1 .\" Copyright (c) 1994-1996, 1998-2005, 2007-2011
2 .\" Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
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24 .nr PT @password_timeout@
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149 .\" ========================================================================
151 .IX Title "SUDO @mansectsu@"
152 .TH SUDO @mansectsu@ "September 16, 2011" "1.8.3" "MAINTENANCE COMMANDS"
153 .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
154 .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
158 sudo, sudoedit \- execute a command as another user
160 .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
161 \&\fBsudo\fR [\fB\-D\fR\ \fIlevel\fR] \fB\-h\fR | \fB\-K\fR | \fB\-k\fR | \fB\-V\fR
163 \&\fBsudo\fR \fB\-v\fR [\fB\-AknS\fR]
164 .if \n(BA [\fB\-a\fR\ \fIauth_type\fR]
165 [\fB\-D\fR\ \fIlevel\fR]
166 [\fB\-g\fR\ \fIgroup\ name\fR|\fI#gid\fR] [\fB\-p\fR\ \fIprompt\fR]
167 [\fB\-u\fR\ \fIuser\ name\fR|\fI#uid\fR]
169 \&\fBsudo\fR \fB\-l[l]\fR [\fB\-AknS\fR]
170 .if \n(BA [\fB\-a\fR\ \fIauth_type\fR]
171 [\fB\-D\fR\ \fIlevel\fR]
172 [\fB\-g\fR\ \fIgroup\ name\fR|\fI#gid\fR] [\fB\-p\fR\ \fIprompt\fR]
173 [\fB\-U\fR\ \fIuser\ name\fR] [\fB\-u\fR\ \fIuser\ name\fR|\fI#uid\fR] [\fIcommand\fR]
175 \&\fBsudo\fR [\fB\-AbEHnPS\fR]
176 .if \n(BA [\fB\-a\fR\ \fIauth_type\fR]
177 [\fB\-C\fR\ \fIfd\fR]
178 [\fB\-D\fR\ \fIlevel\fR]
179 .if \n(LC [\fB\-c\fR\ \fIclass\fR|\fI\-\fR]
180 [\fB\-g\fR\ \fIgroup\ name\fR|\fI#gid\fR] [\fB\-p\fR\ \fIprompt\fR]
181 .if \n(SL [\fB\-r\fR\ \fIrole\fR] [\fB\-t\fR\ \fItype\fR]
182 [\fB\-u\fR\ \fIuser\ name\fR|\fI#uid\fR]
183 [\fB\s-1VAR\s0\fR=\fIvalue\fR] [\fB\-i\fR\ |\ \fB\-s\fR] [\fIcommand\fR]
185 \&\fBsudoedit\fR [\fB\-AnS\fR]
186 .if \n(BA [\fB\-a\fR\ \fIauth_type\fR]
187 [\fB\-C\fR\ \fIfd\fR]
188 .if \n(LC [\fB\-c\fR\ \fIclass\fR|\fI\-\fR]
189 [\fB\-D\fR\ \fIlevel\fR]
190 [\fB\-g\fR\ \fIgroup\ name\fR|\fI#gid\fR] [\fB\-p\fR\ \fIprompt\fR]
191 [\fB\-u\fR\ \fIuser\ name\fR|\fI#uid\fR] file ...
193 .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
194 \&\fBsudo\fR allows a permitted user to execute a \fIcommand\fR as the
195 superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy.
196 The real and effective uid and gid are set to match those of the
197 target user, as specified in the password database, and the group
198 vector is initialized based on the group database (unless the \fB\-P\fR
199 option was specified).
201 \&\fBsudo\fR supports a plugin architecture for security policies and
202 input/output logging. Third parties can develop and distribute
203 their own policy and I/O logging modules to work seemlessly with
204 the \fBsudo\fR front end. The default security policy is \fIsudoers\fR,
205 which is configured via the file \fI@sysconfdir@/sudoers\fR, or via
206 \&\s-1LDAP\s0. See the \s-1PLUGINS\s0 section for more information.
208 The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has
209 to run \fBsudo\fR. The policy may require that users authenticate
210 themselves with a password or another authentication mechanism. If
211 authentication is required, \fBsudo\fR will exit if the user's password
212 is not entered within a configurable time limit. This limit is
213 policy-specific; the default password prompt timeout for the
214 \&\fIsudoers\fR security policy is
215 .ie \n(PT \f(CW\*(C`@password_timeout@\*(C'\fR minutes.
218 Security policies may support credential caching to allow the user
219 to run \fBsudo\fR again for a period of time without requiring
220 authentication. The \fIsudoers\fR policy caches credentials for
221 \&\f(CW\*(C`@timeout@\*(C'\fR minutes, unless overridden in \fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@). By
222 running \fBsudo\fR with the \fB\-v\fR option, a user can update the cached
223 credentials without running a \fIcommand\fR.
225 When invoked as \fBsudoedit\fR, the \fB\-e\fR option (described below),
228 Security policies may log successful and failed attempts to use
229 \&\fBsudo\fR. If an I/O plugin is configured, the running command's
230 input and output may be logged as well.
233 \&\fBsudo\fR accepts the following command line options:
236 Normally, if \fBsudo\fR requires a password, it will read it from the
237 user's terminal. If the \fB\-A\fR (\fIaskpass\fR) option is specified,
238 a (possibly graphical) helper program is executed to read the user's
239 password and output the password to the standard output. If the
240 \&\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_ASKPASS\*(C'\fR environment variable is set, it specifies the path
241 to the helper program. Otherwise, if \fI@sysconfdir@/sudo.conf\fR
242 contains a line specifying the askpass program, that value will be
246 \& # Path to askpass helper program
247 \& Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh\-askpass
250 If no askpass program is available, sudo will exit with an error.
252 .IP "\-a \fItype\fR" 12
254 The \fB\-a\fR (\fIauthentication type\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to use the
255 specified authentication type when validating the user, as allowed
256 by \fI/etc/login.conf\fR. The system administrator may specify a list
257 of sudo-specific authentication methods by adding an \*(L"auth-sudo\*(R"
258 entry in \fI/etc/login.conf\fR. This option is only available on systems
259 that support \s-1BSD\s0 authentication.
263 The \fB\-b\fR (\fIbackground\fR) option tells \fBsudo\fR to run the given
264 command in the background. Note that if you use the \fB\-b\fR
265 option you cannot use shell job control to manipulate the process.
266 Most interactive commands will fail to work properly in background
268 .IP "\-C \fIfd\fR" 12
270 Normally, \fBsudo\fR will close all open file descriptors other than
271 standard input, standard output and standard error. The \fB\-C\fR
272 (\fIclose from\fR) option allows the user to specify a starting point
273 above the standard error (file descriptor three). Values less than
274 three are not permitted. The security policy may restrict the
275 user's ability to use the \fB\-C\fR option. The \fIsudoers\fR policy only
276 permits use of the \fB\-C\fR option when the administrator has enabled
277 the \fIclosefrom_override\fR option.
279 .IP "\-c \fIclass\fR" 12
281 The \fB\-c\fR (\fIclass\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to run the specified command
282 with resources limited by the specified login class. The \fIclass\fR
283 argument can be either a class name as defined in \fI/etc/login.conf\fR,
284 or a single '\-' character. Specifying a \fIclass\fR of \f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR indicates
285 that the command should be run restricted by the default login
286 capabilities for the user the command is run as. If the \fIclass\fR
287 argument specifies an existing user class, the command must be run
288 as root, or the \fBsudo\fR command must be run from a shell that is already
289 root. This option is only available on systems with \s-1BSD\s0 login classes.
291 .IP "\-D \fIlevel\fR" 12
293 Enable debugging of \fBsudo\fR plugins and \fBsudo\fR itself. The \fIlevel\fR
294 may be a value from 1 through 9.
297 The \fB\-E\fR (\fIpreserve\fR \fIenvironment\fR) option indicates to the
298 security policy that the user wishes to preserve their existing
299 environment variables. The security policy may return an error if
300 the \fB\-E\fR option is specified and the user does not have permission
301 to preserve the environment.
304 The \fB\-e\fR (\fIedit\fR) option indicates that, instead of running a
305 command, the user wishes to edit one or more files. In lieu of a
306 command, the string \*(L"sudoedit\*(R" is used when consulting the security
307 policy. If the user is authorized by the policy, the following
311 Temporary copies are made of the files to be edited with the owner
312 set to the invoking user.
314 The editor specified by the policy is run to edit the temporary files.
315 The \fIsudoers\fR policy uses the \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`VISUAL\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EDITOR\*(C'\fR
316 environment variables (in that order). If none of \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'\fR,
317 \&\f(CW\*(C`VISUAL\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EDITOR\*(C'\fR are set, the first program listed in the
318 \&\fIeditor\fR \fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@) option is used.
320 If they have been modified, the temporary files are copied back to
321 their original location and the temporary versions are removed.
325 If the specified file does not exist, it will be created. Note
326 that unlike most commands run by \fBsudo\fR, the editor is run with
327 the invoking user's environment unmodified. If, for some reason,
328 \&\fBsudo\fR is unable to update a file with its edited version, the
329 user will receive a warning and the edited copy will remain in a
332 .IP "\-g \fIgroup\fR" 12
334 Normally, \fBsudo\fR runs a command with the primary group set to the
335 one specified by the password database for the user the command is
336 being run as (by default, root). The \fB\-g\fR (\fIgroup\fR) option causes
337 \&\fBsudo\fR to run the command with the primary group set to \fIgroup\fR
338 instead. To specify a \fIgid\fR instead of a \fIgroup name\fR, use
339 \&\fI#gid\fR. When running commands as a \fIgid\fR, many shells require
340 that the '#' be escaped with a backslash ('\e'). If no \fB\-u\fR option
341 is specified, the command will be run as the invoking user (not
342 root). In either case, the primary group will be set to \fIgroup\fR.
345 The \fB\-H\fR (\fI\s-1HOME\s0\fR) option requests that the security policy set
346 the \f(CW\*(C`HOME\*(C'\fR environment variable to the home directory of the target
347 user (root by default) as specified by the password database.
348 Depending on the policy, this may be the default behavior.
351 The \fB\-h\fR (\fIhelp\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to print a short help message
352 to the standard output and exit.
353 .IP "\-i [command]" 12
354 .IX Item "-i [command]"
355 The \fB\-i\fR (\fIsimulate initial login\fR) option runs the shell specified
356 by the password database entry of the target user as a login shell.
357 This means that login-specific resource files such as \f(CW\*(C`.profile\*(C'\fR
358 or \f(CW\*(C`.login\*(C'\fR will be read by the shell. If a command is specified,
359 it is passed to the shell for execution via the shell's \fB\-c\fR option.
360 If no command is specified, an interactive shell is executed.
361 \&\fBsudo\fR attempts to change to that user's home directory before
362 running the shell. The security policy shall initialize the
363 environment to a minimal set of variables, similar to what is present
364 when a user logs in. The \fICommand Environment\fR section in the
365 \&\fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@) manual documents how the \fB\-i\fR option affects the
366 environment in which a command is run when the \fIsudoers\fR policy
370 The \fB\-K\fR (sure \fIkill\fR) option is like \fB\-k\fR except that it removes
371 the user's cached credentials entirely and may not be used in
372 conjunction with a command or other option. This option does not
373 require a password. Not all security policies support credential
375 .IP "\-k [command]" 12
376 .IX Item "-k [command]"
377 When used alone, the \fB\-k\fR (\fIkill\fR) option to \fBsudo\fR invalidates
378 the user's cached credentials. The next time \fBsudo\fR is run a
379 password will be required. This option does not require a password
380 and was added to allow a user to revoke \fBsudo\fR permissions from a
381 \&.logout file. Not all security policies support credential
384 When used in conjunction with a command or an option that may require
385 a password, the \fB\-k\fR option will cause \fBsudo\fR to ignore the user's
386 cached credentials. As a result, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for a password
387 (if one is required by the security policy) and will not update the
388 user's cached credentials.
389 .IP "\-l[l] [\fIcommand\fR]" 12
390 .IX Item "-l[l] [command]"
391 If no \fIcommand\fR is specified, the \fB\-l\fR (\fIlist\fR) option will list
392 the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking user (or the
393 user specified by the \fB\-U\fR option) on the current host. If a
394 \&\fIcommand\fR is specified and is permitted by the security policy,
395 the fully-qualified path to the command is displayed along with any
396 command line arguments. If \fIcommand\fR is specified but not allowed,
397 \&\fBsudo\fR will exit with a status value of 1. If the \fB\-l\fR option
398 is specified with an \fBl\fR argument (i.e. \fB\-ll\fR), or if \fB\-l\fR is
399 specified multiple times, a longer list format is used.
402 The \fB\-n\fR (\fInon-interactive\fR) option prevents \fBsudo\fR from prompting
403 the user for a password. If a password is required for the command
404 to run, \fBsudo\fR will display an error messages and exit.
407 The \fB\-P\fR (\fIpreserve\fR \fIgroup vector\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to
408 preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered. By default,
409 the \fIsudoers\fR policy will initialize the group vector to the list
410 of groups the target user is in. The real and effective group IDs,
411 however, are still set to match the target user.
412 .IP "\-p \fIprompt\fR" 12
414 The \fB\-p\fR (\fIprompt\fR) option allows you to override the default
415 password prompt and use a custom one. The following percent (`\f(CW\*(C`%\*(C'\fR')
416 escapes are supported by the \fIsudoers\fR policy:
419 .el .IP "\f(CW%H\fR" 4
421 expanded to the host name including the domain name (on if
422 the machine's host name is fully qualified or the \fIfqdn\fR option
423 is set in \fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@))
425 .el .IP "\f(CW%h\fR" 4
427 expanded to the local host name without the domain name
429 .el .IP "\f(CW%p\fR" 4
431 expanded to the name of the user whose password is being requested
432 (respects the \fIrootpw\fR, \fItargetpw\fR and \fIrunaspw\fR flags in
433 \&\fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@))
435 .el .IP "\f(CW%U\fR" 4
437 expanded to the login name of the user the command will be run as
438 (defaults to root unless the \f(CW\*(C`\-u\*(C'\fR option is also specified)
440 .el .IP "\f(CW%u\fR" 4
442 expanded to the invoking user's login name
443 .ie n .IP "\*(C`%%\*(C'" 4
444 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`%%\*(C'\fR" 4
446 two consecutive \f(CW\*(C`%\*(C'\fR characters are collapsed into a single \f(CW\*(C`%\*(C'\fR character
450 The prompt specified by the \fB\-p\fR option will override the system
451 password prompt on systems that support \s-1PAM\s0 unless the
452 \&\fIpassprompt_override\fR flag is disabled in \fIsudoers\fR.
455 .IP "\-r \fIrole\fR" 12
457 The \fB\-r\fR (\fIrole\fR) option causes the new (SELinux) security context to
458 have the role specified by \fIrole\fR.
462 The \fB\-S\fR (\fIstdin\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to read the password from
463 the standard input instead of the terminal device. The password must
464 be followed by a newline character.
465 .IP "\-s [command]" 12
466 .IX Item "-s [command]"
467 The \fB\-s\fR (\fIshell\fR) option runs the shell specified by the \fI\s-1SHELL\s0\fR
468 environment variable if it is set or the shell as specified in the
469 password database. If a command is specified, it is passed to the
470 shell for execution via the shell's \fB\-c\fR option. If no command
471 is specified, an interactive shell is executed.
473 .IP "\-t \fItype\fR" 12
475 The \fB\-t\fR (\fItype\fR) option causes the new (SELinux) security context to
476 have the type specified by \fItype\fR. If no type is specified, the default
477 type is derived from the specified role.
479 .IP "\-U \fIuser\fR" 12
481 The \fB\-U\fR (\fIother user\fR) option is used in conjunction with the
482 \&\fB\-l\fR option to specify the user whose privileges should be listed.
483 The security policy may restrict listing other users' privileges.
484 The \fIsudoers\fR policy only allows root or a user with the \f(CW\*(C`ALL\*(C'\fR
485 privilege on the current host to use this option.
486 .IP "\-u \fIuser\fR" 12
488 The \fB\-u\fR (\fIuser\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to run the specified
489 command as a user other than \fIroot\fR. To specify a \fIuid\fR instead
490 of a \fIuser name\fR, use \fI#uid\fR. When running commands as a \fIuid\fR,
491 many shells require that the '#' be escaped with a backslash ('\e').
492 Security policies may restrict \fIuid\fRs to those listed in the
493 password database. The \fIsudoers\fR policy allows \fIuid\fRs that are
494 not in the password database as long as the \fItargetpw\fR option is
495 not set. Other security policies may not support this.
498 The \fB\-V\fR (\fIversion\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to print its version
499 string and the version string of the security policy plugin and any
500 I/O plugins. If the invoking user is already root the \fB\-V\fR option
501 will display the arguments passed to configure when \fIsudo\fR was
502 built and plugins may display more verbose information such as
506 When given the \fB\-v\fR (\fIvalidate\fR) option, \fBsudo\fR will update the
507 user's cached credentials, authenticating the user's password if
508 necessary. For the \fIsudoers\fR plugin, this extends the \fBsudo\fR
509 timeout for another \f(CW\*(C`@timeout@\*(C'\fR minutes (or whatever the timeout
510 is set to in \fIsudoers\fR) but does not run a command. Not all
511 security policies support cached credentials.
513 The \fB\-\-\fR option indicates that \fBsudo\fR should stop processing command
516 Environment variables to be set for the command may also be passed
517 on the command line in the form of \fB\s-1VAR\s0\fR=\fIvalue\fR, e.g.
518 \&\fB\s-1LD_LIBRARY_PATH\s0\fR=\fI/usr/local/pkg/lib\fR. Variables passed on the
519 command line are subject to the same restrictions as normal environment
520 variables with one important exception. If the \fIsetenv\fR option
521 is set in \fIsudoers\fR, the command to be run has the \f(CW\*(C`SETENV\*(C'\fR tag
522 set or the command matched is \f(CW\*(C`ALL\*(C'\fR, the user may set variables
523 that would overwise be forbidden. See \fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@) for more information.
526 Plugins are dynamically loaded based on the contents of the
527 \&\fI@sysconfdir@/sudo.conf\fR file. If no \fI@sysconfdir@/sudo.conf\fR
528 file is present, or it contains no \f(CW\*(C`Plugin\*(C'\fR lines, \fBsudo\fR
529 will use the traditional \fIsudoers\fR security policy and I/O logging,
530 which corresponds to the following \fI@sysconfdir@/sudo.conf\fR file.
534 \& # Default @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf file
537 \& # Plugin plugin_name plugin_path
538 \& # Path askpass /path/to/askpass
539 \& # Path noexec /path/to/noexec.so
541 \& # The plugin_path is relative to @prefix@/libexec unless
542 \& # fully qualified.
543 \& # The plugin_name corresponds to a global symbol in the plugin
544 \& # that contains the plugin interface structure.
546 \& Plugin policy_plugin sudoers.so
547 \& Plugin io_plugin sudoers.so
550 A \f(CW\*(C`Plugin\*(C'\fR line consists of the \f(CW\*(C`Plugin\*(C'\fR keyword, followed by the
551 \&\fIsymbol_name\fR and the \fIpath\fR to the shared object containing the
552 plugin. The \fIsymbol_name\fR is the name of the \f(CW\*(C`struct policy_plugin\*(C'\fR
553 or \f(CW\*(C`struct io_plugin\*(C'\fR in the plugin shared object. The \fIpath\fR
554 may be fully qualified or relative. If not fully qualified it is
555 relative to the \fI@prefix@/libexec\fR directory. Any additional
556 parameters after the \fIpath\fR are ignored. Lines that don't begin
557 with \f(CW\*(C`Plugin\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`Path\*(C'\fR are silently ignored
559 For more information, see the \fIsudo_plugin\fR\|(@mansectsu@) manual.
562 A \f(CW\*(C`Path\*(C'\fR line consists of the \f(CW\*(C`Path\*(C'\fR keyword, followed by the
563 name of the path to set and its value. E.g.
566 \& Path noexec @noexec_file@
567 \& Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh\-askpass
570 The following plugin-agnostic paths may be set in the
571 \&\fI@sysconfdir@/sudo.conf\fR file.
574 The fully qualified path to a helper program used to read the user's
575 password when no terminal is available. This may be the case when
576 \&\fBsudo\fR is executed from a graphical (as opposed to text-based)
577 application. The program specified by \fIaskpass\fR should display
578 the argument passed to it as the prompt and write the user's password
579 to the standard output. The value of \fIaskpass\fR may be overridden
580 by the \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_ASKPASS\*(C'\fR environment variable.
583 The fully-qualified path to a shared library containing dummy
584 versions of the \fIexecv()\fR, \fIexecve()\fR and \fIfexecve()\fR library functions
585 that just return an error. This is used to implement the \fInoexec\fR
586 functionality on systems that support \f(CW\*(C`LD_PRELOAD\*(C'\fR or its equivalent.
587 Defaults to \fI@noexec_file@\fR.
589 .IX Header "RETURN VALUES"
590 Upon successful execution of a program, the exit status from \fBsudo\fR
591 will simply be the exit status of the program that was executed.
593 Otherwise, \fBsudo\fR exits with a value of 1 if there is a
594 configuration/permission problem or if \fBsudo\fR cannot execute the
595 given command. In the latter case the error string is printed to
596 the standard error. If \fBsudo\fR cannot \fIstat\fR\|(2) one or more entries
597 in the user's \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR, an error is printed on stderr. (If the
598 directory does not exist or if it is not really a directory, the
599 entry is ignored and no error is printed.) This should not happen
600 under normal circumstances. The most common reason for \fIstat\fR\|(2)
601 to return \*(L"permission denied\*(R" is if you are running an automounter
602 and one of the directories in your \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR is on a machine that is
603 currently unreachable.
605 .IX Header "SECURITY NOTES"
606 \&\fBsudo\fR tries to be safe when executing external commands.
608 To prevent command spoofing, \fBsudo\fR checks \*(L".\*(R" and "" (both denoting
609 current directory) last when searching for a command in the user's
610 \&\s-1PATH\s0 (if one or both are in the \s-1PATH\s0). Note, however, that the
611 actual \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR environment variable is \fInot\fR modified and is passed
612 unchanged to the program that \fBsudo\fR executes.
614 Please note that \fBsudo\fR will normally only log the command it
615 explicitly runs. If a user runs a command such as \f(CW\*(C`sudo su\*(C'\fR or
616 \&\f(CW\*(C`sudo sh\*(C'\fR, subsequent commands run from that shell are not subject
617 to \fBsudo\fR's security policy. The same is true for commands that
618 offer shell escapes (including most editors). If I/O logging is
619 enabled, subsequent commands will have their input and/or output
620 logged, but there will not be traditional logs for those commands.
621 Because of this, care must be taken when giving users access to
622 commands via \fBsudo\fR to verify that the command does not inadvertently
623 give the user an effective root shell. For more information, please
624 see the \f(CW\*(C`PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES\*(C'\fR section in \fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@).
626 .IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
627 \&\fBsudo\fR utilizes the following environment variables. The security
628 policy has control over the content of the command's environment.
629 .ie n .IP "\*(C`EDITOR\*(C'" 16
630 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`EDITOR\*(C'\fR" 16
632 Default editor to use in \fB\-e\fR (sudoedit) mode if neither \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'\fR
633 nor \f(CW\*(C`VISUAL\*(C'\fR is set
634 .ie n .IP "\*(C`MAIL\*(C'" 16
635 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`MAIL\*(C'\fR" 16
637 In \fB\-i\fR mode or when \fIenv_reset\fR is enabled in \fIsudoers\fR, set
638 to the mail spool of the target user
639 .ie n .IP "\*(C`HOME\*(C'" 16
640 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`HOME\*(C'\fR" 16
642 Set to the home directory of the target user if \fB\-i\fR or \fB\-H\fR are
643 specified, \fIenv_reset\fR or \fIalways_set_home\fR are set in \fIsudoers\fR,
644 or when the \fB\-s\fR option is specified and \fIset_home\fR is set in
646 .ie n .IP "\*(C`PATH\*(C'" 16
647 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR" 16
649 May be overridden by the security policy.
650 .ie n .IP "\*(C`SHELL\*(C'" 16
651 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SHELL\*(C'\fR" 16
653 Used to determine shell to run with \f(CW\*(C`\-s\*(C'\fR option
654 .ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_ASKPASS\*(C'" 16
655 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_ASKPASS\*(C'\fR" 16
656 .IX Item "SUDO_ASKPASS"
657 Specifies the path to a helper program used to read the password
658 if no terminal is available or if the \f(CW\*(C`\-A\*(C'\fR option is specified.
659 .ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_COMMAND\*(C'" 16
660 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_COMMAND\*(C'\fR" 16
661 .IX Item "SUDO_COMMAND"
662 Set to the command run by sudo
663 .ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'" 16
664 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'\fR" 16
665 .IX Item "SUDO_EDITOR"
666 Default editor to use in \fB\-e\fR (sudoedit) mode
667 .ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_GID\*(C'" 16
668 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_GID\*(C'\fR" 16
670 Set to the group \s-1ID\s0 of the user who invoked sudo
671 .ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_PROMPT\*(C'" 16
672 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_PROMPT\*(C'\fR" 16
673 .IX Item "SUDO_PROMPT"
674 Used as the default password prompt
675 .ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_PS1\*(C'" 16
676 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_PS1\*(C'\fR" 16
678 If set, \f(CW\*(C`PS1\*(C'\fR will be set to its value for the program being run
679 .ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_UID\*(C'" 16
680 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_UID\*(C'\fR" 16
682 Set to the user \s-1ID\s0 of the user who invoked sudo
683 .ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_USER\*(C'" 16
684 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_USER\*(C'\fR" 16
686 Set to the login of the user who invoked sudo
687 .ie n .IP "\*(C`USER\*(C'" 16
688 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`USER\*(C'\fR" 16
690 Set to the target user (root unless the \fB\-u\fR option is specified)
691 .ie n .IP "\*(C`VISUAL\*(C'" 16
692 .el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`VISUAL\*(C'\fR" 16
694 Default editor to use in \fB\-e\fR (sudoedit) mode if \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'\fR
698 .ie n .IP "\fI@sysconfdir@/sudo.conf\fR" 24
699 .el .IP "\fI@sysconfdir@/sudo.conf\fR" 24
700 .IX Item "@sysconfdir@/sudo.conf"
701 \&\fBsudo\fR plugin and path configuration
703 .IX Header "EXAMPLES"
704 Note: the following examples assume a properly configured security policy.
706 To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:
709 \& $ sudo ls /usr/local/protected
712 To list the home directory of user yaz on a machine where the
713 file system holding ~yaz is not exported as root:
716 \& $ sudo \-u yaz ls ~yaz
719 To edit the \fIindex.html\fR file as user www:
722 \& $ sudo \-u www vi ~www/htdocs/index.html
725 To view system logs only accessible to root and users in the adm group:
728 \& $ sudo \-g adm view /var/log/syslog
731 To run an editor as jim with a different primary group:
734 \& $ sudo \-u jim \-g audio vi ~jim/sound.txt
737 To shutdown a machine:
740 \& $ sudo shutdown \-r +15 "quick reboot"
743 To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home
744 partition. Note that this runs the commands in a sub-shell
745 to make the \f(CW\*(C`cd\*(C'\fR and file redirection work.
748 \& $ sudo sh \-c "cd /home ; du \-s * | sort \-rn > USAGE"
751 .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
752 \&\fIgrep\fR\|(1), \fIsu\fR\|(1), \fIstat\fR\|(2),
753 .if \n(LC \&\fIlogin_cap\fR\|(3),
754 \&\fIpasswd\fR\|(@mansectform@), \fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@), \fIsudo_plugin\fR\|(@mansectsu@), \fIsudoreplay\fR\|(@mansectsu@), \fIvisudo\fR\|(@mansectsu@)
757 Many people have worked on \fBsudo\fR over the years; this
758 version consists of code written primarily by:
764 See the \s-1HISTORY\s0 file in the \fBsudo\fR distribution or visit
765 http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/history.html for a short history
769 There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell
770 if that user is allowed to run arbitrary commands via \fBsudo\fR.
771 Also, many programs (such as editors) allow the user to run commands
772 via shell escapes, thus avoiding \fBsudo\fR's checks. However, on
773 most systems it is possible to prevent shell escapes with the
774 \&\fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@) module's \fInoexec\fR functionality.
776 It is not meaningful to run the \f(CW\*(C`cd\*(C'\fR command directly via sudo, e.g.,
779 \& $ sudo cd /usr/local/protected
782 since when the command exits the parent process (your shell) will
783 still be the same. Please see the \s-1EXAMPLES\s0 section for more information.
785 Running shell scripts via \fBsudo\fR can expose the same kernel bugs that
786 make setuid shell scripts unsafe on some operating systems (if your \s-1OS\s0
787 has a /dev/fd/ directory, setuid shell scripts are generally safe).
790 If you feel you have found a bug in \fBsudo\fR, please submit a bug report
791 at http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/
794 Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list,
795 see http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo\-users to subscribe or
798 .IX Header "DISCLAIMER"
799 \&\fBsudo\fR is provided ``\s-1AS\s0 \s-1IS\s0'' and any express or implied warranties,
800 including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability
801 and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. See the \s-1LICENSE\s0
802 file distributed with \fBsudo\fR or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html
803 for complete details.
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