1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
4 @documentencoding UTF-8
11 This manual is for GNU Gzip
12 (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}),
13 and documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
15 Copyright @copyright{} 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2016 Free Software
18 Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
21 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
22 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
23 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
24 Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
25 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
26 Free Documentation License''.
30 @dircategory Compression
32 * Gzip: (gzip). General (de)compression of files (lzw).
35 @dircategory Individual utilities
37 * gunzip: (gzip)Overview. Decompression.
38 * gzexe: (gzip)Overview. Compress executables.
39 * zcat: (gzip)Overview. Decompression to stdout.
40 * zdiff: (gzip)Overview. Compare compressed files.
41 * zforce: (gzip)Overview. Force .gz extension on files.
42 * zgrep: (gzip)Overview. Search compressed files.
43 * zmore: (gzip)Overview. Decompression output by pages.
48 @subtitle The data compression program
49 @subtitle for Gzip version @value{VERSION}
50 @subtitle @value{UPDATED}
51 @author by Jean-loup Gailly
54 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
62 @top GNU Gzip: General file (de)compression
68 * Overview:: Preliminary information.
69 * Sample:: Sample output from @command{gzip}.
70 * Invoking gzip:: How to run @command{gzip}.
71 * Advanced usage:: Concatenated files.
72 * Environment:: The @env{GZIP} environment variable
73 * Tapes:: Using @command{gzip} on tapes.
74 * Problems:: Reporting bugs.
75 * GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this manual.
76 * Concept index:: Index of concepts.
83 @command{gzip} reduces the size of the named files using Lempel--Ziv coding
84 (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the
85 extension @samp{.gz}, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
86 modification times. (The default extension is @samp{-gz} for @abbr{VMS},
87 @samp{z} for @abbr{MSDOS}, @abbr{OS/2} @abbr{FAT} and Atari.)
88 If no files are specified or
89 if a file name is @file{-}, the standard input is compressed to the standard
90 output. @command{gzip} will only attempt to compress regular files. In
91 particular, it will ignore symbolic links.
93 If the new file name is too long for its file system, @command{gzip}
94 truncates it. @command{gzip} attempts to truncate only the parts of the
95 file name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If
96 the name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
97 For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
98 is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems
99 which do not have a limit on file name length.
101 By default, @command{gzip} keeps the original file name and time stamp in
102 the compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the
103 @option{-N} option. This is useful when the compressed file name was
104 truncated or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file
105 transfer. However, due to limitations in the current @command{gzip} file
106 format, fractional seconds are discarded. Also, time stamps must fall
107 within the range 1970-01-01 00:00:00 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15
108 @abbr{UTC}, and hosts whose operating systems use 32-bit time
109 stamps are further restricted to time stamps no later than 2038-01-19
110 03:14:07 @abbr{UTC}. The upper bounds assume the typical case
111 where leap seconds are ignored.
113 Compressed files can be restored to their original form using @samp{gzip -d}
114 or @command{gunzip} or @command{zcat}. If the original name saved in the
115 compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is
116 constructed from the original one to make it legal.
118 @command{gunzip} takes a list of files on its command line and replaces
119 each file whose name ends with @samp{.gz}, @samp{.z}
120 @samp{-gz}, @samp{-z}, or @samp{_z} (ignoring case)
121 and which begins with the correct
122 magic number with an uncompressed file without the original extension.
123 @command{gunzip} also recognizes the special extensions @samp{.tgz} and
124 @samp{.taz} as shorthands for @samp{.tar.gz} and @samp{.tar.Z}
125 respectively. When compressing, @command{gzip} uses the @samp{.tgz}
126 extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a @samp{.tar}
129 @command{gunzip} can currently decompress files created by @command{gzip},
130 @command{zip}, @command{compress} or @command{pack}. The detection of the input
131 format is automatic. When using the first two formats, @command{gunzip}
132 checks a 32 bit @abbr{CRC} (cyclic redundancy check). For @command{pack},
133 @command{gunzip} checks the uncompressed length. The @command{compress} format
134 was not designed to allow consistency checks. However @command{gunzip} is
135 sometimes able to detect a bad @samp{.Z} file. If you get an error when
136 uncompressing a @samp{.Z} file, do not assume that the @samp{.Z} file is
137 correct simply because the standard @command{uncompress} does not complain.
138 This generally means that the standard @command{uncompress} does not check
139 its input, and happily generates garbage output. The @abbr{SCO} @samp{compress
140 -H} format (@abbr{LZH} compression method) does not include a @abbr{CRC} but
141 also allows some consistency checks.
143 Files created by @command{zip} can be uncompressed by @command{gzip} only if
144 they have a single member compressed with the ``deflation'' method. This
145 feature is only intended to help conversion of @file{tar.zip} files to
146 the @file{tar.gz} format. To extract a @command{zip} file with a single
147 member, use a command like @samp{gunzip <foo.zip} or @samp{gunzip -S
148 .zip foo.zip}. To extract @command{zip} files with several
149 members, use @command{unzip} instead of @command{gunzip}.
151 @command{zcat} is identical to @samp{gunzip -c}. @command{zcat}
152 uncompresses either a list of files on the command line or its standard
153 input and writes the uncompressed data on standard output. @command{zcat}
154 will uncompress files that have the correct magic number whether they
155 have a @samp{.gz} suffix or not.
157 @command{gzip} uses the Lempel--Ziv algorithm used in @command{zip} and
159 The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and
160 the distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source
161 code or English is reduced by 60--70%. Compression is generally much
162 better than that achieved by @abbr{LZW} (as used in @command{compress}), Huffman
163 coding (as used in @command{pack}), or adaptive Huffman coding
166 Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is slightly
167 larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few bytes for
168 the @command{gzip} file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an expansion
169 ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number of used
170 disk blocks almost never increases. @command{gzip} normally preserves the mode,
171 ownership and time stamps of files when compressing or decompressing.
173 The @command{gzip} file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file
174 format specification version 4.3,
175 @uref{http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt, Internet @abbr{RFC} 1952} (May
176 1996). The @command{zip} deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch,
177 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3,
178 @uref{http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt, Internet @abbr{RFC} 1951} (May
182 @chapter Sample output
185 Here are some realistic examples of running @command{gzip}.
187 This is the output of the command @samp{gzip -h}:
190 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
191 Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
193 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
195 -c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
196 -d, --decompress decompress
197 -f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
198 -h, --help give this help
199 -k, --keep keep (don't delete) input files
200 -l, --list list compressed file contents
201 -L, --license display software license
202 -n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
203 -N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
204 -q, --quiet suppress all warnings
205 -r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
206 -S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
207 --synchronous synchronous output (safer if system crashes, but slower)
208 -t, --test test compressed file integrity
209 -v, --verbose verbose mode
210 -V, --version display version number
211 -1, --fast compress faster
212 -9, --best compress better
214 With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
216 Report bugs to <bug-gzip@@gnu.org>.
219 This is the output of the command @samp{gzip -v texinfo.tex}:
222 texinfo.tex: 69.3% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
225 The following command will find all regular @samp{.gz} files in the
226 current directory and subdirectories (skipping file names that contain
227 newlines), and extract them in place without destroying the original,
228 stopping on the first failure:
232 *' -prune -o -name '*.gz' -type f -print |
235 s/^\\(.*\\)\\.gz$/gunzip <'\\1.gz' >'\\1'/
241 @chapter Invoking @command{gzip}
245 The format for running the @command{gzip} program is:
248 gzip @var{option} @dots{}
251 @command{gzip} supports the following options:
257 Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
258 If there are several input files, the output consists of a sequence of
259 independently compressed members. To obtain better compression,
260 concatenate all input files before compressing them.
269 Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple links
270 or the corresponding file already exists, or if the compressed data
271 is read from or written to a terminal. If the input data is not in
272 a format recognized by @command{gzip}, and if the option @option{--stdout} is also
273 given, copy the input data without change to the standard output: let
274 @command{zcat} behave as @command{cat}. If @option{-f} is not given, and
275 when not running in the background, @command{gzip} prompts to verify
276 whether an existing file should be overwritten.
280 Print an informative help message describing the options then quit.
284 Keep (don't delete) input files during compression or decompression.
288 For each compressed file, list the following fields:
291 compressed size: size of the compressed file
292 uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
293 ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
294 uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
297 The uncompressed size is given as @minus{}1 for files not in @command{gzip}
298 format, such as compressed @samp{.Z} files. To get the uncompressed size for
299 such a file, you can use:
305 In combination with the @option{--verbose} option, the following fields are also
309 method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack)
310 crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
311 date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file
314 The @abbr{CRC} is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
316 With @option{--verbose}, the size totals and compression ratio for all files
317 is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With @option{--quiet},
318 the title and totals lines are not displayed.
320 The @command{gzip} format represents the input size modulo
321 @math{2^32}, so the uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed
322 incorrectly for uncompressed files 4 GiB and larger. To work around
323 this problem, you can use the following command to discover a large
324 uncompressed file's true size:
332 Display the @command{gzip} license then quit.
336 When compressing, do not save the original file name and time stamp by
337 default. (The original name is always saved if the name had to be
338 truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the original file name
339 if present (remove only the @command{gzip}
340 suffix from the compressed file name) and do not restore the original
341 time stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
342 is the default when decompressing.
346 When compressing, always save the original file name and time stamp; this
347 is the default. When decompressing, restore the original file name and
348 time stamp if present. This option is useful on systems which have
349 a limit on file name length or when the time stamp has been lost after
354 Suppress all warning messages.
358 Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file names
359 specified on the command line are directories, @command{gzip} will descend
360 into the directory and compress all the files it finds there (or
361 decompress them in the case of @command{gunzip}).
363 @item --suffix @var{suf}
365 Use suffix @var{suf} instead of @samp{.gz}. Any suffix can be
366 given, but suffixes other than @samp{.z} and @samp{.gz} should be
367 avoided to avoid confusion when files are transferred to other systems.
368 A null suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files
369 regardless of suffix, as in:
372 gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
375 Previous versions of gzip used the @samp{.z} suffix. This was changed to
376 avoid a conflict with @command{pack}.
379 Use synchronous output, by transferring output data to the output
380 file's storage device when the file system supports this. Because
381 file system data can be cached, without this option if the system
382 crashes around the time a command like @samp{gzip FOO} is run the user
383 might lose both @file{FOO} and @file{FOO.gz}; this is the default with
384 @command{gzip}, just as it is the default with most applications that
385 move data. When this option is used, @command{gzip} is safer but can
386 be considerably slower.
390 Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
394 Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file compressed.
398 Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then quit.
403 Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit @var{n},
404 where @option{-1} or @option{--fast} indicates the fastest compression
405 method (less compression) and @option{--best} or @option{-9} indicates the
406 slowest compression method (optimal compression). The default
407 compression level is @option{-6} (that is, biased towards high compression at
412 @chapter Advanced usage
413 @cindex concatenated files
415 Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case,
416 @command{gunzip} will extract all members at once. If one member is
417 damaged, other members might still be recovered after removal of the
418 damaged member. Better compression can be usually obtained if all
419 members are decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.
421 This is an example of concatenating @command{gzip} files:
424 gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
425 gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
442 In case of damage to one member of a @samp{.gz} file, other members can
443 still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However,
444 you can get better compression by compressing all members at once:
447 cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
451 compresses better than
454 gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
457 If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better compression, do:
460 zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz
463 If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed
464 size and @abbr{CRC} reported by the @option{--list} option applies to
466 only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
472 If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so
473 that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
474 as @command{tar} or @command{zip}. @acronym{GNU} @command{tar}
475 supports the @option{-z}
476 option to invoke @command{gzip} transparently. @command{gzip} is designed as a
477 complement to @command{tar}, not as a replacement.
483 The obsolescent environment variable @env{GZIP} can hold a set of
484 default options for @command{gzip}. These options are interpreted
485 first and can be overwritten by explicit command line parameters. As
486 this can cause problems when using scripts, this feature is supported
487 only for options that are reasonably likely to not cause too much
488 harm, and @command{gzip} warns if it is used. This feature will be
489 removed in a future release of @command{gzip}.
491 You can use an alias or script instead. For example, if
492 @command{gzip} is in the directory @samp{/usr/bin} you can prepend
493 @file{$HOME/bin} to your @env{PATH} and create an executable script
494 @file{$HOME/bin/gzip} containing the following:
502 On @abbr{VMS}, the name of the obsolescent environment variable is
503 @env{GZIP_OPT}, to avoid a conflict with the symbol set for invocation
507 @chapter Using @command{gzip} on tapes
510 When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad
511 the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read and
512 the whole block is passed to @command{gunzip} for decompression,
513 @command{gunzip} detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the
514 compressed data and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains
515 nonzero bytes. You can use the @option{--quiet} option to suppress
519 @chapter Reporting Bugs
522 If you find a bug in @command{gzip}, please send electronic mail to
523 @email{bug-gzip@@gnu.org}. Include the version number,
524 which you can find by running @w{@samp{gzip -V}}. Also include in your
525 message the hardware and operating system, the compiler used to compile
527 a description of the bug behavior, and the input to @command{gzip}
531 @node GNU Free Documentation License
532 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License
537 @appendix Concept index