\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf entry in the _\bE_\bX_\bA_\bM_\bP_\bL_\bE_\bS section.

   C\bCo\bon\bnf\bfi\big\bgu\bur\bri\bin\bng\bg n\bns\bss\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh.\b.c\bco\bon\bnf\bf
     Unless it is disabled at build time, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo consults the Name Service
     Switch file, _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bn_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bi_\bt_\bc_\bh_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf, to specify the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs search order.
     Sudo looks for a line beginning with sudoers: and uses this to determine
     the search order.  Note that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo does not stop searching after the first
     match and later matches take precedence over earlier ones.  The following
     sources are recognized:

         files     read sudoers from _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs
         ldap      read sudoers from LDAP

     In addition, the entry [NOTFOUND=return] will short-circuit the search if
     the user was not found in the preceding source.

     To consult LDAP first followed by the local sudoers file (if it exists),
     use:

         sudoers: ldap files

     The local _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file can be ignored completely by using:

         sudoers: ldap

     If the _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bn_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bi_\bt_\bc_\bh_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf file is not present or there is no sudoers
     line, the following default is assumed:

         sudoers: files

     Note that _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bn_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bi_\bt_\bc_\bh_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf is supported even when the underlying
     operating system does not use an nsswitch.conf file, except on AIX (see
     below).

   C\bCo\bon\bnf\bfi\big\bgu\bur\bri\bin\bng\bg n\bne\bet\bts\bsv\bvc\bc.\b.c\bco\bon\bnf\bf
     On AIX systems, the _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bn_\be_\bt_\bs_\bv_\bc_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf file is consulted instead of
     _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bn_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bi_\bt_\bc_\bh_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf.  s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo simply treats _\bn_\be_\bt_\bs_\bv_\bc_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf as a variant of
     _\bn_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bi_\bt_\bc_\bh_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf; information in the previous section unrelated to the file
     format itself still applies.

     To consult LDAP first followed by the local sudoers file (if it exists),
     use:

         sudoers = ldap, files

     The local _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file can be ignored completely by using:

         sudoers = ldap

     To treat LDAP as authoritative and only use the local sudoers file if the
     user is not present in LDAP, use:

         sudoers = ldap = auth, files

     Note that in the above example, the auth qualifier only affects user
     lookups; both LDAP and _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs will be queried for Defaults entries.

     If the _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bn_\be_\bt_\bs_\bv_\bc_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf file is not present or there is no sudoers line,
     the following default is assumed:

         sudoers = files

F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
     _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf            LDAP configuration file

     _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bn_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bi_\bt_\bc_\bh_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf        determines sudoers source order

     _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bn_\be_\bt_\bs_\bv_\bc_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf          determines sudoers source order on AIX

E\bEX\bXA\bAM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bES\bS
   E\bEx\bxa\bam\bmp\bpl\ble\be l\bld\bda\bap\bp.\b.c\bco\bon\bnf\bf
       # Either specify one or more URIs or one or more host:port pairs.
       # If neither is specified sudo will default to localhost, port 389.
       #
       #host          ldapserver
       #host          ldapserver1 ldapserver2:390
       #
       # Default port if host is specified without one, defaults to 389.
       #port          389
       #
       # URI will override the host and port settings.
       uri            ldap://ldapserver
       #uri            ldaps://secureldapserver
       #uri            ldaps://secureldapserver ldap://ldapserver
       #
       # The amount of time, in seconds, to wait while trying to connect to
       # an LDAP server.
       bind_timelimit 30
       #
       # The amount of time, in seconds, to wait while performing an LDAP query.
       timelimit 30
       #
       # Must be set or sudo will ignore LDAP; may be specified multiple times.
       sudoers_base   ou=SUDOers,dc=example,dc=com
       #
       # verbose sudoers matching from ldap
       #sudoers_debug 2
       #
       # Enable support for time-based entries in sudoers.
       #sudoers_timed yes
       #
       # optional proxy credentials
       #binddn        <who to search as>
       #bindpw        <password>
       #rootbinddn    <who to search as, uses /etc/ldap.secret for bindpw>
       #
       # LDAP protocol version, defaults to 3
       #ldap_version 3
       #
       # Define if you want to use an encrypted LDAP connection.
       # Typically, you must also set the port to 636 (ldaps).
       #ssl on
       #
       # Define if you want to use port 389 and switch to
       # encryption before the bind credentials are sent.
       # Only supported by LDAP servers that support the start_tls
       # extension such as OpenLDAP.
       #ssl start_tls
       #
       # Additional TLS options follow that allow tweaking of the
       # SSL/TLS connection.
       #
       #tls_checkpeer yes # verify server SSL certificate
       #tls_checkpeer no  # ignore server SSL certificate
       #
       # If you enable tls_checkpeer, specify either tls_cacertfile
       # or tls_cacertdir.  Only supported when using OpenLDAP.
       #
       #tls_cacertfile /etc/certs/trusted_signers.pem
       #tls_cacertdir  /etc/certs
       #
       # For systems that don't have /dev/random
       # use this along with PRNGD or EGD.pl to seed the
       # random number pool to generate cryptographic session keys.
       # Only supported when using OpenLDAP.
       #
       #tls_randfile /etc/egd-pool
       #
       # You may restrict which ciphers are used.  Consult your SSL
       # documentation for which options go here.
       # Only supported when using OpenLDAP.
       #
       #tls_ciphers <cipher-list>
       #
       # Sudo can provide a client certificate when communicating to
       # the LDAP server.
       # Tips:
       #   * Enable both lines at the same time.
       #   * Do not password protect the key file.
       #   * Ensure the keyfile is only readable by root.
       #
       # For OpenLDAP:
       #tls_cert /etc/certs/client_cert.pem
       #tls_key  /etc/certs/client_key.pem
       #
       # For SunONE or iPlanet LDAP, tls_cert and tls_key may specify either
       # a directory, in which case the files in the directory must have the
       # default names (e.g. cert8.db and key4.db), or the path to the cert
       # and key files themselves.  However, a bug in version 5.0 of the LDAP
       # SDK will prevent specific file names from working.  For this reason
       # it is suggested that tls_cert and tls_key be set to a directory,
       # not a file name.
       #
       # The certificate database specified by tls_cert may contain CA certs
       # and/or the client's cert.  If the client's cert is included, tls_key
       # should be specified as well.
       # For backward compatibility, "sslpath" may be used in place of tls_cert.
       #tls_cert /var/ldap
       #tls_key /var/ldap
       #
       # If using SASL authentication for LDAP (OpenSSL)
       # use_sasl yes
       # sasl_auth_id <SASL user name>
       # rootuse_sasl yes
       # rootsasl_auth_id <SASL user name for root access>
       # sasl_secprops none
       # krb5_ccname /etc/.ldapcache

   S\bSu\bud\bdo\bo s\bsc\bch\bhe\bem\bma\ba f\bfo\bor\br O\bOp\bpe\ben\bnL\bLD\bDA\bAP\bP
     The following schema, in OpenLDAP format, is included with s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo source
     and binary distributions as _\bs_\bc_\bh_\be_\bm_\ba_\b._\bO_\bp_\be_\bn_\bL_\bD_\bA_\bP.  Simply copy it to the
     schema directory (e.g. _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bo_\bp_\be_\bn_\bl_\bd_\ba_\bp_\b/_\bs_\bc_\bh_\be_\bm_\ba), add the proper include line
     in _\bs_\bl_\ba_\bp_\bd_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf and restart s\bsl\bla\bap\bpd\bd.

       attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.1
          NAME 'sudoUser'
          DESC 'User(s) who may  run sudo'
          EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match
          SUBSTR caseExactIA5SubstringsMatch
          SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )

       attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.2
          NAME 'sudoHost'
          DESC 'Host(s) who may run sudo'
          EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match
          SUBSTR caseExactIA5SubstringsMatch
          SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )

       attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.3
          NAME 'sudoCommand'
          DESC 'Command(s) to be executed by sudo'
          EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match
          SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )

       attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.4
          NAME 'sudoRunAs'
          DESC 'User(s) impersonated by sudo'
          EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match
          SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )

       attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.5
          NAME 'sudoOption'
          DESC 'Options(s) followed by sudo'
          EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match
          SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )

       attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.6
          NAME 'sudoRunAsUser'
          DESC 'User(s) impersonated by sudo'
          EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match
          SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )

       attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.7
          NAME 'sudoRunAsGroup'
          DESC 'Group(s) impersonated by sudo'
          EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match
          SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 )

       attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.8
          NAME 'sudoNotBefore'
          DESC 'Start of time interval for which the entry is valid'
          EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch
          ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch
          SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 )

       attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.9
          NAME 'sudoNotAfter'
          DESC 'End of time interval for which the entry is valid'
          EQUALITY generalizedTimeMatch
          ORDERING generalizedTimeOrderingMatch
          SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.24 )

       attributeTypes ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.10
           NAME 'sudoOrder'
           DESC 'an integer to order the sudoRole entries'
           EQUALITY integerMatch
           ORDERING integerOrderingMatch
           SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 )

       objectclass ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.2.1 NAME 'sudoRole' SUP top STRUCTURAL
          DESC 'Sudoer Entries'
          MUST ( cn )
          MAY ( sudoUser $ sudoHost $ sudoCommand $ sudoRunAs $ sudoRunAsUser $
                sudoRunAsGroup $ sudoOption $ sudoNotBefore $ sudoNotAfter $
                sudoOrder $ description )
          )

S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
     ldap.conf(4), sudo.conf(4), sudoers(1m)

C\bCA\bAV\bVE\bEA\bAT\bTS\bS
     Note that there are differences in the way that LDAP-based _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs is
     parsed compared to file-based _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs.  See the _\bD_\bi_\bf_\bf_\be_\br_\be_\bn_\bc_\be_\bs _\bb_\be_\bt_\bw_\be_\be_\bn _\bL_\bD_\bA_\bP
     _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bn_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bL_\bD_\bA_\bP _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs section for more information.

B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
     If you feel you have found a bug in s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo, please submit a bug report at
     http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/

S\bSU\bUP\bPP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bT
     Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see
     http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the
     archives.

D\bDI\bIS\bSC\bCL\bLA\bAI\bIM\bME\bER\bR
     s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties,
     including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability
     and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.  See the LICENSE
     file distributed with s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for
     complete details.

Sudo 1.8.7                      April 25, 2013                      Sudo 1.8.7