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-\lyxformat 221
+#LyX 1.5.7 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
+\lyxformat 276
+\begin_document
+\begin_header
\textclass book
\begin_preamble
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\end_preamble
\language english
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\graphics default
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\spacing single
\papersize letterpaper
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-\use_amsmath 0
-\use_natbib 0
-\use_numerical_citations 0
+\use_geometry true
+\use_amsmath 1
+\use_esint 0
+\cite_engine basic
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\paperorientation portrait
\leftmargin 30mm
\topmargin 20mm
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+\author ""
+\author ""
+\end_header
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed true
+\begin_body
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
Please note: double dashed longoptions (e.g.
--version) are written this way: -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Two resp.
- three consecutive dashes simply result in a long resp.
+ three consecutive dashes would otherwise result in a long resp.
extra long dash.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Architecture specific stuff (like memory models, code examples) should maybe
later go
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-into seperate sections/chapters/appendices (it is hard to document PIC or
+\begin_layout Standard
+into separate sections/chapters/appendices (it is hard to document PIC or
Z80 in
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
a 8051 centered document) - for now simply add.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Title
+\begin_layout Title
SDCC Compiler User Guide
+\end_layout
-\layout Date
+\begin_layout Date
\size normal
-SDCC 2.6.5
+SDCC 2.9.0
\size footnotesize
\newline
$Date:: $
\newline
$Revision$
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed true
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The above strings enclosed in $ are automatically updated by Subversion
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand tableofcontents
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Chapter
+\begin_layout Chapter
Introduction
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
About SDCC
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
SDCC
\emph on
C
\emph default
-ompiler) is an open source, retargettable, optimizing ANSI-C compiler by
-
+ompiler) is free open source, retargettable, optimizing ANSI-C compiler
+ by
\series bold
Sandeep Dutta
\series default
designed for 8 bit Microprocessors.
The current version targets Intel MCS51 based Microprocessors (8031, 8032,
8051, 8052
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{8031, 8032, 8051, 8052, mcs51 CPU}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "8031, 8032, 8051, 8052, mcs51 CPU"
\end_inset
Atmel AVR is under development.
The entire source code for the compiler is distributed under GPL.
SDCC uses ASXXXX
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)"
\end_inset
& ASLINK
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "aslink"
\end_inset
\newline
In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of
standard optimizations like:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
global sub expression elimination,
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
loop optimizations (loop invariant, strength reduction of induction variables
and loop reversing),
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
constant folding & propagation,
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
copy propagation,
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
dead code elimination
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
jump tables for
\emph on
switch
\emph default
statements.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
For the back-end SDCC uses a global register allocation scheme which should
be well suited for other 8 bit MCUs.
\newline
Supported data-types are:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="5">
<features>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
type
+\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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width
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
default
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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signed range
+\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
unsigned range
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
bool
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
1 bit
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
unsigned
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
+\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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char
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
8 bits, 1 byte
+\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
signed
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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int
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\layout Standard
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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+\begin_layout Standard
long
+\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
32 bits, 4 bytes
+\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
signed
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-2.147.483.648, +2.147.483.647
+\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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+\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
float
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
4 bytes IEEE 754
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
signed
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
1.175494351E-38,
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
3.402823466E+38
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
pointer
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
generic
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
SDCC also
provides an option (-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
\newline
-SDCC also comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB, the debugger
- currently uses ucSim a freeware simulator for 8051 and other micro-controllers.<
+SDCC also comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB.
+ The debugger currently uses ucSim, a free open source simulator for 8051
+ and other micro-controllers.
\newline
\newline
-
-The latest version can be downloaded from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+The latest SDCC version can be downloaded from
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php"
\end_inset
.
-
-\series bold
-\series default
\emph on
Please note: the compiler will probably always be some steps ahead of this
documentation
\series bold
\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Status of documentation"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Obviously this has pros and cons
+\end_layout
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Open Source
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
All packages used in this compiler system are
\emph on
open source
freeware
\emph default
; source code for all the sub-packages (pre-processor, assemblers, linkers
- etc) is distributed with the package.
- This documentation is maintained using a freeware word processor (LyX).
+ etc.) is distributed with the package.
+ This documentation is maintained using a free open source word processor
+ (LyX).
\newline
-This
- program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
- the terms of the GNU General Public License
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU General Public License, GPL}
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GNU General Public License, GPL"
\end_inset
your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{warranty}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "warranty"
\end_inset
You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve what
you give them.
Help stamp out software-hoarding!
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Typographic conventions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Typographic conventions}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Typographic conventions"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention.
Commands you have to type in are printed in
\family sans
Interesting items and new terms are printed in
\emph on
italic.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Compatibility
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Compatibility-with-previous"
\end_inset
with previous versions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compatibility with previous versions}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Compatibility with previous versions"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version.
- But we also introduced some incompatibilities with older versions.
+\begin_layout Standard
+Newer versions have usually numerous bug fixes compared with the previous
+ version.
+ But we also sometimes introduce some incompatibilities with older versions.
Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable, efficient
and ANSI compliant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "ANSI-compliance"
\end_inset
(see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:ANSI-Compliance}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:ANSI-Compliance"
\end_inset
for ANSI-Compliance).
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It would be fine to add to each item, in which version was it changed.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char
(8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant.
+ To maintain compatibility, old programs may be compiled using the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-short-is-8bits commandline option (see
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vref
+reference "lyx:--short-is-8bits"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation
files are stored is now in /usr/local/share.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
char type parameters to vararg
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "vararg, va\\_arg"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ functions are casted to int unless explicitly casted and
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c89"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c99"
\end_inset
- functions are casted to int unless explicitly casted
+
+\series default
+ command line option are not defined
\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
!
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\newline
\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
char a=3;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
printf ("%d %c
\backslash
n", a, (char)a);
\family default
\newline
- will push a as an int and as a char resp.
+ will push a as an int and as a char resp if
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
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+/
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+
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+
+-std-c89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c89"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c99"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ command line options are not defined,
+\newline
+ will push a as two ints if
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c89"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c99"
+
+\end_inset
-\layout Itemize
+
+\series default
+ command line option is defined.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-regextend has been removed.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-noregparms has been removed.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-after-data has been removed.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
\end_inset
and sbit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sbit"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sbit"
\end_inset
types now consistently behave like the C99 _Bool type with respect to type
conversion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type conversion}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "type conversion"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "type promotion"
\end_inset
.
The most common incompatibility resulting from this change is related to
bit toggling
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit toggling}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Bit toggling"
\end_inset
\newline
\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
bit b;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
b = ~
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\~\\/ Operator"
\end_inset
b; /* equivalent to b=1 instead of toggling b */
\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
!
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
b = !b; /* toggles b */
\newline
\family default
In previous versions, both forms would have toggled the bit.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+in older versions, the preprocessor was always called with
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\emph on
-<pending: more incompatibilities?>
-\layout Section
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c99"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ regardless of the
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-xxx
+\series default
+ setting.
+ This is no longer true, and can cause compilation failures on code built
+ with
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c89"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ but using c99 preprocessor features, such as one-line (//) comments
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+in versions older then 2.8.4 the pic16 *printf() and printf_tiny() library
+ functions supported undocumented and not standard compliant 'b' binary
+ format specifier ("%b", "%hb" and "%lb").
+ The 'b' specifier is now disabled by default.
+ It can be enabled by defining BINARY_SPECIFIER macro in files device/lib/pic16/
+libc/stdio/vfprintf.c and device/lib/pic16/libc/stdio/printf_tiny.c and recompilin
+g the library.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+in versions older then 2.8.5 the unnamed bitfield structure members participated
+ in initialization, which is not conforming with ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard
+ (see section Section 6.7.8 Initialization, clause 9)
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Old behavior, before
+ version 2.8.5:
+\family typewriter
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+struct {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+int a : 2;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+char\InsetSpace ~
+ : 2;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+int b : 2;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+} s = {1, 2, 3};
+\family default
+
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+/* s.a = 1, s.b = 3 */
+\family default
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+New behavior:
+\family typewriter
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+struct {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+int a : 2;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+char\InsetSpace ~
+ : 2;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+int b : 2;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+} s = {1, 2};
+\family default
+
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+/* s.a = 1, s.b = 2 */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
System Requirements
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and
a desire to compute.
The preferred method of installation is to compile SDCC from source using
For Windows some pre-compiled binary distributions are available for your
convenience.
You should have some experience with command line tools and compiler use.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Other Resources
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The SDCC home page at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/"
\end_inset
This document can be found in the DOC directory of the source package as
a text or HTML file.
A pdf version of this document is available at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf"
\end_inset
If you want the latest unreleased software, the complete source package
is available directly from Subversion on https://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/
sdcc/trunk/sdcc.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Wishes for the future
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
There are (and always will be) some things that could be done.
Here are some I can think of:
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
char KernelFunction3(char p) at 0x340;
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
better code banking
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code banking (limited support)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "code banking (limited support)"
\end_inset
\family default
If you can think of some more, please see the section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Requesting-Features}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Requesting-Features"
\end_inset
about filing feature requests
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Requesting features"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Feature request"
\end_inset
.
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Chapter
+\begin_layout Chapter
Installing SDCC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Installation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Installation"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux"
\end_inset
(Unix) or section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Windows-Install}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Windows-Install"
\end_inset
(Windows).
More detailed instructions follow below.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Configure Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options SDCC configuration}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options SDCC configuration"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The install paths, search paths and other options are defined when running
'configure'.
The defaults can be overridden by:
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-prefix see table below
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-exec_prefix see table below
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-bindir see table below
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
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+\end_layout
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+\end_layout
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-datarootdir see table below
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
docdir environment variable, see table below
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
include_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
lib_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sdccconf_h_dir_separator environment variable, either / or
\backslash
therefore a double-backslash is needed there.
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
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\backslash
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+\end_layout
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+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-disable-gbz80-port Excludes the Gameboy gbz80 port
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
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+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-disable-avr-port Excludes the AVR port
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
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-disable-ds390-port Excludes the DS390 port
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
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-disable-hc08-port Excludes the HC08 port
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout List
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-disable-pic-port Excludes the PIC14 port
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--disable-pic-port Excludes the PIC port
+-disable-pic16-port Excludes the PIC16 port
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-disable-xa51-port Excludes the XA51 port
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-disable-ucsim Disables configuring and building of ucsim
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-disable-device-lib Disables automatically building device libraries
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-disable-packihx Disables building packihx
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-enable-doc Build pdf, html and txt files from the lyx sources
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-enable-libgc Use the Bohem memory allocator.
Lower runtime footprint.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-without-ccache Do not use ccache even if available
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Furthermore the environment variables CC, CFLAGS, ...
the tools and their arguments can be influenced.
Please see `configure -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--help` and the man/info pages of `configure` for details.
+-help' and the man/info pages of `configure' for details.
\newline
\newline
The names of the
standard libraries STD_LIB, STD_INT_LIB, STD_LONG_LIB, STD_FP_LIB, STD_DS390_LI
B, STD_XA51_LIB and the environment variables SDCC_DIR_NAME, SDCC_INCLUDE_NAME,
- SDCC_LIB_NAME are defined by `configure` too.
+ SDCC_LIB_NAME are defined by `configure' too.
At the moment it's not possible to change the default settings (it was
simply never required).
\newline
are used by the SDCC team to build the official Win32 binaries.
The SDCC team uses Mingw32 to build the official Windows binaries, because
it's
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
open source,
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
a gcc compiler and last but not least
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
the binaries can be built by cross compiling on SDCC Distributed Compile
Farm.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
See the examples, how to pass the Win32 settings to 'configure'.
The other Win32 builds using Borland, VC or whatever don't use 'configure',
but a header file sdcc_vc_in.h is the same as sdccconf.h built by 'configure'
These defaults are:
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Variable
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
default
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Win32 builds
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
PREFIX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
/usr/local
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
sdcc
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
EXEC_PREFIX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$PREFIX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$PREFIX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
BINDIR
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$EXEC_PREFIX
\emph default
/bin
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$EXEC_PREFIX
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bin
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
DATADIR
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$DATAROOTDIR
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
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+\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
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+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$PREFIX
\emph default
/share
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
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+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
DOCDIR
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$DATAROOTDIR
\emph default
/sdcc/doc
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$DATAROOTDIR
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+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
include
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
LIB_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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+\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
lib
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
'configure' also computes relative paths.
This is needed for full relocatability of a binary package and to complete
search paths (see section search paths below):
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
default
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Win32 builds
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
BIN2DATA_DIR
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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+\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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+\end_layout
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\emph on
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\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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bin
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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</cell>
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
Examples:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
./configure
\newline
./configure -
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-\layout Standard
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+\end_layout
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-
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\newline
./configure -
\begin_inset ERT
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-disable-avr-port -
\begin_inset ERT
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-disable-xa51-port
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
To cross compile on linux for Mingw32 (see also 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_mingw
32'):
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
./configure
\backslash
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-build=unknown-unknown-linux-gnu
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
To
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
compile on Cygwin for Mingw32 (see also sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32
):
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
./configure -C
\backslash
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
'configure' is quite slow on Cygwin (at least on windows before Win2000/XP).
The option '-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-C' turns on caching, which gives a little bit extra speed.
However if options are changed, it can be necessary to delete the config.cache
file.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Install paths
-\added_space_bottom medskip
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-paths}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Install-paths"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install paths}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Install paths"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="4">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Path
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Default
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Win32 builds
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Binary files*
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$EXEC_PREFIX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
/usr/local/bin
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
sdcc
\backslash
bin
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Include files
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
/usr/local/share/sdcc/include
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
sdcc
\backslash
include
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Library file**
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
sdcc
\backslash
lib
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Documentation
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$DOCDIR
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
/usr/local/share/sdcc/doc
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
sdcc
\backslash
doc
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\size footnotesize
*compiler, preprocessor, assembler, and linker
\shape default
is auto-appended by the compiler, e.g.
small, large, z80, ds390 etc
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
-The install paths can still be changed during `make install` with e.g.:
+The install paths can still be changed during `make install' with e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Of course this doesn't change the search paths compiled into the binaries.
\newline
\newline
Moreove
r the install path can be changed by defining DESTDIR
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DESTDIR}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DESTDIR"
\end_inset
:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
make install DESTDIR=$(HOME)/sdcc.rpm/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Please note that DESTDIR must have a trailing slash!
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Search Paths
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Search-Paths}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Search-Paths"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Search path}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Search path"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Some search paths or parts of them are determined by configure variables
(in
\emph on
Binary files (preprocessor, assembler and linker)
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Search path
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
default
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Win32 builds
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME/
\emph on
$PPREFIX2BIN_DIR
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME/bin
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME
\backslash
bin
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Path of argv[0] (if available)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Path of argv[0]
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Path of argv[0]
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$PATH
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$PATH
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$PATH
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
2.
Include files
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Search path
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
default
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Win32 builds
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-I dir
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-I dir
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-I dir
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_INCLUDE
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_INCLUDE
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_INCLUDE
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME/
\newline
$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/
\newline
$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_ HOME/
\newline
share/sdcc/
\newline
include
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME
\backslash
include
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
path(argv[0])/
\newline
\emph on
$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
path(argv[0])/
\newline
../sdcc/include
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
path(argv[0])
\backslash
..
\backslash
include
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$DATADIR/
\emph on
$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
/usr/local/share/sdcc/
\newline
include
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
(not on Win32)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
The option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
Library files
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
With the exception of
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Search path
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
default
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Win32 builds
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-L dir
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-L dir
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-L dir
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_LIB/
\newline
\emph on
<model>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_LIB/
\newline
\emph on
<model>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_LIB
\backslash
\emph on
<model>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME/
\newline
$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/
\newline
$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME/
\newline
share/sdcc/
lib/
\emph on
<model>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
$SDCC_HOME
\backslash
lib
\newline
<model>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
path(argv[0])/
\newline
\emph on
$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
path(argv[0])/
\newline
../sdcc/lib/
\emph on
<model>
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
path(argv[0])
\backslash
\emph on
<model>
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
$DATADIR/
\newline
$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
/usr/local/share/sdcc/
\newline
lib/
\emph on
<model>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
(not on Win32)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed true
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking
the HTML output (last line)!
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
\newline
The option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-nostdlib disables the last two search paths.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Building SDCC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Building SDCC}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Building SDCC"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Building SDCC on Linux
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
\series medium
Download the source package
bz2
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
\series medium
Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
\series medium
-Unpack the file using a command like:
+Unpack the file using a command like:
+\series default
+
\family sans
\series bold
-"tar -xvzf sdcc-src-yyyymmdd-rrrr.tar.bz2
+"tar -xvjf sdcc-src-yyyymmdd-rrrr.tar.bz2
\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
\family default
\series medium
, this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type:
\family sans
\series bold
"cd sdcc
\series default
".
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
\series medium
-Type
+Type
+\series default
+
\family sans
\series bold
"./configure
\series default
".
This configures the package for compilation on your system.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
\series medium
-Type
+Type
+\series default
+
\family sans
\series bold
"make
\series default
All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
\series medium
-Type
+Type
+\series default
+
\family sans
\series bold
"make install"
This copies the binary executables, the include files, the libraries and
the documentation to the install directories.
Proceed with section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Testing-the-SDCC}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Testing-the-SDCC"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
-Building SDCC on OSX 2.x
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Building SDCC on Mac OS X
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Follow the instruction for Linux.
\newline
\newline
-On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default
- gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease)) fails to compile SDCC.
+On Mac OS X 10.2.x it was reported, that the
+ default gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease)) fails to compile SDCC.
Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine.
This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+Universal (ppc and i386) binaries can be produced on Mac OS X 10.4.x with
+ Xcode.
+ Run 'configure' with:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+./configure
+\backslash
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+LDFLAGS="-Wl,-syslibroot,/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk -arch i386 -arch
+ ppc"
+\backslash
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+CXXFLAGS = "-O2 -isysroot /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk -arch i386 -arch
+ ppc"
+\backslash
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+CFLAGS = "-O2 -isysroot /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk -arch i386 -arch ppc"
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32.
See section 'Configure Options'.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions
for Linux.
\newline
\newline
In order to install
Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[www.cygwin.com]{http://www.cygwin.com/}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "www.cygwin.com"
+target "http://www.cygwin.com/"
\end_inset
Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected
because of dependencies with the manually selected packages.
Never deselect these packages!
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
flex
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
bison
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
binutils ; selected with gcc
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
make
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below)
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
later
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
later
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
svn ; only if you use Subversion access
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
If you want to develop something you'll need:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
python ; for the regression tests
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't
use autoconf-stable!
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
rxvt is a nice console with history.
Replace in your cygwin.bat the line
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
bash -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-login -i
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
with (one line):
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
-bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-login
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting
works with shift-insert.
\newline
\end_inset
is too long, you can change it with e.g.
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
mount -s -u -c /mnt
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF.
Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted
in binary mode.
And use an editor which can handle LF-only line endings.
Make sure not to commit files with windows line endings.
The tabulator spacing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tabulator spacing (8 columns)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "tabulator spacing (8 columns)"
\end_inset
Although a tabulator spacing of 8 is a sensible choice for programmers
(it's a power of 2 and allows to display 8/16 bit signed variables without
loosing columns) the plan is to move towards using only spaces in the source.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
Download the source package
\series default
either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[snapshot builds]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "snapshot builds"
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php"
\end_inset
In order to build SDCC with MSVC
you need win32 executables of bison.exe, flex.exe, and gawk.exe.
One good place to get them is
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[here]{http://unxutils.sourceforge.net}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "here"
+target "http://unxutils.sourceforge.net"
\end_inset
\newline
Download the file UnxUtils
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{UnxUtils}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "UnxUtils"
\end_inset
Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the
required programs.
Here there are two alternatives (choose one!):
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
The easy way:
\newline
\newline
(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that
could be useful, such as diff and patch.)
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
A more compact way:
\newline
\backslash
' and add these lines:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
set BISON_SIMPLE=C:
\backslash
util
\backslash
bison.simple
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
set BISON_HAIRY=C:
\backslash
util
\backslash
bison.hairy
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
\newline
\backslash
Tools'.
So you don't have to execute step 'e' :)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
That is it.
Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy
the executables from sdcc
bin_vc to sdcc
\backslash
bin, and you can compile using SDCC.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Building SDCC Using Borland
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc".
This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for
SDCDB and ucSim.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci
es may not be correctly calculated.
The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again.
\family default
\series default
from the sdcc directory.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Windows Install Using a ZIP Package
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
Download the binary zip package from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php"
\end_inset
sdcc
\backslash
lib for the include and libraries.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin
directory or start sdcc using the full path.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Windows Install Using the Setup Program
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Windows-Install}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Windows-Install"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Download the setup program
\emph on
sdcc-x.y.z-setup.exe
for an official release from
\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=599}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sf.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=599"
\end_inset
sdcc-yyyymmdd-xxxx-setup.exe
\emph default
from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php"
\end_inset
and execute it.
A windows typical installer will guide you through the installation process.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
VPATH
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{VPATH}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "VPATH"
\end_inset
feature
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC supports the VPATH feature provided by configure and make.
It allows to separate the source and build trees.
Here's an example:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-
-\family typewriter
-cd ~\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+cd ~\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
# cd $HOME
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
-tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\SpecialChar ~
+tar -xjf sdcc-src-yyyymmdd-rrrr.tar.bz2\InsetSpace ~
# extract source to directory sdcc
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
-mkdir sdcc.build\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+mkdir sdcc.build\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
# put output in sdcc.build
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
cd sdcc.build
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
-../sdcc/configure\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+../sdcc/configure\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
# configure is doing all the magic!
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
make
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
That's it!
\series bold
generated files are not scattered between the source files.
And the best thing is: if you want to change a file you can leave the original
file untouched in the source directory.
- Simply copy it to the build directory, edit it, enter `make clean`, `rm
- Makefile.dep` and `make`.
+ Simply copy it to the build directory, edit it, enter `make clean', `rm
+ Makefile.dep' and `make'.
\series bold
make
\series default
will do the rest for you!
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Building the Documentation
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Add -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
You're invited to make changes and additions to this manual (sdcc/doc/sdccman.ly
x).
Using LyX
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.lyx.org"
\end_inset
as editor is straightforward.
Prebuilt documentation in html and pdf format is available from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Reading the Documentation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Documentation"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown
reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they
are not
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
If you should know why please drop us a note
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
You'll find the pdf version
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PDF version of this document}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PDF version of this document"
\end_inset
at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.pdf}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.pdf"
\end_inset
\newline
A html version
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HTML version of this document}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HTML version of this document"
\end_inset
should be online at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.html/index.html}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.html/index.html"
\end_inset
\newline
This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document
(commercially these probably would be separate documents/products).
This document
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Status of documentation"
\end_inset
currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati
on about f.e.
Z80, PIC14, PIC16 and HC08.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
There are many references pointing away from this documentation.
Don't let this distract you.
If there f.e.
was a reference like
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.opencores.org}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.opencores.org"
\end_inset
a
\emph default
rray
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FPGA (field programmable gate array)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "FPGA (field programmable gate array)"
\end_inset
\end_inset
or
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sf.net/projects/fpgac"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FpgaC ((subset of) C to FPGA compiler)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "FpgaC ((subset of) C to FPGA compiler)"
\end_inset
we expect you to have a quick look there and come back.
If you read this you are on the right track.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings
than to the solution.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles
than pictures.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Testing the SDCC Compiler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Testing-the-SDCC}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Testing-the-SDCC"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to
see if it runs.
Type
\series bold
"sdcc -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-version"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "version"
\end_inset
\family typewriter
SDCC : mcs51/z80/avr/ds390/pic16/pic14/ds400/hc08 2.5.6 #4169 (May 8 2006)
(UNIX)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then
you need to check over your installation.
Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path
defined by the PATH environment setting (
\series medium
-see
+see
\series default
-section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
+ section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Install-Trouble-shooting"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
\series medium
Install trouble-shooting for suggestions
\newline
\series medium
-SDCC
+SDCC
\series default
-is commonly installed as described in section
+ is commonly installed as described in section
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\series medium
Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example.
- Type in the following test.c program using your favorite
+ Type in the following test.c program using your favorite
\series default
-ASCII
+ ASCII
\series medium
editor:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
char test;
\newline
void main(void) {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
test=0;
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
-Compile this using the following command:
+Compile this using the following command:
+\series default
+
\family sans
\series bold
"sdcc -c test.c".
\series medium
The next step is to try it with the linker.
- Type in
+ Type in
+\series default
+
\family sans
\series bold
"sdcc test.c
\series medium
(no test.ihx, and the linker generates warnings), then the problem is most
- likely that
+ likely that
\series default
-SDCC
+ SDCC
\series medium
- cannot find the
+cannot find the
\series default
-/
+ /
\series medium
usr/local/share/sdcc/lib directory
\series default
\series medium
-(see
+(see
\series default
-section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
+ section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Install-Trouble-shooting"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
\series medium
Install trouble-shooting for suggestions).
\newline
\series medium
-The final test is to ensure
+The final test is to ensure
\series default
-SDCC
+ SDCC
\series medium
- can use the
+can use the
\series default
-standard
+ standard
\series medium
- header files and libraries.
+header files and libraries.
Edit test.c and change it to the following:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
#include <string.h>
\newline
void main(void) {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
strcpy(str1, "testing");
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series medium
-Compile this by typing
+Compile this by typing
+\series default
+
\family sans
\series bold
"sdcc test.c"
.
This should generate a test.ihx output file, and it should give no warnings
such as not finding the string.h file.
- If it cannot find the string.h file, then the problem is that
+ If it cannot find the string.h file, then the problem is that
\series default
-SDCC
+ SDCC
\series medium
- cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include directory
+cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include directory
\series default
\series medium
-(see the
+(see the
\series default
-section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
+ section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Install-Trouble-shooting"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
\series medium
Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions).
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-print-search-dirs
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-print-search-dirs"
\end_inset
to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Install Trouble-shooting
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Install-Trouble-shooting"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install trouble-shooting}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Install trouble-shooting"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
If SDCC does not build correctly
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package
again in an empty directory.
Configure it like:
If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem.
Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful
when requesting help from the mailing list.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
What the
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
does
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
to ensure the source package compiles on your system.
It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine
what compiler features are installed.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
What the
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
does
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source
packages into the final installed binary executables.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
What the
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
command does.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include
files into the appropriate directories.
See sections
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Install-paths"
\end_inset
-,\SpecialChar ~
+,\InsetSpace ~
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Search-Paths"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
about install and search paths.
\newline
On most systems you will need super-user privilege
s to do this.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Components of SDCC
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers.
These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components.
Here is a summary of some of the components.
\newline
In <installdir>/bin:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sdcc - The compiler.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sdcpp - The C preprocessor.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
as-z80
\series bold
-,
+,
\series default
-as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers.
+ as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
link-z80
\series bold
-,
+,
\series default
-link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers.
+ link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sdcdb - The source debugger.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In <installdir>/share/sdcc/include
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
the include files
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled
relocatables.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
the documentation
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include
executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
sdcc - The Compiler
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes
the assembler and linkage editor.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The preprocessor
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcpp (preprocessor)"
\end_inset
is a modified version of the GNU cpp
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cpp|see{sdcpp}}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "cpp|see{sdcpp}"
\end_inset
preprocessor
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://gcc.gnu.org/"
\end_inset
.
The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef
statements, #defines and so on.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
as
\emph on
xxxx
xxx
\emph default
- The Assemblers and Linkage Editors
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan
Baldwin.
John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some
enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
s51 - The Simulator
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
S51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "s51"
\end_inset
- is a freeware, opensource simulator developed by Daniel Drotos.
+ is a free open source simulator developed by Daniel Drotos.
The simulator is built as part of the build process.
For more information visit Daniel's web site at:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51"
\end_inset
.
It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips
XA51 family.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
sdcdb - Source Level Debugger
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCDB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCDB (debugger)"
\end_inset
is the companion source level debugger.
More about SDCDB in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB"
\end_inset
.
The current version of the debugger uses Daniel's Simulator S51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "s51"
\end_inset
, but can be easily changed to use other simulators.
+\end_layout
-\layout Chapter
+\begin_layout Chapter
Using SDCC
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Compiling
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Single Source File Projects
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple.
Compile your programs with the following command
\family sans
\series default
This will compile, assemble and link your source file.
Output files are as follows:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.asm"
\end_inset
- Assembler source
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler source}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler source"
\end_inset
file created by the compiler
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.lst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lst}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.lst"
\end_inset
- Assembler listing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler listing"
\end_inset
file created by the Assembler
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.rst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rst}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.rst"
\end_inset
- Assembler listing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler listing"
\end_inset
file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.sym
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.sym}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.sym"
\end_inset
- symbol listing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Symbol listing}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Symbol listing"
\end_inset
for the sourcefile, created by the assembler
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.rel
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.rel"
\end_inset
or sourcefile.o
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.o}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.o"
\end_inset
- Object file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Object file}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Object file"
\end_inset
created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.map"
\end_inset
- The memory map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory map"
\end_inset
for the load module, created by the Linker
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.mem
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.mem}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.mem"
\end_inset
- A file with a summary of the memory usage
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.ihx
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.ihx}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.ihx"
\end_inset
- The load module in Intel hex format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Intel hex format"
\end_inset
(you can select the Motorola S19 format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Motorola S19 format"
\end_inset
with -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-out-fmt-s19
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-out-fmt-s19"
\end_inset
\family default
\shape default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "objdump (tool)"
\end_inset
- or
+ or
\family sans
\shape italic
- srecord
+srecord
\family default
\shape default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+hyperlinks needed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - see also section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vref
+reference "sub:Postprocessing-the-Intel"
\end_inset
).
Both formats are documented in the documentation of srecord
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.adb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.adb}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.adb"
\end_inset
- An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the
.cdb file (with -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-debug"
\end_inset
)
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.cdb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.cdb}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.cdb"
\end_inset
- An optional file (with -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-debug) containing debug information.
The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.
- (no extension)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file> (no extension)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file> (no extension)"
\end_inset
An optional AOMF or AOMF51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "AOMF, AOMF51"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{OMF file}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "OMF file"
\end_inset
file containing debug information (generated with option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-debug).
- The (Intel)
+ The (Intel)
\emph on
- a
+a
\emph default
bsolute
\emph on
\emph on
f
\emph default
-ormat is commonly used by third party tools (debuggers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger}
+ormat is a subformat of the OMF51 format and is commonly used by third party
+ tools (debuggers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Debugger"
\end_inset
-, simulators, emulators)
+, simulators, emulators).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sourcefile.dump*
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.dump*}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.dump*"
\end_inset
- Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-dumpall) (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
and section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:The-anatomy-of"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
).
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Postprocessing the Intel Hex
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Intel hex format"
\end_inset
file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Postprocessing-the-Intel"
+
+\end_inset
+
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
In most cases this won't be needed but the Intel Hex file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.ihx}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.ihx"
\end_inset
packihx
\family default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "packihx (tool)"
\end_inset
\newline
\newline
-
+
\family sans
\series bold
- packihx sourcefile.ihx >sourcefile.hex
+packihx sourcefile.ihx >sourcefile.hex
\family default
\series default
\newline
\newline
-The separately available
+The separately available
\emph on
- srecord
+srecord
\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)"
\end_inset
package additionally allows to set undefined locations to a predefined
value, to insert checksums
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{checksum}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "checksum"
\end_inset
\family sans
\series bold
-srec_cat\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+srec_cat\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sourcefile.ihx -intel\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
-o sourcefile.hex -intel
\newline
\series default
An example for a more complex command line
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
the command backfills
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{backfill unused memory}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "backfill unused memory"
\end_inset
0x1212
\family default
(where an emergency routine could sit).
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\family sans
\series bold
\size footnotesize
-srec_cat\SpecialChar ~
-sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
--fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\SpecialChar ~
+srec_cat\InsetSpace ~
+sourcefile.ihx -intel\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+-fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\InsetSpace ~
-little-endian-checksum-nega
-tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
-o sourcefile.hex -intel
\size default
\family default
\series default
The srecord package is available at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/srecord}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sf.net/projects/srecord"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Projects with Multiple Source Files
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time.
Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following
files:
\family sans
\series bold
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
--c\SpecialChar ~
+sdcc\InsetSpace ~
+-c\InsetSpace ~
foo1.c
\family default
\series default
\family sans
\series bold
\size default
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
--c\SpecialChar ~
+sdcc\InsetSpace ~
+-c\InsetSpace ~
foo2.c
\family default
\series default
main()
\emph default
function and link
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Linker"
\end_inset
\family sans
\series bold
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
-foomain.c\SpecialChar ~
-foo1.rel\SpecialChar ~
+sdcc\InsetSpace ~
+foomain.c\InsetSpace ~
+foo1.rel\InsetSpace ~
foo2.rel
\family default
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.rel"
\end_inset
\newline
Alternatively,
\emph on
-foomain.c
+foomain.c
\emph default
-can be separately compiled as well:
+ can be separately compiled as well:
\family sans
\series bold
\newline
\newline
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
--c\SpecialChar ~
+sdcc\InsetSpace ~
+-c\InsetSpace ~
foomain.c
\newline
sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel
\emph on
main()
\emph default
- function
-\emph on
-
-\emph default
+ function
\noun on
must
\noun default
file specified in the command line, since the linkage editor processes
file in the order they are presented to it.
The linker is invoked from SDCC using a script file with extension .lnk
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lnk}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.lnk"
\end_inset
.
You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising
from missing libraries.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Projects with Additional Libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation
for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc)
for how to create a
\emph on
.lib
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lib}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.lib"
\end_inset
\emph on
foomain.c
\emph default
- and a library
+ and a library
\emph on
- foolib.lib
+foolib.lib
\emph default
in the directory
\emph on
\family default
\series default
-Note here that
+Note here that
\emph on
- mylib
+mylib
\emph default
must be an absolute path name.
\newline
The most efficient way to use libraries is
to keep separate modules in separate source files.
The lib file now should name all the modules.rel
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.rel"
\end_inset
libsdcc.lib
\emph default
in the directory <installdir>/share/lib/small.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Using sdcclib to Create and Manage Libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcclib"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library
file as described in the preceding section, sdcclib can be used to embed
all the modules belonging to such library in the library file itself.
To display a list of options supported by sdcclib type:
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcclib -?
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcclib"
\end_inset
For example:
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc -c _divsint.c
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc -c _divuint.c
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc -c _modsint.c
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc -c _moduint.c
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc -c _mulint.c
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
This will create files _divsint.rel, _divuint.rel, _modsint.rel, _moduint.rel,
and _mulint.rel.
The next step is to add the .rel files to the library file:
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel
\family default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcclib"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family sans
\series bold
sdcclib libint.lib _mulint.rel
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Or, if you preffer:
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel _divuint.rel _modsint.rel _moduint.rel _mulint.rel
+\family default
\series default
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
If the file already exists in the library, it will be replaced.
- To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s
+ If a list of .rel files is available, you can tell sdcclib to add those
+ files to a library.
+ For example, if the file 'myliblist.txt' contains
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+_divsint.rel
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+_divuint.rel
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+_modsint.rel
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+_moduint.rel
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+_mulint.rel
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Use
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib -l libint.lib myliblist.txt
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Additionally, you can instruct sdcclib to compiles the files before adding
+ them to the library.
+ This is achieved using the environment variables SDCCLIB_CC and/or SDCCLIB_AS.
+ For example:
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+set SDCCLIB_CC=sdcc -c
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib -l libint.lib myliblist.txt
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s
and -m are available.
For example:
\newline
sdcclib -s libint.lib
\family default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcclib"
\end_inset
\family typewriter
\series default
_divsint.rel:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divsint_a_1_1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divsint_PARM_2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divsint
\newline
_divuint.rel:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divuint_a_1_1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divuint_PARM_2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divuint_reste_1_1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divuint_count_1_1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__divuint
\newline
_modsint.rel:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__modsint_a_1_1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__modsint_PARM_2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__modsint
\newline
_moduint.rel:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__moduint_a_1_1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__moduint_PARM_2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__moduint_count_1_1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__moduint
\newline
_mulint.rel:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__mulint_PARM_2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
__mulint
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\begin_layout Standard
If the source files are compiled using -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-debug"
\end_inset
file as well.
The library files created with sdcclib are plain text files, so they can
be viewed with a text editor.
- It is not recomended to modify a library file created with sdcclib using
- a text editor, as there are file indexes numbers located accross the file
+ It is not recommended to modify a library file created with sdcclib using
+ a text editor, as there are file indexes numbers located across the file
used by the linker to quickly locate the required module to link.
Once a .rel file (as well as a .adb file) is added to a library using sdcclib,
it can be safely deleted, since all the information required for linking
is embedded in the library file itself.
Library files created using sdcclib are used as described in the preceding
sections.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Using ar to Create and Manage Libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "ar"
+
+\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Standard
+Support for ar format libraries was introduced in sdcc 2.9.0.
+ Ar is a standard archive managing utility on unices (Linux, Mac OS X, several
+ unix flavors) so it is not included in the sdcc package.
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\series default
+For Windows platform you can find ar utility in GNU binutils package included
+ in several projects: Cygwin at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.cygwin.com/"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, MinGW at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.mingw.org/"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\series default
+Both the GNU and BSD ar format variants are suppurated by asxxxx linkers.
+ Ar doesn't understand the asxxxx object file format, so there is a special
+ version of ranlib distributed with sdcc, called asranlib, which produces
+ the ar symbol lookup table.
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\series default
+To create a library containing asxxxx object files, you should use the following
+ sequence:
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+ar -Sq <library name>.lib <list of .rel files>
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+asranlib <library name>.lib
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
Command Line Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Command Line Options}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Command Line Options"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Command-Line-Options"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Processor Selection Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options processor selection}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options processor selection"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Processor selection options}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Processor selection options"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-mmcs51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mmcs51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mmcs51"
\end_inset
\series default
Generate code for the Intel MCS51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51"
\end_inset
family of processors.
This is the default processor target.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-mds390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds390}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mds390"
\end_inset
\series default
Generate code for the Dallas DS80C390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C390}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS80C390"
\end_inset
processor.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-mds400
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds400}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mds400"
\end_inset
\series default
Generate code for the Dallas DS80C400
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS80C400"
\end_inset
processor.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-mhc08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mhc08}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mhc08"
\end_inset
\series default
Generate code for the Freescale/Motorola HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
\end_inset
family of processors.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-mz80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mz80}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mz80"
\end_inset
\series default
Generate code for the Zilog Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
\end_inset
family of processors.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-mgbz80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mgbz80}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mgbz80"
\end_inset
\series default
Generate code for the GameBoy Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)"
\end_inset
processor (Not actively maintained).
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-mavr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mavr}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mavr"
\end_inset
\series default
Generate code for the Atmel AVR
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AVR}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "AVR"
\end_inset
processor (Not maintained, not complete).
AVR users should probably have a look at winavr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr"
\end_inset
or
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=index}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=index"
\end_inset
-.
+, which is based on AVR-port of the gcc compiler.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed true
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
I think it is fair to direct users there for now.
Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work .
But I didn't find the 'official' link.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-mpic14
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic14}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mpic14"
\end_inset
\series default
Generate code for the Microchip PIC 14
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14"
\end_inset
-bit processors (p16f84 and variants.
In development, not complete).
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed true
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877?
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-mpic16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic16}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mpic16"
\end_inset
\series default
Generate code for the Microchip PIC 16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
\end_inset
-bit processors (p18f452 and variants.
In development, not complete).
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-mtlcs900h
\series default
Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TLCS-900H}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "TLCS-900H"
\end_inset
processor (Not maintained, not complete).
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
-mxa51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mxa51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mxa51"
\end_inset
\series default
Generate code for the Phillips XA51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XA51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "XA51"
\end_inset
processor (Not maintained, not complete).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Preprocessor Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options preprocessor}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options preprocessor"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Preprocessor options}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Preprocessor options"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcpp (preprocessor)"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-I<path>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-I<path>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-I<path>"
\end_inset
\series default
- The additional location where the pre processor will look for <..h> or
+ The additional location where the preprocessor will look for <..h> or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_inset
files.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-D<macro[=value]>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-D<macro[=value]>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-D<macro[=value]>"
\end_inset
\series default
Command line definition of macros.
Passed to the preprocessor.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-M
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-M}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-M"
\end_inset
The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed
C program.
`-M' implies `-E
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-E"
\end_inset
'.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-C
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-C}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-C"
\end_inset
\series default
Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments.
Used with the `-E' option.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-MM
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-MM}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-MM"
\end_inset
+\series default
\size large
-\bar under
-\series default
\size default
-\bar default
Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with
`#include
\begin_inset Quotes eld
file"'.
System header files included with `#include <file>' are omitted.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-Aquestion(answer)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Aquestion(answer)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-Aquestion(answer)"
\end_inset
conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'.
`-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target
machine.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-Umacro
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Umacro}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-Umacro"
\end_inset
Undefine macro macro.
`-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include'
and `-imacros' options.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-dM
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dM}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-dM"
\end_inset
Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that
are in effect at the end of preprocessing.
Used with the `-E' option.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-dD
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dD}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-dD"
\end_inset
\series default
Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in
their proper sequence in the rest of the output.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-dN
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dN}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-dN"
\end_inset
+\series default
\size large
-\bar under
-\series default
\size default
-\bar default
Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted.
Only `#define name' is included in the output.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-pedantic-parse-number
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-pedantic-parse-number}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pedantic"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-pedantic-parse-number"
\end_inset
\size large
\bar under
-
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:-pedantic-parse-number"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\series default
-\size default
\bar default
-Pedentic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed properly
+
+\size default
+Pedantic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed properly
and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded.
- See also #pragma pedantic_parse_number in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas}
+ See also #pragma pedantic_parse_number
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "ite:pedantic_parse_number"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Pragmas"
\end_inset
\emph on
-Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard!
+Note: this functionality is not in conformance with C99 standard!
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
--Wp\SpecialChar ~
+-Wp\InsetSpace ~
preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wp preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-Wp preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]"
\end_inset
sdcpp
\family default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcpp (preprocessor)"
\end_inset
.
- SDCC uses an adapted version of the preprocessor
-\emph on
-cpp
-\emph default
- of the GNU Compiler Collection
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gcc (GNU Compiler Collection)}
+ SDCC uses an adapted version of the GNU Compiler Collection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gcc (GNU Compiler Collection)"
\end_inset
+ preprocessor
+\emph on
+cpp
+\emph default
(
\emph on
gcc
\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://gcc.gnu.org/"
\end_inset
-), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\SpecialChar ~
-4.1.1\SpecialChar ~
-CPP\SpecialChar ~
-Manual
- at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/}
+).
+ If you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\InsetSpace ~
+CPP\InsetSpace ~
+Manual at
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Linker Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options linker}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options linker"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker options}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Linker options"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
--L\SpecialChar ~
+-L\InsetSpace ~
-
\series default
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\series bold
-lib-path
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-lib-path <path>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-lib-path <path>"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-L -\/-lib-path}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-L <path>"
\end_inset
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<absolute path to additional libraries> This option is passed to the linkage
editor's additional libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
\end_inset
The path name must be absolute.
Additional library files may be specified in the command line.
See section Compiling programs for more details.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-xram-loc
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-loc <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xram-loc <Value>"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<Value> The start location of the external ram
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
, default value is 0.
The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-xram-loc 0x8000 or -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-xram-loc 32768.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-code-loc
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-code-loc <Value>"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<Value> The start location of the code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "code"
\end_inset
segment, default value 0.
Note when this option is used the interrupt vector table
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt vector table"
\end_inset
is also relocated to the given address.
The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-code-loc 0x8000 or -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-code-loc 32768.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-loc
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-loc <Value>"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<Value> By default the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
\end_inset
The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-loc 0x20 or -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-pack-iram
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-pack-iram"
\end_inset
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-no-pack-iram
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-pack-iram"
\end_inset
option if you need to manually place the stack.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-xstack-loc
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack-loc <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xstack-loc <Value>"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<Value> By default the external stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xstack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xstack"
\end_inset
is placed after the pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-xstack-loc 0x8000 or -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-loc 32768.
The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as the
pdata or xdata segment and with enough space for the current application.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-data-loc
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-data-loc <Value>"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<Value> The start location of the internal ram data
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-data-loc 0x20 or -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
For example if register banks 0 and 1 are used without bit variables, the
data segment will be set, if -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-data-loc is not used, to location 0x10.)
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-idata-loc
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-idata-loc <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-idata-loc <Value>"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<Value> The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-idata-loc 0x88 or -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-idata-loc 136.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-bit-loc
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<Value> The start location of the bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
\end_inset
not
\emph default
implemented yet.
- Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\SpecialChar ~
+ Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\InsetSpace ~
-bBSEG=<Value>.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-out-fmt-ihx
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-ihx}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-out-fmt-ihx"
\end_inset
-
-\bar under
\series default
-\bar default
The linker output (final object code) is in Intel Hex format.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Intel hex format"
\end_inset
This is the default option.
The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-out-fmt-s19
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-out-fmt-s19"
\end_inset
-
-\bar under
\series default
-\bar default
The linker output (final object code) is in Motorola S19 format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Motorola S19 format"
\end_inset
.
The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-out-fmt-elf
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-out-fmt-s19"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Options!-\/-out-fmt-elf}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08!Options!-\\/-out-fmt-elf"
\end_inset
-
-\bar under
\series default
-\bar default
The linker output (final object code) is in ELF format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ELF format}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "ELF format"
\end_inset
.
(Currently only supported for the HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
\end_inset
processors)
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
--Wl\SpecialChar ~
+-Wl\InsetSpace ~
linkOption[,linkOption]
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wl linkOption[,linkOption]}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-Wl linkOption[,linkOption]"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:-Wl option"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
--Wl\SpecialChar ~
+-Wl\InsetSpace ~
-bCSEG=0x1000
\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
would be typical to set the start of the code segment.
+ Either use the double quotes around this option or use no space (e.g.
+ -Wl-bCSEG=0x1000).
See also #pragma constseg and #pragma codeseg in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Pragmas"
\end_inset
.
File sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html has more on linker options.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
MCS51 Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options MCS51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options MCS51"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 options}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51 options"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-model-small
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-small}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-model-small"
\end_inset
\series default
\size large
-\emph on
\size default
-\emph default
Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more
details.
This is the default model.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-model-medium
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-medium}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-model-medium"
\end_inset
If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
with this option.
It must also be used when invoking the linker.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-model-large
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-model-large"
\end_inset
If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
with this option.
It must also be used when invoking the linker.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-xstack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xstack"
\end_inset
\series default
Uses a pseudo stack in the pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
area (usually the first 256 bytes in the external ram) for allocating variables
and passing parameters.
See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:External-Stack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:External-Stack"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
External Stack for more details.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-iram-size
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<Value>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-iram-size <Value>"
\end_inset
Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of
the given value.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-xram-size
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<Value>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xram-size <Value>"
\end_inset
Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of
the given value.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-code-size
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<Value>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-code-size <Value>"
\end_inset
Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of
the given value.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-size
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<Value>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-size <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-size <Value>"
\end_inset
Causes the linker to check if there is at minimum <Value> bytes for stack.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-pack-iram
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-pack-iram"
\end_inset
Causes the linker to use unused register banks for data variables and pack
data, idata and stack together.
This is the default now.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-no-pack-iram
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-pack-iram"
\end_inset
Causes the linker to use old style for allocating memory areas.
+\end_layout
-
-\layout Subsection
-DS390 / DS400 Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options DS390}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--model-flat24
+-acall-ajmp
\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-model-flat24}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-acall-ajmp"
\end_inset
+ Replaces the three byte instructions lcall/ljmp with the two byte instructions
+ acall/ajmp.
+ Only use this option if your code is in the same 2k block of memory.
+ You may need to use this option for some 8051 derivatives which lack the
+ lcall/ljmp instructions..
+\end_layout
-\size large
-\emph on
-
-\size default
-\emph default
-Generate 24-bit flat mode code.
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+DS390 / DS400 Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options DS390"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-model-flat24
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-model-flat24"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Generate 24-bit flat mode code.
This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now
and is default when using
\emph on
\emph default
.
See section Memory Models for more details.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-protect-sp-update
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-protect-sp-update}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-protect-sp-update"
\end_inset
\series default
disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-10bit
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-10bit}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-stack-10bit"
\end_inset
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
\end_inset
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-xstack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xstack"
\end_inset
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-model-flat24 option
\emph default
).
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
-\layout List
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-8-bit - switches off the 10-bit mode
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-probe
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-probe}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-stack-probe"
\end_inset
\series default
insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-tini-libid
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-tini-libid}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-tini-libid"
\end_inset
\series default
<nnnn> LibraryID used in -mTININative.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-use-accelerator
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-use-accelerator}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-use-accelerator"
\end_inset
\series default
generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
Z80 Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options Z80}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options Z80"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-callee-saves-bc
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-callee-saves-bc}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-callee-saves-bc"
\end_inset
\size large
-\emph on
\size default
-\emph default
Force a called function to always save BC.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-no-std-crt0
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-no-std-crt0}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-no-std-crt0"
\end_inset
When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file.
You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking.
-
+\end_layout
-
-\layout Subsection
-Optimization Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options optimization}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimization options}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--nogcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nogcse}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+-portmode=
\series default
- Will not do global subexpression elimination, this option may be used when
- the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data spaces to store compiler
- temporaries (
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-pill
-\emph on
-loc
-\emph default
-ations, sloc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sloc (spill location)}
-
-\end_inset
-
-).
- A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler
- will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated.
- It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nogcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
-
-\end_inset
-
- can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination}
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-portmode=<Value>"
\end_inset
- for a given function only.
+ Determinate PORT I/O mode (<Value> is z80 or z180).
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--noinvariant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinvariant}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+-asm=
\series default
- Will not do loop invariant optimizations, this may be turned off for reasons
- explained for the previous option.
- For more details of loop optimizations performed see Loop Invariants in
- section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-noinvariant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant}
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-asm=<Value>"
\end_inset
- can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only.
+ Define assembler name (<Value> is rgbds, asxxxx, isas or z80asm).
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinduction}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+-codeseg
\series default
- Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction
- for more details.
- It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-codeseg <Value>"
\end_inset
- can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only.
+ Use <Value> for the code segment name.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--nojtbound
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nojtbound}
+-constseg
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-constseg <Value>"
\end_inset
+ Use <Value> for the const segment name.
+\end_layout
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
- Will not generate boundary condition check when switch statements
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
-
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
- are implemented using jump-tables.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements}
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+GBZ80 Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options GBZ80"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-Switch Statements for more details.
- It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nojtbound
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80"
\end_inset
- can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function
- only.
-\layout List
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--noloopreverse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noloopreverse}
+-callee-saves-bc
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80!Options!-\\/-callee-saves-bc"
\end_inset
-\series default
\size large
\size default
-Will not do loop reversal
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing}
-
-\end_inset
-
-optimization.
+Force a called function to always save BC.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--
-\series bold
-nolabelopt
+-no-std-crt0
\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nolabelopt }
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-no-std-crt0"
\end_inset
-Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable).
+ When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file.
+ You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-/
+-bo
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Num>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80!Options!-bo <Num>"
\end_inset
--no-xinit-opt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt}
-
-\end_inset
+ Use code bank <Num>.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-ba
\series default
- Will not memcpy initialized data from code space into xdata space.
- This saves a few bytes in code space if you don't have initialized data
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Num>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80!Options!-ba <Num>"
\end_inset
-.
+ Use data bank <Num>.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nooverlay}
+-codeseg
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80!Options!-\\/-codeseg <Value>"
\end_inset
+ Use <Value> for the code segment name.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function,
- see section Parameters and local variables for more details.
-
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--no-peep
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep}
+-constseg
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80!Options!-\\/-constseg <Value>"
\end_inset
+ Use <Value> for the const segment name.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Disable peep-hole optimization with built-in rules.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Optimization Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options optimization"
\end_inset
--peep-file
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Optimization options"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-<filename> This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by
- the peep hole optimizer.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Peephole-Optimizer}
-
-\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--peep-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm}
+-nogcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nogcse"
\end_inset
\series default
- Pass the inline assembler code through the peep hole optimizer.
- This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler code, please go through
- the peephole optimizer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
+ Will not do global subexpression elimination, this option may be used when
+ the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data spaces to store compiler
+ temporaries (
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+pill
+\emph on
+loc
+\emph default
+ations, sloc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sloc (spill location)"
\end_inset
- rules defined in the source file tree '<target>/peeph.def' before using
- this option.
+).
+ A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler
+ will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated.
+ It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nogcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nogcse"
+
+\end_inset
-\layout List
+ can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Subexpression elimination"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for a given function only.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--opt-code-speed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-speed}
+-noinvariant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-noinvariant"
\end_inset
\series default
- The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
- at the expense of code size.
+ Will not do loop invariant optimizations, this may be turned off for reasons
+ explained for the previous option.
+ For more details of loop optimizations performed see Loop Invariants in
+ section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Loop-Optimizations"
+
+\end_inset
-\layout List
+.
+ It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+noinvariant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinvariant"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--opt-code-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-size}
+-noinduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-noinduction"
\end_inset
\series default
- The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
- at the expense of code speed.
-
-
-\layout Subsection
-Other Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options other}
+ Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction
+ for more details.
+ It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+noinduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinduction"
\end_inset
+ can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only.
+\end_layout
-
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
--c\SpecialChar ~
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--compile-only
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-compile-only}
+-nojtbound
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nojtbound"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-c -\/-compile-only}
+\size large
+
+\series default
+\size default
+ Will not generate boundary condition check when switch statements
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "switch statement"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are implemented using jump-tables.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:'switch'-Statements"
\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+Switch Statements for more details.
+ It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nojtbound
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nojtbound"
+
+\end_inset
-\series default
- will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor.
+ can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function
+ only.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
-\series default
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\series bold
--c1mode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-c1mode}
+-noloopreverse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-noloopreverse"
\end_inset
\series default
- reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it.
- The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
--E
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E}
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Will not do loop reversal
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Loop reversing"
\end_inset
+optimization.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Run only the C preprocessor.
- Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard
- output.
-
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\series bold
--o\SpecialChar ~
-<path/file>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-o <path/file>}
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
+-
+\series bold
+nolabelopt
\series default
-The output path resp.
- file where everything will be placed.
- If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash
- for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path.
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nolabelopt "
+
+\end_inset
+
+Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable).
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+-no-xinit-opt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-xinit-opt"
\end_inset
\series default
-\size large
-\emph on
-
-\size default
-\emph default
-All functions in the source file will be compiled as
-\emph on
-reentrant
-\emph default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
-
-\end_inset
-
-, i.e.
- the parameters and local variables will be allocated on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+ Will not memcpy initialized data from code space into xdata space.
+ This saves a few bytes in code space if you don't have initialized data
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Variable initialization"
\end_inset
.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
-
-\end_inset
-
- Parameters and Local Variables for more details.
- If this option is used all source files in the project should be compiled
- with this option.
- It automatically implies --int-long-reent and --float-reent.
-
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--callee-saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-callee-saves}
+-nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nooverlay"
\end_inset
- function1[,function2][,function3]....
\series default
- The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving
- across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing
- & popping when calling small functions from larger functions.
- This option can be used to switch the register saving convention for the
- function names specified.
- The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, no extra
- code will be generated at the entry & exit (function prologue
+ The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function,
+ see section Parameters and local variables for more details.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\series default
- & epilogue
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue}
+-no-peep
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-peep"
\end_inset
\series default
-) for these functions to save & restore the registers used by these functions,
- this can SUBSTANTIALLY reduce code & improve run time performance of the
- generated code.
- In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) will be able
- to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
- DO NOT use this option for built-in functions such as _mulint..., if this
- option is used for a library function the appropriate library function
- needs to be recompiled with the same option.
- If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file
- should be compiled with the same -
+ Disable peep-hole optimization with built-in rules.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--callee-saves option string.
- Also see #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-callee_saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
+-peep-file
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-peep-file"
\end_inset
-.
+\InsetSpace ~
+<filename> This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by
+ the peep hole optimizer.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Peephole-Optimizer"
+
+\end_inset
-\layout List
+\InsetSpace ~
+Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+-peep-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-peep-asm"
\end_inset
-\bar under
-
\series default
-\bar default
-When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information.
- The debug information collected in a file with .cdb extension can be used
- with the SDCDB.
- For more information see documentation for SDCDB.
- Another file with no extension contains debug information in AOMF or AOMF51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
-
-\end_inset
-
- format which is commonly used by third party tools.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
--S
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-S}
+ Pass the inline assembler code through the peep hole optimizer.
+ This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler code, please go through
+ the peephole optimizer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Peephole optimizer"
\end_inset
+ rules defined in the source file tree '<target>/peeph.def' before using
+ this option.
+\end_layout
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
-Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble.
- The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified.
-
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--int-long-reent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
+-opt-code-speed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-opt-code-speed"
\end_inset
\series default
- Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant.
- Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant.
- See section Installation for more details.
+ The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
+ at the expense of code size.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--cyclomatic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-cyclomatic}
+-opt-code-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-opt-code-size"
\end_inset
-\bar under
-
\series default
-\bar default
-This option will cause the compiler to generate an information message for
- each function in the source file.
- The message contains some
-\emph on
-important
-\emph default
- information about the function.
- The number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow
- graph of the function, and most importantly the
-\emph on
-cyclomatic complexity
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity}
+ The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
+ at the expense of code speed.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-\emph default
- see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Other Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options other"
-\layout List
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
+-v\InsetSpace ~
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--float-reent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-float-reent}
+-version
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-version"
\end_inset
-\series default
- Floating point library is compiled as reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-v"
\end_inset
-.
- See section Installation for more details.
-\layout List
+\series default
+ displays the sdcc version.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
+-c\InsetSpace ~
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-compile-only
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-compile-only"
\end_inset
--funsigned-char
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-funsigned-char}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-c"
\end_inset
\series default
- The default signedness for every type is
-\family typewriter
- signed
-\family default
-.
- In some embedded environments the default signedness of
-\family typewriter
- char
-\family default
- is
-\family typewriter
- unsigned
-\family default
-.
- To set the signess for characters to unsigned, use the option --funsigned-char.
- If this option is set and no signedness keyword (unsigned/signed) is given,
- a char will be signed.
- All other types are unaffected.
+ will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
+\series default
+
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--main-return
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return}
+
+\series bold
+-c1mode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-c1mode"
\end_inset
\series default
- This option can be used if the code generated is called by a monitor program
- or if the main routine includes an endless loop.
- This option results in slightly smaller code and saves two bytes of stack
- space.
- The return from the 'main'
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{main return}
-
-\end_inset
-
- function will return to the function calling main.
- The default setting is to lock up i.e.
- generate a '
-\family typewriter
-sjmp .
-\family default
-'.
+ reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it.
+ The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-/
-
-\end_inset
-
--nostdinc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdinc}
+-E
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-E"
\end_inset
\series default
- This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path
- to the preprocessor.
+ Run only the C preprocessor.
+ Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard
+ output.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+-o\InsetSpace ~
+<path/file>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-o <path/file>"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ The output path where everything will be placed or the file name used for
+ all generated output files.
+ If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash
+ for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path.
+ Note for Windows users: if the path contains spaces, it should be surrounded
+ by quotes.
+ The trailing backslash should be doubled in order to prevent escaping the
+ final quote, for example:
+\emph on
+-o
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+F:
+\backslash
+Projects
+\backslash
+test3
+\backslash
+output 1
+\backslash
\backslash
-/
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
--nostdlib
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdlib}
+\emph default
+ or put after the final quote, for example:
+\emph on
+-o
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+F:
+\backslash
+Projects
+\backslash
+test3
+\backslash
+output 1
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
-\series default
- This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default library
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\backslash
+
+\emph default
+.
+ The path using slashes for directory delimiters can be used too, for example:
+
+\emph on
+-o
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+F:/Projects/test3/output 1/
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
- path to the linker.
-\layout List
+\emph default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--verbose
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-verbose}
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
\end_inset
\series default
- Shows the various actions the compiler is performing.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\size large
+
+\size default
+All functions in the source file will be compiled as
+\emph on
+reentrant
+\emph default
-\series bold
--V
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-V}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
\end_inset
+, i.e.
+ the parameters and local variables will be allocated on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
+
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing.
+.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables"
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ Parameters and Local Variables for more details.
+ If this option is used all source files in the project should be compiled
+ with this option.
+ It automatically implies -
\series bold
--
+
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
-
-\end_inset
-
--no-c-code-in-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-c-code-in-asm}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
- Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always
- blame the compiler :)
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
+-int-long-reent and -
\series bold
--
+
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
-
-\end_inset
-
--no-peep-comments
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep-comments}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
- Will not include peep-hole comments in the generated files.
+-float-reent.
+
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--no-gen-comments
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-gen-comments}
+-callee-saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-callee-saves"
\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:--callee-saves-function1[,function2][,function3]..."
-\series default
- Will not include code generator comments in the generated files.
+\end_inset
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+function1[,function2][,function3]....
+\series default
+ The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving
+ across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing
+ and popping when calling small functions from larger functions.
+ This option can be used to switch the register saving convention for the
+ function names specified.
+ The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, no extra
+ code will be generated at the entry and exit (function prologue
\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function prologue"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ and epilogue
+\series bold
--i-code-in-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-i-code-in-asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function epilogue"
\end_inset
\series default
- Include i-codes in the asm file.
- Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
--
+) for these functions to save and restore the registers used by these functions,
+ this can SUBSTANTIALLY reduce code and improve run time performance of
+ the generated code.
+ In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) will be able
+ to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
+ DO NOT use this option for built-in functions such as _mulint..., if this
+ option is used for a library function the appropriate library function
+ needs to be recompiled with the same option.
+ If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file
+ should be compiled with the same -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--less-pedantic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-less-pedantic}
+-callee-saves option string.
+ Also see #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+callee_saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma callee\\_saves"
\end_inset
-
-\series default
- Disable some of the more pedantic warnings
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Warnings}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "ite:callee_saves-function1[,function2[,function3...]]--"
\end_inset
- (jwk burps: please be more specific here, please!).
+.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--disable-warning\SpecialChar ~
-<nnnn>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-disable-warning}
+-all-callee-saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-all-callee-saves"
\end_inset
\series default
- Disable specific warning with number <nnnn>.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
--
+ Function of -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--print-search-dirs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
- Display the directories in the compiler's search path
+-callee-saves will be applied to all functions by default.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--vc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc}
+-debug
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-debug"
\end_inset
-
+
\series default
- Display errors and warnings using MSVC style, so you can use SDCC with
- the visual studio IDE
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE}
+When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information.
+ The debug information collected in a file with .cdb extension can be used
+ with the SDCDB.
+ For more information see documentation for SDCDB.
+ Another file with no extension contains debug information in AOMF or AOMF51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "AOMF, AOMF51"
\end_inset
-.
- With SDCC both offering a GCC-like (the default) and a MSVC-like
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MSVC output style}
+ format which is commonly used by third party tools.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-S
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-S"
\end_inset
- output style, integration into most programming editors should be straightforwa
-rd.
-\layout List
+\series default
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble.
+ The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--use-stdout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout}
+-int-long-reent
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-int-long-reent"
\end_inset
\series default
- Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr.
+ Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant.
+ Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant.
+ See section Installation for more details.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
--Wa\SpecialChar ~
-asmOption[,asmOption]
-\series default
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wa asmOption[,asmOption]}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-...
- Pass the asmOption to the assembler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options assembler}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+-cyclomatic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-cyclomatic"
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler options}
+
+\series default
+This option will cause the compiler to generate an information message for
+ each function in the source file.
+ The message contains some
+\emph on
+important
+\emph default
+ information about the function.
+ The number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow
+ graph of the function, and most importantly the
+\emph on
+cyclomatic complexity
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Cyclomatic complexity"
\end_inset
-.
- See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd
-\layout List
+\emph default
+ see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--std-sdcc89
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc89}
+-float-reent
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-float-reent"
\end_inset
\series default
- Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
- with the standard (default).
+ Floating point library is compiled as reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ See section Installation for more details.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--std-c89
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89}
+-funsigned-char
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-funsigned-char"
\end_inset
\series default
- Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
- standard.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
+ The default signedness for every type is
+\family typewriter
+signed
+\family default
+.
+ In some embedded environments the default signedness of
+\family typewriter
+char
+\family default
+ is
+\family typewriter
+unsigned
+\family default
+.
+ To set the signess for characters to unsigned, use the option -
\series bold
--
+
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
-
-\end_inset
-
--std-sdcc99
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
- Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
- with the standard (incomplete support).
+-funsigned-char.
+ If this option is set and no signedness keyword (unsigned/signed) is given,
+ a char will be signed.
+ All other types are unaffected.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--std-c99
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99}
+-main-return
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-main-return"
\end_inset
\series default
- Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
- standard (incomplete support).
+ This option can be used if the code generated is called by a monitor program
+ or if the main routine includes an endless loop.
+ This option results in slightly smaller code and saves two bytes of stack
+ space.
+ The return from the 'main'
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "main return"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ function will return to the function calling main.
+ The default setting is to lock up i.e.
+ generate a '
+\family typewriter
+sjmp .
+\family default
+'.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--codeseg
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-codeseg <Value>}
+-nostdinc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nostdinc"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Name> The name to be used for the code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
-
-\end_inset
- segment, default CSEG.
- This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the code in a special
- segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment in a special
- place in memory.
- Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a
- bank.
+\series default
+ This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path
+ to the preprocessor.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--constseg
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-constseg <Value>}
+-nostdlib
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nostdlib"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Name> The name to be used for the const
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
+
+\series default
+ This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
\end_inset
- segment, default CONST.
- This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the const data in
- a special segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment
- in a special place in memory.
- Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data
- in a bank.
+ path to the linker.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--fdollars-in-identifiers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-fdollars-in-identifiers}
+-verbose
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-verbose"
\end_inset
\series default
- Permit '$' as an identifier character
+ Shows the various actions the compiler is performing.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
-more-pedantic
-\series default
- Actually this is
-\series bold
-\emph on
-not
-\series default
-\emph default
- a SDCC compiler option but if you want
-\emph on
-more
-\emph default
- warnings you can use a separate tool dedicated to syntax checking like
- splint
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
+-V
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-V"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)}
+\series default
+ Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
- To make your source files parseable by splint you will have to include
-
-\family sans
-lint.h
-\family default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- in your source file and add brackets around extended keywords (like
-\family sans
+-no-c-code-in-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-c-code-in-asm"
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
-__at\SpecialChar ~
-\series bold
-(
-\series default
-0xab
-\series bold
-)
\series default
+ Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always
+ blame the compiler :)
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-__interrupt\SpecialChar ~
-(2)
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\family default
-).
-
-\newline
-Splint has an excellent on line manual at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org/manual/}
+-fverbose-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-gen-comments"
\end_inset
- and it's capabilities go beyond pure syntax checking.
- You'll need to tell splint the location of SDCC's include files so a typical
- command line could look like this:
-\newline
-\family sans
-splint\SpecialChar ~
--I\SpecialChar ~
-/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-myprogram.c
+\series default
+ Include code generator and peep-hole comments in the generated asm files.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Subsection
-Intermediate Dump Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options intermediate dump}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intermediate dump options}
+-no-peep-comments
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-peep-comments"
\end_inset
+\series default
+ Don't include peep-hole comments in the generated asm files even if -
+\series bold
-\layout Standard
-The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging
- the compiler.
- They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various stages of
- the compilation process.
- More on iCodes see chapter
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
-The anatomy of the compiler
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-.
+\series default
+-fverbose-asm option is specified.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--dumpraw
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpraw}
+-i-code-in-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-i-code-in-asm"
\end_inset
\series default
- This option will cause the compiler to dump the intermediate code into
- a file of named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumpraw
-\emph default
- just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function, i.e.
- before any optimizations are done.
- The basic blocks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks}
-
-\end_inset
-
- at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in
- sequence of execution.
+ Include i-codes in the asm file.
+ Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--dumpgcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpgcse}
+-less-pedantic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pedantic"
\end_inset
-\series default
- Will create a dump of iCode's, after global subexpression elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Global subexpression elimination}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-less-pedantic"
\end_inset
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumpgcse.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
+\series default
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:--less-pedantic"
\end_inset
--dumpdeadcode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpdeadcode}
+ Disable some of the more pedantic warnings
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Warnings"
\end_inset
-
-\series default
- Will create a dump of iCode's, after deadcode elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
+.
+ For more details, see the less_pedantic pragma
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "ite:less_pedantic"
\end_inset
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumpdeadcode.
+.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--dumploop
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumploop}
+-disable-warning\InsetSpace ~
+<nnnn>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-disable-warning"
\end_inset
\series default
-\size large
-
-\size default
-Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
-
-\end_inset
-
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumploop.
+ Disable specific warning with number <nnnn>.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--dumprange
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumprange}
+-Werror
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-Werror"
\end_inset
\series default
-\size large
-
-\size default
-Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range analysis
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
-
-\end_inset
-
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumprange.
+ Treat all warnings as errors.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--dumlrange
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumlrange}
+-print-search-dirs
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-print-search-dirs"
\end_inset
\series default
- Will dump the life ranges
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
-
-\end_inset
-
- for all symbols.
+ Display the directories in the compiler's search path
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--dumpregassign
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpregassign}
+-vc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-vc"
\end_inset
-\bar under
-
\series default
-\bar default
-Will create a dump of iCode's, after register assignment
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register assignment}
+ Display errors and warnings using MSVC style, so you can use SDCC with
+ the visual studio IDE
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "IDE"
\end_inset
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumprassgn.
+.
+ With SDCC both offering a GCC-like (the default) and a MSVC-like
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MSVC output style"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ output style, integration into most programming editors should be straightforwa
+rd.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--dumplrange
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumplrange}
+-use-stdout
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-use-stdout"
\end_inset
\series default
- Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's
+ Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
+-Wa\InsetSpace ~
+asmOption[,asmOption]
+\series default
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-Wa asmOption[,asmOption]"
\end_inset
--dumpall
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall}
+...
+ Pass the asmOption to the assembler
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options assembler"
\end_inset
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
-Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created.
-
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler options"
-\layout Subsection
-Redirecting output on Windows Shells
-
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-By default SDCC writes it's error messages to
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-
-standard error
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
.
- To force all messages to
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+ See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd
+\end_layout
-standard output
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- use
\series bold
-
-\series default
-\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\series bold
-\emph default
--
-\series default
-use-stdout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout}
+-std-sdcc89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-sdcc89"
\end_inset
-.
- Additionally, if you happen to have visual studio installed in your windows
- machine, you can use it to compile your sources using a custom build and
- the SDCC -
-\emph on
+\series default
+ Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (default).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\emph default
--vc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc}
+-std-c89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c89"
\end_inset
- option.
- Something like this should work:
-\newline
-
-\newline
-\series bold
-c:
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-bin
-\backslash
-sdcc.exe -
\series default
-\emph on
+ Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-sdcc99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-sdcc99"
\end_inset
-\series bold
-\emph default
--vc -
\series default
-\emph on
+ Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (incomplete support).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+-std-c99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-sdcc99"
-\series bold
-\emph default
--model-large -c $(InputPath)
-\series default
+\end_inset
+\series default
+ Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard (incomplete support).
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Section
-Environment variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Environment variables}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-SDCC recognizes the following environment variables:
+\end_inset
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-codeseg
+\series default
-\series bold
-SDCC_LEAVE_SIGNALS
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LEAVE\_SIGNALS}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-codeseg <Value>"
\end_inset
-\series default
- SDCC installs a signal handler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{signal handler}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:-codeseg"
\end_inset
- to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception.
- If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler
- in order to be able to debug SDCC.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
-TMP,\SpecialChar ~
-TEMP,\SpecialChar ~
-TMPDIR
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR}
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Name> The name to be used for the code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "code"
\end_inset
+ segment, default CSEG.
+ This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the code in a special
+ segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment in a special
+ place in memory.
+ Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a
+ bank.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Path, where temporary files will be created.
- The order of the variables is the search order.
- In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's
- no need to set them.
- On Windows it's recommended to set one of them.
-
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-SDCC_HOME
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_HOME}
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
- Path, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+-constseg
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-constseg <Value>"
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
- Install Paths
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Name> The name to be used for the const
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "const"
+
\end_inset
-.
+ segment, default CONST.
+ This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the const data in
+ a special segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment
+ in a special place in memory.
+ Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data
+ in a bank.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-SDCC_INCLUDE
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_INCLUDE}
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
- Path, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+-fdollars-in-identifiers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-fdollars-in-identifiers"
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
-Search Paths
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-.
+\series default
+ Permit '$' as an identifier character.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series bold
-SDCC_LIB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LIB}
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
- Path, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+-more-pedantic
+\series default
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-more-pedantic"
-Search Paths
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
-..
-
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these
- are solely used for debugging purposes.
- They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented.
-
-
-
-\layout Section
-Storage Class Language Extensions
-\layout Subsection
-MCS51/DS390 Storage Class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pedantic"
\end_inset
- Language Extensions
-
-\layout Standard
-In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51
- specific storage classes:
-
-\layout Subsubsection
-data
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+ Actually this is
+\series bold
+\emph on
+not
+\series default
+\emph default
+ a SDCC compiler option but if you want
+\emph on
+more
+\emph default
+ warnings you can use a separate tool dedicated to syntax checking like
+ splint
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "lint (syntax checking tool)"
\end_inset
- / near
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{near (storage class)}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.splint.org"
\end_inset
+.
+ To make your source files parseable by splint you will have to include
+
+\family sans
+lint.h
+\family default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_near (storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "splint (syntax checking tool)"
\end_inset
+ in your source file and add brackets around extended keywords (like
+\family sans
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+__at\InsetSpace ~
-\layout Standard
-This is the
\series bold
-default
+(
+\series default
+0xab
+\series bold
+)
\series default
- storage class for the Small Memory model (
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
- and
-\emph on
-near
-\emph default
- or the more ANSI-C compliant forms
-\emph on
-__data
-\emph default
- and
-\emph on
-__near
-\emph default
- can be used synonymously).
- Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly
- addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.:
-
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-__data unsigned char test_data;
-
-\layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-75*00 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_test_data,#0x01
-
-\layout Subsubsection
-xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
- / far
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)}
-
+__interrupt\InsetSpace ~
+(2)
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)}
+\family default
+).
+
+\newline
+Splint has an excellent on line manual at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.splint.org/manual/"
\end_inset
+ and it's capabilities go beyond pure syntax checking.
+ You'll need to tell splint the location of SDCC's include files so a typical
+ command line could look like this:
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+splint\InsetSpace ~
+-I\InsetSpace ~
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+myprogram.c
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Standard
-Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external
- RAM.
- This is the
\series bold
-default
-\series default
- storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.:
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-__xdata unsigned char test_xdata;
-\layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-90s00r00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dptr,#_test_xdata
-\newline
-74\SpecialChar ~
-01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,#0x01
-\newline
-F0\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movx\SpecialChar ~
-@dptr,a
+-short-is-8bits
+\series default
-\layout Subsubsection
-idata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-short-is-8bits"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:--short-is-8bits"
\end_inset
+ Treat short as 8-bit (for backward compatibility with older versions of
+ compiler - see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Compatibility-with-previous"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly
- addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.:
-
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-__idata unsigned char test_idata;
+)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-78r00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-r0,#_test_idata
-\newline
-76\SpecialChar ~
-01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-@r0,#0x01
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM
- as the data memory.
- The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have
- 256 byte idata memory.
- The stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Intermediate Dump Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options"
\end_inset
- is located in idata memory.
-\layout Subsubsection
-pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options intermediate dump"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Intermediate dump options"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing
- modes of a 8051.
- It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of
- 256 bytes.
- The following example writes 0x01 to the pdata variable.
- Please note, pdata access physically accesses xdata memory.
- The high byte of the address is determined by port P2
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging
+ the compiler.
+ They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "iCode"
\end_inset
-(or in case of some 8051 variants by a separate Special Function Register,
- see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
+) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various stages of
+ the compilation process.
+ More on iCodes see chapter
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:The-anatomy-of"
\end_inset
-).
- This is the
-\series bold
-default
-\series default
- storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.:
-
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-__pdata unsigned char test_pdata;
+
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+The anatomy of the compiler
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Verse
+.
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-78r00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov r0,#_test_pdata
-\newline
-74 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,#0x01
-\newline
-F2\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movx @r0,a
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Standard
-If the -
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--xstack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+-dumpraw
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpraw"
\end_inset
- option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area
- and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes.
-\layout Subsubsection
-code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
+\series default
+ This option will cause the compiler to dump the intermediate code into
+ a file of named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumpraw
+\emph default
+ just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function, i.e.
+ before any optimizations are done.
+ The basic blocks
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Basic blocks"
\end_inset
+ at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in
+ sequence of execution.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_code}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code
- memory:
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__code unsigned char test_code;
+-dumpgcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpgcse"
-\layout Standard
-Read access to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_inset
-\layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-90s00r6F\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov dptr,#_test_code
-\newline
-E4\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-clr a
-\newline
-93\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movc a,@a+dptr
+\series default
+ Will create a dump of iCodes, after global subexpression elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Global subexpression elimination"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-char
-\family default
- indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently:
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumpgcse.
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\family typewriter
-__code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'};
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
-Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly
- code:
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-E5*00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,_index
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-90s00r41\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov dptr,#_test_array
+-dumpdeadcode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpdeadcode"
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-93\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movc a,@a+dptr
-\layout Subsubsection
-bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\series default
+ Will create a dump of iCodes, after deadcode elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Dead-code elimination"
\end_inset
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumpdeadcode.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_bit}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-This is a data-type and a storage class specifier.
- When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable
- memory of 8051, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-__bit test_bit;
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+-dumploop
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumploop"
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-D2*00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-setb\SpecialChar ~
-_test_bit
-\layout Standard
-The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20
- to 0x2f in data memory.
+\series default
+\size large
-\newline
-Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support
- ANSI-C bitfields
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bitfields}
+\size default
+Will create a dump of iCodes, after loop optimizations
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Loop optimization"
\end_inset
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumploop.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Standard
-Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are
- about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
- In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit
- signed modifier are implemented as unsigned.
-\layout Subsubsection
-sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
+-dumprange
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumprange"
\end_inset
- / sfr16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr16}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Will create a dump of iCodes, after live range analysis
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Live range analysis"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr16}
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumprange.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- / sfr32
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr32}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr32}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- / sbit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit}
+-dumlrange
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumlrange"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit}
+\series default
+ Will dump the life ranges
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Live range analysis"
\end_inset
+ for all symbols.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Standard
-Like the bit keyword,
-\emph on
-sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit
-\emph default
-signify both a data-type and storage class, they are used to describe the
-
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-pecial
-\emph on
-f
-\emph default
-unction
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
-egisters and
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-pecial
-\emph on
-bit
-\emph default
- variables of a 8051, eg:
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-__sfr __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+-dumpregassign
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpregassign"
\end_inset
- (0x80) P0;\SpecialChar ~
- /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */
-\newline
+
+\series default
+Will create a dump of iCodes, after register assignment
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Register assignment"
-\newline
-/* 16 bit
- special function register combination for timer 0
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- with the high byte at
- location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */
-\newline
-__sfr16 __at (0x8C8A)
- TMR0;
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-__sbit __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumprassgn.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- (0xd7) CY;\SpecialChar ~
- /* CY (Carry Flag
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flags}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Carry flag}
+-dumplrange
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumplrange"
\end_inset
-) */
-\layout Standard
-Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by
- 8 are bit-addressable, an
-\emph on
- sbit
-\emph default
- addresses a specific bit within these sfr.
-\newline
-16 Bit and 32 bit special function
- register combinations which require a certain access order are better not
- declared using
-\emph on
-sfr16
-\emph default
- or
-\emph on
-sfr32.
+\series default
+ Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's
+\end_layout
-\emph default
- Allthough SDCC usually accesses them Least Significant Byte (LSB) first,
- this is not guaranteed.
-\newline
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
-Please note, if you use a header file which was written for another compiler
- then the sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit Storage Class extensions will most
- likely be
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
-compatible.
- Specifically the syntax
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-sfr P0 = 0x80;\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family default
- is compiled
-\emph on
-without warning
-\emph default
- by SDCC to an assignment of 0x80 to a variable called P0
-\family typewriter
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
+-dumpall
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpall"
\end_inset
-.
+
+\size large
-\family default
-Nevertheless it is possible to write header files
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
+\series default
+\size default
+Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Redirecting output on Windows Shells
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+By default SDCC writes its error messages to
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
- which can be shared among different compilers (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers}
+standard error
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ To force all messages to
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+standard output
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
-).
-
+ use
+\series bold
+-
+\series default
+\emph on
-\layout Subsubsection
-Pointers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer}
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces
-\layout Standard
-SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any
- of the memory spaces
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- of the 8051.
- In addition to the explicit pointers, the compiler uses (by default) generic
- pointers which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces.
-\newline
-\newline
-Pointer
- declaration examples:
+\series bold
+\emph default
+-
+\series default
+use-stdout
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-use-stdout"
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-/* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram
- */
-\newline
-__xdata unsigned char * __data p;
-\newline
+.
+ Additionally, if you happen to have visual studio installed in your windows
+ machine, you can use it to compile your sources using a custom build and
+ the SDCC -
+\emph on
-\newline
-/* pointer physically in external ram
- pointing to object in internal ram */
-\newline
-__data unsigned char * __xdata p;
-\newline
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\newline
-/*
- pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */
-\newline
-__xdata
- unsigned char * __code p;
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\newline
-/* pointer physically in code space pointing to
- data in code space */
-\newline
-__code unsigned char * __code p;
-\newline
-\newline
-/* generic pointer
- physically located in xdata space */
-\newline
-unsigned char * __xdata p;
-\newline
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\newline
-/* generic
- pointer physically located in default memory space */
-\newline
-unsigned char * p;
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-/*
- the following is a function pointer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function pointer}
+
+\emph default
+-vc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-vc"
\end_inset
- physically located in data space */
+ option.
+ Something like this should work:
\newline
-char (* __data fp)(void);
-\layout Standard
-Well you get the idea.
-
\newline
-\newline
-All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390)
-\emph on
-generic
-\emph default
- pointers.
-
-\size small
+\series bold
+c:
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+bin
+\backslash
+sdcc.exe -
+\series default
+\emph on
-\newline
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size default
-The highest order byte of the
-\emph on
-generic
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
\emph default
- pointers contains the data space information.
- Assembler support routines are called whenever data is stored or retrieved
- using
+-vc -
+\series default
\emph on
-generic
-\emph default
- pointers.
- These are useful for developing reusable library
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- routines.
- Explicitly specifying the pointer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pointer}
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- type will generate the most efficient code.
-\layout Subsubsection
-Notes on MCS51 memory
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory}
+\series bold
+\emph default
+-model-large -c $(InputPath)
+\series default
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
- layout
-\layout Standard
-The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal
- RAM memory which is structured as follows:
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\newline
-- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold
- up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7,
-\newline
-- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold
- 128 bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\begin_layout Section
+Environment variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Environment variables"
\end_inset
- variables and,
-\newline
-- Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use.
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of
- additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory (
-\emph on
-idata
-\emph default
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC recognizes the following environment variables:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\series bold
+SDCC_LEAVE_SIGNALS
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_LEAVE\\_SIGNALS"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\series default
+ SDCC installs a signal handler
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "signal handler"
\end_inset
-).
- Furthermore, some chips may have some built in external memory (
-\emph on
-xdata
-\emph default
+ to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception.
+ If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler
+ in order to be able to debug SDCC.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\series bold
+TMP,\InsetSpace ~
+TEMP,\InsetSpace ~
+TMPDIR
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\series default
+ Path, where temporary files will be created.
+ The order of the variables is the search order.
+ In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's
+ no need to set them.
+ On Windows it's recommended to set one of them.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+SDCC_HOME
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_HOME"
\end_inset
-) which should not be confused with the internal, directly addressable RAM
- memory (
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\series default
+ Path, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Install-paths"
\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+ Install Paths
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
-).
- Sometimes this built in
-\emph on
-xdata
-\emph default
- memory has to be activated before using it (you can probably find this
- information on the datasheet of the microcontroller your are using, see
- also section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+SDCC_INCLUDE
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_INCLUDE"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-Startup-Code).
-\layout Standard
-Normally SDCC will only use the first bank
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
+\series default
+ Path, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Search-Paths"
\end_inset
- of registers (register bank 0), but it is possible to specify that other
- banks of registers (keyword
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
-
-\emph on
+\InsetSpace ~
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+Search Paths
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+\series bold
+SDCC_LIB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_LIB"
\end_inset
-\emph default
-) should be used in interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\series default
+ Path, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Search-Paths"
\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+Search Paths
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
- routines.
- By default, the compiler will place the stack after the last byte of allocated
- memory for variables.
- For example, if the first 2 banks of registers are used, and only four
- bytes are used for
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
- variables, it will position the base of the internal stack at address 20
- (0x14).
- This implies that as the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+..
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these
+ are solely used for debugging purposes.
+ They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
- grows, it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used
- by the 128 bit variables, and 80 bytes for general purpose use.
- If any bit variables are used, the data variables will be placed in unused
- register banks and after the byte holding the last bit variable.
- For example, if register banks 0 and 1 are used, and there are 9 bit variables
- (two bytes used),
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
- variables will be placed starting from address 0x10 to 0x20 and continue
- at address 0x22.
- You can also use -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Storage Class Language Extensions
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_layout Subsection
+MCS51/DS390 Storage Class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Storage class"
\end_inset
--data-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc <Value>}
+ Language Extensions
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51
+ specific storage classes:
+\end_layout
- to specify the start address of the
-\emph on
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
data
-\emph default
- and -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
--iram-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
+ / near
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "near (storage class)"
\end_inset
- to specify the size of the total internal RAM (
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_near (storage class)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is the
+\series bold
+default
+\series default
+ storage class for the Small Memory model (
\emph on
data
\emph default
-+
+ and
\emph on
-idata
+near
\emph default
-).
-
-\newline
-
+ or the more ANSI-C compliant forms
+\emph on
+__data
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+__near
+\emph default
+ can be used synonymously).
+ Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly
+ addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data
- variables.
- Option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Verse
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+__data unsigned char test_data;
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+75*00 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_test_data,#0x01
+\end_layout
--stack-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc <Value>}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
- allows you to specify the start of the stack, i.e.
- you could start it after any data in the general purpose area.
- If your microcontroller has additional indirectly addressable internal
- RAM (
-\emph on
-idata
-\emph default
-) you can place the stack on it.
- You may also need to use -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
+ / far
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "far (storage class)"
\end_inset
--xdata-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xdata-loc<Value>}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_far (storage class)"
\end_inset
- to set the start address of the external RAM (
-\emph on
-xdata
-\emph default
-) and -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external
+ RAM.
+ This is the
+\series bold
+default
+\series default
+ storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__xdata unsigned char test_xdata;
+\end_layout
--xram-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size <Value>}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
- to specify its size.
- Same goes for the code memory, using -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family typewriter
+90s00r00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dptr,#_test_xdata
+\newline
+74\InsetSpace ~
+01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,#0x01
+\newline
+F0\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movx\InsetSpace ~
+@dptr,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+idata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
--code-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- and -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly
+ addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+__idata unsigned char test_idata;
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+78r00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+r0,#_test_idata
+\newline
+76\InsetSpace ~
+01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+@r0,#0x01
+\end_layout
--code-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size <Value>}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM
+ as the data memory.
+ The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have
+ 256 byte idata memory.
+ The stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
\end_inset
-.
- If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory
- layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it.
+ is located in idata memory.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-The linker generates two files with memory allocation information.
- The first, with extension .map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
- shows all the variables and segments.
- The second with extension .mem
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.mem}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
- shows the final memory layout.
- The linker will complain either if memory segments overlap, there is not
- enough memory, or there is not enough space for stack.
- If you get any linking warnings and/or errors related to stack or segments
- allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what
- the problem is.
- The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing
+ modes of a 8051.
+ It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of
+ 256 bytes.
+ The following example writes 0x01 to the pdata variable.
+ Please note, pdata access physically accesses xdata memory.
+ The high byte of the address is determined by port P2
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "P2 (mcs51 sfr)"
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
-Z80/Z180 Storage Class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Storage class}
+(or in case of some 8051 variants by a separate Special Function Register,
+ see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:MCS51-variants"
\end_inset
- Language Extensions
+).
+ This is the
+\series bold
+default
+\series default
+ storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
-sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__pdata unsigned char test_pdata;
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+78r00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r0,#_test_pdata
+\newline
+74 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov a,#0x01
+\newline
+F2\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movx @r0,a
+\end_layout
- (in/out to 8-bit addresses)
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
-The Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- family has separate address spaces for memory and
-\emph on
-i
-\emph default
-nput/
-\emph on
-o
-\emph default
-utput memory.
- I/O memory
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{I/O memory (Z80, Z180)}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!I/O memory}
+-xstack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xstack"
\end_inset
+ option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area
+ and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!I/O memory}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "code"
\end_inset
- is accessed with special instructions, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_code"
-\family typewriter
-sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */
-
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-3E 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ld a,#0x01
-\newline
-D3 78\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-out (_IoPort),a
+\begin_layout Standard
+'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code
+ memory:
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
-banked sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__code unsigned char test_code;
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Read access to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+90s00r6F\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov dptr,#_test_code
+\newline
+E4\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+clr a
+\newline
+93\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movc a,@a+dptr
+\end_layout
- (in/out to 16-bit addresses)
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-The keyword
-\emph on
-banked
-\emph default
- is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.:
+\family typewriter
+char
+\family default
+ indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-sfr banked at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
-
-\end_inset
+__code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'};
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly
+ code:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+E5*00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov a,_index
+\end_layout
- 0x123 IoPort;
+\begin_layout Verse
-\layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\family typewriter
+90s00r41\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov dptr,#_test_array
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-01 23 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ld bc,#_IoPort
-\newline
-3E 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ld a,#0x01
-\newline
-ED 79\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-out (c),a
+93\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movc a,@a+dptr
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
-sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_bit"
\end_inset
- (in0/out0 to 8 bit addresses on Z180
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-/HD64180
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HD64180 (see Z180)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a data-type and a storage class specifier.
+ When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable
+ memory of 8051, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
-)
+\family typewriter
+__bit test_bit;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-The compiler option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+D2*00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+setb\InsetSpace ~
+_test_bit
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_layout Standard
+The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20
+ to 0x2f in data memory.
+
+\newline
+Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support
+ ANSI-C bitfields
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bitfields"
\end_inset
--portmode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Options!-\/-portmode}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
-=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-portmode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Pragmas!\#pragma portmode}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are
+ about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- z180 (z80) is used to turn on (off) the Z180/HD64180 port addressing instructio
-ns
-\family typewriter
-in0/out0
-\family default
- instead of
-\family typewriter
-in/out
-\family default
.
- If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically.
-
-
+ In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit
+ signed modifier are implemented as unsigned.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
-HC08 Storage Class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Storage class}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr"
\end_inset
- Language Extensions
-\layout Subsubsection
-data
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (hc08 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr"
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (hc08 storage class)}
+ / sfr16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr16"
\end_inset
-
-\layout Standard
-The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256
- bytes of memory (the direct page).
- The HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr16"
\end_inset
- is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) stored here.
-
-\layout Subsubsection
-xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (hc08 storage class)}
+ / sfr32
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr32"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (hc08 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr32"
\end_inset
-
-
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in
- memory.
- This is the default if no storage class is specified.
-
+ / sbit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sbit"
+\end_inset
-\layout Section
-Absolute Addressing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sbit"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the
+\begin_layout Standard
+Like the bit keyword,
\emph on
-at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
-
-\end_inset
-
- <address>
+sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit
\emph default
- keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.:
+ signify both a data-type and storage class, they are used to describe the
+
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+pecial
+\emph on
+f
+\emph default
+unction
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+egisters and
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+pecial
+\emph on
+bit
+\emph default
+ variables of a 8051, eg:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-
-\end_inset
-
- at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+__sfr __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
\end_inset
- 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum;
-
-\layout Standard
-or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C:
-
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-__xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum;
-
-\layout Standard
-In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff
- of the external ram.
- The compiler does
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- reserve any space for variables declared in this way
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+ (0x80) P0;\InsetSpace ~
+ /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+/* 16 bit
+ special function register combination for timer 0
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ with the high byte at
+ location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */
+\newline
+__sfr16 __at (0x8C8A)
+ TMR0;
+\newline
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
+\newline
+__sbit __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
\end_inset
- (they are implemented with an equate in the assembler).
- Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure there are no overlaps with
- other variables that are declared without the absolute address.
- The assembler listing file (.lst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lst}
-
-\end_inset
-) and the linker output files (.rst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rst}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
\end_inset
-) and (.map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
+ (0xd7) CY;\InsetSpace ~
+ /* CY (Carry Flag
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Flags"
\end_inset
-) are good places to look for such overlaps.
- Variables with an absolute address are
-\emph on
-not
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
-
-\layout Standard
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Carry flag"
\end_inset
+) */
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by
+ 8 are bit-addressable, an
+\emph on
+sbit
+\emph default
+ addresses a specific bit within these sfr.
+\newline
+16 Bit and 32 bit special function
+ register combinations which require a certain access order are better not
+ declared using
+\emph on
+sfr16
\emph default
- initialized
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
+ or
+\emph on
+sfr32.
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ Allthough SDCC usually accesses them Least Significant Byte (LSB) first,
+ this is not guaranteed.
+\newline
-.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword
+\begin_layout Standard
+Please note, if you use a header file which was written for another compiler
+ then the sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit Storage Class extensions will most
+ likely be
\emph on
-volatile
+not
\emph default
- has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed:
-
-\layout Verse
-
+ compatible.
+ Specifically the syntax
\family typewriter
-volatile
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+\InsetSpace ~
+sfr P0 = 0x80;\InsetSpace ~
-\end_inset
+\family default
+ is compiled
+\emph on
+without warning
+\emph default
+ by SDCC to an assignment of 0x80 to a variable called P0
+\family typewriter
- __xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset Marginal
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\series bold
+\InsetSpace ~
+!
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- (0x8000) unsigned char PORTA_8255;
-
-\layout Standard
-For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa
-r) array
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
+.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
+\family default
+
+\series bold
+Nevertheless it is possible to write header files
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Header files"
\end_inset
-\family default
-\size default
- starts at a block (256 byte) boundary
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{block boundary}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Include files"
\end_inset
- (section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
+ which can be shared among different compilers (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers"
\end_inset
- has an example).
-\newline
-Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all
- storage classes, e.g.:
-
-\layout Verse
+).
+
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-__bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Pointers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Pointer"
\end_inset
- __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+ to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any
+ of the memory spaces
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory model"
\end_inset
- (0x02) bvar;
+ of the 8051.
+ In addition to the explicit pointers, the compiler uses (by default) generic
+ pointers which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces.
+\newline
-\layout Standard
-The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab
-le space.
- There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables
- in this manner, unless you want strict control over all the variables allocated.
- One possible use would be to write hardware portable code.
- For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller
- I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you
- can declare the I/O pins in your routine using:
+\newline
+Pointer
+ declaration examples:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-extern volatile
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
-
-\end_inset
-
- __bit MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* master out, slave in */
-\newline
-extern volatile __bit MISO;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* master
- in, slave out */
+/* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram
+ */
\newline
-extern volatile __bit MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* master clock */
+__xdata unsigned char * __data p;
\newline
\newline
-/* Input and
- Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus.
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-If needed adapt polarity of clock,
- polarity of data and bit order
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-*/
+/* pointer physically in external ram
+ pointing to object in internal ram */
\newline
-unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte)
-
+__data unsigned char * __xdata p;
\newline
-{
+
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-unsigned char i=8;
+/*
+ pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-do {
+__xdata
+ unsigned char * __code p;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-MOSI = out_byte & 0x80;
+
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-out_byte <<= 1;
+/* pointer physically in code space pointing to
+ data in code space */
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-MCLK =
- 1;
+__code unsigned char * __code p;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* _asm nop _endasm; */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* for slow peripherals */
+
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-if(MISO)
+/* generic pointer
+ physically located in xdata space */
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-out_byte +=
- 1;
+unsigned char * __xdata p;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-MCLK = 0;
+
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-} while(--i);
+/* generic
+ pointer physically located in default memory space */
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return out_byte;
+unsigned char * p;
\newline
-}
-
-\layout Standard
-Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-__bit __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\newline
+/*
+ the following is a function pointer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function pointer"
\end_inset
+ physically located in data space */
+\newline
+char (* __data fp)(void);
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Well you get the idea.
+
+\newline
- (0x80) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 0, bit 0 */
\newline
-__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 0,
- bit 1 */
-\newline
-__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 0, bit 2 */
-
-\layout Standard
-Similarly, for the second hardware you would use
-
-\layout Verse
+All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390)
+\emph on
+generic
+\emph default
+ pointers.
+
+\size small
-\family typewriter
-__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 0, bit 3 */
\newline
-__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/*
- I/O port 1, bit 1 */
+
\newline
-__bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
-\end_inset
+\size default
+The highest order byte of the
+\emph on
+generic
+\emph default
+ pointers contains the data space information.
+ Assembler support routines are called whenever data is stored or retrieved
+ using
+\emph on
+generic
+\emph default
+ pointers.
+ These are useful for developing reusable library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
- __at (0x92) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 1, bit 2 */
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as
- for example in a library.
- This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be
- specified in the whole project.
+ routines.
+ Explicitly specifying the pointer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pointer"
+\end_inset
+ type will generate the most efficient code.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
-Parameters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameters}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Notes on MCS51 memory
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51 memory"
\end_inset
+ layout
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal
+ RAM memory which is structured as follows:
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+\newline
+- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold
+ up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7,
+\newline
+- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold
+ 128 bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
\end_inset
- & Local Variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+ variables and,
+\newline
+- Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use.
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of
+ additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory (
+\emph on
+idata
+\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
-
-\layout Standard
-Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed
- on the stack or in data-space.
- The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal
- RAM (for small model) or external RAM (for large model).
- This in fact makes them similar to
-\emph on
-static
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{static}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
-
+).
+ Furthermore, some chips may have some built in external memory (
+\emph on
+xdata
\emph default
- so by default functions are non-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
-.
-
-\newline
-\newline
-They can be placed on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
- by using the
+) which should not be confused with the internal, directly addressable RAM
+ memory (
\emph on
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+data
+\emph default
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+).
+ Sometimes this built in
+\emph on
+xdata
+\emph default
+ memory has to be activated before using it (you can probably find this
+ information on the datasheet of the microcontroller your are using, see
+ also section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Startup-Code"
\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+Startup-Code).
+\end_layout
-\emph default
- option, by using
+\begin_layout Standard
+Normally SDCC will only use the first bank
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "register bank (mcs51, ds390)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ of registers (register bank 0), but it is possible to specify that other
+ banks of registers (keyword
\emph on
-#pragma\SpecialChar ~
-stackauto
+using
\emph default
+
+\emph on
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
\end_inset
- or by using the
-\emph on
-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
\end_inset
\emph default
- keyword in the function declaration, e.g.:
+) should be used for example in interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-unsigned char foo(char i) __reentrant
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
-Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_interrupt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ routines.
+ By default, the compiler will place the stack after the last byte of allocated
+ memory for variables.
+ For example, if the first 2 banks of registers are used, and only four
+ bytes are used for
\emph on
-reentrant
+data
\emph default
-keyword or the
+ variables, it will position the base of the internal stack at address 20
+ (0x14).
+ This implies that as the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ grows, it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used
+ by the 128 bit variables, and 80 bytes for general purpose use.
+ If any bit variables are used, the data variables will be placed in unused
+ register banks and after the byte holding the last bit variable.
+ For example, if register banks 0 and 1 are used, and there are 9 bit variables
+ (two bytes used),
\emph on
- -
+data
+\emph default
+ variables will be placed starting from address 0x10 to 0x20 and continue
+ at address 0x22.
+ You can also use -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\emph default
- option should be used sparingly.
- Note that the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local
- variables will be allocated to the stack, it
-\emph on
-does not
-\emph default
- mean that the function is register bank
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
+-data-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-data-loc <Value>"
\end_inset
- independent.
-\newline
+ to specify the start address of the
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
+ and -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\newline
-Local variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- can be assigned storage classes and absolute
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- addresses, e.g.:
-
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-unsigned char foo()
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-__xdata unsigned char i;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-__bit bvar;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-__data __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+-iram-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-iram-size <Value>"
\end_inset
- (0x31) unsigned char j;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-
-\layout Standard
-In the above example the variable
-\emph on
-i
-\emph default
- will be allocated in the external ram,
+ to specify the size of the total internal RAM (
\emph on
-bvar
+data
\emph default
- in bit addressable space and
++
\emph on
- j
+idata
\emph default
- in internal ram.
- When compiled with
-\emph on
--
+).
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data
+ variables.
+ Option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\emph default
- or when a function is declared as
+-stack-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-loc <Value>"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ allows you to specify the start of the stack, i.e.
+ you could start it after any data in the general purpose area.
+ If your microcontroller has additional indirectly addressable internal
+ RAM (
\emph on
-reentrant
+idata
\emph default
- this should only be done for static variables.
+) you can place the stack on it.
+ You may also need to use -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
-Parameters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- however are not allowed any storage class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-, (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is
- governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options.
-
-\layout Standard
-It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also
- non-static local bit variables are supported.
- Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space.
- They are pushed and popped to stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+-xdata-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xdata-loc<Value>"
\end_inset
- as a single byte just like the normal registers.
+ to set the start address of the external RAM (
+\emph on
+xdata
+\emph default
+) and -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Section
-Overlaying
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Overlaying}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Overlaying}
+-xram-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xram-size <Value>"
\end_inset
+ to specify its size.
+ Same goes for the code memory, using -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-For non-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space usage by overlaying
- parameters and local variables of a function (if possible).
- Parameters and local variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+-code-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-code-loc <Value>"
\end_inset
- of a function will be allocated to an overlayable segment if the function
- has
-\emph on
-no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory
- model
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+ and -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- is small.
-\emph default
- If an explicit storage class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlayed.
+-code-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-code-size <Value>"
-\layout Standard
-Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin
-g the data items.
- Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+.
+ If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory
+ layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it.
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-!
+\begin_layout Standard
+The linker generates two files with memory allocation information.
+ The first, with extension .map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.map"
\end_inset
- should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
+ shows all the variables and segments.
+ The second with extension .mem
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.mem"
\end_inset
- if they are not reentrant.
+ shows the final memory layout.
+ The linker will complain either if memory segments overlap, there is not
+ enough memory, or there is not enough space for stack.
+ If you get any linking warnings and/or errors related to stack or segments
+ allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what
+ the problem is.
+ The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler
- code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters
- of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls
- other c-functions that might use the overlay.
- In that case the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay should be used.
-\layout Standard
-Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica
-tion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Z80/Z180 Storage Class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Storage class"
\end_inset
- or division
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division}
+ Language Extensions
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr"
- will NOT be overlayed since these are implemented using external functions,
- e.g.:
+\end_inset
-\layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-#pragma save
-\newline
-#pragma nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr"
\end_inset
-
-\newline
-void set_error(unsigned char errcd)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-P3 = errcd;
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-#pragma restore
-\newline
+ (in/out to 8-bit addresses)
+\end_layout
-\newline
-void
- some_isr () __interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
\end_inset
- (2)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-set_error(10);
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-In the above example the parameter
+ family has separate address spaces for memory and
\emph on
-errcd
+i
\emph default
- for the function
+nput/
\emph on
-set_error
+o
\emph default
- would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay was
- not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called
- from an interrupt service routine.
- The #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for
- the function are NOT overlayed.
+utput memory.
+ I/O memory
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "I/O memory (Z80, Z180)"
+\end_inset
-\layout Section
-Interrupt Service Routines
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!I/O memory"
\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z180!I/O memory"
-\layout Subsection
-General Information
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-SDCC allows
-\emph on
-i
-\emph default
-nterrupt
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-ervice
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
-outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords.
+ is accessed with special instructions, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-void timer_isr (void) __interrupt (1) __using (1)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
+sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */
-\newline
-}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-The optional number following the
-\emph on
-interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+3E 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ld a,#0x01
+\newline
+D3 78\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+out (_IoPort),a
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+banked sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr"
\end_inset
-\emph default
- keyword is the interrupt number this routine will service.
- When present, the compiler will insert a call to this routine in the interrupt
- vector table
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr"
\end_inset
- for the interrupt number specified.
- If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service routines
- can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr MUST be present
- or included in the file that contains the function
+ (in/out to 16-bit addresses)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The keyword
\emph on
-main
+banked
\emph default
-.
- The optional (8051 specific) keyword
-\emph on
-using
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+ is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+sfr banked at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
\end_inset
+ 0x123 IoPort;
+\end_layout
-\emph default
- can be used to tell the compiler to use the specified register bank when
- generating code for this function.
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+01 23 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ld bc,#_IoPort
\newline
-Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs:
+3E 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ld a,#0x01
+\newline
+ED 79\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+out (c),a
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr"
\end_inset
-Common interrupt pitfall: variable not declared
-\emph on
-volatile
-\layout Standard
-If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by
- other functions these variables have to be declared
-\emph on
-volatile
-\emph default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr"
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+ (in0/out0 to 8 bit addresses on Z180
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z180"
\end_inset
-.
- See
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_variable}
+/HD64180
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HD64180 (see Z180)"
\end_inset
- .
+)
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-atomic}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-Common interrupt pitfall:
-\emph on
-non-atomic access
-\layout Standard
-If the access to these variables is not
-\emph on
-atomic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+-portmode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z180!Options!-\\/-portmode"
-\emph default
- (i.e.
- the processor needs more than one instruction for the access and could
- be interrupted while accessing the variable) the interrupt must be disabled
- during the access to avoid inconsistent data.
-
-\newline
-Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs
- and should be protected by disabling interrupts.
- You're not automatically on the safe side if you use 8 bit variables though.
- We need an example here: f.e.
- on the 8051 the harmless looking
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
+=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+portmode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z180!Pragmas!\\#pragma portmode"
-\family typewriter
-flags\SpecialChar ~
-|=\SpecialChar ~
-0x80;
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
- is not atomic if
+ z180 (z80) is used to turn on (off) the Z180/HD64180 port addressing instructio
+ns
\family typewriter
-flags
+in0/out0
\family default
- resides in xdata.
- Setting
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
+ instead of
+\family typewriter
+in/out
+\family default
+.
+ If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-flags\SpecialChar ~
-|=\SpecialChar ~
-0x40;
-\family default
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+HC08 Storage Class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08!Storage class"
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
- from within an interrupt routine might get lost if the interrupt occurs
- at the wrong time.
-
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
+ Language Extensions
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+data
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "data (hc08 storage class)"
+
\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-counter\SpecialChar ~
-+=\SpecialChar ~
-8;
-\family default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_data (hc08 storage class)"
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
- is not atomic on the 8051 even if
-\family typewriter
-counter
-\family default
- is located in data memory.
-\newline
-Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can
- cause a lot of trouble.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-stack-overflow}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256
+ bytes of memory (the direct page).
+ The HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
\end_inset
-Common interrupt pitfall:
-\emph on
-stack overflow
+ is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) stored here.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine
- are saved on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (hc08 storage class)"
\end_inset
- so there must be sufficient stack space.
- If there isn't variables or registers (or even the return address itself)
- will be corrupted.
- This
-\emph on
-stack overflow
-\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack overflow}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_xdata (hc08 storage class)"
\end_inset
- is most likely to happen if the interrupt occurs during the
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
-deepest
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\begin_layout Standard
+The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in
+ memory.
+ This is the default if no storage class is specified.
+
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
- subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e.
- many return addresses.
-\layout Subsubsection
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-reentrant}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Other SDCC language extensions
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Other SDCC language extensions"
\end_inset
-Common interrupt pitfall:
-\emph on
-use of non-reentrant functions
-\layout Standard
-A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Binary constants
+\end_layout
-, multiplication
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC supports the use of binary constants, such as 0b01100010.
+ This feature is only enabled when the compiler is invoked using --std-sdccxx.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
- & modulus
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Modulus}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- and floating-point
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
+\begin_layout Section
+Absolute Addressing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Absolute addressing"
\end_inset
- operations are implemented using external support routines.
- If an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then
- the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have to
- be recompiled using the
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the
\emph on
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+ <address>
+\emph default
+ keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\emph default
- option and the source file will need to be compiled using the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\backslash
-/
+\end_inset
+
+ at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
\end_inset
--int-long-reent
-\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
\end_inset
- compiler option.
-
-\newline
-Note, the type promotion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+ 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum;
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C:
+\end_layout
- required by ANSI C can cause 16 bit routines to be used
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff
+ of the external ram.
+ The compiler does
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ reserve any space for variables declared in this way
\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
!
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- without the programmer being aware of it.
- See f.e.
- the cast
-\family typewriter
-(unsigned char)(tail-1)
-\family default
- within the if clause in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended,
- avoid it if possible.
- Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine
- it should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
+ (they are implemented with an equate in the assembler).
+ Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure there are no overlaps with
+ other variables that are declared without the absolute address.
+ The assembler listing file (.lst
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.lst"
\end_inset
- if it is not reentrant.
- Furthermore nonreentrant functions should not be called from the main program
- while the interrupt service routine might be active.
- They also must not be called from low priority interrupt service routines
- while a high priority interrupt service routine might be active.
- You could use semaphores or make the function
-\emph on
- critical
-\emph default
- if all parameters are passed in registers.
-\newline
- Also see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Overlaying}
+) and the linker output files (.rst
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.rst"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-about Overlaying and section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
+) and (.map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.map"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-about Functions using private register banks.
+) are good places to look for such overlaps.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+If however you provide an initializer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Variable initialization"
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
-MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines
+ actual memory allocation will take place and overlaps will be detected
+ by the linker.
+ E.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+__code __at (0x7ff0) char Id[5] =
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
- numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for the Standard 8051/8052
- are listed below.
- SDCC will automatically adjust the
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
-
+SDCC
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
- to the maximum interrupt number specified.
-\newline
+;
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the above example the variable Id will be located from 0x7ff0 to 0x7ff4
+ in code memory.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword
+\emph on
+volatile
+\emph default
+ has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Interrupt #
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+volatile
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "volatile"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-Description
+ __xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-Vector Address
+ __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-0
+ (0x8000) unsigned char PORTA_8255;
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa
+r) array
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
-\layout Standard
-External 0
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Aligned array"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-0x0003
+
+\family default
+\size default
+ starts at a block (256 byte) boundary
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "block boundary"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-1
+ (section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-Timer 0
+ has an example).
+\newline
+Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all
+ storage classes, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Verse
-\layout Standard
-0x000b
+\family typewriter
+__bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-2
+ __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-External 1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ (0x02) bvar;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-0x0013
+\begin_layout Standard
+The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab
+le space.
+ There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables
+ in this manner, unless you want strict control over all the variables allocated.
+ One possible use would be to write hardware portable code.
+ For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller
+ I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you
+ can declare the I/O pins in your routine using:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Verse
-\layout Standard
-3
+\family typewriter
+extern volatile
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "volatile"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-Timer 1
+ __bit MOSI;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* master out, slave in */
+\newline
+extern volatile __bit MISO;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* master
+ in, slave out */
+\newline
+extern volatile __bit MCLK;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* master clock */
+\newline
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+/* Input and
+ Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus.
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+If needed adapt polarity of clock,
+ polarity of data and bit order
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+*/
+\newline
+unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte)
+
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+unsigned char i=8;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+do {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+MOSI = out_byte & 0x80;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+out_byte <<= 1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+MCLK =
+ 1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* _asm nop _endasm; */\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* for slow peripherals */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+if(MISO)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+out_byte +=
+ 1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+MCLK = 0;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+} while(--i);
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return out_byte;
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-0x001b
+\begin_layout Standard
+Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Verse
-\layout Standard
-4
+\family typewriter
+__bit __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-Serial
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-0x0023
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-5
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ (0x80) MOSI;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* I/O port 0, bit 0 */
+\newline
+__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* I/O port 0,
+ bit 1 */
+\newline
+__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* I/O port 0, bit 2 */
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Timer 2 (8052)
+\begin_layout Standard
+Similarly, for the second hardware you would use
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Verse
-\layout Standard
-0x002b
+\family typewriter
+__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* I/O port 0, bit 3 */
+\newline
+__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/*
+ I/O port 1, bit 1 */
+\newline
+__bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-...
+ __at (0x92) MCLK;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* I/O port 1, bit 2 */
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as
+ for example in a library.
+ This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be
+ specified in the whole project.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-...
+\begin_layout Section
+Parameters
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Parameters"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-n
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function parameter"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ & Local Variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "local variables"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-0x0003 + 8*n
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables"
\end_inset
-\newline
-
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-If the interrupt service routine is defined without
+\begin_layout Standard
+Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed
+ on the stack or in data-space.
+ The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal
+ RAM (for small model) or external RAM (for medium or large model).
+ This in fact makes them similar to
\emph on
-using
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+static
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "static"
\end_inset
\emph default
- a register bank or with register bank 0 (
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
- 0), the compiler will save the registers used by itself on the stack upon
- entry and restore them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine
- calls another function then the entire register bank will be saved on the
- stack.
- This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which
- have low register usage.
-
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register
- bank then only
-\emph on
-a, b, dptr
-\emph default
- & psw are saved and restored, if such an interrupt service routine calls
- another function (using another register bank) then the entire register
- bank of the called function will be saved on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+ so by default functions are non-reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
\end_inset
.
- This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines.
-
-
+
+\newline
-\layout Subsection
-HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+\newline
+They can be placed on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
\end_inset
- Interrupt Service Routines
+ by using the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-Since the number of interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- available is chip specific and the interrupt vector table always ends at
- the last byte of memory, the interrupt numbers corresponds to the interrupt
- vectors in reverse order of address.
- For example, interrupt 1 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffc, interrupt
- 2 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffa, and so on.
- However, interrupt 0 (the reset vector at 0xfffe) is not redefinable in
- this way; instead see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- for details on customizing startup.
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
-Z80 Interrupt Service Routines
+\emph default
+ option, by using
+\emph on
+#pragma\InsetSpace ~
+stackauto
+\emph default
-\layout Standard
-The Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma stackauto"
\end_inset
- uses several different methods for determining the correct interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!interrupt}
+ or by using the
+\emph on
+reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
\end_inset
- vector depending on the hardware implementation.
- Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt
- to generate an interrupt vector table.
-\layout Standard
-By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI
- instruction to return from the interrupt.
- To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs
- a RETN instruction instead, add the
-\emph on
-critical
\emph default
- keyword:
+ keyword in the function declaration, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt
+unsigned char foo(char i) __reentrant
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-However if you need to create a non-interruptable interrupt service routine
- you would also require the
+\begin_layout Standard
+Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the
\emph on
-critical
+reentrant
\emph default
- keyword.
- To distinguish between this and an nmi_isr you must provide an interrupt
- number.
+ keyword or the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Section
-Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
-Critical Functions and Critical Statements
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring
- it as
+-stack-auto
+\emph default
+ option should be used sparingly.
+ Note that the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local
+ variables will be allocated to the stack, it
\emph on
-critical
+does not
\emph default
-.
- SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+ mean that the function is register bank
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "register bank (mcs51, ds390)"
\end_inset
- upon entry to a critical function and restore the interrupt enable to the
- previous state before returning.
- Nesting critical functions will need one additional byte on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
-
-\end_inset
+ independent.
+\newline
- for each call.
+\newline
+Local variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "local variables"
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-int foo () __critical
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{critical}
+ can be assigned storage classes and absolute
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Absolute addressing"
\end_inset
+ addresses, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_critical}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
-
+\family typewriter
+unsigned char foo()
\newline
-{
+{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+__xdata unsigned char i;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+__bit bvar;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+__data __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (0x31) unsigned char j;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the above example the variable
\emph on
-reentrant.
+i
\emph default
-
-\newline
-The keyword
+ will be allocated in the external ram,
\emph on
-critical
+bvar
\emph default
- may also be used to disable interrupts more locally:
-
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-__critical{ i++; }
+ in bit addressable space and
+\emph on
+j
+\emph default
+ in internal ram.
+ When compiled with
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
-More than one statement could have been included in the block.
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Subsection
-Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly
-\layout Standard
-Interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051):
-
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-EA = 0;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-or:\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-EA_SAVE = EA;
-
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-EA = 0;
-
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-EA = EA_SAVE;
+-stack-auto
+\emph default
+ or when a function is declared as
+\emph on
+reentrant
+\emph default
+ this should only be done for static variables.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling
- interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Parameters
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function parameter"
\end_inset
- (HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt}
+ however are not allowed any storage class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Storage class"
\end_inset
-):
-
-\layout Verse
+, (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is
+ governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options.
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-#define CLI _asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also
+ non-static local bit variables are supported.
+ Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space.
+ They are pushed and popped to stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-cli\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+ as a single byte just like the normal registers.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Overlaying
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Overlaying"
\end_inset
-;
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Overlaying"
-\family typewriter
-#define SEI _asm\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sei\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm;
+\end_inset
-\layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-...
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source
- like f.e.
- a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an
-\emph on
-interrupt mask
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt mask}
+\begin_layout Standard
+For non-reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
\end_inset
-
-\emph default
- register.
-
-
-\layout Standard
-Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as
- short as possible.
- This minimizes both
-\emph on
-interrupt latency
-\emph default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt latency}
+ functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space usage by overlaying
+ parameters and local variables of a function (if possible).
+ Parameters and local variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "local variables"
\end_inset
- (the time between the occurrence of the interrupt and the execution of
- the first code in the interrupt routine) and
+ of a function will be allocated to an overlayable segment if the function
+ has
\emph on
-interrupt jitter
-\emph default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt jitter}
+no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory
+ model
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory model"
\end_inset
- (the difference between the shortest and the longest interrupt latency).
- These really are something different, f.e.
- a serial interrupt has to be served before its buffer overruns so it cares
- for the maximum interrupt latency, whereas it does not care about jitter.
- On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed
- by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas
- a much smaller jitter will be very audible.
+ is small.
-\layout Standard
-You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture
-s you can make use of two (or more) levels of
-\emph on
-interrupt priorities
\emph default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority}
+ If an explicit storage class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Storage class"
\end_inset
-.
- On some architectures which don't support interrupt priorities these can
- be implemented by manipulating the interrupt mask and reenabling interrupts
- within the interrupt routine.
- Check there is sufficient space on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+ is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlaid.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin
+g the data items.
+ Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine
+\begin_inset Marginal
+status collapsed
- and don't add complexity unless you have to.
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Subsection
-Semaphore
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{semaphore}
+\series bold
+!
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- locking (mcs51/ds390)
-
-\layout Standard
-Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
+ should be preceded by a #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nooverlay"
\end_inset
- bit test and
-\emph on
-
-\emph default
-clear
-\emph on
-
-\emph default
-instruction.
- These type of instructions are typically used in preemptive multitasking
- systems, where a routine f.e.
- claims the use of a data structure ('acquires a lock
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lock}
+ if they are not reentrant.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler
+ code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters
+ of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls
+ other c-functions that might use the overlay.
+ In that case the #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nooverlay should be used.
+\end_layout
- on it'), makes some modifications and then releases the lock when the data
- structure is consistent again.
- The instruction may also be used if interrupt and non-interrupt code have
- to compete for a resource.
- With the atomic bit test and clear instruction interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica
+tion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Multiplication"
\end_inset
- don't have to be disabled for the locking operation.
-
+ or division
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Division"
-\layout Standard
-SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern:
+\end_inset
+
+ will NOT be overlaid since these are implemented using external functions,
+ e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-volatile
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+#pragma save
+\newline
+#pragma nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nooverlay"
\end_inset
- bit resource_is_free;
-\newline
-
+
\newline
-if (resource_is_free)
+void set_error(unsigned char errcd)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-{
+{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-resource_is_free=0;
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+P3 = errcd;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
+}
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-resource_is_free=1;
+#pragma restore
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-}
-\layout Standard
-Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
+\newline
+void
+ some_isr () __interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
\end_inset
- bit test and
-\emph on
-clear
-\emph default
- instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and
-\emph on
-set).
-
-\layout Section
-Functions using private register banks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
-
-\end_inset
-
- (mcs51/ds390)
+ (2)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+set_error(10);
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets.
- SDCC supports this feature with the
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the above example the parameter
\emph on
-using
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
-
+errcd
+\emph default
+ for the function
+\emph on
+set_error
+\emph default
+ would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nooverlay was
+ not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called
+ from an interrupt service routine.
+ The #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for
+ the function are NOT overlaid.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
-
-\end_inset
-
+\end_layout
-\emph default
- attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register bank
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
+\begin_layout Section
+Interrupt Service Routines
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines"
\end_inset
- other than the default bank zero).
- It should only be applied to
-\emph on
-interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+General Information
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC allows
+\emph on
+i
\emph default
- functions (see footnote below).
- This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient
- since it will not have to save registers on the stack.
-
-\layout Standard
-The
+nterrupt
\emph on
-using
+s
\emph default
- attribute will have no effect on the generated code for a
+ervice
\emph on
-non-interrupt
+r
\emph default
- function (but may occasionally be useful anyway
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
-
-\layout Standard
-possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions
- using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute
- as the calling 'interrupt' functions.
- For instance, if you have several ISRs using bank one, and all of them
- call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy()
- 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero
- to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function
+outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
-).
+\family typewriter
+void timer_isr (void) __interrupt (1) __using (1)
\newline
-
-\emph on
-(pending: Note, nowadays the
-\emph default
-using
-\emph on
- attribute has an effect on
-\emph default
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
-\emph on
-the generated code for a
-\emph default
-non-interrupt
-\emph on
- function
-\emph default
-.
-\emph on
-)
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-An
+\begin_layout Standard
+The optional number following the
\emph on
interrupt
-\emph default
- function using a non-zero bank will assume that it can trash that register
- bank, and will not save it.
- Since high-priority interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupts}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_interrupt"
\end_inset
- can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends, this means that
- if a high-priority ISR
-\emph on
-using
+
\emph default
- a particular bank occurs while processing a low-priority ISR
+ keyword is the interrupt number this routine will service.
+ When present, the compiler will insert a call to this routine in the interrupt
+ vector table
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt vector table"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for the interrupt number specified.
+ If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service routines
+ can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr MUST be present
+ or included in the file that contains the function
\emph on
-using
+main
\emph default
- the same bank, terrible and bad things can happen.
- To prevent this, no single register bank should be
+.
+ The optional (8051 specific) keyword
\emph on
-used
-\emph default
- by both a high priority and a low priority ISR.
- This is probably most easily done by having all high priority ISRs use
- one bank and all low priority ISRs use another.
- If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your
- own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance
- hit.
+using
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions.
- If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions
- use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the
- called functions use bank zero.
- It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank
- from an ISR.
-
+\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
-\layout Section
-Startup Code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Startup-Code}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ can be used to tell the compiler to use the specified register bank when
+ generating code for this function.
+
+\newline
+Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile"
\end_inset
+Common interrupt pitfall: variable not declared
+\emph on
+volatile
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by
+ other functions these variables have to be declared
+\emph on
+volatile
+\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Startup code}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "volatile"
\end_inset
+.
+ See
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_variable"
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
-MCS51/DS390 Startup Code
+ .
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-The compiler triggers the linker to link certain initialization modules
- from the runtime library
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-atomic"
\end_inset
- called crt<something>.
- Only the necessary ones are linked, for instance crtxstack.asm (GSINIT1,
- GSINIT5) is not linked unless the --xstack option is used.
- These modules are highly entangled by the use of special segments/areas,
- but a common layout is shown below:
+Common interrupt pitfall:
+\emph on
+non-atomic access
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the access to these variables is not
+\emph on
+atomic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "atomic"
-\family typewriter
-\series bold
-\size footnotesize
-(main.asm)
+\end_inset
-\layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.area HOME (CODE)
-\newline
-__interrupt_vect:
+\emph default
+ (i.e.
+ the processor needs more than one instruction for the access and could
+ be interrupted while accessing the variable) the interrupt must be disabled
+ during the access to avoid inconsistent data.
+
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ljmp __sdcc_gsinit_startup
+Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs
+ and should be protected by disabling interrupts.
+ You're not automatically on the safe side if you use 8 bit variables though.
+ We need an example here: f.e.
+ on the 8051 the harmless looking
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-\series bold
-\size footnotesize
-(crtstart.asm)
+flags\InsetSpace ~
+|=\InsetSpace ~
+0x80;
+\family default
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+ is not atomic if
\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.area GSINIT0 (CODE)
-\newline
-__sdcc_gsinit_startup::
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov sp,#__start__stack - 1
+flags
+\family default
+ resides in xdata.
+ Setting
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-\series bold
-\size footnotesize
-(crtxstack.asm)
+flags\InsetSpace ~
+|=\InsetSpace ~
+0x40;
+\family default
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.area GSINIT1 (CODE)
-\newline
-__sdcc_init_xstack::
-\newline
-; Need to initialize in GSINIT1 in
- case the user's __sdcc_external_startup uses the xstack.
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov __XPAGE,#(__start__x
-stack >> 8)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov _spx,#__start__xstack
+ from within an interrupt routine might get lost if the interrupt occurs
+ at the wrong time.
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\layout Verse
\family typewriter
-\series bold
-\size footnotesize
-(crtstart.asm)
+counter\InsetSpace ~
++=\InsetSpace ~
+8;
+\family default
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+ is not atomic on the 8051 even if
\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.area GSINIT2 (CODE)
+counter
+\family default
+ is located in data memory.
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can
+ cause a lot of trouble.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-stack-overflow"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Common interrupt pitfall:
+\emph on
+stack overflow
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine
+ are saved on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ so there must be sufficient stack space.
+ If there isn't variables or registers (or even the return address itself)
+ will be corrupted.
+ This
+\emph on
+stack overflow
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack overflow"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is most likely to happen if the interrupt occurs during the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+deepest
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e.
+ many return addresses.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-reentrant"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Common interrupt pitfall:
+\emph on
+use of non-reentrant functions
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Division"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, multiplication
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Multiplication"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ & modulus
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Modulus"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and floating-point
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Floating point support"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ operations are implemented using external support routines.
+ If an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then
+ the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have to
+ be recompiled using the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ option and the source file will need to be compiled using the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-int-long-reent
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-int-long-reent"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ compiler option.
+
+\newline
+Note, the type promotion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "type promotion"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ required by ANSI C can cause 16 bit routines to be used
+\begin_inset Marginal
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\InsetSpace ~
+!
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ without the programmer being aware of it.
+ See f.e.
+ the cast
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+(unsigned char)(tail-1)
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+within the if clause in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended,
+ avoid it if possible.
+ Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine
+ it should be preceded by a #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nooverlay"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ if it is not reentrant.
+ Furthermore nonreentrant functions should not be called from the main program
+ while the interrupt service routine might be active.
+ They also must not be called from low priority interrupt service routines
+ while a high priority interrupt service routine might be active.
+ You could use semaphores or make the function
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+ if all parameters are passed in registers.
+\newline
+ Also see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Overlaying"
+
+\end_inset
+
+\InsetSpace ~
+about Overlaying and section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Functions-using-private-banks"
+
+\end_inset
+
+\InsetSpace ~
+about Functions using private register banks.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for the Standard 8051/8052
+ are listed below.
+ SDCC will automatically adjust the
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt vector table"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ to the maximum interrupt number specified.
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Interrupt #
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Description
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Vector Address
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+External 0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x0003
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Timer 0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x000b
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+External 1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x0013
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Timer 1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x001b
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+4
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Serial
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x0023
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+5
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Timer 2 (8052)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x002b
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+...
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+...
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+n
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x0003 + 8*n
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the interrupt service routine is defined without
+\emph on
+using
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ a register bank or with register bank 0 (
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ 0), the compiler will save the registers used by itself on the stack upon
+ entry and restore them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine
+ calls another function then the entire register bank will be saved on the
+ stack.
+ This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which
+ have low register usage.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register
+ bank then only
+\emph on
+a, b, dptr
+\emph default
+ & psw are saved and restored, if such an interrupt service routine calls
+ another function (using another register bank) then the entire register
+ bank of the called function will be saved on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Interrupt Service Routines
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Since the number of interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08!interrupt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ available is chip specific and the interrupt vector table always ends at
+ the last byte of memory, the interrupt numbers corresponds to the interrupt
+ vectors in reverse order of address.
+ For example, interrupt 1 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffc, interrupt
+ 2 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffa, and so on.
+ However, interrupt 0 (the reset vector at 0xfffe) is not redefinable in
+ this way; instead see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Startup-Code"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for details on customizing startup.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Z80 Interrupt Service Routines
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ uses several different methods for determining the correct interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!interrupt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ vector depending on the hardware implementation.
+ Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt
+ to generate an interrupt vector table.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI
+ instruction to return from the interrupt.
+ To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs
+ a RETN instruction instead, add the
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+ keyword:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+However if you need to create a non-interruptable interrupt service routine
+ you would also require the
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+ keyword.
+ To distinguish between this and an nmi_isr you must provide an interrupt
+ number.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Critical Functions and Critical Statements
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring
+ it as
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+.
+ SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ upon entry to a critical function and restore the interrupt enable to the
+ previous state before returning.
+ Nesting critical functions will need one additional byte on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for each call.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+int foo () __critical
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "critical"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_critical"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like
+\emph on
+reentrant.
+\emph default
+
+\newline
+The keyword
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+ may also be used to disable interrupts more locally:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__critical{ i++; }
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+More than one statement could have been included in the block.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051):
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+EA = 0;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+or:\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+EA_SAVE = EA;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+EA = 0;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+EA = 1;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+EA = EA_SAVE;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+On other architectures which have separate opcodes for enabling and disabling
+ interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08!interrupt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+):
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+#define CLI _asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
+
+\end_inset
+
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+cli\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
+
+\end_inset
+
+;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+#define SEI _asm\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sei\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_endasm;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+...
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source
+ like f.e.
+ a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an
+\emph on
+interrupt mask
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt mask"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ register.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as
+ short as possible.
+ This minimizes both
+\emph on
+interrupt latency
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt latency"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (the time between the occurrence of the interrupt and the execution of
+ the first code in the interrupt routine) and
+\emph on
+interrupt jitter
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt jitter"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (the difference between the shortest and the longest interrupt latency).
+ These really are something different, f.e.
+ a serial interrupt has to be served before its buffer overruns so it cares
+ for the maximum interrupt latency, whereas it does not care about jitter.
+ On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed
+ by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas
+ a much smaller jitter will be very audible.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture
+s you can make use of two (or more) levels of
+\emph on
+interrupt priorities
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt priority"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ On some architectures which don't support interrupt priorities these can
+ be implemented by manipulating the interrupt mask and reenabling interrupts
+ within the interrupt routine.
+ Check there is sufficient space on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and don't add complexity unless you have to.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Semaphore
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "semaphore"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ locking (mcs51/ds390)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "atomic"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ bit test and clear instruction.
+ These type of instructions are typically used in preemptive multitasking
+ systems, where a routine f.e.
+ claims the use of a data structure ('acquires a lock
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "lock"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ on it'), makes some modifications and then releases the lock when the data
+ structure is consistent again.
+ The instruction may also be used if interrupt and non-interrupt code have
+ to compete for a resource.
+ With the atomic bit test and clear instruction interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ don't have to be disabled for the locking operation.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+volatile
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "volatile"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ bit resource_is_free;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+if (resource_is_free)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+resource_is_free=0;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+resource_is_free=1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "atomic"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ bit test and
+\emph on
+clear
+\emph default
+ instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and
+\emph on
+set).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Functions using private register banks
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Functions-using-private-banks"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (mcs51/ds390)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets.
+ SDCC supports this feature with the
+\emph on
+using
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register bank
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "register bank (mcs51, ds390)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ other than the default bank zero).
+ It should only be applied to
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ functions (see footnote below).
+ This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient
+ since it will not have to save registers on the stack.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ attribute will have no effect on the generated code for a
+\emph on
+non-interrupt
+\emph default
+ function (but may occasionally be useful anyway
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions
+ using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute
+ as the calling 'interrupt' functions.
+ For instance, if you have several ISRs using bank one, and all of them
+ call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy()
+ 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero
+ to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\newline
+
+\emph on
+(pending: Note, nowadays the
+\emph default
+ using
+\emph on
+attribute has an effect on
+\emph default
+
+\emph on
+the generated code for a
+\emph default
+ non-interrupt
+\emph on
+function
+\emph default
+.
+\emph on
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\emph default
+ function using a non-zero bank will assume that it can trash that register
+ bank, and will not save it.
+ Since high-priority interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupts"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt priority"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends, this means that
+ if a high-priority ISR
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ a particular bank occurs while processing a low-priority ISR
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ the same bank, terrible and bad things can happen.
+ To prevent this, no single register bank should be
+\emph on
+used
+\emph default
+ by both a high priority and a low priority ISR.
+ This is probably most easily done by having all high priority ISRs use
+ one bank and all low priority ISRs use another.
+ If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your
+ own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance
+ hit.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions.
+ If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions
+ use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the
+ called functions use bank zero.
+ It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank
+ from an ISR.
+
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Startup Code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Startup-Code"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Startup code"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+MCS51/DS390 Startup Code
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler triggers the linker to link certain initialization modules
+ from the runtime library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Runtime library"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ called crt<something>.
+ Only the necessary ones are linked, for instance crtxstack.asm (GSINIT1,
+ GSINIT5) is not linked unless the -
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+-xstack option is used.
+ These modules are highly entangled by the use of special segments/areas,
+ but a common layout is shown below:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(main.asm)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area HOME (CODE)
+\newline
+__interrupt_vect:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ljmp __sdcc_gsinit_startup
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtstart.asm)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSINIT0 (CODE)
+\newline
+__sdcc_gsinit_startup::
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov sp,#__start__stack - 1
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtxstack.asm)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSINIT1 (CODE)
+\newline
+__sdcc_init_xstack::
+\newline
+; Need to initialize in GSINIT1 in
+ case the user's __sdcc_external_startup uses the xstack.
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov __XPAGE,#(__start__x
+stack >> 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov _spx,#__start__xstack
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtstart.asm)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSINIT2 (CODE)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
lcall __sdcc_external_startup
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,dpl
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
jz __sdcc_init_data
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
ljmp
__sdcc_program_startup
\newline
__sdcc_init_data:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
\size footnotesize
(crtxinit.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.area GSINIT3 (CODE)
\newline
__mcs51_genXINIT::
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r1,#l_XINIT
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r1
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
orl a,#(l_XINIT
>> 8)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
jz 00003$
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r2,#((l_XINIT+255) >> 8)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov dptr,#s_XINIT
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r0,#s_XISEG
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov
__XPAGE,#(s_XISEG >> 8)
\newline
-00001$:\SpecialChar ~
+00001$:\InsetSpace ~
clr a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
movc a,@a+dptr
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
movx @r0,a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc dptr
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc
r0
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
cjne r0,#0,00002$
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc __XPAGE
\newline
-00002$:\SpecialChar ~
+00002$:\InsetSpace ~
djnz r1,00001$
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
djnz r2,00001$
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov __XPAGE,#0
xFF
\newline
00003$:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
\size footnotesize
(crtclear.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.area GSINIT4 (CODE)
\newline
__mcs51_genRAMCLEAR::
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
clr a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r0,#(l_IRAM-1)
\newline
-00004$:\SpecialChar ~
+00004$:\InsetSpace ~
mov
@r0,a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
djnz r0,00004$
\newline
; _mcs51_genRAMCLEAR() end
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
\size footnotesize
(crtxclear.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.area GSINIT4 (CODE)
\newline
__mcs51_genXRAMCLEAR::
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r0,#l_PSEG
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r0
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+orl a,#(l_PSEG
+ >> 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
jz 00006$
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov
- r1,#s_PSEG
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r1,#s_PSEG
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov __XPAGE,#(s_PSEG >> 8)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
clr a
\newline
-00005$:\SpecialChar ~
-movx @r1,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+00005$:\InsetSpace ~
+movx
+ @r1,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc r1
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
djnz r0,00005$
\newline
-0
-0006$:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+00006$:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r0,#l_XSEG
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r0
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-orl a,#(l_XSEG >> 8)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+orl a,#(l_XSEG >>
+ 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
jz 00008$
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov r1,#((l_XSEG
- + 255) >> 8)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r1,#((l_XSEG + 255) >> 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov dptr,#s_XSEG
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
clr a
\newline
-00007$:\SpecialChar ~
-movx @dptr,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+00007$:\InsetSpace ~
+movx
+ @dptr,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc dptr
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
djnz r0,00007$
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-djnz
- r1,00007$
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+djnz r1,00007$
\newline
00008$:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
\size footnotesize
(crtxstack.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.area GSINIT5 (CODE)
\newline
; Need to initialize in GSINIT5 because __mcs51_genXINIT
\newline
; and __mcs51_genRAMCLEAR modifies _spx.
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov __XPAGE,#(__start__x
stack >> 8)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov _spx,#__start__xstack
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
\size footnotesize
(application modules)
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.area GSINIT (CODE)
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
\size footnotesize
(main.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.area GSFINAL (CODE)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
ljmp __sdcc_program_startup
\newline
;---------------------------------
;--------------------------------------------------
------
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.area HOME (CODE)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.area CSEG (CODE)
\newline
__sdcc_program_startup:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
lcall _main
\newline
;
return from main will lock up
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sjmp .
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
One of these modules (crtstart.asm) contains a call to the C routine
\emph on
_sdcc_external_startup()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_sdcc\_external\_startup()}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_sdcc\\_external\\_startup()"
\end_inset
-\series bold
\emph default
-
-\series default
-at the start of the CODE area.
+ at the start of the CODE area.
This routine is also in the runtime library
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Runtime library"
\end_inset
routine to your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware
or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global variable
initialization
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Variable initialization"
\end_inset
.
On some mcs51 variants xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
memory has to be explicitly enabled before it can be accessed or if the
watchdog
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{watchdog}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "watchdog"
\end_inset
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-iram-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-iram-size <Value>"
\end_inset
\emph default
is used.
(recommended for Chipcon CC1010).
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\begin_layout Standard
See also the compiler options
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
opt
\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-xinit-opt"
\end_inset
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-main-return
+\emph default
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-main-return"
+\end_inset
+
+ and section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:MCS51-variants"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ about MCS51-variants.
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+While these initialization modules are meant as generic startup code there
+ might be the need for customization.
+ Let's assume the return value of
+\emph on
+_sdcc_external_startup()
+\emph default
+ in
+\emph on
+crtstart.asm
+\emph default
+ should not be checked (or
+\emph on
+_sdcc_external_startup()
+\emph default
+ should not be called at all).
+ The recommended way would be to copy
+\emph on
+crtstart.asm
+\emph default
+ (f.e.
+ from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/lib/mcs51/crtstart.asm"
+
+\end_inset
+
+) into the source directory, adapt it there, then assemble it with
+\emph on
+asx8051 -plosgff
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+-plosgff
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
+ are the assembler options used in
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/lib/mcs51/Makefile.in?view=markup "
\end_inset
--main-return
-\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- and section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
+ crtstart.asm
+\emph default
+ and when linking your project explicitly specify
+\emph on
+crtstart.rel
+\emph default
+.
+ As a bonus a listing of the relocated object file
+\emph on
+crtstart.rst
+\emph default
+ is generated.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
- about MCS51-variants.
-
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
HC08 Startup Code
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\begin_layout Standard
The HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
\end_inset
startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Z80 Startup Code
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\begin_layout Standard
On the Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
\end_inset
\emph default
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-no-std-crt0
\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-std-crt0}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-std-crt0"
\end_inset
and provide your own crt0.o.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Inline Assembler Code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
A Step by Step Introduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51
how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and
an array in xdata memory.
The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures.
This is a buffer routine which should be optimized:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
unsigned char __far
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "far (storage class)"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_far (storage class)"
\end_inset
__at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
\end_inset
(0x7f00) buf[0x100];
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\newline
-unsigned char head, tail;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Aligned array"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+unsigned char head, tail;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* if interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
\end_inset
are involved see
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile"
\end_inset
about
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
\series bold
- volatile
+volatile
+\family default
\series default
- */
+
+\family typewriter
+*/
\newline
\newline
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1)
- )\SpecialChar ~
-/* cast
+ )\InsetSpace ~
+/* cast
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
\series bold
needed
+\family default
\series default
- to avoid promotion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
+
+\family typewriter
+to avoid promotion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "promotion to signed int"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "type promotion"
\end_inset
to integer */
\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
!
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-buf[ head++ ] = c;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+buf[ head++ ] = c;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* access to a 256 byte aligned array */
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC
then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated.
We define a new function
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
+
+\series bold
_asm
+\series default
+
\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
+
+\series bold
_endasm;
+\series default
+
\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note, that the single underscore form (_asm and _endasm) are not C99-compatible,
+ and for C-99 compatibility, the double-underscore form (__asm and __endasm)
+ has to be used.
+ The latter is also used in the library functions.
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
to the beginning and the end of the function body:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
/* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with.
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
The
function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */
\newline
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_asm"
\end_inset
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
r2,dpl
\newline
-;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \SpecialChar ~
-/* cast
+;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \InsetSpace ~
+/* cast
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
\series bold
needed
+\family default
\series default
- to avoid promotion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
+
+\family typewriter
+to avoid promotion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "promotion to signed int"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "type promotion"
\end_inset
to integer */
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,_tail
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dec\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dec\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
r3,a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,_head
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
cjne a,ar3,00106$
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
ret
\newline
00106$:
\newline
;buffer.c buf[ head++ ] = c; /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Aligned array"
\end_inset
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
r3,_head
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_head
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dpl,r3
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dph,#(_buf >> 8)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,r2
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
movx @dptr,a
\newline
00103$:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
ret
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
\end_inset
;
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced
function argument 'c'.
Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY
(1) and finally have:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\size footnotesize
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
if(
head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
buf[ head++ ] = c;
\newline
}
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_asm"
\end_inset
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
; save used registers here.
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here.
\newline
; if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
a,_tail
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dec\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dec\InsetSpace ~
a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-xrl\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+xrl\InsetSpace ~
a,_head
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
; we
could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-jz\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+jz\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
t_b_end$
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
;
\newline
;
buf[ head++ ] = c;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- a,dpl \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+ a,dpl \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
; dpl holds lower byte of function argument
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-
- dpl,_head \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+
+ dpl,_head \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
dph,#(_bu
f>>8)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
movx @dptr,a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc \SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc \InsetSpace ~
_head
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a
smaller buffer (see above)
\newline
t_b_end$:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
; restore used registers here
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
\end_inset
}
\newline
#endif
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler
, this includes any assembler directives and comment lines.
The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments.
You'll find an 100+ pages assembler manual in sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler documentation"
\end_inset
or online at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the
\family typewriter
_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_asm"
\end_inset
_endasm
\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
\end_inset
keyword pair.
Specifically it will not know which registers are used and thus register
pushing/popping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "push/pop"
\end_inset
has to be done manually.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed
in a separate line (as the example shows).
When the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
\emph on
peep-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-peep-asm"
\end_inset
\emph default
command line option is used, the inline assembler code will be passed through
the peephole optimizer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Peephole optimizer"
\end_inset
SDCCpeeph.def
\emph default
before using this option.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Naked Functions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Naked-Functions}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Naked-Functions"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Naked functions}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Naked functions"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as
\emph on
_naked
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_naked"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_naked"
\end_inset
.
-
+
\emph default
-The
+ The
\emph on
_naked
\emph default
function modifier attribute prevents the compiler from generating prologue
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function prologue"
\end_inset
and epilogue
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function epilogue"
\end_inset
This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large
(and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue.
For example, compare the code generated by these two functions:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
volatile
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "volatile"
\end_inset
\newline
void simpleInterrupt(void) __interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_interrupt"
\end_inset
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
counter++;
\newline
}
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_asm"
\end_inset
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-reti\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+reti\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
; MUST explicitly
include ret or reti in _naked function.
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
\end_inset
;
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-Note, this is an
+Note, this is an
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
\emph on
outdated
+\family default
\emph default
- example, recent versions of SDCC generate
+
+\family typewriter
+example, recent versions of SDCC generate
\newline
-the
+the
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
\emph on
same
+\family default
\emph default
- code for simpleInterrupt() and nakedInterrupt()!
+
+\family typewriter
+code for simpleInterrupt() and nakedInterrupt()!
\newline
\newline
_simpleInterrupt:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+push\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
acc
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+push\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
b
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pu
-sh\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pus
+h\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dpl
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+push\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dph
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+push\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
psw
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
psw,#0x00
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_counter
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
psw
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dph
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dpl
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
b
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
acc
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
reti
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
whereas nakedInterrupt looks like:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
_nakedInterrupt:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-reti\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+reti\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
;
MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The related directive #pragma exclude
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma exclude"
\end_inset
allows a more fine grained control over pushing & popping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "push/pop"
\end_inset
the registers.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a
\family typewriter
_naked
\family default
function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this,
and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Use of Labels within Inline Assembler
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding
labels.
- In older versions of the compiler all labels defined within inline assembler
- code
-\emph on
-had to be
-\emph default
- of the form
+ All labels defined within inline assembler code have to be of the form
+
\emph on
nnnnn$
\emph default
- where nnnn is a number less than 100 (which implies a limit of utmost 100
- inline assembler labels
+ where nnnnn is a number less than 100 (which implies a limit of utmost
+ 100 inline assembler labels
\emph on
per function
\emph default
)
\noun default
.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a slightly more stringent rule than absolutely necessary, but stays
+ always on the safe side.
+ Labels in the form of nnnnn$ are local labels in the assembler, locality
+ of which is confined within two labels of the standard form.
+ The compiler uses the same form for labels within a function (but starting
+ from nnnnn=00100); and places always a standard label at the beginning
+ of a function, thus limiting the locality of labels within the scope of
+ the function.
+ So, if the inline assembler part would be embedded into C-code, an improperly
+ placed non-local label in the assembler would break up the reference space
+ for labels created by the compiler for the C-code, leading to an assembling
+ error.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The numeric part of local labels does not need to have 5 digits (although
+ this is the form of labels output by the compiler), any valid integer will
+ do.
+ Please refer to the assemblers documentation for further details.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_asm"
\end_inset
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
b,#10
\newline
00001$:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-djnz\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+djnz\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
b,00001$
\newline
_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
\end_inset
;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference
+\begin_layout Standard
+Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-labels, however it can reference
labels
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Labels}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Labels"
\end_inset
defined by the inline assembler, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
foo() {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* some c code */
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_asm
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
; some assembler code
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ljmp $0003
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ljmp 0003$
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_endasm;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* some more c code */
\newline
-clabel:\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+clabel:\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* inline assembler cannot reference this
label */
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here, the C-label
+\family typewriter
+clabel
+\family default
+ is translated by the compiler into a local label, so the locality of labels
+ within the function is not broken.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_asm
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-$0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only)
-
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+0003$: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
\end_inset
;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* some more c code */
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline
assembly within the scope of the function.
The same goes the other way, i.e.
labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Interfacing with Assembler Code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Global Registers used for Parameter Passing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameter passing}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Parameter passing"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The compiler always uses the global registers
\emph on
DPL, DPH
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DPTR, DPH, DPL"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DPTR"
\end_inset
, B
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{B (mcs51, ds390 register)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "B (mcs51, ds390 register)"
\end_inset
-
+
\emph default
-and
+ and
\emph on
- ACC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ACC (mcs51, ds390 register)}
+ACC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "ACC (mcs51, ds390 register)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ to pass the first (non-bit) parameter to a function, and also to pass the
+ return value
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "return value"
\end_inset
+of function; according to the following scheme: one byte return value in
+
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+, two byte value in
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+ (LSB) and
+\emph on
+DPH
+\emph default
+ (MSB).
+ three byte values (generic pointers) in
+\emph on
+DPH
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+B
+\emph default
+, and four byte values in
+\emph on
+DPH
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+B
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+ACC
+\emph default
+.
+ Generic pointers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "generic pointer"
+
+\end_inset
+ contain type of accessed memory in
+\emph on
+B
\emph default
- to pass the first parameter to a routine.
- The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant
+:
+\series bold
+0x00
+\series default
+ -- xdata/far,
+\series bold
+0x40
+\series default
+ -- idata/near -- ,
+\series bold
+0x60
+\series default
+ -- pdata,
+\series bold
+0x80
+\series default
+ -- code
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This might not be the case of certain memory models (medium???)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant
routines or if -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-auto is used) or in data/xdata memory (depending on the memory model).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Bit parameters are passed in a virtual register called 'bits' in bit-addressable
+ space for reentrant functions or allocated directly in bit memory otherwise.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Functions (with two or more parameters or bit parameters) that are called
+ through function pointers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function pointers"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ must therefor be reentrant so the compiler knows how to pass the parameters.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Registers usage
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Unless the called function is declared as
+\family typewriter
+_naked
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "naked"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, or the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-callee-saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-callee-saves"
+
+\end_inset
+
+/-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--stack-auto is used) or in data / xdata memory (depending on the memory
- model).
+-all-callee-saves command line option or the corresponding callee_saves
+ pragma are used, the caller will save the registers (
+\emph on
+R0-R7
+\emph default
+) around the call, so the called function can destroy they content freely.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the called function is not declared as
+\family typewriter
+_naked
+\family default
+, the caller will swap register banks around the call, if caller and callee
+ use different register banks (having them defined by the
+\family typewriter
+_using
+\family default
+ modifier).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The called function can also use
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+DPH
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+B
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+ACC
+\emph default
+ observing that they are used for parameter/return value passing.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Assembler Routine (non-reentrant)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In the following example
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (non-reentrant)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines (non-reentrant)"
\end_inset
the function c_func calls an assembler routine asm_func, which takes two
parameters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function parameter"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
return asm_func(i,j);
\newline
}
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
return c_func(10,9);
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The corresponding assembler function is:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
.globl _asm_func_PARM_2
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.globl _asm_func
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.area OSEG
\newline
_asm_func_PARM_2:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.ds
1
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.area CSEG
\newline
_asm_func:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,dpl
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-add\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+add\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,_asm_func_PARM_2
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dpl,a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dph
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DPTR, DPH, DPL"
\end_inset
,#0x00
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
ret
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Note here that the return values
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value}
-
-\end_inset
-
- are placed in 'dpl' - One byte return value, 'dpl' LSB & 'dph' MSB for
- two byte values.
- 'dpl', 'dph' and 'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph','
-b' & 'acc' for four byte values.
-
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The parameter naming convention is _<function_name>_PARM_<n>, where n is
the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left.
The first parameter is passed in
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-dpl
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- for a one byte parameter,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-dptr
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- for two bytes,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-b,dptr
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- for three bytes and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-acc,b,dptr
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- for a four bytes parameter.
+\emph on
+DPH
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+B
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+ACC
+\emph default
+ according to the description above.
The variable name for the second parameter will be _<function_name>_PARM_2.
\newline
\family sans
\series bold
sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Assembler Routine (reentrant)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In this case
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (reentrant)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines (reentrant)"
\end_inset
the second parameter
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function parameter"
\end_inset
onwards will be passed on the stack, the parameters are pushed from right
to left i.e.
- after the call the leftmost parameter will be on the top of the stack.
+ before the call the second leftmost parameter will be on the top of the
+ stack (the leftmost parameter is passed in registers).
Here is an example:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
+extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char, unsigned char) reentrant;
\newline
\newline
-int c_func (unsigned char
- i, unsigned char j) reentrant
+int
+ c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j, unsigned char k) reentrant
\newline
-{
+{
+
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return asm_func(i,j);
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return asm_func(i,j,k);
\newline
}
\newline
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return
- c_func(10,9);
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return c_func(10,9,8);
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-The corresponding assembler routine is:
+\begin_layout Standard
+The corresponding (unoptimized) assembler routine is:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
.globl _asm_func
\newline
-_asm_func:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push _bp
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov _bp,sp
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov r2,dpl
+_asm_func:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,_bp
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-add
- a,#0xfd
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov r0,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-add a,#0xfc ;?
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov r1,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,@r0
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-add a,r2 ;?
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov dpl,a
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov dph,#0x00
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov sp,_bp
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop _bp
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+push\InsetSpace ~
+_bp
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_bp,sp\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;stack contains: _bp, return
+ address, second parameter, third parameter
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+r2,dpl
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,_bp
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+add\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,#0xfd\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;calculate
+ pointer to the second parameter
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+r0,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,_bp
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+add\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,#0xfc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;calculate pointer
+ to the rightmost parameter
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+r1,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,@r0
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+add\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,@r1
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+add\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,r2\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;calculate the
+ result (= sum of all three parameters)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dpl,a\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;return value goes into dptr
+ (cast into int)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dph,#0x00
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sp,_bp
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_bp
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
ret
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\begin_layout Standard
The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra
entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp is the stack
frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters
and local variables.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
int (16 bit)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (16 bit)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "int (16 bit)"
\end_inset
and long (32 bit)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long (32 bit)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "long (32 bit)"
\end_inset
Support
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division,
multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines.
These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting
found in <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib.
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Function
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_mulint.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
16 bit multiplication
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_divsint.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_divuint.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
unsigned 16 bit division
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_modsint.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_moduint.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
unsigned 16 bit modulus
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_mullong.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
32 bit multiplication
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_divslong.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
signed 32 division (calls _divulong)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_divulong.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
unsigned 32 division
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_modslong.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_modulong.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
unsigned 32 bit modulus
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Since they are compiled as
\emph on
non-reentrant
\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
\end_inset
, interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
\end_inset
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
\end_inset
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-int-long-reent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-int-long-reent"
\end_inset
Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly.
The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation
is required.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Floating Point Support
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Floating point support"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers.
The floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and
consist of the following routines:
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\size footnotesize
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
Function
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_fsadd.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
add floating point numbers
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_fssub.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
subtract floating point numbers
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_fsdiv.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
divide floating point numbers
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_fsmul.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
multiply floating point numbers
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_fs2uchar.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert floating point to unsigned char
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_fs2char.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert floating point to signed char
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_fs2uint.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert floating point to unsigned int
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_fs2int.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert floating point to signed int
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\bar default
\noun default
c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert floating point to unsigned long
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_fs2long.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert floating point to signed long
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_uchar2fs.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert unsigned char to floating point
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_char2fs.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert char to floating point number
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_uint2fs.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert unsigned int to floating point
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_int2fs.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert int to floating point numbers
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_ulong2fs.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert unsigned long to floating point number
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
_long2fs.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
convert long to floating point number
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\begin_layout Standard
These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space
and speed improvement
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
These floating point routines (
\emph on
not
\emph default
sinf(), cosf(), ...) for the mcs51 are implemented in assembler.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly.
The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation
is required.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Library Routines
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
<pending: this is messy and incomplete - a little more information is in
sdcc/doc/libdoc.txt
\emph default
>
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.)
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.)
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
<stdio.h>
+\end_layout
-\layout Paragraph
+\begin_layout Paragraph
getchar(), putchar()
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<stdio.h>}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<stdio.h>"
\end_inset
As usual on embedded systems you have to provide your own
\family typewriter
getchar()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{getchar()}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "getchar()"
\end_inset
-
+
\family default
-and
+ and
\family typewriter
putchar()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{putchar()}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "putchar()"
\end_inset
putchar()
\family default
routine might be a start:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
void putchar (char c) {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-while (!TI)\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+while (!TI)\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* assumes UART is initialized */
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
TI
= 0;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
SBUF = c;
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Paragraph
+\begin_layout Paragraph
printf()
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-The default
+\begin_layout Standard
+The default
\family typewriter
- printf()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf()}
+printf()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf()"
\end_inset
\family default
- implementation in
+ implementation in
\family typewriter
- printf_large.c
+printf_large.c
\family default
- does not support float (except on ds390).
- To enable this recompile it with the option
+ does not support float
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Floating point support"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (except on ds390), only <NO FLOAT>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<NO FLOAT>"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf floating point support"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ will be printed instead of the value.
+ To enable floating point output, recompile it with the option
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
DUSE_FLOATS=1
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{USE\_FLOATS}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "USE\\_FLOATS"
\end_inset
\emph default
on the command line.
- Use
+ Use
\emph on
- -
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-model-large
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-model-large"
\end_inset
\emph default
for the mcs51 port, since this uses a lot of memory.
+ To enable float support for the pic16 targets, see
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:pic16Libraries"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
If you're short on code memory you might want to use
\family typewriter
printf_small()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_small()}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf\\_small()"
\end_inset
\emph on
instead
\emph default
- of
+ of
\family typewriter
- printf().
+printf().
\family default
For the mcs51 there additionally are assembly versions
\family typewriter
printf_tiny()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_tiny() (mcs51)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf\\_tiny() (mcs51)"
\end_inset
(subset of printf using less than 270 bytes) and
\family typewriter
printf_fast()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast() (mcs51)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf\\_fast() (mcs51)"
\end_inset
-
+
\family default
-and
+ and
\family typewriter
- printf_fast_f()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast\_f() (mcs51)}
+printf_fast_f()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf\\_fast\\_f() (mcs51)"
\end_inset
Be sure to use only one of these printf options within a project.
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Feature matrix of different
\emph on
printf
\emph default
options on mcs51.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="14" columns="7">
<features islongtable="true">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="center" leftline="true" width="14col%">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="middle" leftline="true" width="14col%">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="12col%">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="10col%">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\size large
mcs51
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
printf
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf()"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
printf
\size scriptsize
USE_FLOATS=1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
printf_small
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
printf_fast
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
printf_fast_f
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
printf_tiny
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
filename
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size scriptsize
printf_large.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size scriptsize
printf_large.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size scriptsize
printfl.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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printf_tiny.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
size
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
small / large
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
1.7k / 2.4k
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
4.3k / 5.6k
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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1.2k / 1.8k
+\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\layout Standard
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1.3k / 1.3k
+\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
1.9k / 1.9k
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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0.44k / 0.44k
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\layout Standard
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1.4k / 2.0k
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\end_inset
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-\layout Standard
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\end_inset
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-\layout Standard
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\begin_inset Text
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1.2k / 1.2k
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\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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o
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psux
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psux
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x
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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x
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
byte arguments on stack
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+
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+
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\layout Standard
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+
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+
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+-
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+\begin_inset Foot
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+
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+\backslash
+r', '
+\backslash
+n'); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar()
+\end_layout
+
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+,
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+
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+
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+
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-\layout Standard
-b
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
--
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+0.92 / 0.93 ms
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
--
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+0.45 / 0.45 ms
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\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
--
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
--
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+0.45 / 0.45 ms
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\end_inset
</cell>
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\layout Standard
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-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
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+
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\end_inset
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-\layout Standard
--
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-\layout Standard
--
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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-\layout Standard
--
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+
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--
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--
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--
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-\layout Standard
--
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-\layout Standard
--
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--
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Execution time of printf("%.3f", -12345.678); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz,
+ empty putchar()
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+small / large
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-x
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-x
+\begin_layout Standard
+7.49 / 22.47 ms
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-x
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-x
+\begin_layout Standard
+1.04 / 1.04 ms
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\layout Standard
-string speed
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed true
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Execution time of printf("%s%c%s%c%c%c", "Hello", ' ', "World", '!', '
-\backslash
-r', '
-\backslash
-n'); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar()
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+<malloc.h>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "malloc.h"
\end_inset
-,
-\layout Standard
-small / large
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+As of SDCC 2.6.2 you no longer need to call an initialization routine before
+ using dynamic memory allocation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "dynamic memory allocation (malloc)"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-1.52 / 2.59 ms
+ and a default heap
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "heap (malloc)"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-1.53 / 2.62 ms
+ space of 1024 bytes is provided for malloc to allocate memory from.
+ If you need a different heap size you need to recompile _heap.c with the
+ required size defined in HEAP_SIZE.
+ It is recommended to make a copy of this file into your project directory
+ and compile it there with:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Verse
-\layout Standard
-0.92 / 0.93 ms
+\family typewriter
+sdcc -c _heap.c -D HEAP_SIZE=2048
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+And then link it with:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-0.45 / 0.45 ms
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+sdcc main.rel _heap.rel
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-0.46 / 0.46 ms
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+<math.h>
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+See definitions in file <math.h>.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Other libraries
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-0.45 / 0.45 ms
+ included in SDCC should have a license at least as liberal as the GNU Lesser
+ General Public License
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-int speed
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed true
+
+\emph on
+LGPL
+\emph default
+.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Execution time of printf("%d", -12345); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty
- putchar()
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+license statements for the libraries are missing.
+ sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+or _decdptr f.e.
+ come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal
+ enough for many embedded programmers.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-,
-\layout Standard
-small / large
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code
+ which f.e.
+ falls into any of these categories Busses (I
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{2}}$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-3.01 / 3.61 ms
+C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory
+ cards, eeprom, flash...), En-/Decryption, Remote debugging, Realtime kernel,
+ Keyboard, LCD, RTC, FPGA, PID then the sdcc-user mailing list
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-3.01 / 3.61 ms
+\InsetSpace ~
+would certainly like to hear about it.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being
+ enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl
+e these references are very valuable.
+ Let's help to create a climate where information is shared.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-3.51 / 18.13 ms
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Memory Models
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+MCS51 Memory Models
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory model"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-0.22 / 0.22 ms
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51 memory model"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-0.23 / 0.23 ms
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Small, Medium and Large
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code,
+\shape slanted
+small, medium
+\shape default
+ and
+\shape slanted
+large
+\shape default
+.
+ Modules compiled with different memory models should
+\emph on
+never
+\emph default
+ be combined together or the results would be unpredictable.
+ The library routines supplied with the compiler are compiled as small,
+ medium and large.
+ The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small,
+ medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a
+ storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all
+ parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ functions).
+ When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated
+ in the internal ram.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Storage class"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-0.25 / 0.25 ms
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed true
+ and the 'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code,
+ than using the large model.
+ Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the
+ large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless
+ absolutely required.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-printf_tiny integer speed is data dependent, worst case is 0.33 ms
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+External Stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:External-Stack"
\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-long speed
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed true
-\layout Standard
-Execution time of printf("%ld", -123456789); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz,
- empty putchar()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "External stack (mcs51)"
\end_inset
-,
-\layout Standard
-small / large
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+The external stack (-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
-5.37 / 6.31 ms
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-5.37 / 6.31 ms
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-8.71 / 40.65 ms
+-xstack option
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xstack"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-0.40 / 0.40 ms
+) is located in pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-0.40 / 0.40 ms
+ memory (usually at the start of the external ram segment) and uses all
+ unused space in pdata (max.
+ 256 bytes).
+ When -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
--
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-float speed
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed true
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Execution time of printf("%.3f", -12345.678); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz,
- empty putchar()
+-xstack option is used to compile the program, the parameters and local
+ variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "local variables"
\end_inset
-,
+ of all reentrant functions are allocated in this area.
+ This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements.
+ When used with the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
-small / large
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
--
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-7.49 / 22.47 ms
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
--
+ option, all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external
+ stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same
+ options.
+ There is a predefined target in the library makefile).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment
+ into port P2
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "P2 (mcs51 sfr)"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
--
+ (see also section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:MCS51-variants"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-1.04 / 1.04 ms
+), therefore when using the External Stack option, this port
+\emph on
+may not
+\emph default
+ be used by the application program.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+DS390 Memory Model
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory model"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
--
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390 memory model"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
-<malloc.h>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{malloc.h}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The only model supported is Flat 24
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)"
\end_inset
+.
+ This generates code for the 24 bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas
+ DS80C390 part.
+ In this mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly
+ addressed.
+ See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information on this part.
+\newline
+\newline
+Note
+ that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor into
+ 24 bitmode (although
+\emph on
+tinibios
+\emph default
+ in the ds390 libraries will do that for you).
+ If you don't use
+\emph on
+tinibios
+\emph default
-\layout Standard
-As of SDCC 2.6.2 you no longer need to call an initialization routine before
- using dynamic memory allocation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{dynamic memory allocation (malloc)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Tinibios (DS390)"
\end_inset
- and a default heap
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{heap (malloc)}
+, the boot loader or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24
+ bit contiguous addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code.
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Like
+ the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- space of 1024 bytes is provided for malloc to allocate memory from.
- If you need a different heap size you need to recompile _heap.c with the
- required size defined in HEAP_SIZE.
- It is recommended to make a copy of this file into your project directory
- and compile it there with:
+-model-large
+\emph default
+ option, variables will by default be placed into the XDATA segment.
+
+\newline
-\layout Verse
+\newline
+Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family typewriter
-sdcc -c _heap.c -D HEAD_SIZE=2048
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-And then link it with:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-sdcc main.rel _heap.rel
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
-Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.)
+-*-loc options.
+ Note that if any segments are located above 64K, the -r flag must be passed
+ to the linker to generate the proper segment relocations, and the Intel
+ HEX output format must be used.
+ The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option
+\emph on
+-Wl-r
+\emph default
+ on the SDCC command line.
+ However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
-<math.h>
+\begin_layout Section
+Pragmas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Pragmas"
-\layout Standard
-See definitions in file <math.h>.
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
-Other libraries
-\layout Standard
-Libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Pragmas"
\end_inset
- included in SDCC should have a license at least as liberal as the GNU Lesser
- General Public License
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL}
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Pragmas are used to turn on and/or off certain compiler options.
+ Some of them are closely related to corresponding command-line options
+ (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vref
+reference "sec:Command-Line-Options"
\end_inset
-
-\emph on
-LGPL
-\emph default
-.
+).
+\newline
+Pragmas should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragmas
+ inside a function body could have unpredictable results.
+\newline
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed true
+\newline
+SDCC supports the
+ following #pragma directives:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-license statements for the libraries are missing.
- sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\layout Standard
-or _decdptr f.e.
- come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal
- enough for many embedded programmers.
+\series bold
+save
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma save"
\end_inset
+ - this will save most current options to the save/restore stack.
+ See #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+restore.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+restore
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma restore"
-\layout Standard
-If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code
- which f.e.
- falls into any of these categories Busses (I
-\begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{2}}$
\end_inset
-C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory
- cards, eeprom, flash...), En-/Decryption, Remote debugging, Realtime kernel,
- Keyboard, LCD, RTC, FPGA, PID then the sdcc-user mailing list
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599}
+ - will restore saved options from the last save.
+ saves & restores can be nested.
+ SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack,
+ restore pulls current options from the stack.
+ See #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+save.
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+callee_saves
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma callee\\_saves"
\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-would certainly like to hear about it.
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being
- enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl
-e these references are very valuable.
- Let's help to create a climate where information is shared.
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function prologue"
+\end_inset
+ function1[,function2[,function3...]]
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "ite:callee_saves-function1[,function2[,function3...]]--"
-\layout Section
-Memory Models
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
-MCS51 Memory Models
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+- The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving
+ across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing
+ and popping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "push/pop"
\end_inset
+ when calling small functions from larger functions.
+ This option can be used to switch off the register saving convention for
+ the function names specified.
+ The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, extra
+ code need to be manually inserted at the entry and exit for these functions
+ to save and restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIAL
+LY reduce code and improve run time performance of the generated code.
+ In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) may be able
+ to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
+ If -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory model}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsubsection
-Small, Medium and Large
+-callee-saves command line option is used (see page
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "lyx:--callee-saves-function1[,function2][,function3]..."
-\layout Standard
-SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code,
-\shape slanted
-small, medium
-\shape default
- and
-\shape slanted
-large
-\shape default
-.
- Modules compiled with different memory models should
-\emph on
-never
-\emph default
- be combined together or the results would be unpredictable.
- The library routines supplied with the compiler are compiled as small,
- medium and large.
- The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small,
- medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set.
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a
- storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all
- parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+), the function names specified in #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+callee_saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma callee\\_saves"
\end_inset
- functions).
- When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated
- in the internal ram.
-
-\layout Standard
-Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+ is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
- and the 'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code,
- than using the large model.
- Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the
- large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless
- absolutely required.
+\series bold
+exclude
+\series default
-\layout Subsubsection
-External Stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:External-Stack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma exclude"
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+ none | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma disables the generation
+ of pairs of push/pop
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "push/pop"
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{External stack (mcs51)}
+ instructions in
+\emph on
+I
+\emph default
+nterrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
\end_inset
+
+\emph on
+S
+\emph default
+ervice
+\emph on
+R
+\emph default
+outines.
+ The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition
+ and it affects ALL ISR functions following it.
+ To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+exclude\InsetSpace ~
+none
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma exclude"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-The external stack (-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+.
+ See also the related keyword _naked
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_naked"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_naked"
\end_inset
--xstack option
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
-
-\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
-) is located in pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+less_pedantic
+\series default
- memory (usually at the start of the external ram segment) and uses all
- unused space in pdata (max.
- 256 bytes).
- When -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pedantic"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma less\\_pedantic"
\end_inset
--xstack option is used to compile the program, the parameters and local
- variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "ite:less_pedantic"
\end_inset
- of all reentrant functions are allocated in this area.
- This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements.
- When used with the -
+- the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you're on
+ your own now ;-( .
+ See also the command line option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+-less-pedantic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "lyx:--less-pedantic"
\end_inset
- option, all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external
- stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same
- options.
- There is a predefined target in the library makefile).
-
-\layout Standard
-The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment
- into port P2
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
-
-\end_inset
+.
+
+\newline
+More specifically, the following warnings will be disabled:
+\shape italic
+comparison is always [true/false] due to limited range of data type
+\shape default
+ (94);
+\shape italic
+overflow in implicit constant conversion
+\shape default
+ (158); [the (in)famous]
+\shape italic
+conditional flow changed by optimizer: so said EVELYN the modified DOG
+\shape default
+ (110);
+\shape italic
+function '[function name]' must return value
+\shape default
+ (59).
+
+\newline
+Furthermore, warnings of less importance (of PEDANTIC and INFO warning
+ level) are disabled, too, namely:
+\shape italic
+constant value '[
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
- (see also section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
+\begin_layout Standard
+dunno what comes here - this warning appears to be unused altogether
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-), therefore when using the External Stack option, this port
-\emph on
-may not
-\emph default
- be used by the application program.
+]', out of range
+\shape default
+ (81);
+\shape italic
+[left/right] shifting more than size of object changed to zero
+\shape default
+ (116);
+\shape italic
+unreachable code
+\shape default
+ (126);
+\shape italic
+integer overflow in expression
+\shape default
+ (165);
+\shape italic
+unmatched #pragma save and #pragma restore
+\shape default
+ (170);
+\shape italic
+comparison of 'signed char' with 'unsigned char' requires promotion to int
+\shape default
+ (185);
+\shape italic
+ISO C90 does not support flexible array members
+\shape default
+ (187);
+\shape italic
+extended stack by [number] bytes for compiler temp(s) :in function '[function\InsetSpace ~
+nam
+e]':\InsetSpace ~
+[
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\layout Subsection
-DS390 Memory Model
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+\begin_layout Standard
+appears to be always blank - what was supposed to be here?
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+]
+\shape default
+ (114);
+\shape italic
+function '[function name]', # edges [number] , # nodes [number] , cyclomatic
+ complexity [number]
+\shape default
+ (121).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390 memory model}
+\series bold
+disable_warning
+\series default
+ <nnnn>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma disable\\_warning"
\end_inset
+ - the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number <nnnn>.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\layout Standard
-The only model supported is Flat 24
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)}
+\series bold
+nogcse
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nogcse"
\end_inset
-.
- This generates code for the 24 bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas
- DS80C390 part.
- In this mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly
- addressed.
- See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information on this part.
-\newline
+ - will stop global common subexpression elimination.
+\end_layout
-\newline
-Note
- that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor into
- 24 bitmode (although
-\emph on
-tinibios
-\emph default
- in the ds390 libraries will do that for you).
- If you don't use
-\emph on
-tinibios
-\emph default
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+noinduction
+\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tinibios (DS390)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinduction"
\end_inset
-, the boot loader or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24
- bit contiguous addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code.
-\newline
+ - will stop loop induction optimizations.
+\end_layout
-\newline
-Like
- the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+noinvariant
+\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinvariant"
-\backslash
-/
+\end_inset
+
+ - will not do loop invariant optimizations.
+ For more details see Loop Invariants in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Loop-Optimizations"
\end_inset
--model-large
-\emph default
- option, variables will by default be placed into the XDATA segment.
-
-\newline
+.
+\end_layout
-\newline
-Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+noiv
+\series default
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noiv"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
+ - Do not generate interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
\end_inset
--*-loc options.
- Note that if any segments are located above 64K, the -r flag must be passed
- to the linker to generate the proper segment relocations, and the Intel
- HEX output format must be used.
- The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option
-\emph on
--Wl-r
-\emph default
- on the SDCC command line.
- However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k.
+ vector table
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt vector table"
-\layout Section
-Pragmas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Pragmas}
+\end_inset
+
+ entries for all ISR functions defined after the pragma.
+ This is useful in cases where the interrupt vector table must be defined
+ manually, or when there is a secondary, manually defined interrupt vector
+ table (e.g.
+ for the autovector feature of the Cypress EZ-USB FX2).
+ More elegantly this can be achieved by omitting the optional interrupt
+ number after the interrupt keyword, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines"
\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+about interrupts.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+nojtbound
+\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pragmas}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nojtbound"
\end_inset
+ - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when switch statements
+ are turned into jump-tables (dangerous).
+ For more details see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:'switch'-Statements"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-SDCC supports the following #pragma directives:
+.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
-save
+noloopreverse
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noloopreverse"
\end_inset
- - this will save most current options to the save/restore stack.
- See #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-restore.
+ - Will not do loop reversal optimization
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
-restore
+nooverlay
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nooverlay"
\end_inset
- - will restore saved options from the last save.
- saves & restores can be nested.
- SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack,
- restore pulls current options from the stack.
- See #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-save.
-\newline
-
+ - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a
+ function.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
-callee_saves
+stackauto
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma stackauto"
\end_inset
+- See option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- function1[,function2[,function3...]] - The compiler by default uses a caller
- saves convention for register saving across function calls, however this
- can cause unnecessary register pushing & popping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
\end_inset
- when calling small functions from larger functions.
- This option can be used to switch off the register saving convention for
- the function names specified.
- The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, extra
- code need to be manually inserted at the entry & exit for these functions
- to save & restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIALLY
- reduce code & improve run time performance of the generated code.
- In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) may be able
- to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
- If -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
+ and section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
+ Parameters and Local Variables.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
--callee-saves command line option is used, the function names specified
- in #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-callee_saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
+\series bold
+opt_code_speed
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma opt\\_code\\_speed"
\end_inset
- is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line.
+- The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
+ at the expense of code size.
+ Currently this has little effect.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
-exclude
+opt_code_size
\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma opt\\_code\\_size"
\end_inset
- none | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma disables the generation
- of pairs of push/pop
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+- The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
+ at the expense of code speed.
+ Currently this has little effect.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
- instructions in
-\emph on
-I
-\emph default
-nterrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\series bold
+opt_code_balanced
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma opt\\_code\\_balanced"
\end_inset
+- The compiler will attempt to generate code that is both compact and fast,
+ as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the
+ default).
-\emph on
-S
-\emph default
-ervice
-\emph on
-R
-\emph default
-outines.
- The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition
- and it affects ALL ISR functions following it.
- To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-exclude\SpecialChar ~
-none
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
-.
- See also the related keyword _naked
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked}
+\series bold
+std_sdcc89
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma std\\_sdcc89"
\end_inset
+- Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (default).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked}
+\series bold
+std_c89
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma std\\_c89"
\end_inset
-.
+- Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
-less_pedantic
+std_sdcc99
\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma less\_pedantic}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma std\\_sdcc99"
\end_inset
- - the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you'r on
- your own now ;-(
+- Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (incomplete support).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
-disable_warning
+std_c99
\series default
- <nnnn>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma disable\_warning}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma std\\_c99"
\end_inset
- - the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number <nnnn>.
+- Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard (incomplete support).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
-nogcse
+codeseg
\series default
+ <name>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma codeseg"
+
+\end_inset
+
+- Use this name (max.
+ 8 characters) for the code segment.
+ See option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- - will stop global common subexpression elimination.
+-codeseg.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
-noinduction
+constseg
\series default
+ <name>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma constseg"
+
+\end_inset
+
+- Use this name (max.
+ 8 characters) for the const segment.
+ See option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- - will stop loop induction optimizations.
+-constseg.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The preprocessor SDCPP
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcpp (preprocessor)"
+
+\end_inset
-\layout Itemize
+ supports the following #pragma directives:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
-noinvariant
+pedantic_parse_number
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pedantic"
\end_inset
- - will not do loop invariant optimizations.
- For more details see Loop Invariants in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma pedantic\\_parse\\_number"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (+ | -)
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "ite:pedantic_parse_number"
+
+\end_inset
+
+- Pedantic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed
+ properly and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded.
+ Default is off.
+ See also the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-pedantic-parse-number command line option
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "lyx:-pedantic-parse-number"
\end_inset
.
+
+\newline
+Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
+
+\emph on
+Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard!
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+#pragma pedantic_parse_number +
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma pedantic\\_parse\\_number"
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+#define LO_B(x) ((x) & 0xff)
+\newline
+
+\newline
+unsigned char foo(void)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3)
+;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return c;
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
-noiv
+preproc_asm
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noiv}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma preproc\\_asm"
\end_inset
- - Do not generate interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+ (+ | -) - switch _asm _endasm block preprocessing on / off.
+ Default is on.
+ You use this pragma to define multilines of assembly code.
+ This will prevent the preprocessor from changing the formatting required
+ by assembly code.
+ Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
- vector table
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
+\family typewriter
+#pragma preproc_asm -
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma preproc\\_asm"
\end_inset
- entries for all ISR functions defined after the pragma.
- This is useful in cases where the interrupt vector table must be defined
- manually, or when there is a secondary, manually defined interrupt vector
- table (e.g.
- for the autovector feature of the Cypress EZ-USB FX2).
- More elegantly this can be achieved by obmitting the optional interrupt
- number after the interrupt keyword, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines}
-\end_inset
+\newline
+#define MYDELAY _asm
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+nop ;my assembly comment...
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+nop
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+nop
+\newline
+_endasm
+\newline
+#pragma preproc_asm
+ +
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void foo (void)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ MYDELAY;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ ...
+
+\newline
+}
+\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-about interrupts.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
-nojtbound
+sdcc_hash
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma sdcc\\_hash"
\end_inset
- - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when switch statements
- are turned into jump-tables (dangerous).
- For more details see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements}
-
-\end_inset
+ (+ | -) - Allow "naked" hash in macro definition, for example:
+\newline
-.
+\family typewriter
+#define DIR_LO(x) #(x & 0xff)
+\family default
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
+Default is off.
+ Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-noloopreverse
-\series default
+\begin_layout Verse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noloopreverse}
+\family typewriter
+#pragma preproc_asm +
+\newline
+#pragma sdcc_hash +
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma sdcc\\_hash"
\end_inset
- - Will not do loop reversal optimization
-
-\layout Itemize
-
-\series bold
-nooverlay
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
-\end_inset
+\newline
- - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a
- function.
+\newline
+#define ROMCALL(x)
+\backslash
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov R6_B3, #(x & 0xff)
+\backslash
-\series bold
-stackauto
-\series default
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov R7_B3, #((x >> 8) & 0xff)
+\backslash
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto}
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+lcall __romcall
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+...
+\newline
+_asm
+\newline
+ROMCALL(72)
+\newline
+_endasm;
+\newline
+...
+\newline
-- See option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some of the pragmas are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizati
+ons which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack and/or data space
+ to store compiler generated temporary variables.
+ This usually happens in large functions.
+ Pragma directives should be used as shown in the following example, they
+ are used to control options and optimizations for a given function.
+
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\backslash
-/
+\family typewriter
+#pragma save
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma save"
\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+ \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* save the current settings */
+\newline
+#pragma nogcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nogcse"
\end_inset
- and section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
+ \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* turnoff global subexpression elimination */
+\newline
+#pragma noinduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinduction"
\end_inset
- Parameters and Local Variables.
-
-\layout Itemize
-
-\series bold
-opt_code_speed
-\series default
+ /* turn off induction optimizations */
+\newline
+int foo ()
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ ...
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_speed}
-
-\end_inset
-
-- The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
- at the expense of code size.
- Currently this has little effect.
-
-\layout Itemize
-
-\series bold
-opt_code_size
-\series default
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ /* large code */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ ...
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_size}
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+#pragma restore
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma restore"
\end_inset
-- The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
- at the expense of code speed.
- Currently this has little effect.
+ /* turn the optimizations back on */
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated.
+ It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragmas be used when
+ changing options for a function.
+\newline
-\series bold
-opt_code_balanced
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_balanced}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
-- The compiler will attempt to generate code that is both compact and fast,
- as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the
- default).
-
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Section
+Defines Created by the Compiler
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-std_sdcc89
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc89}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler creates the following #defines
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#defines"
\end_inset
-- Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
- with the standard (default).
-\layout Itemize
-
-\series bold
-std_c89
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c89}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Defines created by the compiler"
\end_inset
-- Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
- standard.
-
-\layout Itemize
-
-\series bold
-std_sdcc99
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc99}
+:
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-- Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
- with the standard (incomplete support).
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="15" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3in">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="3in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
-std_c99
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c99}
+#define
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-- Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
- standard (incomplete support).
-
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
-codeseg
-\series default
- <name>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma codeseg}
+Description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-- Use this name (max.
- 8 characters) for the code segment.
- See option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC"
\end_inset
--codeseg.
-
-\layout Itemize
-
-\series bold
-constseg
-\series default
- <name>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma constseg}
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-- Use this name (max.
- 8 characters) for the const segment.
- See option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_layout Standard
+Always defined.
+ Since version 2.5.6 the version number as an int (ex.
+ 256)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
--constseg.
-
-\layout Standard
-The preprocessor SDCPP
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_mcs51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_mcs51"
\end_inset
- supports the following #pragma directives:
-
-\layout Itemize
+ or SDCC_ds390
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_ds390"
-\series bold
-pedantic_parse_number
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number}
+ or SDCC_z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_z80"
\end_inset
- (+ | -) - Pedantic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are
- parsed properly and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded.
- Default is off.
- Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
-
-\emph on
- Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard!
+, etc.
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-#pragma pedantic_parse_number +
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number}
+\begin_layout Standard
+depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+__mcs51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_mcs51"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-#define LO_B(x) ((x) & 0xff)
-\newline
+, __ds390
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_ds390"
-\newline
-unsigned char foo(void)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3)
-;
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return c;
-\newline
-}
-\newline
+, __hc08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_hc08"
+\end_inset
-\layout Itemize
+, __z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_z80"
-\series bold
-preproc_asm
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm}
+, etc
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- (+ | -) - switch _asm _endasm block preprocessing on / off.
- Default is on.
- You use this prama to define multilines of assembly code.
- This will prevent the preprocessor from changing the formating required
- by assembly code.
- Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
+\begin_layout Standard
+depending on the model used (e.g.
+ -mz80)
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-#pragma preproc_asm -
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_STACK_AUTO
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_STACK\\_AUTO"
\end_inset
-\newline
-#define MYDELAY _asm
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-nop ;my assembly comment...
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-nop
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-nop
-\newline
-_endasm
-\newline
-#pragma preproc_asm
- +
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\newline
-void foo (void)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- MYDELAY;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- ...
-
-\newline
-}
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
-sdcc_hash
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma sdcc\_hash}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- (+ | -) - Allow "naked" hash in macro definition, for example:
-\newline
+-stack-auto
+\emph default
+ option is used
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-#define DIR_LO(x) #(x & 0xff)
-\family default
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-Default is off.
- Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_SMALL
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_MODEL\\_SMALL"
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-#pragma preproc_asm +
-\newline
-#pragma sdcc_hash +
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma sdcc\_hash}
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\newline
-#define ROMCALL(x)
-\backslash
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov R6_B3, #(x & 0xff)
\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov R7_B3, #((x >> 8) & 0xff)
-\backslash
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-lcall __romcall
-\newline
+-model-small
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
-\newline
-...
-\newline
-_asm
-\newline
-ROMCALL(72)
-\newline
-_endasm;
-\newline
-...
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_MODEL\\_MEDIUM"
-\layout Standard
-The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations
- which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to
- store compiler generated temporary variables.
- This usually happens in large functions.
- Pragma directives should be used as shown in the following example, they
- are used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas
- should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside
- a function body could have unpredictable results.
+\end_inset
-\layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-#pragma save
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* save the current settings */
-\newline
-#pragma nogcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* turnoff global subexpression elimination */
-\newline
-#pragma noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+-model-medium
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- /* turn off induction optimizations */
-\newline
-int foo ()
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- /* large code */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- ...
-
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-#pragma restore
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_LARGE
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_MODEL\\_LARGE"
\end_inset
- /* turn the optimizations back on */
-\layout Standard
-The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated.
- It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragma's be used when
- changing options for a function.
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Section
-Defines Created by the Compiler
-\layout Standard
-The compiler creates the following #defines
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#defines}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+-model-large
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Defines created by the compiler}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_USE_XSTACK
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_USE\\_XSTACK"
\end_inset
-:
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3in">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="3in">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
-#define
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-\series bold
-Description
+-xstack
+\emph default
+ option is used
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-SDCC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_STACK_TENBIT
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_STACK\\_TENBIT"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-Always defined.
- Since version 2.5.6 the version number as an int (ex.
- 256)
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-mds390
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-SDCC_mcs51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_mcs51}
-
-\end_inset
-
- or SDCC_ds390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_ds390}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_MODEL\\_FLAT24"
\end_inset
- or SDCC_z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_z80}
-
-\end_inset
-, etc.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390)
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-mds390
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-__mcs51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_mcs51}
-
-\end_inset
-
-, __ds390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ds390}
-
-\end_inset
-
-, __hc08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_hc08}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_REVISION
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_REVISION"
\end_inset
-, __z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_z80}
-
-\end_inset
-, etc
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-depending on the model used (e.g.
- -mz80)
+\begin_layout Standard
+Always defined.
+ SDCC svn revision number
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-SDCC_STACK_AUTO
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_AUTO}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_PARMS_IN_BANK1
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_PARMS\\_IN\\_BANK1"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
when
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--stack-auto
+-parms-in-bank1
\emph default
- option is used
+ is used
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-SDCC_MODEL_SMALL
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_SMALL}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_FLOAT_REENT
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_MODEL\\_FLAT24"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
when
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--model-small
+-float-reent
\emph default
is used
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_MEDIUM}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_INT_LONG_REENT
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_INT\\_LONG\\_REENT"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
when
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--model-medium
+-int-long-reent
\emph default
is used
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\layout Standard
-SDCC_MODEL_LARGE
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_LARGE}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Chapter
+Notes on supported Processors
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+MCS51 variants
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:MCS51-variants"
\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51 variants"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-when
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different
+ flavours.
+ While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers
+ the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible.
+
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_layout Subsection
+pdata access by SFR
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices
+ using port P2
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "P2 (mcs51 sfr)"
\end_inset
--model-large
+ as dedicated I/O port is becoming more popular.
+ Switching the high byte for pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ access which was formerly done by port P2 is then achieved by a Special
+ Function Register
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ In well-established MCS51 tradition the address of this
+\emph on
+sfr
\emph default
- is used
+ is where the chip designers decided to put it.
+ Needless to say that they didn't agree on a common name either.
+ So that the startup code can correctly initialize xdata variables, you
+ should define an sfr with the name _XPAGE
+\family typewriter
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_XPAGE (mcs51)"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-SDCC_USE_XSTACK
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_USE\_XSTACK}
+
+\family default
+ at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this.
+ Some examples are:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0x85) _XPAGE; /* Ramtron VRS51 family a.k.a.
+ MPAGE */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family, Texas Instruments (Chipcon)
+ a.k.a.
+ MPAGE */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0x91) _XPAGE; /* Infineon (Siemens) C500 family a.k.a.
+ XPAGE */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips a.k.a.
+ EMI0CN */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips a.k.a.
+ EMI0CN */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Startup-Code"
\end_inset
+ for other possibilities.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Other Features available by SFR
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DPTR"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-when
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+, multiple DPTR, decrementing DPTR, 16x16 Multiply.
+ These are currently not used for the MCS51 port.
+ If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit
+ a patch to SDCC.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Bankswitching
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Bankswitching
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Bankswitching"
-\backslash
-/
+\end_inset
+
+ (a.k.a.
+ code banking
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "code banking"
\end_inset
--xstack
-\emph default
- option is used
+) is a technique to increase the code space above the 64k limit of the 8051.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Hardware
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+8000-FFFF
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-SDCC_STACK_TENBIT
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_TENBIT}
+\begin_layout Standard
+bank1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+bank2
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-when
-\emph on
--mds390
-\emph default
- is used
+\begin_layout Standard
+bank3
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0000-7FFF
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_FLAT24}
+\begin_layout Standard
+common
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-when
-\emph on
--mds390
-\emph default
- is used
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+SiLabs C8051F120 example
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\layout Chapter
-Notes on supported Processors
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Section
-MCS51 variants
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:MCS51-variants}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different
- flavours.
- While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers
- the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible.
-
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\layout Subsection
-pdata access by SFR
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices
- using port P2
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
-\end_inset
+\newline
- as dedicated I/O port is becoming more popular.
- Switching the high byte for pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\newline
+Usually the hardware uses some sfr (an output port or an internal sfr) to
+ select a bank and put it in the banked area of the memory map.
+ The selected bank usually becomes active immediately upon assignment to
+ this sfr and when running inside a bank it will switch out this code it
+ is currently running.
+ Therefor you cannot jump or call directly from one bank to another and
+ need to use a so-called trampoline in the common area.
+ For SDCC an example trampoline is in crtbank.asm and you may need to change
+ it to your 8051 derivative or schematic.
+ The presented code is written for the C8051F120.
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+When calling a banked function
+ SDCC will put the LSB of the functions address in register R0, the MSB
+ in R1 and the bank in R2 and then call this trampoline
+\emph on
+__sdcc_banked_call
+\emph default
+.
+ The current selected bank is saved on the stack, the new bank is selected
+ and an indirect jump is made.
+ When the banked function returns it jumps to
+\emph on
+__sdcc_banked_ret
+\emph default
+ which restores the previous bank and returns to the caller.
+\end_layout
- access which was formerly done by port P2 is then achieved by a Special
- Function Register
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Software
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+When writing banked software using SDCC you need to use some special keywords
+ and options.
+ You also need to take over a bit of work from the linker.
+\newline
-.
- In well-established MCS51 tradition the address of this
+\newline
+To create a function
+ that can be called from another bank it requires the keyword
\emph on
-sfr
+banked
\emph default
- is where the chip designers decided to put it.
- Needless to say that they didn't agree on a common name either.
- So that the startup code can correctly initialize xdata variables, you
- should define an sfr with the name _XPAGE
-\family typewriter
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_XPAGE (mcs51)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "banked"
\end_inset
+.
+ The caller must see this in the prototype of the callee and the callee
+ needs it for a proper return.
+ Called functions within the same bank as the caller do not need the
+\emph on
+banked
+\emph default
+ keyword nor do functions in the common area.
+ Beware: SDCC does not know or check if functions are in the same bank.
+ This is your responsibility!
+\newline
-\family default
- at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this.
- Some examples are:
+\newline
+Normally all functions you write end up in
+ the segment CSEG.
+ If you want a function explicitly to reside in the common area put it in
+ segment HOME.
+ This applies for instance to interrupt service routines as they should
+ not be banked.
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+Functions that need to be in a switched bank must be put in a named segment.
+ The name can be mostly anything up to eight characters (e.g.
+ BANK1).
+ To do this you either use -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family typewriter
-__sfr __at (0x85) _XPAGE; /* Ramtron VRS51 family a.k.a.
- MPAGE */
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-__sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family, Texas Instruments (Chipcon)
- a.k.a.
- MPAGE */
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__sfr __at (0x91) _XPAGE; /* Infineon (Siemens) C500 family a.k.a.
- XPAGE */
+-codeseg BANK1 (See
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "lyx:-codeseg"
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips a.k.a.
- EMI0CN */
+) on the command line when compiling or #pragma codeseg BANK1 (See
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Pragmas"
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips a.k.a.
- EMI0CN */
+) at the top of the C source file.
+ The segment name always applies to the whole source file and generated
+ object so functions for different banks need to be defined in different
+ source files.
+\newline
-\layout Standard
-For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
+\newline
+When linking your objects you need to tell the linker where
+ to put your segments.
+ To do this you use the following command line option to SDCC: -Wl-b BANK1=0x180
+00 (See
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "lyx:-Wl option"
\end_inset
- for other possibilities.
-
-\layout Subsection
-Other Features available by SFR
-
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
+).
+ This sets the virtual start address of this segment.
+ It sets the banknumber to 0x01 and maps the bank to 0x8000 and up.
+ The linker will not check for overflows, again this is your responsibility.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-, multiple DPTR, decrementing DPTR, 16x16 Multiply.
- These are currently not used for the MCS51 port.
- If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit
- a patch to SDCC.
-
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
DS400 port
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\begin_layout Standard
The DS80C400
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS80C400"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS400}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS400"
\end_inset
at
\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.dalsemi.com/pub/tini/ds80c400/c_libraries/sdcc/index.html}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "ftp://ftp.dalsemi.com/pub/tini/ds80c400/c_libraries/sdcc/index.html"
\end_inset
.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
The Z80 and gbz80 port
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC can target both the Zilog Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
\end_inset
and the Nintendo Gameboy's Z80-like gbz80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)"
\end_inset
The Z80 port is passed through the same
\emph on
regressions tests
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Regression test"
\end_inset
\emph default
(see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Quality-control"
\end_inset
) as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long
variables and bitfield support is fine.
See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\begin_layout Standard
As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and
z80/gen.c.
The stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!stack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!stack"
\end_inset
IX is used as the base pointer, HL and IY are used as a temporary registers,
and BC and DE are available for holding variables.
Return values
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!return value}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!return value"
\end_inset
The gbz80 port use the same set of registers for the return values, but
in a different order of significance: E (one byte), DE (two bytes), or
HLDE (four bytes).
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
The HC08 port
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
\end_inset
unoptimized.
Some of the SDCC's standard C library functions have embedded non-HC08
inline assembly and so are not yet usable.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\pagebreak_bottom
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\begin_layout Standard
The HC08 port passes the regression test suite (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Quality-control"
\end_inset
).
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+The PIC14
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14"
+\end_inset
+ port
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC14 port adds support for Microchip
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Microchip"
-\layout Section
-The PIC14 port
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-The 14bit PIC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{TM}}$
\end_inset
- port still requires a major effort from the development community.
- However it can work for simple code.
- It passes its (smaller set of) regression tests
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)}
+ PIC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14"
\end_inset
- in the directory
-\shape italic
-sdcc/src/regression
-\shape default
-.
-\layout Subsection
-C code and 14bit PIC code page
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code page (pic14)}
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{TM}}$
+\end_inset
+
+ MCUs with 14 bit wide instructions.
+ This port is not yet mature and still lacks many features.
+ However, it can work for simple code.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+Currently supported devices include:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+12F: 629, 635, 675, 683
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16C: 432, 433
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16C: 554, 557, 558
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16C: 62, 620, 620a, 621, 621a, 622, 622a, 63a, 65b
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16C: 71, 710, 711, 715, 717, 72, 73b, 745, 74b, 765, 770, 771, 773, 774,
+ 781, 782
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16C: 925, 926
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16CR: 620a, 73, 74, 76, 77
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16F: 616, 627, 627a, 628, 628a, 630, 636, 639, 648, 648a, 676, 684, 685,
+ 687, 688, 689, 690
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16F: 716, 72, 73, 737, 74, 747, 76, 767, 77, 777, 785
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16F: 818, 819, 84, 84a, 87, 870, 871, 872, 873, 873a, 874, 874a, 876, 876a,
+ 877, 877a, 88, 886, 887
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16F: 913, 914, 916, 917, 946
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+26HV: 626, 785
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+An up-to-date list of currently supported devices can be obtained via
+\family typewriter
+sdcc -mpic14 -phelp foo.c
+\family default
+ (foo.c must exist...).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+PIC Code Pages
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "code page (pic14)"
\end_inset
- and RAM banks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{RAM bank (pic14)}
+ and Memory Banks
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory bank (pic14)"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks.
It does not have intimate knowledge of the code flow.
- It will put all the code section of a single asm file into a single code
+ It will put all the code section of a single .asm file into a single code
page.
In order to make use of multiple code pages, separate asm files must be
used.
- The compiler treats all functions of a single C file as being in the same
- code page unless it is non static.
+ The compiler assigns all
+\emph on
+static
+\emph default
+ functions of a single .c file into the same code page.
\newline
\newline
-To get the best follow these guide lines:
+To get the best results,
+ follow these guidelines:
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
Make local functions static, as non static functions require code page selection
overhead.
+\newline
+Due to the way sdcc handles functions, place called functions prior
+ to calling functions in the file wherever possible: Otherwise sdcc will
+ insert unnecessary pagesel directives around the call, believing that the
+ called function is externally defined.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
For devices that have multiple code pages it is more efficient to use the
- same number of files as pages, i.e.
- for the 16F877 use 4 separate files and i.e.
- for the 16F874 use 2 separate files.
+ same number of files as pages: Use up to 4 separate .c files for the 16F877,
+ but only 2 files for the 16F874.
This way the linker can put the code for each file into different code
- pages and there's less page selection overhead.
+ pages and there will be less page selection overhead.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC14 as they have a very simple
+ instruction set), use `unsigned char' wherever possible instead of `int'.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Adding New Devices to the Port
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Adding support for a new 14
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
-\layout Enumerate
-And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC 14 as they have a very simple
- instruction set), use 'unsigned char' whereever possible instead of 'int'.
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Subsection
-Creating a device include file
-\layout Standard
-For generating a device include file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Header files}
+\backslash
+,
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- use the support perl script inc2h.pl kept in directory support/script.
+bit PIC MCU requires the following steps:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Create a new device description.
+\newline
+Each device is described in two files: pic16f*.h
+ and pic16f*.c.
+ These files primarily define SFRs, structs to access their bits, and symbolic
+ configuration options.
+ Both files can be generated from gputils' .inc files using the perl script
+
+\family typewriter
+support/scripts/inc2h.pl
+\family default
+.
+ This file also contains further instructions on how to proceed.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Copy the .h file into SDCC's include path and either add the .c file to your
+ project or copy it to
+\family typewriter
+device/lib/pic/libdev
+\family default
+.
+ Afterwards, rebuild and install the libraries.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Edit pic14devices.txt in SDCC's include path (
+\family typewriter
+device/include/pic/
+\family default
+ in the source tree or
+\family typewriter
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/pic
+\family default
+ after installation).
+\newline
+You need to add a device specification here to make
+ the memory layout (code banks, RAM, aliased memory regions, ...) known to
+ the compiler.
+ Probably you can copy and modify an existing entry.
+ The file format is documented at the top of the file.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
-Interrupt code
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Interrupt Code
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-For the interrupt function, use the keyword '__interrupt'
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!interrupt}
+\begin_layout Standard
+For the interrupt function, use the keyword `__interrupt'
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14!interrupt"
\end_inset
with level number of 0 (PIC14 only has 1 interrupt so this number is only
there to avoid a syntax error - it ought to be fixed).
E.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
void Intr(void) __interrupt 0
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
T0IF = 0; /* Clear timer interrupt */
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
-Linking and assembling
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Linking and Assembling
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
For assembling you can use either GPUTILS'
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gputils (pic tools)"
\end_inset
gpasm.exe or MPLAB's mpasmwin.exe.
- GPUTILS is available from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
+ GPUTILS are available from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils"
\end_inset
.
- For linking you can use either GPUTIL's gplink or MPLAB's mplink.exe.
+ For linking you can use either GPUTILS' gplink or MPLAB's mplink.exe.
If you use MPLAB and an interrupt function then the linker script file
vectors section will need to be enlarged to link with mplink.
\newline
Makefile
\family default
using GPUTILS:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
.c.o:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $<
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-gpasm -c $*.asm
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcc -V -mpic14 -p16f877 -c $<
\newline
\newline
$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-gplink
- -m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
-
-\layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+gplink -m -s $(PRJ).lkr
+ -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
Here is a
\family typewriter
Makefile
\family default
using MPLAB:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
.c.o:
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $<
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16f877 $<
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm
\newline
$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mplink /v $(PRJ).lkr /m $(PRJ).map /o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-Please note that indentations within a
+\begin_layout Standard
+Please note that indentations within a
\family typewriter
- Makefile
+Makefile
\family default
have to be done with a tabulator character.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
-Command-line options
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Command-Line Options
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Besides the switches common to all SDCC backends, the PIC14 port accepts
the following options (for an updated list see sdcc -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-help):
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--debug-extra
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-debug-extra}
+-debug-xtra
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14!Options!-\\/-debug-extra"
\end_inset
emit debug info in assembly output
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-no-pcode-opt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-no-pcode-opt}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14!Options!-\\/-no-pcode-opt"
\end_inset
disable (slightly faulty) optimization on pCode
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-stack-loc}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14!Options!-\\/-stack-loc"
\end_inset
sets the lowest address of the argument passing stack (defaults to a suitably
large shared databank to reduce BANKSEL overhead)
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-stack-size}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14!Options!-\\/-stack-size"
\end_inset
sets the size if the argument passing stack (default: 16, minimum: 4)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Environment Variables
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC14 port recognizes the following environment variables:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+SDCC_PIC14_SPLIT_LOCALS If set and not empty, sdcc will allocate each temporary
+ register (the ones called r0xNNNN) in a section of its own.
+ By default (if this variable is unset), sdcc tries to cluster registers
+ in sections in order to reduce the BANKSEL overhead when accessing them.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+The Library
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC14 library currently only contains support routines required by the
+ compiler to implement multiplication, division, and floating point support.
+ No libc-like replacement is available at the moment, though many of the
+ common sdcc library sources (in
+\family typewriter
+device/lib
+\family default
+) should also compile with the PIC14 port.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
-The library
-
-\layout Subsubsection
-error: missing definition for symbol
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-
-__gptrget1
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+error: missing definition for symbol ``__gptrget1''
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The PIC14 port uses library routines to provide more complex operations
like multiplication, division/modulus and (generic) pointer dereferencing.
In order to add these routines to your project, you must link with PIC14's
For single source file projects this is done automatically, more complex
projects must add
\family typewriter
-libsdcc.lib
-\family default
- to the linker's arguments.
- Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch
- to the linker)!
-
-\layout Subsubsection
-Processor mismatch in file
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-
-XXX
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-.
-
-\layout Standard
-This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst
- 14 bit PIC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
-
-\end_inset
-
- devices.
-
-\layout Standard
-You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device
- by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in
-\family typewriter
-device/lib/pic/Makefile.in
-\family default
- and
-\family typewriter
-device/lib/pic/Makefile
-\family default
- to reflect your device.
- This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unneccesary
- BANKSELs migth be removed.
-
-\layout Subsection
-Known bugs
-
-\layout Subsubsection
-initialized data
-
-\layout Standard
-\pagebreak_bottom
-Currently, data can only be initialized if it resides in the source file
- together with
-\emph on
-main()
-\emph default
-.
- Data in other source files will silently
-\series bold
-not
-\series default
- be initialized.
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\family default
-
-
-
-\layout Section
-The PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
-
-\end_inset
-
- port
-
-\layout Standard
-The PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
-
-\end_inset
-
- port is the portion of SDCC that is responsible to produce code for the
- Microchip
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Microchip}
-
-\end_inset
-
-(TM) microcontrollers with 16 bit core.
- Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx.
- Currently supported devices are:
-
-\layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="6">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-18F242
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-18F248
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-18F252
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-18F258
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-18F442
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-18F448
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+libsdcc.lib
+\family default
+ to the linker's arguments.
+ Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch
+ to the linker)!
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-18F452
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Processor mismatch in file ``XXX''.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst
+ 14
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
-\layout Standard
-18F458
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-18F1220
+\backslash
+,
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-18F2220
+bit PIC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-18F2550
+ devices.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device
+ by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in
+\family typewriter
+device/lib/pic/Makefile.in
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+device/lib/pic/Makefile
+\family default
+ to reflect your device.
+ This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unnecessary
+ BANKSELs might be removed.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-18F4331
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Known Bugs
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Function arguments
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-18F4455
+\begin_layout Standard
+Functions with variable argument lists (like printf) are not yet supported.
+ Similarly, taking the address of the first argument passed into a function
+ does not work: It is currently passed in WREG and has no address...
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Regression tests fail
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-18F6520
+\begin_layout Standard
+Though the small subset of regression tests in src/regression passes, SDCC
+ regression test suite does not, indicating that there are still major bugs
+ in the port.
+ However, many smaller projects have successfully used SDCC in the past...
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-18F6620
+\size footnotesize
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newpage
+
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-18F6680
+\begin_layout Section
+The PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-18F6720
+ port
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC16 port adds support for Microchip
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Microchip"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-18F8520
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{TM}}$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-18F8620
+ PIC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-18F8680
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{TM}}$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-18F8720
+ MCUs with 16 bit wide instructions.
+ Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx
+; devices supported by the port include:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 242, 248, 252, 258, 442, 448, 452, 458
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 1220, 1320
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 2220, 2221, 2320, 2321, 2331, 23k20
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 2410, 2420, 2423, 2431, 2450, 2455, 2480, 24j10, 24k20
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 2510, 2515, 2520, 2523, 2525, 2550, 2580, 2585, 25j10, 25k20
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 2610, 2620, 2680, 2682, 2685
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 4220, 4221, 4320, 4321, 4331, 43k20
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 4410, 4420, 4423, 4431, 4450, 4455, 4480, 44j10, 44k20
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 4510, 4515, 4520, 4523, 4525, 4550, 4580, 4585, 45j10, 45k20
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 4610, 4620, 4680, 4682, 4685, 46k20
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 6520, 6585, 65j50, 6620, 6680, 66j50, 66j55, 66j60, 66j65, 6720, 67j50,
+ 67j60
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 8520, 8585, 85j50, 8620, 8680, 86j50, 86j55, 86j60, 86j65, 8720, 87j50,
+ 87j60
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 96j60, 96j65, 97j60
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+An up-to-date list of supported devices is also available via '
+\family typewriter
+sdcc -mpic16 -plist
+\family default
+'.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Global Options
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PIC16 port supports the standard command line arguments as supposed, with
the exception of certain cases that will be mentioned in the following
list:
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-callee-saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-callee-saves}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Options!-\\/-callee-saves"
\end_inset
See -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-all-callee-saves
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--all-callee-saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-all-callee-saves}
+-fommit-frame-pointer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Options!-\\/-fommit-frame-pointer"
\end_inset
- All function arguments are passed on stack by default.
-
-\emph on
-There is no need to specify this in the command line.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
+ Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses no local variables.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Port Specific Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options PIC16"
\end_inset
--fommit-frame-pointer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-fommit-frame-pointer}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses no local variables.
+\begin_layout Standard
+The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Subsection
-Port Specific Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options PIC16}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc --help
- output.
+-help output.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
-General Options
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Code Generation Options
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-General options enable certain port features and optimizations.
+\begin_layout Standard
+These options influence the generated assembler code.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--pstack-model=[model] Used in conjuction with the command above.
- Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are :
+-pstack-model=[model] Used in conjunction with the command above.
+ Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are:
+\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\emph on
Selects small stack model.
8 bit stack and frame pointers.
Supports 256 bytes stack size.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\emph on
Selects large stack model.
16 bit stack and frame pointers.
Supports 65536 bytes stack size.
+\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating
- unitialized data variables with [kword].
- Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr".
+-pno-banksel Do not generate BANKSEL assembler directives.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--ivt-loc <nnnn> positions the Interrupt Vector Table at location <nnnn>.
- Useful for bootloaders.
+-extended Enable extended instruction set/literal offset addressing mode.
+ Use with care!
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Optimization Options
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--asm= sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call.
+-obanksel=n Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs.
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+0 no optimization
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit
+ BANKSEL, accounts only for labels.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs
+ if they are in the same bank.
+
+\newline
+
+\emph on
+Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections
+ across bank borders!
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--link= sets the full path and name of an external linker to call.
+-denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes.
+ Use with care.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--mplab-comp MPLAB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!MPLAB}
+-no-optimize-goto Do not use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- compatibility option.
- Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives.
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Subsubsection
-Optimization Options
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--optimize-goto Try to use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO
+-optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Assembling Options
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares.
+-asm= Sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it.
+-mplab-comp MPLAB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!MPLAB"
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+
+ compatibility option.
+ Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Linking Options
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--obanksel=nn Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs.
-\newline
+-link= Sets the full path and name of an external linker to call.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_deeper
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-0 no optimization
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit
- BANKSEL, accounts only for labels.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs
- if they are in the same bank.
-
-\newline
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\emph on
-Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections
- across bank borders!
+\end_inset
-\end_deeper
-\layout Subsubsection
-Linking Options
+-preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating
+ unitialized data variables with [kword].
+ Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr".
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--nodefaultlibs do not link default libraries when linking
+-ivt-loc=n Place the interrupt vector table at address
+\emph on
+n
+\emph default
+.
+ Useful for bootloaders.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules
+-nodefaultlibs Do not link default libraries when linking.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-use-crt= Use a custom run-time module instead of the defaults.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
Debugging Options
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-debug-xtra Similar to -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-debug"
\end_inset
, but dumps more information.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-debug-ralloc Force register allocator to dump <source>.d file with debugging
information.
- <source> is the name of the file compiled.
+ <source> is the name of the file being compiled.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-pcode-verbose Enable pcode debugging information in translation.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-/
-
-\end_inset
-
--denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes.
- Use with care.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow
+-calltree Dump call tree in .calltree file.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--call-tree dump call tree in .calltree file
+-gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
-Enviromental Variables
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Environment Variables
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-There is a number of enviromental variables that can be used when running
+\begin_layout Standard
+There is a number of environmental variables that can be used when running
SDCC to enable certain optimizations or force a specific program behaviour.
these variables are primarily for debugging purposes so they can be enabled/dis
abled at will.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Currently there is only two such variables available:
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure
+\begin_layout Description
+OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET When this variable exists, reading of structure
bitfields is optimized by directly loading FSR0 with the address of the
bitfield structure.
Normally SDCC will cast the bitfield structure to a bitfield pointer and
then load FSR0.
- This step saves data ram and code space for functions that perform heavy
- use of bitfields.
- (ie.
- 80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this option).
+ This step saves data ram and code space for functions that make heavy use
+ of bitfields.
+ (i.e., 80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this
+ option).
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-NO_REG_OPT do not perform pCode registers optimization.
+\begin_layout Description
+NO_REG_OPT Do not perform pCode registers optimization.
This should be used for debugging purposes.
- In some where bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit
- from temporarily disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed.
+ If bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit from temporarily
+ disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Preprocessor Macros
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
\end_inset
port defines the following preprocessor macros while translating a source.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Macro
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC_pic16
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Port identification
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
_pic16
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Port identification (same as above)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
pic18fxxxx
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
MCU Identification.
\emph on
\emph default
is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
452, 6620, etc
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
_
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
_18Fxxxx
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
MCU Identification (same as above)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
STACK_MODEL_nnn
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Macro
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
__18Fxxxx
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
MCU Identification.
\emph on
\emph default
is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
452, 6620, etc
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC_MODEL_nnn
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for
SDCC
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
STACK_MODEL_nnn
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Directories
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
\end_inset
port uses the following directories for searching header files and libraries.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Directory
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Target
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Command prefix
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PIC16 specific headers
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Compiler
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-I
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PIC16 specific libraries
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Linker
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-L
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Pragmas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Pragmas}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:PIC16_Pragmas"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
\end_inset
port currently supports the following pragmas:
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma stack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Pragmas!\\#pragma stack"
\end_inset
- pragma stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
-
-\end_inset
-
- forces the code generator to initialize the stack & frame pointers at a
- specific address.
- This is an adhoc solution for cases where no STACK directive is available
+ This forces the code generator to initialize the stack & frame pointers
+ at a specific address.
+ This is an ad hoc solution for cases where no STACK directive is available
in the linker script or gplink is not instructed to create a stack section.
\newline
The
stack pragma should be used only once in a project.
Multiple pragmas may result in indeterminate behaviour of the program.
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The old format (ie.
#pragma stack 0x5ff) is deprecated and will cause the stack pointer to
cross page boundaries (or even exceed the available data RAM) and crash
the program.
Make sure that stack does not cross page boundaries when using the SMALL
stack model.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
The format is as follows:
+\newline
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
#pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size]
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
bottom_address
\emph default
is the lower bound of the stack section.
The stack pointer initially will point at address (bottom_address+stack_size-1).
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
Example:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
/* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
#pragma stack 0x200 100
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
If the stack_size field is omitted then a stack is created with the default
size of 64.
This size might be enough for most programs, but its not enough for operations
with deep function nesting or excessive stack usage.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma code}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Pragmas!\\#pragma code"
\end_inset
- place a function symbol at static FLASH address
+ Force a function to a static FLASH address.
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
Example:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
/* place function test_func at 0x4000 */
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
#pragma code test_func 0x4000
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
library instructs the linker to use a library module.
\newline
Usage:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
#pragma library module_name
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
module_name
can be any library or object file (including its path).
Note that there are four reserved keywords which have special meaning.
These are:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Keyword
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Module to link
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
ignore
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
ignore all library pragmas
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
(none)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
link the C library
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
libc18f
\emph default
.lib
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
math
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
link the Math libarary
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
libm18f
\emph default
.lib
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
io
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
link the I/O library
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
libio18f*
\emph default
.lib
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
debug
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
link the debug library
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
libdebug
\emph default
.lib
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
* is the device number, i.e.
452 for PIC18F452 MCU.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-This feature allows for linking with specific libraries withoug having to
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+This feature allows for linking with specific libraries without having to
explicit name them in the command line.
Note that the
\noun on
ignore
\noun default
keyword will reject all modules specified by the library pragma.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-udata pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker will
- place a variable at a specific memory bank
+\begin_layout Description
+udata The pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker
+ will place a variable at a specific memory bank.
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
Example:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
/* places variable foo at bank2 */
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
#pragma udata bank2 foo
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
char foo;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In order for this pragma to work extra SECTION directives should be added
in the .lkr script.
In the following example a sample .lkr file is shown:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
// Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
LIBPATH .
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The linker will recognise the section name set in the pragma statement and
will position the variable at the memory bank set with the RAM field at
the SECTION line in the linker script file.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Header Files
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Header-Files}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:PIC16_Header-Files"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
There is one main header file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Header files}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Header files"
\end_inset
that can be included to the source files using the pic16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
\end_inset
so it is necessary if the source accesses them.
It can be included by adding the following line in the beginning of the
file:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
#include <pic18fregs.h>
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The specific microcontroller is selected within the pic18fregs.h automatically,
so the same source can be used with a variety of devices.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:pic16Libraries"
+
+\end_inset
+
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
The libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Libraries}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Libraries"
\end_inset
that PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
\end_inset
is the microcontroller identification number.
The specific library is selected automatically by the compiler at link
stage according to the selected device.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
Libraries are created with gplib which is part of the gputils package
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Building the libraries
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Before using SDCC/pic16 there are some libraries that need to be compiled.
- This process is not done automatically by SDCC since not all users use
- SDCC for pic16 projects.
- So each user should compile the libraries separately.
+ This process is done automatically if gputils are found at SDCC's compile
+ time.
+ Should you require to rebuild the pic16 libraries manually (e.g.
+ in order to enable output of float values
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Floating point support"
-\layout Standard
-The steps to compile the pic16 libraries under Linux are:
+\end_inset
-\layout LyX-Code
-cd device/lib/pic16
+ via
+\family typewriter
+printf()
+\family default
+, see below), these are the steps required to do so under Linux or Mac OS
+ X (cygwin might work as well, but is untested):
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
-./configure
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+cd device/lib/pic16
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
-make
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+./configure.gnu
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
cd ..
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
make model-pic16
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+cd ../..
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
If you need to install the headers too, do:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
cd device/include
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-There exist a special target to build the I/O libraries.
- This target is not automatically build because it will build the I/O library
- for
-\emph on
-every
-\emph default
- supported device.
- This way building will take quite a lot of time.
- Users are advised to edit the
-\series bold
-device/lib/pic16/pics.build
-\series default
- file and then execute:
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+Output of float values via printf()
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The library is normally built without support for displaying float values,
+ only <NO FLOAT>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<NO FLOAT>"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf floating point support"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ will appear instead of the value.
+ To change this, rebuild the library as stated above, but call
+\family typewriter
+./configure.gnu --enable-floats
+\family default
+instead of just
+\family typewriter
+./configure.gnu
+\family default
+.
+ Also make sure that at least
+\family typewriter
+libc/stdio/vfprintf.c
+\family default
+ is actually recompiled, e.g.
+ by
+\family typewriter
+touch
+\family default
+ing it after the
+\family typewriter
+configure
+\family default
+ run or deleting its
+\family typewriter
+.o
+\family default
+ file.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The more common appraoch of compiling
+\family typewriter
+vfprintf.c
+\family default
+ manually with
+\family typewriter
+-DUSE_FLOATS=1
+\family default
+ should also work, but is untested.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Adding New Devices to the Port
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Adding support for a new 16
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+,
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+bit PIC MCU requires the following steps:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Create picDEVICE.c and picDEVICE.h from pDEVICE.inc using
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+perl /path/to/sdcc/support/scripts/inc2h-pic16.pl /path/to/gputils/header/pDEVICE.
+inc
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+
+\family typewriter
+mv picDEVICE.h /path/to/sdcc/device/include/pic16
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+
+\family typewriter
+mv picDEVICE.c /path/to/sdcc/device/lib/pic16/libdev
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Add DEVICE to
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/lib/pic16/pics.all
+\family default
+
+\newline
+Note: No 18f prefix here!
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Edit
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/include/pic16/adc.h
+\newline
+
+\family default
+Add the new devices to the correct ADC style class (depending on the number
+ of ADC channels).
+\newline
+Do not touch
+\family typewriter
+adc.h
+\family default
+ if the device does not offer any ADC at all.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Edit
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/include/pic16/pic18fregs.h
+\family default
+
+\newline
+The file format is self-explanatory, just add
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+#elif defined(picDEVICE)
+\newline
+#
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+
+\backslash
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+include <picDEVICE.h>
+\family default
+
+\newline
+at the right place (keep the file sorted, please).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Edit
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/include/pic16devices.txt
+\newline
+
+\family default
+Copy and modify an existing entry or create a new one and insert it at the
+ correct place (keep the file sorted, please).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Add the device to
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/lib/pic16/libdev/Makefile.am
+\family default
+
+\newline
+Copy an existing entry and adjust the device name.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Add the device to
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/lib/pic16/libio/Makefile.am
+\family default
+
+\newline
+Copy the record from the 18f2220 and adjust the device name.
+\newline
+If the new device
+ does not offer ADC, I
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{2}}$
+\end_inset
+
+C, and/or (E)USART functionality as assumed by the library, remove the lines
+ with references to
+\family typewriter
+adc/*.c
+\family default
+,
+\family typewriter
+usart/*.c
+\family default
+, or
+\family typewriter
+usart/*.c
+\family default
+, respectively.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Update
+\family typewriter
+libdev/Makefile.in
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+libio/Makefile.in
+\family default
+ using
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+./bootstrap.sh
+\family default
+
+\newline
+in
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/lib/pic16
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Recompile the pic16 libraries as described in
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:pic16Libraries"
-\layout LyX-Code
-make lib-io
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Memory Models
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
small model
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
large model
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source.
The sizes are shown in the next table:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Pointer sizes according to memory model
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
small model
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
large model
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
code pointers
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
16-bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
24-bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
data pointers
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
16-bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
16-bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
It is advisable that all sources within a project are compiled with the
same memory model.
If one wants to override the default memory model, this can be done by
.
Far selects large memory model's pointers, while near selects small memory
model's pointers.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The standard device libraries (see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:PIC16_Header-Files}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:PIC16_Header-Files"
\end_inset
) contain no reference to pointers, so they can be used with both memory
models.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Stack
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!stack"
\end_inset
implementation for the PIC16 port uses two indirect registers, FSR1 and
FSR2.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
small
\noun default
model
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
\noun on
large
\noun default
model
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\noun on
Small
uses both FSRxL and FSRxH registers.
The following table shows the stack/frame pointers sizes according to stack
model and the maximum space they can address:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
small
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
large
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Stack pointer FSR1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
8-bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
16-bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Frame pointer FSR2
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
8-bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
16-bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
\noun on
Large
Also there are some other points that need special care:
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
Do not create stack sections with size more than one physical bank (that
is 256 bytes)
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
Stack sections should no cross physical bank limits (i.e.
#pragma stack 0x50 0x100)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
These limitations are caused by the fact that only FSRxL is modified when
using SMALL stack model, so no more than 256 bytes of stack can be used.
This problem will disappear after LARGE model is fully implemented.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Functions
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In addition to the standard SDCC function keywords, PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
\end_inset
port makes available two more:
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
wparam
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!wparam}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!wparam"
\end_inset
that are called via function pointers, otherwise the first byte of the
first parameter will get lost.
Usage:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
void func_wparam(int a) wparam
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
{
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
/* WREG hold the lower part of a */
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
/* the high part of a is stored in FSR2+2 (or +3 for large stack model)
*/
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
...
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
}
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
shadowregs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!shadowregs}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!shadowregs"
\end_inset
interrupt
\emph default
keyword in the function's header.
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
{
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
...
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
shadowregs
\emph default
instructs the code generator not to store/restore WREG, STATUS, BSR when
entering/exiting the ISR.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Function return values
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following
a modified Microchip policy optimized for SDCC.
The following table shows these registers:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
size
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
destination register
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
8 bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
WREG
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
16 bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PRODL:WREG
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
24 bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PRODH:PRODL:WREG
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
32 bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
>32 bits
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Interrupts
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
An interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!interrupt}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!interrupt"
\end_inset
interrupt
\emph default
keyword.
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
void isr(void) interrupt
\emph on
n
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
{
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
...
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
n
\emph default
is the interrupt number, which for PIC18F devices can be:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
n
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Interrupt Vector
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Interrupt Vector Address
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
0
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
RESET vector
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
0x000000
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
HIGH priority interrupts
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
0x000008
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
2
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
LOW priority interrupts
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
0x000018
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
When generating assembly code for ISR the code generator places a
\noun on
goto
\emph on
Interrupt Vector Address
\emph default
- which points at the genetated ISR.
+ which points at the generated ISR.
This single GOTO instruction is part of an automatically generated
\emph on
interrupt entry point
Address of the specific interrupt.
This is not a problem for the LOW priority interrupts, but it is a problem
for the RESET and the HIGH priority interrupts because code may be written
- at the next interrupt´s vector address and cause undeterminate program
+ at the next interrupt's vector address and cause indeterminate program
behaviour if that interrupt is raised.
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
This is not a problem when
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
this is a HIGH interrupt ISR and LOW interrupts are
\emph on
disabled
\emph default
or not used.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
-when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt´s vector address.
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt's vector address.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
n
\emph default
- is possible to be omitted.
+ may be omitted.
This way a function is generated similar to an ISR, but it is not assigned
to any interrupt.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
When entering an interrupt, currently the PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
\end_inset
port automatically saves the following registers:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
WREG
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
STATUS
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
BSR
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
PROD (PRODL and PRODH)
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
These registers are restored upon return from the interrupt routine.
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
NOTE that when the _naked attribute is specified for an interrupt routine,
then NO registers are stored or restored.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Generic Pointers
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types.
There are 3 types of generic pointers currently implemented data, code
and eeprom pointers.
They are differentiated by the value of the 7th and 6th bits of the upper
byte:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
pointer type
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
7th bit
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
6th bit
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
rest of the pointer
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
data
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
0
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\shape slanted
\emph on
uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
code
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
0
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
0
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\shape slanted
\emph on
uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
eeprom
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
0
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\shape slanted
\emph on
uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
(unimplemented)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\shape slanted
\emph on
xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
unimplemented pointer type
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
Generic pointer are read and written with a set of library functions which
read/write 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
PIC16 C Libraries
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
Standard I/O Streams
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In the
\emph on
stdio.h
\emph default
the type FILE is defined as:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
typedef char * FILE;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
This type is the stream type implemented I/O in the PIC18F devices.
Also the standard input and output streams are declared in stdio.h:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
extern FILE * stdin;
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
extern FILE * stdout;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The FILE type is actually a generic pointer which defines one more type
of generic pointers, the
\emph on
-stream
+stream
\emph default
-pointer.
+ pointer.
This new type has the format:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="7">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
pointer type
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
<7:6>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
<5>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
<4>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
<3:0>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
rest of the pointer
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
descrption
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
stream
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
00
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
0
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
nnnn
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
\shape slanted
\emph on
uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
stream type
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
value
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
module
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
STREAM_USART
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
0x200000UL
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
USART
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
STREAM_MSSP
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
0x210000UL
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
MSSP
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
STREAM_USER
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
0x2f0000UL
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
(none)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
In the libc library there exist the functions that are used to write to
each of the above streams.
These are
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
_
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
_stream_usart_putchar writes a character at the USART stream
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
_
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
_stream_mssp_putchar writes a character at the MSSP stream
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Description
putchar dummy function.
This writes a character to a user specified manner.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In order to increase performance
\emph on
-putchar
+putchar
\emph default
-is declared in stdio.h as having its parameter in WREG (it has the wparam
+ is declared in stdio.h as having its parameter in WREG (it has the wparam
keyword).
In stdio.h exists the macro PUTCHAR(arg) that defines the putchar function
in a user-friendly way.
\emph default
is the name of the variable that holds the character to print.
An example follows:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
#include <pic18fregs.h>
\newline
#include <stdio.h>
\newline
PUTCHAR( c )
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
{
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
}
\newline
\newline
void main(void)
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
{
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessary, since stdout points
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
* by default to STREAM_USER */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ printf (
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\layout LyX-Code
- printf (¨This is a printf test
+This is a printf test
\backslash
-n¨);
+n
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout LyX-Code
+);
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
}
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
Printing functions
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PIC16 contains an implementation of the printf-family of functions.
There exist the following functions:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...);
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap);
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...);
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap);
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...);
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap);
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
For sprintf and vsprintf
\emph on
-buf
+buf
\emph default
-should normally be a data pointer where the resulting string will be placed.
- No range checking is done so the user should allocate the necessery buffer.
+ should normally be a data pointer where the resulting string will be placed.
+ No range checking is done so the user should allocate the necessary buffer.
For fprintf and vfprintf
\emph on
fp
\emph default
should be a stream pointer (i.e.
stdout, STREAM_MSSP, etc...).
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
Signals
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources.
A list of these interrupts is shown in the following table:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="4">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
signal name
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
signal name
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-descritpion
+\begin_layout Standard
+description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_RB
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PORTB change interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_EE
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_INT0
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
INT0 external interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_BCOL
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Bus collision interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_INT1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
INT1 external interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_LVD
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Low voltage detect interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_INT2
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
INT2 external interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_PSP
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Parallel slave port interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_CCP1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
CCP1 module interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_AD
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
AD convertion complete interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_CCP2
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
CCP2 module interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_RC
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
USART receive interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_TMR0
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
TMR0 overflow interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_TX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
USART transmit interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_TMR1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
TMR1 overflow interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_MSSP
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SSP receive/transmit interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_TMR2
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SIG_TMR3
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
TMR3 overflow interrupt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
The prototypes for these names are defined in the header file
\emph on
signal.h
\emph default
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided:
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for
high priority interrupts.
name
\emph default
is the function name to use.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo
low priority interrupt.
name
\emph default
is the function name to use.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
DEF_HANDLER(sig,handler) define a handler for signal
\emph on
sig.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Additionally there are two more macros to simplify the declaration of the
signal handler:
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\series medium
-SIGHANDLER(handler)
+SIGHANDLER(handler)
\series default
-this declares the function prototype for the
+ this declares the function prototype for the
\emph on
handler
\emph default
function.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
An example of using the macros above is shown below:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
#include <pic18fregs.h>
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
#include <signal.h>
\newline
\newline
DEF_INTHIGH(high_int)
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler)
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler)
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
END_DEF
\newline
\newline
SIGHANDLER(_tmr0_handler)
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
{
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
/* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
}
\newline
\newline
SIGHANDLERNAKED(_bcol_handler)
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
{
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
_asm
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
/* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
retfie
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
_endasm;
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
NOTES:
\series default
Special care should be taken when using the above scheme:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
when declaring SIGHANDLERNAKED handler never forget to use
\emph on
retfie
\emph default
for proper returning.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
PIC16 Port -- Tips
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
Stack size
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The default stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!stack"
\end_inset
need to set the stack size around the maximum (256 for small stack model).
The following diagram shows what happens when calling printf to print an
integer:
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar ()
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
It is should be understood that stack is easily consumed when calling complicate
d functions.
Using command line arguments like -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-fommit-frame-pointer might reduce stack usage by not creating unnecessery
stack frames.
Other ways to reduce stack usage may exist.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Known Bugs
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Extended Instruction Set
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC16 port emits code which is incompatible with the extended instruction
+ set available with many newer devices.
+ Make sure to always explicitly disable it, usually using
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Subsection
-Known bugs
+\family typewriter
+static __code char __at(__CONFIG4L) conf4l = /* more flags & */ _XINST_OFF_4L;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+Some devices (namely 18f2455, 18f2550, 18f4455, and 18f4550) use _ENHCPU_OFF_4L
+ instead of _XINST_OFF_4L.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Regression Tests
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-The PIC16 Port currently does not pass SDCC's regression test
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC16)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC16 port currently passes most but not all of the tests in SDCC's
+ regression test
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Regression test (PIC16)"
\end_inset
suite (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Quality-control"
\end_inset
-) and thus the snapshot build regression tests for the PIC16 target are
- currently disabled for all hosts
-\emph on
-.
+), thus no automatic regression tests are currently performed for the PIC16
+ target.
+\end_layout
-\layout Chapter
+\begin_layout Chapter
Debugging
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
There are several approaches to debugging your code.
This chapter is meant to show your options and to give detail on some of
them:
\newline
When writing your code:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
write your code with debugging in mind (avoid duplicating code, put conceptually
similar variables into structs, use structured code, have strategic points
within your code where all variables are consistent, ...)
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
run a syntax-checking tool like splint
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "splint (syntax checking tool)"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "lint (syntax checking tool)"
\end_inset
(see -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-more-pedantic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT"
\end_inset
) over the code.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
for the high level code use a C-compiler (like f.e.
GCC) to compile run and debug the code on your host.
See (see -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-more-pedantic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT"
\end_inset
- ) on howto handle syntax extensions like __xdata, __at(), ...
+) on how to handle syntax extensions like __xdata, __at(), ...
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
use another C-compiler to compile code for your target.
Always an option but not recommended:) And not very likely to help you.
If you seriously consider walking this path you should at least occasionally
check portability of your code.
Most commercial compiler vendors will offer an evaluation version so you
can test compile your code or snippets of your code.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Debugging on a simulator:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
there is a separate section about SDCDB (section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB"
\end_inset
) below.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
or (8051 specific) use a freeware/commercial simulator which interfaces
to the AOMF
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "AOMF, AOMF51"
\end_inset
file (see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "OMF file"
\end_inset
) optionally generated by SDCC.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Debugging On-target:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
use a MCU port pin to serially output debug data to the RS232 port of your
host.
You'll probably want some level shifting device typically involving a MAX232
or similar IC.
If the hardware serial port of the MCU is not available search for 'Software
UART' in your favourite search machine.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
use an on-target monitor.
In this context a monitor is a small program which usually accepts commands
via a serial line and allows to set program counter, to single step through
a program and read/write memory locations.
For the 8051 good examples of monitors are paulmon and cmon51 (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Related-open-source-tools}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Related-open-source-tools"
\end_inset
).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
toggle MCU port pins at strategic points within your code and use an oscilloscop
e.
A
digital oscilloscope
\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Oscilloscope}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Oscilloscope"
\end_inset
If you need to monitor more pins than your oscilloscope provides you can
sometimes get away with a small R-2R network.
On a single channel oscilloscope you could f.e.
- monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\SpecialChar ~
+ monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\InsetSpace ~
k
\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
\end_inset
- resistor and the other one by a 5\SpecialChar ~
+ resistor and the other one by a 5\InsetSpace ~
k
\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
\end_inset
logic analyzer
\emph default
will be handy.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
use an ICE (
\emph on
i
e
\emph default
mulator
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ICE (in circuit emulator)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "ICE (in circuit emulator)"
\end_inset
And very nice to have too.
And usually locks you (for years...) to the devices the ICE can emulate.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
use a remote debugger.
In most 8-bit systems the symbol information is not available on the target,
and a complete debugger is too bulky for the target system.
Terms to enter into your favourite search engine could be 'remote debugging',
'gdb stub' or 'inferior debugger'.
(is there one?)
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
use an on target hardware debugger.
Some of the more modern MCUs include hardware support for setting break
points and monitoring/changing variables by using dedicated hardware pins.
\emph default
doesn't affect runtime behaviour until a breakpoint is hit.
For the mcs51 most hardware debuggers use the AOMF
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "AOMF, AOMF51"
\end_inset
file (see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "OMF file"
\end_inset
) as input file.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Last not least:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
if you are not familiar with any of the following terms you're likely to
run into problems rather sooner than later:
\emph on
before
\emph default
you have problems?)
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
tell someone else about your problem (actually this is a surprisingly effective
means to hunt down the bug even if the listener is not familiar with your
environment).
As 'failure to communicate' is probably one of the job-induced deformations
of an embedded programmer this is highly encouraged.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Debugging with SDCDB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCDB (debugger)"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Debugger"
\end_inset
.
The debugger uses a command line interface, the command repertoire of the
debugger has been kept as close to gdb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gdb}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gdb"
\end_inset
specified during configuration.
The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source
level.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Compiling for Debugging
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-debug"
\end_inset
be generated.
The compiler generates a .adb file for each of these files.
The linker creates the .cdb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.cdb}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.cdb"
\end_inset
file from the .adb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.adb}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.adb"
\end_inset
files and the address information.
This .cdb is used by the debugger.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
How the Debugger Works
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
When the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
newcdb
\emph default
at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://ec2drv.sf.net/}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://ec2drv.sf.net/"
\end_inset
is an effort to connect directly to the hardware.)
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Starting the Debugger SDCDB
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The debugger can be started using the following command line.
(Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo).
\newline
\newline
The debugger will look for the following files.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
foo.c - the source file.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
foo.ihx - the Intel hex format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Intel hex format"
\end_inset
object file.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
SDCDB Command Line Options
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
if the source files can be in the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2,
the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-directory option should be -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-directory=/home/src1:/home/src2.
Note there can be no spaces in the option.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
-cd <directory> - change to the <directory>.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
-fullname - used by GUI front ends.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
-cpu <cpu-type> - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the
simulator docs for details.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
-X <Clock frequency > this options is passed to the simulator please see
the simulator docs for details.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
-s <serial port file> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
-S <serial in,out> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
-k <port number> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
SDCDB Debugger Commands
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel
y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible.
This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces
(like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger.
If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip this
section.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
break [line | file:line | function | file:function]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Set breakpoint at specified line or function:
\newline
sdcdb>break funcfoo
\newline
sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Clear breakpoint at specified line or function:
\newline
sdcdb>clear funcfoo
\newline
sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
continue
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
finish
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Execute till the end of the current function.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
delete [n]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Delete breakpoint number 'n'.
If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
info [break | stack | frame | registers ]
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
info break - list all breakpoints
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
info stack - show the function call stack.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
info frame - show information about the current execution frame.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
info registers - show content of all registers.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
step
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Step program until it reaches a different source line.
Note: pressing <return> repeats the last command.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
next
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
run
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Start debugged program.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
ptype variable
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Print type information of the variable.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
print variable
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
print value of variable.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
file filename
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
load the given file name.
Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
frame
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
print information about current frame.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
set srcmode
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Toggle between C source & assembly source.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
! simulator command
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is
displayed.
Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator,
so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution
context and may display incorrect values.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
quit
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
"Watch me now.
Iam going Down.
My name is Bobby Brown"
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Interfacing SDCDB with DDD
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed true
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The screenshot was converted from png to eps with:
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
which produces a pretty compact eps file which is free from compression
artifacts.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The screenshot was included in sdccman.lyx cvs version 1.120 but later removed
as this broke the build system on Sourceforge (pdf-file was broken.
pdflatex does not accept eps files).
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The
\emph on
p
raphics File
\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/figures/ddd_example.png}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/figures/ddd_example.png"
\end_inset
\size default
shows a screenshot of a debugging session with DDD
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DDD (debugger)"
\end_inset
\series default
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\newline
ddd -debugger "sdcdb -cpu 8032 ddd_example"
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed false
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
-\layout Standard
-Check that the double quotes or an apostroph within the command line survive
+\begin_layout Standard
+Check that the double quotes or an apostrophe within the command line survive
the LyX tool chain.
- Previously the apostrophs got slanted in the PDF output so a cut and paste
+ Previously the apostrophes got slanted in the PDF output so a cut and paste
did not work.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Interfacing SDCDB with XEmacs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XEmacs}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "XEmacs"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Emacs}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Emacs"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs,
sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el.
These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat
\newline
\family typewriter
-(load-file sdcdbsrc.el)
+(load-file sdcdbsrc.el)
\family default
-
+
\newline
\newline
The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are
bound to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el.
The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
sdcdbsrc-serial nil
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\pagebreak_bottom
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
\family typewriter
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
Current Listing ::
\newline
-;;key\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-binding\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;key\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+binding\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
Comment
\newline
-;;---\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
--------\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;---\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+-------\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
-------
\newline
;;
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-n\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+n\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sdcdb-next-fro
-m-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+m-src\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
SDCDB next command
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-b\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdb-back-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+b\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdb-back-from-src\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
SDCDB back command
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-c\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+c\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sdcdb-cont-f
-rom-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+rom-src\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
SDCDB continue command
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-s\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdb-step-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+s\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdb-step-from-src\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
SDCDB step command
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-?\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+?\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sdcdb-w
-hatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+hatis-c-sexp\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
SDCDB ptypecommand for data at
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
buffer point
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-x\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+x\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdbsrc-delete\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
SDCD
B Delete all breakpoints if no arg
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
given or delete arg (C-u arg x)
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-m\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+m\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sdcdbsrc
--frame\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+-frame\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
SDCDB Display current frame if no arg,
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
given or display frame arg
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
buffer point
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-!\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+!\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
Goto the SDCDB output buffer
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-p\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+p\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sdcdb-prin
-t-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+t-c-sexp\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
SDCDB print command for data at
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
buffer point
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-g\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+g\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
Got
o the SDCDB output buffer
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-t\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+t\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdbsrc-mode\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it
off)
\newline
;;
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-C-c\SpecialChar ~
-C-f\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdb-finish-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+C-c\InsetSpace ~
+C-f\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdb-finish-from-src\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
SDCDB finish command
\newline
;;
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-C-x\SpecialChar ~
-SPC\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+C-x\InsetSpace ~
+SPC\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sdcdb-brea
-k\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+k\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
Set break for line with point
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-ESC\SpecialChar ~
-t\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+ESC\InsetSpace ~
+t\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdbsrc-mode\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode
\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-ESC\SpecialChar ~
-m\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+ESC\InsetSpace ~
+m\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sdc
-dbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+dbsrc-srcmode\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
Toggle list mode
\newline
;;
\family default
+\newpage
+\end_layout
-\layout Chapter
+\begin_layout Chapter
TIPS
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient
code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally
good programming practice.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value.
If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then
use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'.
Please note, that ANSI C requires both signed and unsigned chars to be
promoted to 'signed int'
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "promotion to signed int"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
!
+\end_layout
\end_inset
before doing any operation.
This promotion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "type promotion"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{type promotion}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "type promotion"
\end_inset
can be omitted, if the result is the same.
The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often
surprising:
+\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned char uc = 0xfe;
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
....
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
uc * uc
\newline
Another one:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
(unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ...
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
No, the result is not 4:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
(int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 =
(int) 244 / (int) -3 =
\newline
(int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result.
gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints.
Therefore the results are different.
\end_inset
:
+\end_layout
-\layout Quote
+\begin_layout Quote
\emph on
If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values
character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny" integers,
doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredictable
sign extension and increased code size.
+\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to
be negative.
This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting
or are using an array index.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
NEVER jump into a LOOP.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
Declare the variables to be local
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "local variables"
\end_inset
whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
Have a look at the assembly listing to get a
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
for the code generation.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Porting code from or to other compilers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check whether endianness of the compilers differs and adapt where needed.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check the device specific header files
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Header files"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Include files"
\end_inset
for compiler specific syntax.
Eventually include the file <compiler.h
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{compiler.h (include file)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "compiler.h (include file)"
\end_inset
>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/compiler.h?view=markup}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/compiler.h?view=markup"
\end_inset
to allow using common header files.
(see f.e.
cc2510fx.h
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/cc2510fx.h?view=markup}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/cc2510fx.h?view=markup"
\end_inset
).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check whether the startup code contains the correct initialization (watchdog,
peripherals).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check whether the sizes of short, int, long match.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check if some 16 or 32 bit hardware registers require a specific addressing
order (least significant or most significant byte first) and adapt if needed
(
not
\emph default
the same as endianness).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check whether the keyword
\emph on
volatile
versions of the same compiler might also use more clever optimizations
this is good idea anyway).
See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
-check that the compilers are not told to supress warnings.
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check that the compilers are not told to suppress warnings.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check and convert compiler specific extensions (interrupts, memory areas,
pragmas etc.).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check for differences in type promotion.
Especially check for math operations on
\family typewriter
more often than other compilers.
Eventually insert explicit casts to
\family typewriter
-(char)
+(char)
\family default
-or
+ or
\family typewriter
- (unsigned char)
+(unsigned char)
\family default
.
- Also check that the ~\SpecialChar ~
+ Also check that the ~\InsetSpace ~
operator
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\~\\/ Operator"
\end_inset
is not used on
\family typewriter
bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
\end_inset
\family default
- variables, use the !\SpecialChar ~
+ variables, use the !\InsetSpace ~
operator instead.
See sections
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{type promotion}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "type promotion"
\end_inset
and
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Compatibility-with-previous"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check the assembly code generated for interrupt routines (f.e.
for calls to possibly non-reentrant library functions).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check whether timing loops result in proper timing (or preferably consider
a rewrite of the code with timer based delays instead).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check for differences in printf parameters (some compilers push (va_arg
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "vararg, va\\_arg"
\end_inset
\family default
.
See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Compatibility-with-previous"
\end_inset
).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
check the resulting memory map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory map"
\end_inset
Usage of different memory spaces: code, stack, data (for mcs51/ds390 additional
ly idata, pdata, xdata).
Eventually check if unexpected library functions are included.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Tools
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tools}
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included in the distribution
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-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align left
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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\series bold
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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uCsim
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Simulator for various architectures
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
sdcc/sim/ucsim
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
header file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
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+name "Header files"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
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\end_inset
conversion
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
sdcc/support/scripts
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
mh2h.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
header file conversion
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
sdcc/support/scripts
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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as-gbz80
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Assembler
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
sdcc/bin
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
as-z80
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
sdcc/bin
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
asx8051
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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Assembler
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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\family roman
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sdcc/bin
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCDB
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Simulator
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
sdcc/bin
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
aslink
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Linker
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
sdcc/bin
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
link-z80
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Linker
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
sdcc/bin
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
link-gbz80
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Linker
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
sdcc/bin
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
packihx
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Intel Hex packer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
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\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
sdcc/bin
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Documentation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Documentation"
\end_inset
included in the distribution
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align left
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Subject / Title
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Filename / Where to get
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC Compiler User Guide
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-You're reading it right now
+\begin_layout Standard
+You're reading it right now
\emph on
- \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
\hfill
online at:
\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Changelog of SDCC
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-sdcc/Changelog
+\begin_layout Standard
+sdcc/Changelog
\emph on
- \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
\hfill
online at:
\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
ASXXXX
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler documentation"
\end_inset
Assemblers and
\newline
ASLINK
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "aslink"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker documentation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Linker documentation"
\end_inset
Relocating Linker
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
\emph on
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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\hfill
online at:
\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
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\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC regression test
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
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\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf
\emph on
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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\hfill
online at:
\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Various notes
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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sdcc/doc/*
\emph on
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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\hfill
online at:
\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Notes on debugging with SDCDB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCDB (debugger)"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
sdcc/debugger/README
\emph on
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
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\hfill
online at
:
\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/debugger/README}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
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\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
uCsim
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "uCsim"
\end_inset
Software simulator for microcontrollers
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun default
/index.html
\emph on
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
\hfill
online at:
\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc/index.html}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc/index.html"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Temporary notes on the pic16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
\end_inset
port
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES
\emph on
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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+\InsetSpace ~
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\hfill
online at:
\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
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\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
sdcc/doc/
\family roman
\series medium
\emph default
\bar default
\noun default
-f
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\emph on
- \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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\hfill
online at:
\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/cdbfileformat.pdf}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/cdbfileformat.pdf"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Related open source tools
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Related-open-source-tools}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Related-open-source-tools"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Related tools}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Related tools"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align left
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="14" columns="3">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="16" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="30line%">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="40col%">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Name
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Purpose
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Where to get
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
gpsim
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gpsim (pic simulator)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gpsim (pic simulator)"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PIC simulator
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
gputils
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gputils (pic tools)"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
GNU PIC utilities
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
flP5
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
PIC programmer
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
ec2drv/newcdb
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Tools for Silicon Laboratories JTAG debug adapter, partly based on SDCDB
(Unix only)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ec2drv}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/projects/ec2drv"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
indent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{indent (source formatting tool)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "indent (source formatting tool)"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Formats C source - Master of the white spaces
+\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
srecord
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Object file conversion, checksumming, ...
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
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+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
+objdump
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "objdump (tool)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Object file conversion, ...
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Part of binutils (should be there anyway)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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+
+\begin_layout Standard
+cmon51
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/srecord}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
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\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-objdump
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+doxygen
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "doxygen (source documentation tool)"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-Object file conversion, ...
+\begin_layout Standard
+Source code documentation system
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-Part of binutils (should be there anyway)
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.doxygen.org"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-cmon51
+\begin_layout Standard
+kdevelop
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
+\begin_layout Standard
+IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmon51}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.kdevelop.org"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-doxygen
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{doxygen (source documentation tool)}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+paulmon
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-Source code documentation system
+\begin_layout Standard
+8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/paulmon2.html"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-kdevelop
+\begin_layout Standard
+splint
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "splint (syntax checking tool)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only)
+\begin_layout Standard
+Statically checks c sources (see
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT"
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.splint.org"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-paulmon
+\begin_layout Standard
+ddd
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DDD (debugger)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
+\begin_layout Standard
+Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to SDCDB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCDB (debugger)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (Unix only)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/paulmon2.html}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
+<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-splint
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+d52
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "d52"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "d52 (disassembler)"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-Statically checks c sources (see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Disassembler, can count instruction cycles
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "instruction cycles (count)"
\end_inset
-)
+, use with options -pnd
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.8052.com/users/disasm/"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-ddd
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+cmake
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "cmake"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to SDCDB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cross platform build system, generates Makefiles
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Makefile"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and project workspaces
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "project workspace"
\end_inset
- (Unix only)
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.cmake.org"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+and a dedicated wiki entry:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.cmake.org/Wiki/CmakeSdcc"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Related documentation / recommended reading
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align left
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Name
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Subject / Title
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Where to get
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\family roman
\series medium
\noun off
\color none
c-refcard.pdf
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
C Reference Card
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C Reference card}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "C Reference card"
\end_inset
, 2 pages
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
c-faq
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
C-FAQ
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C FAQ}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "C FAQ"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.c-faq.com}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.c-faq.com"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
ISO/IEC 9899:TC2
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899"
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+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
ISO/IEC DTR 18037
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Latest datasheet of target CPU
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
vendor
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Revision history of datasheet
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
vendor
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Application notes specifically for SDCC
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC makes no claims about the completeness of this list and about up-to-datenes
s or correctness of the application notes
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Application notes}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
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\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\align left
\size footnotesize
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\size footnotesize
Vendor
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
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Subject / Title
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\size footnotesize
Where to get
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Maxim / Dallas
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS80C400"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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-\layout Standard
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\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3346.pdf}
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Maxim / Dallas
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none" width="30line%">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS89C4x0}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
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\end_inset
Family of Microcontrollers
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\size footnotesize
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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\size footnotesize
Silicon Laboratories / Cygnal
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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\size footnotesize
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
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\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Texas Instruments
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
MSC12xx Programming with SDCC
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Some Questions
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn
ask
\emph on
you
\emph default
some questions:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you
find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever?
Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit?
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU
and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating
system on the target device help?
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy?
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy?
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer
in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside?
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro
tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s),
internationali(z|s)ation, packaging, labels, 2nd source for components,
electromagnetic compatability/interference, documentation for production,
production test software, update mechanism, patent issues?
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune,
fun?
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may
even be
\emph on
\emph default
, nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres
+\end_layout
\end_inset
.
Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them...
+\end_layout
-\layout Chapter
+\begin_layout Chapter
Support
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Support}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Support"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC has grown to be a large project.
The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is
well over 150,000 lines of code (blank stripped).
There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part
in making SDCC a great software package.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc"
\end_inset
.
You'll find the complete set of mailing lists
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Mailing list(s)"
\end_inset
, forums, bug reporting system, patch submission
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Patch submission"
\end_inset
system, download
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "download"
\end_inset
area and Subversion code repository
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Subversion code repository"
\end_inset
there.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Reporting Bugs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bug reporting}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Bug reporting"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Reporting bugs}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Reporting bugs"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the
sourceforge site.
You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about
the known bugs.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and
will be fixed ASAP.
When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program
this can be very helpful.
Compiling your program with the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-dumpall
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpall"
\end_inset
option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems.
When reporting a bug please make sure you:
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
Specify the SDCC version (type "
\family sans
\series bold
\series default
"), your platform, and operating system.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
Put something meaningful in the subject of your message.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all
requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC.
Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your
Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided
that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please
be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug!
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and
the bug is not yet known.
This is the link for reporting bugs:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=100599}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=100599"
\end_inset
.
With SDCC on average having more than 200 downloads
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "download"
\end_inset
on sourceforge per day
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
220 daily downloads on average Jan-Sept 2006 and about 150 daily downloads
between 2002 and 2005.
This does not include other methods of distribution.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
reporting bugs is good
\emph default
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Requesting Features
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Requesting-Features}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Requesting-Features"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Feature request"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Requesting features"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing
list.
This is the link for requesting features:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Submitting patches
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing
list.
This is the link for submitting patches
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Patch submission"
\end_inset
:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=300599}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=300599"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
You need to specify some parameters to the
\family typewriter
diff
\end_inset
-\series default
-
\family default
-will do.
+\series default
+ will do.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Getting Help
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
These links should take you directly to the
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Mailing lists]{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "Mailing lists"
+target "http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting
automated messages (mid 2003)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
and the
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Forums]{http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=599}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "Forums"
+target "http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=599"
\end_inset
, lists
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Mailing list(s)"
\end_inset
While mails to the lists themselves are delivered promptly their web front
end on sourceforge sometimes shows a severe time lag (up to several weeks),
if you're seriously using SDCC please consider subscribing to the lists.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
ChangeLog
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
You can follow the status of the Subversion version
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "version"
\end_inset
of SDCC by watching the Changelog
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Changelog}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Changelog"
\end_inset
in the Subversion repository
\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Subversion Source Code Repository
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The output of
\family sans
\series bold
-sdcc --version
+sdcc -
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+-version
\family default
\series default
or the filenames of the snapshot versions of SDCC include date and its
Subversion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Subversion code repository"
\end_inset
number.
Subversion allows to download the source of recent or previous versions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/svn/?group_id=599}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/svn/?group_id=599"
\end_inset
there.
SDCC versions starting from 1999 up to now are available (currently the
versions prior to the conversion from cvs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cvs|see{Subversion}}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "cvs|see{Subversion}"
\end_inset
to Subversion (April 2006) are either by accessible by Subversion or by
cvs).
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Release policy
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release policy}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Release policy"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Historically there often were long delays between official releases and
the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all.
Excuses in the past might have referred to problems with live range analysis,
excuse has to be found.
Kidding aside, we have to get better there! On the other hand there are
daily snapshots available at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[snap]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+name "snap"
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php"
\end_inset
, and you can always build the very last version (hopefully with many bugs
fixed, and features added) from the source code available at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[Source]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php#Source}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+name "Source"
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php#Source"
\end_inset
.
- A release wiki
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki}
+ The SDCC Wiki
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "wiki"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release wiki}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC Wiki"
\end_inset
at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/release_wiki/}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.wiki.sourceforge.net/"
\end_inset
also holds some information about past and future releases.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Examples
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Examples"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
You'll find some small examples in the directory
\emph on
sdcc/device/examples/.
-
+
\emph default
-More examples and libraries are available at
+ More examples and libraries are available at
\emph on
- The SDCC Open Knowledge Resource
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdccokr.dl9sec.de/}
+The SDCC Open Knowledge Resource
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdccokr.dl9sec.de/"
\end_inset
-
+
\emph default
-web site or at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/}
+ web site or at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed true
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather
dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e.
shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor.
Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized
development boards anyway).
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Maybe we should include some links to real world applications.
Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays
manageable here?
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Quality control
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Quality-control}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Quality-control"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Quality control}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Quality control"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The compiler is passed through snaphot build compile and build checks.
The so called
\shape italic
regression tests
\shape default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Regression test"
\end_inset
check that SDCC itself compiles flawlessly on several host platforms (i386,
- Opteron, 64 bit Alpha, ppc64, MacOS X on PPC, Solaris on Sparc) and checks
- the quality of the code generated by SDCC by running the code for several
- target platforms through simulators.
+ Opteron, 64 bit Alpha, ppc64, Mac OS X on ppc and i386, Solaris on Sparc)
+ and checks the quality of the code generated by SDCC by running the code
+ for several target platforms through simulators.
The regression test suite comprises more than 100 files which expand to
more than 500 test cases which include more than 4500 tests.
The results of these tests are published daily on SDCC's snapshot page
(click on the red or green symbols on the right side of
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php"
\end_inset
).
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
There is a separate document
\shape italic
test_suite.pdf
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Test suite}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Test suite"
\end_inset
\shape default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf"
\end_inset
about the regression test suite.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
You'll find the test code in the directory
\shape italic
sdcc/support/regression
\series default
if you don't want to run the complete tests).
The test code might also be interesting if you want to look for examples
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Examples"
\end_inset
checking corner cases of SDCC or if you plan to submit patches
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Patch submission"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-The 14bit pic port uses a different set of regression tests
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC14 port uses a different set of regression tests
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Regression test (PIC14)"
\end_inset
sdcc/src/regression
\shape default
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Use of SDCC in Education
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In short:
\emph on
highly
\emph default
encouraged
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
the phrase "use in education" might evoke the association "
\emph on
only
fit for use in education".
This connotation is not intended but nevertheless risked as the licensing
of SDCC makes it difficult to offer educational discounts
+\end_layout
\end_inset
.
If your rationales are to:
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
give students a chance to understand the
\emph on
complete
\emph default
steps of code generation
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
have a curriculum that can be extended for years.
Then you could use an fpga board as target and your curriculum will seamlessly
extend from logic synthesis (
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[http://www.opencores.org]{opencores.org}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "http://www.opencores.org"
+target "opencores.org"
\end_inset
,
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Oregano]{http://www.oregano.at/ip/ip01.htm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "Oregano"
+target "http://www.oregano.at/ip/ip01.htm"
\end_inset
), over assembly programming, to C to FPGA compilers (
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[FPGAC]{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "FPGAC"
+target "http://sf.net/projects/fpgac"
\end_inset
) and to C.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
be able to insert excursions about skills like using a revision control
system, submitting/applying patches, using a type-setting (as opposed to
word-processing) engine LyX/LaTeX, using
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[SourceForge]{http://www.sf.net}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "SourceForge"
+target "http://www.sf.net"
\end_inset
, following some
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[netiquette]{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiquette}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "netiquette"
+target "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiquette"
\end_inset
, understanding BSD/LGPL/GPL/Proprietary licensing, growth models of Open
Source Software, CPU simulation, compiler regression tests
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Regression test"
\end_inset
\newline
And if there should be a shortage of ideas then you can always point students
to the ever-growing feature request list
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
not tie students to a specific host platform and instead allow them to use
a host platform of
\emph on
their
\emph default
- choice (among them Alpha, i386, i386_64, MacOs, Mips, Sparc, Windows and
- eventually
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[OLPC]{http://www.laptop.org}
+ choice (among them Alpha, i386, i386_64, Mac OS X, Mips, Sparc, Windows
+ and eventually
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "OLPC"
+target "http://www.laptop.org"
\end_inset
)
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
not encourage students to use illegal copies of educational software
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
be immune to licensing/availability/price changes of the chosen tool chain
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
be able to change to a new target platform without having to adopt a new
tool chain
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
have complete control over and insight into the tool chain
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Enumerate
make your students aware about the pros and cons of open source software
development
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
-give back to the public as you are probably at least partially publically
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+give back to the public as you are probably at least partially publicly
funded
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
-give students a chance to publically prove their skills and to possibly
- see a world wide impact
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+give students a chance to publicly prove their skills and to possibly see
+ a world wide impact
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\pagebreak_bottom
+\begin_layout Standard
then SDCC is probably among the first choices.
Well, probably SDCC might be the only choice.
+\newpage
+\end_layout
-\layout Chapter
+\begin_layout Chapter
SDCC Technical Data
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Optimizations"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific
optimizations.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Sub-expression Elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Subexpression elimination"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The compiler does local and
\emph on
g
e
\emph default
limination, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
i = x + y + 1;
\newline
j = x + y;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
will be translated to
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
iTemp = x + y;
i = iTemp + 1;
\newline
j = iTemp;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
a->b[i].c = 10;
\newline
a->b[i].d = 11;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once;
the equivalent code in C would be.
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
iTemp = a->b[i];
iTemp.c = 10;
\newline
iTemp.d = 11;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Dead-Code Elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Dead-code elimination"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
int global;
\newline
void f () {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
int i;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-i = 1; \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+i = 1; \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* dead store */
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-global = 1;\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+global = 1;\InsetSpace ~
/* dead
store */
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
global = 2;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
return;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-global = 3;\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+global = 3;\InsetSpace ~
/* unreachable */
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
will be changed to
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
int global;
\newline
void f () {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
global = 2;
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Copy-Propagation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Copy propagation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Copy propagation"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
int f() {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
int i, j;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
i = 10;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
j = i;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
return j;
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
will be changed to
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
int f() {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
int i, j;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
i = 10;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
j = 10;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
return 10;
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated
by dead-code elimination.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Loop Optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Loop optimization"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Loop-Optimizations"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC
\emph on
loop invariant
\emph default
- lifting and
+ lifting and
\emph on
- strength reduction
+strength reduction
\emph default
of loop induction variables.
In addition to the strength reduction the optimizer marks the induction
variables and the register allocator tries to keep the induction variables
in registers for the duration of the loop.
Because of this preference of the register allocator
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Register allocation"
\end_inset
, loop induction optimization causes an increase in register pressure, which
may cause unwanted spilling of other temporary variables into the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
\end_inset
If this extra space allocation is undesirable then induction optimization
can be eliminated either for the entire source file (with -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
--noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+-noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\InsetSpace ~
noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinduction"
\end_inset
\newline
Loop Invariant:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
f += k + l;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
changed to
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
itemp = k + l;
\newline
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
f += itemp;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static
address computations are also moved out of the loop.
\newline
\newline
Strength Reduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Strength reduction"
\end_inset
, this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
for (i=0;i < 100; i++)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
ar[i*5] = i*3;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
changed to
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
itemp1 = 0;
\newline
for (i=0;i< 100;i++) {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
ar[itemp1] = itemp2;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
itemp1
+= 5;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
itemp2 += 3;
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The more expensive multiplication
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Multiplication"
\end_inset
is changed to a less expensive addition.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Loop Reversing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Loop reversing"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries
for every iteration.
Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a
SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible
(note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make
this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis).
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
The 'for' loop is of the form
\newline
for(<symbol> = <expression>; <sym> [< | <=] <expression>; [<sym>++ | <sym>
+= 1])
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
<for body>
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
The <for body> does not contain
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
All goto's are contained within the loop.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
No function calls within the loop.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
The loop control variable <sym> is not assigned any value within the loop
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation
within the loop.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
There are NO switch statements in the loop.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Algebraic Simplifications
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set
of these optimizations.
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+i = j + 0;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
i = j;
\newline
-i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+i /= 2;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
i >>= 1;
\newline
i
- = j - j;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+ = j - j;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
i = 0;
\newline
-i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+i = j / 1;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
i = j;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Note the subexpressions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Subexpression"
\end_inset
given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result
of copy/constant propagation.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
'switch' Statements
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:'switch'-Statements}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:'switch'-Statements"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "switch statement"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{jump tables}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "jump tables"
\end_inset
.
It makes the decision based on an estimate of the generated code size.
SDCC is quite liberal in the requirements for jump table generation:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
The labels need not be in order, and the starting number need not be one
or zero, the case labels are in numerical sequence or not too many case
labels are missing.
+\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+switch(i) {\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
switch (i) {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 4: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 0: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 5: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 1: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 3: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 6: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 3: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 7: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 7: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 4: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 8: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 5: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 9: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 6: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 10: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 7: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 11: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 11: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 8: ...
\newline
-}\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+}\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table.
The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for
the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed.
+\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
The number of case labels is not larger than supported by the target architectur
e.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
If the case labels are not in numerical sequence ('gaps' between cases)
SDCC checks whether a jump table with additionally inserted dummy cases
is still attractive.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
If the starting number is not zero and a check for the lower boundary of
the jump-table can thus be eliminated SDCC might insert dummy cases 0,
...
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Switch statements which have large gaps in the numeric sequence or those
that have too many case labels can be split into more than one switch statement
for efficient code generation, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
switch (i) {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 1: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 2: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 3: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 4: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 5: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 6: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 7: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 101: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 102: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 103: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 104: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 105: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 106: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 107: ...
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
switch (i) {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 1: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 2: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 3: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 4: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 5: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 6: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 7: ...
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
and
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
switch (i) {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 101: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 102: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 103: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 104: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 105: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 106: ...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
case 107: ...
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas
the unmodified switch statement will not be.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed true
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
There might be reasons which SDCC cannot know about to either favour or
not favour jump tables.
If the target system has to be as quick for the last switch case as for
the first (pro jump table), or if the switch argument is known to be zero
in the majority of the cases (contra jump table).
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The pragma nojtbound
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nojtbound"
\end_inset
aries.
It has no effect if a default label is supplied.
Use of this pragma is dangerous: if the switch
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "switch statement"
\end_inset
argument is not matched by a case statement the processor will happily
jump into Nirvana.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Bit-shifting Operations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit shifting}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Bit shifting"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin
g.
SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way
possible, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned char i;
i >>= 4;
\newline
...
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
generates the following code:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-mov\SpecialChar ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
a,_i
\newline
swap a
\newline
-anl\SpecialChar ~
+anl\InsetSpace ~
a,#0x0f
\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
_i,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known.
Another example:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned int i;
i >>= 9;
\newline
...
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
will generate:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,(_i + 1)
\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
(_i + 1),#0x00
\newline
-clr\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+clr\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
c
\newline
-rrc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+rrc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a
\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_i,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Bit-rotation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit rotation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Bit rotation"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{rotating bits}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "rotating bits"
\end_inset
, SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
unsigned
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-char i;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+char i;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* unsigned is needed for rotation */
\newline
...
\newline
-i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7));
+i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7));
\family default
-
+
\newline
\family typewriter
...
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
will generate the following code:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,_i
\newline
-rl\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+rl\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a
\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_i,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio
ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Nibble and Byte Swapping
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{swapping nibbles/bytes}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "swapping nibbles/bytes"
\end_inset
, SDCC recognizes the following expressions:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
unsigned
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
char i;
\newline
\series bold
unsigned
\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
int j;
\newline
...
\newline
-i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4));
+i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4));
\family default
-
+
\newline
\family typewriter
j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8));
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Nibble swapping}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Nibble swapping"
\end_inset
or move instructions for the byte swapping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Byte swapping}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Byte swapping"
\end_inset
(unsigned int)
\family default
first.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness.
This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction
to increment its
dptr
\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DPTR"
\end_inset
--datapointer
-\emph on
-
-\emph default
-so little-endian is the more efficient byte order.
+-datapointer so little-endian is the more efficient byte order.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{little-endian}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "little-endian"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Endianness}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Endianness"
\end_inset
format (i.e.
lowest order first).
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Highest Order Bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Highest Order Bit}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Highest Order Bit"
\end_inset
/ Any Order Bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Any Order Bit}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Any Order Bit"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral
type (long, int, short or char types).
Also obtaining any other order bit is not uncommon.
SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the highest order bit
and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned int gint;
\newline
foo () {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
unsigned char hob1, aob1;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
bit hob2, hob3, aob2,
aob3;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
hob1 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
hob2 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
hob3 = gint & 0x8000;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
aob1 = (gint >> 9) & 1;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
aob2 = (gint >> 8) & 1;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
aob3 = gint & 0x0800;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
..
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
will generate the following code:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 61 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 61 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 7
\newline
-000A E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 62\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+000A E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 62\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
-000C 23\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 63\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- rl\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+000C 23\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 63\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ rl\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a
\newline
-000D 54 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-
- 64\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- anl\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+000D 54 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 64\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ anl\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,#0x01
\newline
-000F F5*02\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 65\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+000F F5*02\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 65\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_hob1_1_1,a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 66 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 66 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 8
\newline
-0011 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-
- 67\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0011 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 67\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
-0013 33\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 68\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- rlc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0013 33\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 68\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ rlc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a
\newline
-0014 92*00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 69\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0014 92*00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 69\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_hob2_1_1,c
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 66 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 66 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 9
\newline
-0016 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 67\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0016 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 67\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
-0018 33\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 68\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- rlc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0018 33\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 68\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ rlc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a
\newline
-0019 92*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-
- 69\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0019 92*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 69\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_hob3_1_1,c
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 70 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 70 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 10
\newline
-001B E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 71\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+001B E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 71\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
001D
- 03\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 72\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- rr\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+ 03\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 72\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ rr\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a
\newline
-001E 54 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 73\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- anl\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+001E 54 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 73\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ anl\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,#0x01
\newline
-0020 F5*03\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 74\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0020 F5*03\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 74\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_aob1_1_1,a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 75 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 75 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 11
\newline
-0022 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 76\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0022 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 76\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
-0024 13\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 77\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- rrc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0024 13\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 77\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ rrc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a
\newline
-0025 92*02\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-
- 78\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0025 92*02\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 78\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_aob2_1_1,c
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 79 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 79 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 12
\newline
-0027 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 80\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0027 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 80\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,(_gint + 1)
\newline
0029
- A2 E3\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 81\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+ A2 E3\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 81\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
c,acc[3]
\newline
-002B 92*03\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 82\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+002B 92*03\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 82\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_aob3_1_1,c
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Other variations of these cases however will
\emph on
not
way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable).
Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions,
e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1);
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
will still be recognized.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Higher Order Byte
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Byte}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Higher Order Byte"
\end_inset
/ Higher Order Word
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Word}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Higher Order Word"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
It is also frequently required to obtain a higher order byte or word of
a larger integral type (long, int or short types).
SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the higher order byte
or word and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
unsigned int gint;
\newline
foo () {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
unsigned char hob1,
hob2;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
unsigned int how1, how2;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
hob1 = (gint >> 8) & 0xFF;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
hob2 = glong >> 24;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
how2 = glong >> 8;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
..
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
will generate the following code:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
-
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 91 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 91 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 15
\newline
-0037 85*01*06\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 92\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0037 85*01*06\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 92\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_hob1_1_1,(_gint + 1)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 93 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 93 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c
16
\newline
-003A 85*05*07\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 94\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+003A 85*05*07\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 94\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_hob2_1_1,(_glong + 3)
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 95 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 95 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 17
\newline
-003D 85*04*08\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-
- 96\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+003D 85*04*08\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 96\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_how1_1_1,(_glong + 2)
\newline
-0040 85*05*09\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 97\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0040 85*05*09\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 97\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
(_foo_how1_1_1 +
1),(_glong + 3)
\newline
-0043 85*03*0A\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 98\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0043 85*03*0A\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 98\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_how2_1_1,(_glong + 1)
\newline
-0046 85*04*0B\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-
- 99\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+0046 85*04*0B\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 99\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
(_foo_how2_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 2)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Again, variations of these cases may
\emph on
not
way to get the higher order byte/word, (it is portable).
Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions,
e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
xyz = gint + ((gint >> 8) & 0xFF);
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
will still be recognized.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Subsection
Peephole Optimizer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Peephole-Optimizer}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Peephole-Optimizer"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Peephole optimizer"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism
for peep-hole optimization.
It is inspired by
copt
\emph default
a peep-hole optimizer by Christopher W.
- Fraser (cwfraser\SpecialChar ~
-@\SpecialChar ~
+ Fraser (cwfraser\InsetSpace ~
+@\InsetSpace ~
microsoft.com).
A default set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules
may be added with the
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-peep-file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-peep-file"
\end_inset
\emph default
option.
The rule language is best illustrated with examples.
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
replace {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov %1,a
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,%1
\newline
} by {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov %1,a
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The above rule will change the following assembly
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines"
\end_inset
sequence:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
mov r1,a
\newline
mov a,r1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
to
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
mov r1,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Note: All occurrences of a
\emph on
%n
\emph default
(pattern variable) must denote the same string.
With the above rule, the assembly sequence:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
mov r1,a
\newline
mov a,r2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
will remain unmodified.
\newline
\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
).
E.g.
some variants of the 8051 MCU
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51 variants"
\end_inset
and
\family typewriter
acall
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 }
\newline
replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 }
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+(NOTE: from version 2.7.3 on, you can use option -
+\emph on
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+-acall-ajmp
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-acall-ajmp"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, which also takes care of aligning the interrupt vectors properly.)
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
The
\emph on
inline-assembler code
\newline
The syntax for a rule is as follows:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
rule := replace [ restart ] '{' <assembly sequence> '
\backslash
n'
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
'}' by '{' '
\backslash
n'
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
<assembly sequence> '
\backslash
n'
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
'}' [if <functionName> ] '
\backslash
n'
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
<assembly sequence> := assembly instruction (each instruction including
labels must be on a separate line).
\newline
the same rule again.
An example of this (not a good one, it has side effects) is the following
rule:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
replace restart {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
pop %1
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
push %1 } by {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
; nop
\newline
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment line.
Without the 'restart' option only the innermost 'pop' 'push' pair would
be eliminated, i.e.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
pop ar1
push ar2
\newline
push ar1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
would result in:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
pop ar1
; nop
\newline
push ar1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
with
\emph default
the restart option the rule will be applied again to the resulting code
and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated to yield:
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
; nop
\newline
; nop
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
A conditional function can be attached to a rule.
Attaching rules are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with
an example.
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
replace {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
ljmp %5
\newline
%2:
\newline
} by {
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
sjmp %5
\newline
%2:
\newline
} if labelInRange
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function
\emph on
Currently implemented are
\emph on
labelInRange, labelRefCount, labelIsReturnOnly, operandsNotSame, xramMovcOption,
- 24bitMode, portIsDS390, 24bitModeAndPortDS390
+ 24bitMode, portIsDS390, 24bitModeAndPortDS390
\emph default
-and
+ and
\emph on
- notVolatile
+notVolatile
\emph default
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
I know this whole thing is a little kludgey, but maybe some day we will
have some better means.
If you are looking at this file, you will see the default rules that are
compiled into the compiler, you can add your own rules in the default set
there if you get tired of specifying the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-peep-file option.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
ANSI-Compliance
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "ANSI-compliance"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:ANSI-Compliance}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:ANSI-Compliance"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-The latest publically available version of the standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+The latest publicly available version of the standard
\emph on
ISO/IEC 9899 - Programming languages - C
\emph default
should be available at:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899"
\end_inset
.
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Deviations from the compliance:
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
functions are not reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
\end_inset
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
\end_inset
\series default
command line option is specified.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
structures
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{struct}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "struct"
\end_inset
and unions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{union}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "union"
\end_inset
cannot be assigned values directly, cannot be passed as function parameters
or assigned to each other and cannot be a return value
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "return value"
\end_inset
from a function, e.g.:
+\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
struct s { ...
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
\newline
\series bold
struct
+\family default
\series default
- s foo1 (
+
+\family typewriter
+s foo1 (
\series bold
struct
+\family default
\series default
- s parms) /* invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
+
+\family typewriter
+s parms) /* invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
struct s rets;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
return rets; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
\newline
}
+\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
initialization of structure arrays must be fully braced.
+\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* invalid in SDCC */
\newline
struct s { char x
} a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */
+\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
'long long
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long long (not supported)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "long long (not supported)"
\end_inset
' (64 bit integers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (64 bit) (not supported)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "int (64 bit) (not supported)"
\end_inset
) not supported.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
'double
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{double (not supported)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "double (not supported)"
\end_inset
' precision floating point
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Floating point support"
\end_inset
not supported.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
Old K&R style
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{K\&R style}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "K\\&R style"
\end_inset
function declarations are NOT allowed.
+\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */
\newline
-int i,j; /* are valid
+int i,j; /* is valid
in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */
\newline
{
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
\newline
}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, e.g.:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+for (
+\series bold
+int
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\family typewriter
+i=0; i<10; i++) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99 */
+\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
-Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, f.e.:
+\begin_layout Itemize
+But some have been added recently in SDCC 2.7.0.
+ They must be considered alpha quality however.
+\end_layout
\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
\series bold
inline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{inline (not supported)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "inline (not supported)"
\end_inset
+\family default
\series default
- int increment (int a) { return a+1; } /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed
- in C99.
- An empty define
-\emph on
-#define inline
-\emph default
- can be used as a work around */
-\newline
-
+
+\family typewriter
+int increment (int a) { return a+1; } /* inlines the increment without function
+ call overhead */
\newline
-for (
+int *
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
\series bold
-int
+restrict
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "inline (not supported)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
\series default
- i=0; i<10; i++) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99 */
+
+\family typewriter
+p; /* accepted but ignored */
+\end_layout
\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
Certain words that are valid identifiers in the standard may be reserved
words in SDCC unless the
\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-std-c89
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c89"
\end_inset
- or -
+
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-std-c99
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c99}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c99"
\end_inset
'_naked'.
Compliant equivalents of these keywords are always available in a form
that begin with two underscores
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ (prefix for extended keywords)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_ (prefix for extended keywords)"
\end_inset
, f.e.
'__data' instead of 'data'.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Integer promotion of variable arguments is not performed if the argument
+ is explicitly taypecasted unless the
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c89"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c99"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ command line options are used.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+void vararg_func (char *str, ...) { str; }
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void main (void)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+char c = 10;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* argument
+ u is promoted to int before
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+* passing to function */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+vararg_func ("%c", c);
+\newline
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/*
+ argument u is not promoted to int,
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+* it is passed as char to function
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+* if
+ --std-cXX is not defined;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+* is promoted to int before passing
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+* to function
+ if --std-cXX is defined */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+vararg_func ("%bc", (char)u);
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Section
Cyclomatic Complexity
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Cyclomatic complexity"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent
paths the program can take during execution of the function.
This is an important number since it defines the number test cases you
SDCC uses the following formula to compute the complexity:
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - (number of nodes
in control flow graph) + 2;
\newline
The complexity level is by no means an absolute measure of the algorithmic
complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting point
for which functions you might look at for further optimization.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
Retargetting for other Processors
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be covered
by this document.
What follows is a brief description of each of the seven phases of the
compiler and its MCU dependency.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree.
This phase is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions).
Syntax & semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial
optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations
like bit-rotation etc.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy
manipulated during the later phases.
This phase is entirely MCU independent.
The compiler can be made to dump a human readable form of the code generated
by using the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-dumpraw option.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also MCU independe
nt.
This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases:
If loop optimizations
caused any changes then do 'global subexpression elimination' and 'dead
code elimination' again.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those iTemp
variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all the optimization
s.
Live range analysis
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Live range analysis"
\end_inset
is essential for register allocation, since these computation determines
which of these iTemps will be assigned to registers, and for how long.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
Phase five is register allocation.
There are two parts to this process.
\newline
allocating registers to the remaining live ranges.
A lot of MCU specific code does creep into this phase because of the limited
number of index registers available in the 8051.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and very
little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU.
However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand for each
iCode operand may be reused.
+\end_layout
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is rule
based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-More information is available in a wiki
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki}
+\begin_layout Standard
+More information is available on SDCC Wiki
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "wiki"
\end_inset
(preliminary link
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/release_wiki/index.php?page=SDCC+internals+and+porting}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.wiki.sourceforge.net/SDCC+internals+and+porting"
\end_inset
) and in the thread
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=13954144}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sf.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=13954144"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Chapter
+\begin_layout Chapter
Compiler internals
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compiler internals}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Compiler internals"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
The anatomy of the compiler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:The-anatomy-of}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:The-anatomy-of"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\shape italic
This is an excerpt from an article published in Circuit Cellar Magazine
- in
+ in
+\shape default
+
\series bold
+\shape italic
August 2000
\series default
.
It is fairly easy to retarget for other 8-bit MCU.
Here we take a look at some of the internals of the compiler.
+\end_layout
-\layout Paragraph*
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Parsing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parsing}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Parsing"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Annotated syntax tree}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Annotated syntax tree"
\end_inset
xdata will be treated as a storage class specifier when parsing 8051 C
code but will be treated as a C identifier when parsing z80 or ATMEL AVR
C code.
+\end_layout
-\layout Paragraph*
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Generating iCode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "iCode"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Intermediate code generation.
In this phase the AST is broken down into three-operand form (iCode).
These three operand forms are represented as doubly linked lists.
ICode is the term given to the intermediate form generated by the compiler.
ICode example section shows some examples of iCode generated for some simple
C source functions.
+\end_layout
-\layout Paragraph*
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Optimizations"
\end_inset
.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Bulk of the target independent optimizations is performed in this phase.
The optimizations include constant propagation, common sub-expression eliminati
on, loop invariant code movement, strength reduction of loop induction variables
and dead-code elimination.
+\end_layout
-\layout Paragraph*
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Live range analysis
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Live range analysis"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
During intermediate code generation phase, the compiler assumes the target
machine has infinite number of registers and generates a lot of temporary
variables.
The live ranges are computed in terms of these numbers.
The from number is the number of the iCode which first defines the operand
and the to number signifies the iCode which uses this operand last.
+\end_layout
-\layout Paragraph*
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Register Allocation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Register allocation"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed
by each operand.
In most MCUs only a few registers can be used for indirect addressing.
operand and use the registers in this block, the operand will then be popped
at the end of the basic block.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
There are other MCU specific considerations in this phase.
Some MCUs have an accumulator; very short-lived operands could be assigned
to the accumulator instead of a general-purpose register.
+\end_layout
-\layout Paragraph*
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Code generation
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Figure II gives a table of iCode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "iCode"
\end_inset
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Figure II
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
iCode
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "iCode"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Operands
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Description
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
C Equivalent
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'!'
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
NOT operation
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = ! IC_LEFT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'~'
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Bitwise complement of
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = ~IC_LEFT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
RRC
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Rotate right with carry
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << 1) | (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8-1));
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
RLC
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Rotate left with carry
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << (sizeof(LC_LEFT)*8-1) ) | (IC_LEFT >> 1);
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
GETHBIT
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Get the highest order bit of IC_LEFT
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8 -1));
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
UNARYMINUS
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Unary minus
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = - IC_LEFT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IPUSH
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Push the operand into stack
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
NONE
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IPOP
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Pop the operand from the stack
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
NONE
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
CALL
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Call the function represented by IC_LEFT
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT();
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
PCALL
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Call via function pointer
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT)();
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
RETURN
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Return the value in operand IC_LEFT
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
return IC_LEFT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
LABEL
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LABEL()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Label
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LABEL:
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
GOTO
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LABEL()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Goto label
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
goto IC_LABEL();
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'+'
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Addition
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT + IC_RIGHT
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'-'
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Subtraction
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT - IC_RIGHT
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'*'
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Multiplication
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT * IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'/'
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Division
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT / IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'%'
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Modulus
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT % IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'<'
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Less than
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT < IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'>'
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Greater than
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT > IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
EQ_OP
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Equal to
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT == IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
AND_OP
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Logical and operation
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT && IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
OR_OP
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Logical or operation
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT || IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'^'
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Exclusive OR
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT ^ IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'|'
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Bitwise OR
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT | IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
BITWISEAND
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Bitwise AND
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT & IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
LEFT_OP
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Left shift
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT << IC_RIGHT
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
RIGHT_OP
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Right shift
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT >> IC_RIGHT
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
GET_VALUE_
\newline
AT_ ADDRESS
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Indirect fetch
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT);
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
POINTER_SET
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Indirect set
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
(*IC_RESULT) = IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
'='
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Assignment
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IFX
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_COND IC_TRUE IC_LABEL
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Conditional jump.
If true label is present then jump to true label if condition is true else
jump to false label if condition is false
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
if (IC_COND) goto IC_TRUE;
\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
Or
\newline
If (!IC_COND) goto IC_FALSE;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
ADDRESS_OF
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Address of
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = &IC_LEFT();
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
JUMPTABLE
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_JTCOND IC_JTLABELS
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Jump to list of labels depending on the value of JTCOND
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Switch statement
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
CAST
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RIGHT() IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Cast types
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (typeof IC_LEFT) IC_RIGHT;
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
SEND
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
This is used for passing parameters in registers;
\newline
move IC_LEFT to the next
available parameter register.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
None
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
RECV
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT()
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
This is used for receiving parameters passed in registers;
\newline
Move the values
in the next parameter register to IC_RESULT
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
None
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\shape slanted
\size footnotesize
(some more have been added)
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\shape slanted
\size footnotesize
see f.e.
+
+\shape default
\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
gen51Code()
\family default
- in
+\shape default
+
+\shape slanted
+in
+\shape default
+
\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
src/mcs51/gen.c
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed true
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In the original article Figure II was announced to be downloadable on
\shape italic
Circuit Cellar
\shape default
's web site.
ftp://ftp.circuitcellar.com/pub/Circuit_Cellar/2000/121/dutta.ZIP
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Paragraph*
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
ICode Example
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "iCode"
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
This section shows some details of iCode.
The example C code does not do anything useful; it is used as an example
to illustrate the intermediate code generated by the compiler.
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
\family typewriter
-1.\SpecialChar ~
+1.\InsetSpace ~
xdata int * p;
\newline
-2.\SpecialChar ~
+2.\InsetSpace ~
int gint;
\newline
-3.\SpecialChar ~
+3.\InsetSpace ~
/* This function does nothing useful.
It is used
\newline
-4.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+4.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
for the purpose of explaining iCode */
\newline
-5.\SpecialChar ~
+5.\InsetSpace ~
short function (data
int *x)
\newline
-6.\SpecialChar ~
+6.\InsetSpace ~
{
\newline
-7.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-short i=10; \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+7.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+short i=10; \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* dead initialization eliminated */
\newline
-8.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+8.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
short sum=10;
/* dead initialization eliminated */
\newline
-9.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+9.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
short mul;
\newline
-10.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+10.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
int j ;
\newline
-11.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+11.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
while (*x) *x++
= *p++;
\newline
-12.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+12.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sum = 0 ;
\newline
-13.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+13.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mul = 0;
\newline
-14.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+14.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* compiler detects i,j to be induction
variables */
\newline
-15.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+15.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
for (i = 0, j = 10 ; i < 10 ; i++, j
\family default
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
/
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\family typewriter
) {
\newline
-16.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+16.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sum += i;
\newline
-17.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mul += i * 3; \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+17.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mul += i * 3; \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* this multiplication remains */
\newline
-18.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+18.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
gint +=
- j * 3;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+ j * 3;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* this multiplication changed to addition */
\newline
-19.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+19.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
}
\newline
-20.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+20.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
return sum+mul;
\newline
-21.\SpecialChar ~
+21.\InsetSpace ~
}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
In addition to the operands each iCode contains information about the filename
and line it corresponds to in the source file.
The first field in the listing should be interpreted as follows:
Note that local variables and parameters are replaced by compiler generated
temporaries.
Live ranges
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Live range analysis"
\end_inset
are computed only for temporaries (i.e.
live ranges are not computed for global variables).
Registers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Register allocation"
\end_inset
\newline
There are several
loop optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Loop optimization"
\end_inset
performed by the compiler.
It can detect induction variables iTemp21(i) and iTemp23(j).
Also note the compiler does selective strength reduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Strength reduction"
\end_inset
changed to addition, a new temporary iTemp17 is allocated and assigned
a initial value, a constant 3 is then added for each iteration of the loop.
The compiler does not change the multiplication
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Multiplication"
\end_inset
\newline
Note the dead code elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Dead-code elimination"
\end_inset
respectively.
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c (5:1:0:0) _entry($9) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(5:2:1:0) proc _function [lr0:0]{function short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:3:2:0) iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:4:53:0) preHeaderLbl0($11) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:5:55:0) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near
* int}[r2]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:6:5:1) _whilecontinue_0($1) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:7:7:1) iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near *
int}[r0]]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:8:8:1) if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:9:14:1) iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far
* int}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:10:15:1) _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2
{short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:13:18:1) iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far
* int}[DPTR]]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:14:19:1) *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int
}[r2 r3]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:15:12:1) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near
* int}[r0] + 0x2 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:16:20:1) goto _whilecontinue_0($1)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:17:21:0)_whilebreak_0($3) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(12:18:22:0) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(13:19:23:0) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:20:54:0)preHeaderLbl1($13) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:21:56:0) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:22:57:0) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:23:58:0) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:24:26:1)_forcond_0($4) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:25:27:1) iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
< 0xa {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:26:28:1) if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(16:27:31:1) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2]
+ ITemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(17:29:33:1) iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
* 0x3 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(17:30:34:1) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3]
+ iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(18:32:36:1:1) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7
r0]- 0x3 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(18:33:37:1) _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{
int}[r7 r0]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:36:42:1) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
+ 0x1 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:37:45:1) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5
r6]- 0x1 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(19:38:47:1) goto _forcond_0($4)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(19:39:48:0)_forbreak_0($7) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:40:49:0) iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}[DPTR] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2]
+ ITemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:41:50:0) ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:42:51:0)_return($8) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:43:52:0) eproc _function [lr0:0]{ ia0 re0 rm0}{function short}
Finally the code generated for this function:
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
.area DSEG (DATA)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
_p::
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.ds 2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
_gint::
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.ds 2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; sample.c 5
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; ----------------------------------------------
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; function function
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; ----------------------------------------------
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
_function:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r2,dpl
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov ar0,r2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
;_whilecontinue_0($1) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00101$:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov ar2,@r0
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc r0
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov ar3,@r0
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dec r0
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
orl a,r3
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
jz 00103$
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00114$:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov dpl,_p
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov dph,(_p + 1)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,#0x02
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,_p
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov _p,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
clr a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
addc a,(_p + 1)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov (_p + 1),a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
movx a,@dptr
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r2,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc dptr
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
movx a,@dptr
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r3,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov @r0,ar2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc r0
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov @r0,ar3
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] =
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] +
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; 0x2 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc r0
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; goto _whilecontinue_0($1)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sjmp 00101$
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _whilebreak_0($3) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00103$:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r2,#0x00
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r3,#0x00
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r4,#0x00
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r5,#0x0A
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r6,#0x00
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r7,#0x1E
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r0,#0x00
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _forcond_0($4) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00104$:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
clr c
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r4
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
xrl a,#0x80
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
subb a,#0x8a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
jnc 00107$
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00115$:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] +
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r4
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,r2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r2,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov b,#0x03
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r4
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mul ab
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r1,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] +
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,r3
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r3,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r7
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,#0xfd
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r7,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r0
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
addc a,#0xff
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r0,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r7
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,_gint
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov _gint,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r0
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
addc a,(_gint + 1)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov (_gint + 1),a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc r4
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dec r5
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
cjne r5,#0xff,00104$
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dec r6
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; goto _forcond_0($4)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sjmp 00104$
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _forbreak_0($7) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00107$:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r3
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,r2
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov dpl,a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
; _return($8) :
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
00108$:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
ret
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Section
A few words about basic block successors, predecessors and dominators
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
Successors are basic blocks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Basic blocks"
\end_inset
blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic block.
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
[basic block 1]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
if (something)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
[basic block 2]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
else
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
[basic block 3]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
[basic block 4]
\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
a) succList of [BB2] = [BB4], of [BB3] = [BB4], of [BB1] = [BB2,BB3]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
b) predList of [BB2] = [BB1], of [BB3] = [BB1], of [BB4] = [BB2,BB3]
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
c) domVect of [BB4] = BB1 ...
here we are not sure if BB2 or BB3 was executed but we are SURE that BB1
was executed.
+\end_layout
-\layout Chapter
+\begin_layout Chapter
Acknowledgments
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net#Who}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/#Who"
\end_inset
\newline
\emph on
-Also thanks to Sourceforge
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.sf.net}
+Thanks to Sourceforge
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.sf.net"
\end_inset
which has hosted the project since 1999 and donates significant download
- bandwidth and probably more than
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-$10^{13}$
-
-\end_inset
+ bandwidth.
+\emph default
-CPU cycles per day.
\newline
-
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed false
-
-\layout Standard
-more than 10^13 is an estimate: on my Athlon 2800+ it takes about (0.5+6.5+20)
- minutes for (configure+make+regression test), and there is (i386, amd64,
- alpha, ppc64, (mingw32), sparc, macosx).
-
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\emph on
+Also thanks to all SDCC Distributed Compile Farm members for donating CPU
+ cycles and bandwidth for snapshot builds.
+\newline
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
This document was initially written by Sandeep Dutta
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
All product names mentioned herein may be trademarks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Trademarks}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Trademarks"
\end_inset
of their respective companies.
+\end_layout
-\layout Section*
+\begin_layout Section*
Alphabetical index
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
To avoid confusion, the installation and building options for SDCC itself
(chapter 2) are not part of the index.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \printindex{}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand printindex
\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\the_end
+\end_body
+\end_document
projects / fw / sdcc / blobdiff