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-\lyxformat 221
+#LyX 1.5.7 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
+\lyxformat 276
+\begin_document
+\begin_header
\textclass book
\begin_preamble
\pdfoptionpdfminorversion=3
pdftitle={SDCC Compiler User Guide},
pdfauthor={SDCC development team},
pdfsubject={installation, user manual},
- pdfkeywords={68hc08 8032 8051 ansi c compiler assembler CPU DS390 embedded development free Floating Point Arithmetic Freescale GPL HC08 inline Intel ISO/IEC 9899:1990 Linux MAC OS X manual Maxim mcs51 Microchip microcontroller open source PIC Unix Windows Z80 Zilog},
+ pdfkeywords={68hc08 8032 8051 ansi c compiler assembler CPU DS390 embedded development free Floating Point Arithmetic Freescale GPL HC08 inline Intel ISO/IEC 9899:1990 Linux MAC OS X manual Maxim mcs51 Microchip microcontroller open source PIC Unix Windows Z80 Zilog},
pdfpagemode=UseOutlines,
colorlinks=true,
linkcolor=blue] {hyperref}
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\language english
\inputencoding default
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+\font_roman times
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\graphics default
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+\spacing single
\papersize letterpaper
-\paperpackage a4
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+\author ""
+\end_header
-\layout Comment
+\begin_body
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
Please note: double dashed longoptions (e.g.
--version) are written this way: -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-
-\layout Comment
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Two resp.
- three consecutive dashes simply result in a long resp.
+ three consecutive dashes would otherwise result in a long resp.
extra long dash.
-\layout Comment
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Architecture specific stuff (like memory models, code examples) should maybe
later go
-\layout Comment
+\end_layout
-into seperate sections/chapters/appendices (it is hard to document PIC or
+\begin_layout Standard
+into separate sections/chapters/appendices (it is hard to document PIC or
Z80 in
-\layout Comment
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
a 8051 centered document) - for now simply add.
-\layout Title
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Title
SDCC Compiler User Guide
-\layout Date
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Date
-\size normal
-SDCC 2.6.2
-\size footnotesize
+\size normal
+SDCC 2.8.7
+\size footnotesize
-\newline
-$Date$
-\newline
-$Revision$
-\layout Comment
+\newline
+$Date: 2008-11-16#$
+\newline
+$Revision: 5272$
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
The above strings enclosed in $ are automatically updated by Subversion
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand tableofcontents
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Chapter
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Chapter
Introduction
-\layout Section
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
About SDCC
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
+\series bold
SDCC
-\series default
+\series default
(
-\emph on
+\emph on
S
-\emph default
+\emph default
mall
-\emph on
+\emph on
D
-\emph default
+\emph default
evice
-\emph on
+\emph on
C
-\emph default
+\emph default
-\emph on
+\emph on
C
-\emph default
-ompiler) is an open source, retargettable, optimizing ANSI-C compiler by
-
-\series bold
+\emph default
+ompiler) is free open source, retargettable, optimizing ANSI-C compiler
+ by
+\series bold
Sandeep Dutta
-\series default
+\series default
designed for 8 bit Microprocessors.
The current version targets Intel MCS51 based Microprocessors (8031, 8032,
8051, 8052
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{8031, 8032, 8051, 8052, mcs51 CPU}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "8031, 8032, 8051, 8052, mcs51 CPU"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
, etc.), Dallas DS80C390 variants, Freescale (formerly Motorola) HC08 and
Zilog Z80 based MCUs.
Atmel AVR is under development.
The entire source code for the compiler is distributed under GPL.
SDCC uses ASXXXX
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
& ASLINK
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "aslink"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
, an open source retargetable assembler & linker.
SDCC has extensive language extensions suitable for utilizing various microcont
rollers and underlying hardware effectively.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of standard
- optimizations like:
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
+In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of
+ standard optimizations like:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
global sub expression elimination,
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
loop optimizations (loop invariant, strength reduction of induction variables
and loop reversing),
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
constant folding & propagation,
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
copy propagation,
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
dead code elimination
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
jump tables for
-\emph on
+\emph on
switch
-\emph default
+\emph default
statements.
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
For the back-end SDCC uses a global register allocation scheme which should
be well suited for other 8 bit MCUs.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-The peep hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which is
- MCU independent.
+\newline
+The peep hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which
+ is MCU independent.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
Supported data-types are:
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
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\begin_inset Text
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+\begin_layout Standard
1.175494351E-38,
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
\color none
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-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
pointer
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
generic
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\newline
+\newline
The compiler also allows
-\emph on
+\emph on
inline assembler code
-\emph default
+\emph default
to be embedded anywhere in a function.
In addition, routines developed in assembly can also be called.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-SDCC also provides an option (-
+\newline
+SDCC also
+ provides an option (-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-cyclomatic) to report the relative complexity of a function.
These functions can then be further optimized, or hand coded in assembly
if needed.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-SDCC also comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB, the debugger
- currently uses ucSim a freeware simulator for 8051 and other micro-controllers.<
-\newline
+\newline
+SDCC also comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB.
+ The debugger currently uses ucSim, a free open source simulator for 8051
+ and other micro-controllers.
+\newline
-\newline
-The latest version can be downloaded from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\newline
+The latest SDCC version can be downloaded from
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
.
-
-\series bold
-\series default
-\emph on
+\emph on
Please note: the compiler will probably always be some steps ahead of this
documentation
-\series bold
-\emph default
+\series bold
+\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Status of documentation"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
-
-\layout Standard
+status open
+\begin_layout Standard
Obviously this has pros and cons
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
.
-\layout Section
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
Open Source
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
All packages used in this compiler system are
-\emph on
+\emph on
open source
-\emph default
+\emph default
and
-\emph on
+\emph on
freeware
-\emph default
+\emph default
; source code for all the sub-packages (pre-processor, assemblers, linkers
- etc) is distributed with the package.
- This documentation is maintained using a freeware word processor (LyX).
-\newline
-This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
- under the terms of the GNU General Public License
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU General Public License, GPL}
+ etc.) is distributed with the package.
+ This documentation is maintained using a free open source word processor
+ (LyX).
+\newline
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GNU General Public License, GPL"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at
your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{warranty}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "warranty"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve what
you give them.
Help stamp out software-hoarding!
-\layout Section
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
Typographic conventions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Typographic conventions}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Typographic conventions"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention.
Commands you have to type in are printed in
-\family sans
-\series bold
+\family sans
+\series bold
"sans serif"
-\series default
+\series default
.
-\family default
+\family default
Code samples are printed in
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
typewriter font.
-\family default
+\family default
Interesting items and new terms are printed in
-\emph on
+\emph on
italic.
-\layout Section
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
Compatibility
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Compatibility-with-previous"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
with previous versions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compatibility with previous versions}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Compatibility with previous versions"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version.
- But we also introduced some incompatibilities with older versions.
+\begin_layout Standard
+Newer versions have usually numerous bug fixes compared with the previous
+ version.
+ But we also sometimes introduce some incompatibilities with older versions.
Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable, efficient
and ANSI compliant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "ANSI-compliance"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
(see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:ANSI-Compliance}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:ANSI-Compliance"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
for ANSI-Compliance).
-\newline
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+It would be fine to add to each item, in which version was it changed.
+\end_layout
-short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char
- (8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation
- files are stored is now in /usr/local/share.
-\layout Itemize
-char type parameters to vararg
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- functions are casted to int unless explicitly casted
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+\begin_layout Itemize
+short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char
+ (8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant.
+ To maintain compatibility, old programs may be compiled using the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-, e.g.:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-char a=3;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-printf ("%d %c
-\backslash
-n", a, (char)a);
-\family default
+-short-is-8bits commandline option (see
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vref
+reference "lyx:--short-is-8bits"
-\newline
- will push a as an int and as a char resp.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+).
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
+the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation
+ files are stored is now in /usr/local/share.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+char type parameters to vararg
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "vararg, va\\_arg"
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-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/}
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+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
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+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Requesting features"
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-\begin_inset Quotes srd
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+For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section
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-<row topline="true">
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-\begin_inset Text
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-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-(not on Win32)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-build=unknown-unknown-linux-gnu
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+To
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\layout Comment
+cross
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking
- the HTML output (last line)!
-\layout Standard
+compile on Cygwin for Mingw32 (see also sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32
+):
+\end_layout
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+./configure -C
+\backslash
-\newline
-The option -
+\newline
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--nostdlib disables the last two search paths.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-Building SDCC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Building SDCC}
+-prefix=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+/sdcc
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+\backslash
-\layout Subsection
+\newline
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Building SDCC on Linux
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
+-datarootdir=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+/sdcc
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\series medium
-Download the source package
-\series default
- either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the nightly snapshots
-\series medium
-, it will be named something like sdcc
-\series default
-.src
-\series medium
-.t
-\series default
-ar.
-\series medium
-gz
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\backslash
-\end_inset
+\newline
+docdir=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-.
-\layout Enumerate
+\backslash
+${datarootdir}/doc
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\series medium
-Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm.
-\layout Enumerate
+
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+include_dir_suffix=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+include
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\series medium
-Unpack the file using a command like:
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"tar -xvzf sdcc.src.tar.gz
-\family default
-\series default
-"
-\series medium
-, this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources.
-\layout Enumerate
+
+\backslash
-Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type:
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"cd sdcc
-\series default
-".
-\layout Enumerate
+\newline
+lib_dir_suffix=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+lib
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\series medium
-Type
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"./configure
-\family default
-\series default
-".
- This configures the package for compilation on your system.
-\layout Enumerate
+
+\backslash
+\newline
+sdccconf_h_dir_separator=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\series medium
-Type
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"make
-\family default
-\series default
-"
-\series medium
-.
-\series default
- All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while.
-\layout Enumerate
+\backslash
+\backslash
-\series medium
-Type
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"make install"
-\family default
-\series default
- as root
-\series medium
-.
+\backslash
-\series default
- This copies the binary executables, the include files, the libraries and
- the documentation to the install directories.
- Proceed with section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Testing-the-SDCC}
+\backslash
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-.
-\layout Subsection
+
+\backslash
-Building SDCC on OSX 2.x
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+CC=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-Follow the instruction for Linux.
-\newline
+gcc -mno-cygwin
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\newline
-On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease
-)) fails to compile SDCC.
- Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine.
- This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with:
-\layout LyX-Code
+
+\backslash
-./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2
-\layout Subsection
+\newline
+CXX=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows
-\layout Standard
+g++ -mno-cygwin
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32.
- See section 'Configure Options'.
-\layout Subsection
+
+\end_layout
-Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+'configure' is quite slow on Cygwin (at least on windows before Win2000/XP).
+ The option '-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions
- for Linux.
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\newline
-On Cygwin a
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-native
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- Win32-binary can be built, which will not need the Cygwin-DLL.
- For the necessary 'configure' options see section 'configure options' or
- the script 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32'.
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-In order to install Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[www.cygwin.com]{http://www.cygwin.com/}
+-C' turns on caching, which gives a little bit extra speed.
+ However if options are changed, it can be necessary to delete the config.cache
+ file.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Section
+Install paths
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Install-paths"
-.
- Run it, set the
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-default text file type
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
- to
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Install paths"
-unix
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- and download/install at least the following packages.
- Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected
- because of dependencies with the manually selected packages.
- Never deselect these packages!
-\layout Itemize
-flex
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
-bison
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
-gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x
-\layout Itemize
-binutils ; selected with gcc
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
-make
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="4">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below)
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
-man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
- later
-\layout Itemize
+\series bold
+Description
+\end_layout
-less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
- later
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-svn ; only if you use Subversion access
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-If you want to develop something you'll need:
-\layout Itemize
+\series bold
+Path
+\end_layout
-python ; for the regression tests
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-insight
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+Default
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
-openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes
-\layout Itemize
+\series bold
+Win32 builds
+\end_layout
-autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't
- use autoconf-stable!
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-rxvt is a nice console with history.
- Replace in your cygwin.bat the line
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+Binary files*
+\end_layout
-bash -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$EXEC_PREFIX
+\end_layout
--login -i
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-with (one line):
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+/usr/local/bin
+\end_layout
-rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- -bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+bin
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
--login
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Include files
+\end_layout
-Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting
- works with shift-insert.
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-The other good tip is to make sure you have no //c/-style paths anywhere,
- use /cygdrive/c/ instead.
- Using // invokes a network lookup which is very slow.
- If you think
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-cygdrive
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
- is too long, you can change it with e.g.
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-mount -s -u -c /mnt
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/include
+\end_layout
-SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF.
- Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted
- in binary mode.
- And use an editor which can handle LF-only line endings.
- Make sure not to commit files with windows line endings.
- The tabulator spacing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tabulator spacing (8 columns)}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- used in the project is 8.
- Although a tabulator spacing of 8 is a sensible choice for programmers
- (it's a power of 2 and allows to display 8/16 bit signed variables without
- loosing columns) the plan is to move towards using only spaces in the source.
-\layout Subsection
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+include
+\end_layout
-Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC)
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Library file**
+\end_layout
-\series medium
-Download the source package
-\series default
- either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[nightly snapshots]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\emph on
+$DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
-\series medium
-, it will be named something like sdcc
-\series default
-.src
-\series medium
-.tgz.
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series default
- SDCC is distributed with all the projects, workspaces, and files you need
- to build it using Visual C++ 6.0/NET (except for SDCDB and ucSim).
- The workspace name is 'sdcc.dsw'.
- Please note that as it is now, all the executables are created in a folder
- called sdcc
-\backslash
-bin_vc.
- Once built you need to copy the executables from sdcc
-\backslash
-bin_vc to sdcc
-\backslash
-bin before running SDCC.
-
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib
+\end_layout
-\newline
-WARNING: Visual studio is very picky with line terminations; it expects
- the 0x0d, 0x0a DOS style line endings, not the 0x0a Unix style line endings.
- When using the Subversion repository it's easiest to configure the svn
- client to convert automatically for you.
- If however you are getting a message such as "This makefile was not generated
- by Developer Studio etc.
- etc.
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- when opening the sdcc.dsw workspace or any of the *.dsp projects, then you
- need to convert the Unix style line endings to DOS style line endings.
- To do so you can use the
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-unix2dos
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+lib
+\end_layout
- utility freely available on the internet.
- Doug Hawkins reported in the sdcc-user list that this works:
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-C:
-\backslash
-Programming
-\backslash
-SDCC> unix2dos sdcc.dsw
-\newline
-C:
-\backslash
-Programming
-\backslash
-SDCC> for /R %I in (*.dsp) do @unix2dos "%I"
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+Documentation
+\end_layout
-\newline
-In order to build SDCC with MSVC you need win32 executables of bison.exe,
- flex.exe, and gawk.exe.
- One good place to get them is
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[here]{http://unxutils.sourceforge.net}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\emph on
+$DOCDIR
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-Download the file UnxUtils
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{UnxUtils}
+\begin_layout Standard
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/doc
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.zip.
- Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the
- required programs.
- Here there are two alternatives (choose one!):
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Standard
-The easy way:
-\newline
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+doc
+\end_layout
-\newline
-a) Extract UnxUtils.zip to your C:
-\backslash
- hard disk PRESERVING the original paths, otherwise bison won't work.
- (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is selected)
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\newline
-b) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab,
- in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories
- window add a new path: 'C:
-\backslash
-user
-\backslash
-local
-\backslash
-wbin', click ok.
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that could be useful,
- such as diff and patch.)
-\layout Enumerate
-A more compact way:
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\newline
-This one avoids extracting a bunch of files you may not use, but requires
- some extra work:
-\newline
+\begin_layout Verse
-\newline
-a) Create a directory were to put the tools needed, or use a directory already
- present.
- Say for example 'C:
-\backslash
-util'.
-\newline
+\size footnotesize
+*compiler, preprocessor, assembler, and linker
+\newline
+**the
+\shape italic
+model
+\shape default
+ is auto-appended by the compiler, e.g.
+ small, large, z80, ds390 etc
+\end_layout
-\newline
-b) Extract 'bison.exe', 'bison.hairy', 'bison.simple', 'flex.exe', and gawk.exe
- to such directory WITHOUT preserving the original paths.
- (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is not selected)
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+The install paths can still be changed during `make install' with e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\newline
-c) Rename bison.exe to '_bison.exe'.
-\newline
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc
+\end_layout
-\newline
-d) Create a batch file 'bison.bat' in 'C:
-\backslash
-util
-\backslash
-' and add these lines:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-set BISON_SIMPLE=C:
-\backslash
-util
-\backslash
-bison.simple
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-set BISON_HAIRY=C:
-\backslash
-util
-\backslash
-bison.hairy
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+Of course this doesn't change the search paths compiled into the binaries.
+\newline
-\newline
-Steps 'c' and 'd' are needed because bison requires by default that the
- files 'bison.simple' and 'bison.hairy' reside in some weird Unix directory,
- '/usr/local/share/' I think.
- So it is necessary to tell bison where those files are located if they
- are not in such directory.
- That is the function of the environment variables BISON_SIMPLE and BISON_HAIRY.
-\newline
+\newline
+Moreove
+r the install path can be changed by defining DESTDIR
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DESTDIR"
-\newline
-e) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab,
- in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories
- window add a new path: 'c:
-\backslash
-util', click ok.
- Note that you can use any other path instead of 'c:
-\backslash
-util', even the path where the Visual C++ tools are, probably: 'C:
-\backslash
-Program Files
-\backslash
-Microsoft Visual Studio
-\backslash
-Common
-\backslash
-Tools'.
- So you don't have to execute step 'e' :)
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-That is it.
- Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy
- the executables from sdcc
-\backslash
-bin_vc to sdcc
-\backslash
-bin, and you can compile using SDCC.
-\layout Subsection
+:
+\end_layout
-Building SDCC Using Borland
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+make install DESTDIR=$(HOME)/sdcc.rpm/
+\end_layout
-From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc".
- This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for
- SDCDB and ucSim.
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Standard
+Please note that DESTDIR must have a trailing slash!
+\end_layout
-If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci
-es may not be correctly calculated.
- The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again.
- From a Cygwin BASH prompt, this can easily be done with the command (be
- sure you are in the sdcc directory):
-\newline
+\begin_layout Section
+Search Paths
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Search-Paths"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-find .
-
-\backslash
-( -name '*.obj' -o -name '*.lib' -o -name '*.rul'
-\backslash
-) -print -exec rm {}
-\backslash
-;
-\family default
-\series default
-\newline
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Search path"
-\newline
-or on Windows NT/2000/XP from the command prompt with the command:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-\newline
-del /s *.obj *.lib *.rul
-\family default
-\series default
- from the sdcc directory.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_layout
-Windows Install Using a ZIP Package
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some search paths or parts of them are determined by configure variables
+ (in
+\emph on
+italics
+\emph default
+, see section above).
+ Further search paths are determined by environment variables during runtime.
+
+\newline
+The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first
+ catch wins):
+\newline
-Download the binary zip package from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
+\newline
+1.
+ Binary files (preprocessor, assembler and linker)
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- and unpack it using your favorite unpacking tool (gunzip, WinZip, etc).
- This should unpack to a group of sub-directories.
- An example directory structure after unpacking the mingw32 package is:
- c:
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-bin for the executables, c:
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-include and c:
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-lib for the include and libraries.
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin
- directory or start sdcc using the full path.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+Search path
+\end_layout
-Windows Install Using the Setup Program
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Windows-Install}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+default
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Win32 builds
+\end_layout
-Download the setup program
-\emph on
-sdcc-x.y.z-setup.exe
-\emph default
- for an official release from
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=599}
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME/
+\emph on
+$PPREFIX2BIN_DIR
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- or a setup program for one of the snapshots
-\emph on
-sdcc-yyyymmdd-xxxx-setup.exe
-\emph default
- from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME/bin
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- and execute it.
- A windows typical installer will guide you through the installation process.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME
+\backslash
+bin
+\end_layout
-VPATH
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{VPATH}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Path of argv[0] (if available)
+\end_layout
- feature
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-SDCC supports the VPATH feature provided by configure and make.
- It allows to separate the source and build trees.
- Here's an example:
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\family typewriter
-cd ~\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-# cd $HOME
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Path of argv[0]
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\SpecialChar ~
-# extract source to directory sdcc
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\family typewriter
-mkdir sdcc.build\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-# put output in sdcc.build
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Path of argv[0]
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-cd sdcc.build
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\family typewriter
-../sdcc/configure\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-# configure is doing all the magic!
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+$PATH
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-make
-\layout Standard
-\noindent
-That's it!
-\series bold
-configure
-\series default
- will create the directory tree will all the necessary Makefiles in ~/sdcc.build.
- It automagically computes the variables srcdir, top_srcdir and top_buildir
- for each directory.
- After running
-\series bold
-make
-\series default
- the generated files will be in ~/sdcc.build, while the source files stay
- in ~/sdcc.
-\newline
-This is not only usefull for building different binaries, e.g.
- when cross compiling.
- It also gives you a much better overview in the source tree when all the
- generated files are not scattered between the source files.
- And the best thing is: if you want to change a file you can leave the original
- file untouched in the source directory.
- Simply copy it to the build directory, edit it, enter `make clean`, `rm
- Makefile.dep` and `make`.
-
-\series bold
-make
-\series default
- will do the rest for you!
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Standard
+$PATH
+\end_layout
-Building the Documentation
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Add -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+$PATH
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--enable-doc to the configure arguments to build the documentation together
- with all the other stuff.
- You will need several tools (LyX, LaTeX, LaTeX2HTML, pdflatex, dvipdf,
- dvips and makeindex) to get the job done.
- Another possibility is to change to the doc directory and to type
-\family sans
-\series bold
+
+\newline
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-make
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+2.
+ Include files
+\newline
+\end_layout
-\family default
-\series default
- there.
- You're invited to make changes and additions to this manual (sdcc/doc/sdccman.ly
-x).
- Using LyX
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.5in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.5in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Search path
+\end_layout
- as editor is straightforward.
- Prebuilt documentation in html and pdf format is available from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+default
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Reading the Documentation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Win32 builds
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown
- reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they
- are not
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-If you should know why please drop us a note
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
-
-\newline
-You'll find the pdf version
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PDF version of this document}
+-I dir
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.pdf}
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
-
-\newline
-A html version
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HTML version of this document}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- should be online at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.html/index.html}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-I dir
+\end_layout
-.
-\newline
-This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation:
-
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document
- (commercially these probably would be separate documents/products).
- This document
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation}
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati
-on about f.e.
- Z80, PIC14, PIC16 and HC08.
-\layout Itemize
-There are many references pointing away from this documentation.
- Don't let this distract you.
- If there f.e.
- was a reference like
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.opencores.org}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- together with a statement
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+-I dir
+\end_layout
-some processors which are targetted by SDCC can be implemented in a
-\emph on
-f
-\emph default
-ield
-\emph on
-p
-\emph default
-rogrammable
-\emph on
-g
-\emph default
-ate
-\emph on
-a
-\emph default
-rray
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FPGA (field programmable gate array)}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_INCLUDE
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_INCLUDE
+\end_layout
- or
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_INCLUDE
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FpgaC ((subset of) C to FPGA compiler)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME/
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/
+\newline
+$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
-
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-have you ever heard of an open source compiler that compiles a subset of
- C for an FPGA?
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_ HOME/
+\newline
+share/sdcc/
+\newline
+include
+\end_layout
- we expect you to have a quick look there and come back.
- If you read this you are on the right track.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings
- than to the solution.
-\layout Itemize
-
-The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME
+\backslash
+include
+\end_layout
-There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles
- than pictures.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Testing the SDCC Compiler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Testing-the-SDCC}
+\begin_layout Standard
+path(argv[0])/
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$BIN2DATADIR/
+\emph default
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\emph on
+$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
-The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to
- see if it runs.
- Type
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"sdcc -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+path(argv[0])/
+\newline
+../sdcc/include
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--version"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+path(argv[0])
+\backslash
+..
+\backslash
+include
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family default
-\series default
- at the prompt, and the program should run and output its version like:
-
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-SDCC : mcs51/z80/avr/ds390/pic16/pic14/ds400/hc08 2.5.6 #4169 (May 8 2006)
- (UNIX)
-\layout Standard
+\emph on
+$DATADIR/
+\emph default
-If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then
- you need to check over your installation.
- Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path
- defined by the PATH environment setting (
-\series medium
-see
-\series default
-section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_layout
-\SpecialChar ~
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series medium
-Install trouble-shooting for suggestions
-\series default
-).
- Make sure that the sdcc program is in the bin folder, if not perhaps something
- did not install correctly.
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/
+\newline
+include
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series medium
-SDCC
-\series default
-is commonly installed as described in section
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+(not on Win32)
+\end_layout
-Install and search paths
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-.
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
+
+\newline
-\series medium
-Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example.
- Type in the following test.c program using your favorite
-\series default
-ASCII
-\series medium
-editor:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+The option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family typewriter
-char test;
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\newline
-void main(void) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-test=0;
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\series medium
-Compile this using the following command:
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"sdcc -c test.c".
+\end_inset
-\family default
-\series default
-
-\series medium
-If all goes well, the compiler will generate a test.asm and test.rel file.
- Congratulations, you've just compiled your first program with SDCC.
- We used the -c option to tell SDCC not to link the generated code, just
- to keep things simple for this step.
-\series default
+-nostdinc disables the last two search paths.
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
+3.
+ Library files
+\newline
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\series medium
-The next step is to try it with the linker.
- Type in
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"sdcc test.c
-\family default
-\series default
-"
-\series medium
-.
- If all goes well the compiler will link with the libraries and produce
- a test.ihx output file.
- If this step fails
-\series default
-
-\series medium
-(no test.ihx, and the linker generates warnings), then the problem is most
- likely that
-\series default
-SDCC
-\series medium
- cannot find the
-\series default
-/
-\series medium
-usr/local/share/sdcc/lib directory
-\series default
-
-\series medium
-(see
-\series default
-section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
+\begin_layout Standard
+With the exception of
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series medium
-Install trouble-shooting for suggestions).
-\series default
-\newline
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\series medium
-The final test is to ensure
-\series default
-SDCC
-\series medium
- can use the
-\series default
-standard
-\series medium
- header files and libraries.
- Edit test.c and change it to the following:
-\layout Verse
+-L dir
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+ the
+\shape italic
+model
+\shape default
+ is auto-appended by the compiler (e.g.
+ small, large, z80, ds390 etc.).
+
+\newline
-\family typewriter
-#include <string.h>
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\newline
-char str1[10];
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.7in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.2in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="1.2in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-void main(void) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-strcpy(str1, "testing");
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Search path
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series medium
-Compile this by typing
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"sdcc test.c"
-\family default
-\series medium
-.
- This should generate a test.ihx output file, and it should give no warnings
- such as not finding the string.h file.
- If it cannot find the string.h file, then the problem is that
-\series default
-SDCC
-\series medium
- cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include directory
-\series default
-
-\series medium
-(see the
-\series default
-section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
+\begin_layout Standard
+default
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Standard
+Win32 builds
+\end_layout
-\series medium
-Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions).
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series default
- Use option
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Standard
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+status collapsed
--print-search-dirs
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files.
-\layout Section
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-Install Trouble-shooting
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-L dir
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install trouble-shooting}
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Subsection
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-If SDCC does not build correctly
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package
- again in an empty directory.
- Configure it like:
-\newline
+-L dir
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family sans
-\series bold
-./configure 2>&1 | tee configure.log
-\family default
-\series default
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\newline
-and build it like:
-\newline
-\newline
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\family sans
-\series bold
-make 2>&1 | tee make.log
-\family default
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\newline
+-L dir
+\end_layout
-\newline
-If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem.
- Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful
- when requesting help from the mailing list.
-\layout Subsection
-
-What the
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-./configure
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_LIB/
+\newline
- does
-\layout Standard
+\emph on
+<model>
+\end_layout
-The
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-./configure
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_LIB/
+\newline
- command is a script that analyzes your system and performs some configuration
- to ensure the source package compiles on your system.
- It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine
- what compiler features are installed.
-\layout Subsection
+\emph on
+<model>
+\end_layout
-What the
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-make
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_LIB
+\backslash
- does
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source
- packages into the final installed binary executables.
-\layout Subsection
+\emph on
+<model>
+\end_layout
-What the
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-make install
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME/
+\newline
- command does.
-\layout Standard
+\emph on
+$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/
+\newline
+$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
+\end_layout
-This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include
- files into the appropriate directories.
- See sections
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME/
+\newline
+share/sdcc/
+\newline
+lib/
+\emph on
+<model>
+\end_layout
-,\SpecialChar ~
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
+\begin_layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME
+\backslash
+lib
+\backslash
-\end_inset
+\emph on
-\SpecialChar ~
-about install and search paths.
-\newline
-On most systems you will need super-user privileges to do this.
-\layout Section
+\newline
+<model>
+\end_layout
-Components of SDCC
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers.
- These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components.
- Here is a summary of some of the components.
- Note that the included simulator and assembler have separate documentation
- which you can find in the source package in their respective directories.
- As SDCC grows to include support for other processors, other packages from
- various developers are included and may have their own sets of documentation.
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+path(argv[0])/
+\newline
-\newline
-You might want to look at the files which are installed in <installdir>.
- At the time of this writing, we find the following programs for gcc-builds:
-\newline
-
-\newline
-In <installdir>/bin:
-\layout Itemize
+\emph on
+$BIN2DATADIR/
+\emph default
-sdcc - The compiler.
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
-sdcpp - The C preprocessor.
-\layout Itemize
+\emph on
+$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
+\end_layout
-asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-as-z80
-\series bold
-,
-\series default
-as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+path(argv[0])/
+\newline
+../sdcc/lib/
+\emph on
+<model>
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
-aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
-link-z80
-\series bold
-,
-\series default
-link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+path(argv[0])
+\backslash
-sdcdb - The source debugger.
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
+..
+\backslash
+lib
+\backslash
-packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files.
-\layout Standard
+\emph on
+<model>
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
-In <installdir>/share/sdcc/include
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
-the include files
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-In <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
-the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled
- relocatables.
-\layout Standard
+\emph on
+$DATADIR/
+\newline
+$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
+\end_layout
-In <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-the documentation
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/
+\newline
+lib/
+\emph on
+<model>
+\end_layout
-As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include
- executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-sdcc - The Compiler
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+(not on Win32)
+\end_layout
-This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes
- the assembler and linkage editor.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The preprocessor
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
-\end_inset
+\newline
- is a modified version of the GNU cpp
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cpp|see{sdcpp}}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
- preprocessor
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking
+ the HTML output (last line)!
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
- The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef
- statements, #defines and so on.
-\layout Subsection
-as
-\emph on
-xxxx
-\emph default
-, aslink, link-
-\emph on
-xxx
-\emph default
- - The Assemblers and Linkage Editors
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan
- Baldwin.
- John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some
- enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
-s51 - The Simulator
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+The option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-S51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- is a freeware, opensource simulator developed by Daniel Drotos.
- The simulator is built as part of the build process.
- For more information visit Daniel's web site at:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
- It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips
- XA51 family.
-\layout Subsection
+-nostdlib disables the last two search paths.
+\end_layout
-sdcdb - Source Level Debugger
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Section
+Building SDCC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Building SDCC"
-SDCDB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- is the companion source level debugger.
- More about SDCDB in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Building SDCC on Linux
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux"
-.
- The current version of the debugger uses Daniel's Simulator S51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-, but can be easily changed to use other simulators.
-\layout Chapter
+\end_layout
-Using SDCC
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Enumerate
-Compiling
-\layout Subsection
+\series medium
+Download the source package
+\series default
+ either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from snapshot builds
+\series medium
+, it will be named something like sdcc
+\series default
+-src
+\series medium
+-yyyymmdd-rrrr.t
+\series default
+ar.
+\series medium
+bz2
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php"
-Single Source File Projects
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple.
- Compile your programs with the following command
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"sdcc sourcefile.c".
+.
+\end_layout
-\family default
-\series default
- This will compile, assemble and link your source file.
- Output files are as follows:
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Enumerate
-sourcefile.asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.asm}
+\series medium
+Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Enumerate
- - Assembler source
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler source}
+\series medium
+Unpack the file using a command like:
+\series default
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"tar -xvzf sdcc-src-yyyymmdd-rrrr.tar.bz2
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- file created by the compiler
-\layout Itemize
+\family default
+\series medium
+, this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources.
+\end_layout
-sourcefile.lst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lst}
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type:
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"cd sdcc
+\series default
+".
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Enumerate
- - Assembler listing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing}
+\series medium
+Type
+\series default
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"./configure
+\family default
+\series default
+".
+ This configures the package for compilation on your system.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Enumerate
- file created by the Assembler
-\layout Itemize
+\series medium
+Type
+\series default
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"make
+\family default
+\series default
+"
+\series medium
+.
-sourcefile.rst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rst}
+\series default
+ All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Enumerate
- - Assembler listing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing}
+\series medium
+Type
+\series default
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"make install"
+\family default
+\series default
+ as root
+\series medium
+.
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ This copies the binary executables, the include files, the libraries and
+ the documentation to the install directories.
+ Proceed with section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Testing-the-SDCC"
- file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-sourcefile.sym
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.sym}
+.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Building SDCC on Mac OS X
+\end_layout
- - symbol listing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Symbol listing}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Follow the instruction for Linux.
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+On Mac OS X 10.2.x it was reported, that the
+ default gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease)) fails to compile SDCC.
+ Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine.
+ This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with:
+\end_layout
- for the sourcefile, created by the assembler
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2
+\end_layout
-sourcefile.rel
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Universal (ppc and i386) binaries can be produced on Mac OS X 10.4.x with
+ Xcode.
+ Run 'configure' with:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+./configure
+\backslash
- or sourcefile.o
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.o}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+LDFLAGS="-Wl,-syslibroot,/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk -arch i386 -arch
+ ppc"
+\backslash
- - Object file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Object file}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+CXXFLAGS = "-O2 -isysroot /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk -arch i386 -arch
+ ppc"
+\backslash
- created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
-sourcefile.map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+CFLAGS = "-O2 -isysroot /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk -arch i386 -arch ppc"
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows
+\end_layout
- - The memory map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map}
+\begin_layout Standard
+With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32.
+ See section 'Configure Options'.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32
+\end_layout
- for the load module, created by the Linker
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions
+ for Linux.
+\newline
-sourcefile.mem
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.mem}
+\newline
+On Cygwin a
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+native
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
- - A file with a summary of the memory usage
-\layout Itemize
+ Win32-binary can be built, which will not need the Cygwin-DLL.
+ For the necessary 'configure' options see section 'configure options' or
+ the script 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32'.
+\newline
-sourcefile.ihx
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.ihx}
+\newline
+In order to install
+ Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "www.cygwin.com"
+target "http://www.cygwin.com/"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- - The load module in Intel hex format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+.
+ Run it, set the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+default text file type
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
- (you can select the Motorola S19 format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format}
+ to
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+unix
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
- with -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ and download/install at least the following packages.
+ Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected
+ because of dependencies with the manually selected packages.
+ Never deselect these packages!
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
+flex
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+bison
+\end_layout
--out-fmt-s19
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+binutils ; selected with gcc
+\end_layout
-.
- If you need another format you might want to use
-\family sans
-\shape italic
-objdump
-\family default
-\shape default
+\begin_layout Itemize
+make
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below)
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
+ later
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
+ later
+\end_layout
- or
-\family sans
-\shape italic
- srecord
-\family default
-\shape default
+\begin_layout Itemize
+svn ; only if you use Subversion access
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you want to develop something you'll need:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+python ; for the regression tests
+\end_layout
-).
- Both formats are documented in the documentation of srecord
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+insight
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
-sourcefile.adb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.adb}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't
+ use autoconf-stable!
+\end_layout
- - An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the
- .cdb file (with -
+\begin_layout Standard
+rxvt is a nice console with history.
+ Replace in your cygwin.bat the line
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+bash -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-)
-\layout Itemize
+-login -i
+\end_layout
-sourcefile.cdb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.cdb}
+\begin_layout Standard
+with (one line):
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red
+\end_layout
- - An optional file (with -
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ -bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--debug) containing debug information.
- The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
-sourcefile.
- - (no extension)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file> (no extension)}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- An optional AOMF or AOMF51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-login
+\end_layout
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{OMF file}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting
+ works with shift-insert.
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+The other good tip is to make sure you have no //c/-styl
+e paths anywhere, use /cygdrive/c/ instead.
+ Using // invokes a network lookup which is very slow.
+ If you think
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-file containing debug information (generated with option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+cygdrive
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ is too long, you can change it with e.g.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+mount -s -u -c /mnt
+\end_layout
--debug).
- The (Intel)
-\emph on
- a
-\emph default
-bsolute
-\emph on
-o
-\emph default
-bject
-\emph on
-m
-\emph default
-odule
-\emph on
-f
-\emph default
-ormat is commonly used by third party tools (debuggers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger}
-
-\end_inset
-
-, simulators, emulators)
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF.
+ Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted
+ in binary mode.
+ And use an editor which can handle LF-only line endings.
+ Make sure not to commit files with windows line endings.
+ The tabulator spacing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "tabulator spacing (8 columns)"
-sourcefile.dump*
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.dump*}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ used in the project is 8.
+ Although a tabulator spacing of 8 is a sensible choice for programmers
+ (it's a power of 2 and allows to display 8/16 bit signed variables without
+ loosing columns) the plan is to move towards using only spaces in the source.
+\end_layout
- - Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series medium
+Download the source package
+\series default
+ either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "snapshot builds"
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php"
--dumpall) (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
- and section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of}
+\series medium
+, it will be named something like sdcc
+\series default
+-src
+\series medium
+-yyyymmdd-rrrr.tar.bz2.
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ SDCC is distributed with all the projects, workspaces, and files you need
+ to build it using Visual C++ 6.0/NET (except for SDCDB and ucSim).
+ The workspace name is 'sdcc.dsw'.
+ Please note that as it is now, all the executables are created in a folder
+ called sdcc
+\backslash
+bin_vc.
+ Once built you need to copy the executables from sdcc
+\backslash
+bin_vc to sdcc
+\backslash
+bin before running SDCC.
+
+\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+WARNING: Visual studio is very picky with line terminations; it expects
+ the 0x0d, 0x0a DOS style line endings, not the 0x0a Unix style line endings.
+ When using the Subversion repository it's easiest to configure the svn
+ client to convert automatically for you.
+ If however you are getting a message such as "This makefile was not generated
+ by Developer Studio etc.
+ etc.
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+ when opening the sdcc.dsw workspace or any of the *.dsp projects, then you
+ need to convert the Unix style line endings to DOS style line endings.
+ To do so you can use the
\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-Anatomy of the compiler
+unix2dos
\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-).
-\layout Subsection
+ utility freely available on the internet.
+ Doug Hawkins reported in the sdcc-user list that this works:
+\newline
-Postprocessing the Intel Hex
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+\newline
+C:
+\backslash
+Programming
+\backslash
+SDCC> unix2dos sdcc.dsw
+\newline
+C:
+\backslash
+Programming
+\backslash
+SDCC> for /R %I in (*.dsp) do @unix2dos "%I"
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+In order to build SDCC with MSVC
+ you need win32 executables of bison.exe, flex.exe, and gawk.exe.
+ One good place to get them is
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "here"
+target "http://unxutils.sourceforge.net"
- file
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-In most cases this won't be needed but the Intel Hex file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.ihx}
-\end_inset
+\newline
- which is generated by SDCC might include lines of varying length and the
- addresses within the file are not guaranteed to be strictly ascending.
- If your toolchain or a bootloader does not like this you can use the tool
-
-\family typewriter
-packihx
-\family default
+\newline
+Download the file UnxUtils
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "UnxUtils"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.zip.
+ Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the
+ required programs.
+ Here there are two alternatives (choose one!):
+\end_layout
- which is part of the SDCC distribution:
-\newline
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+The easy way:
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
+a) Extract UnxUtils.zip to your C:
+\backslash
+ hard disk PRESERVING the original paths, otherwise bison won't work.
+ (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is selected)
+\newline
-\family sans
-\series bold
- packihx sourcefile.ihx >sourcefile.hex
-\family default
-\series default
+\newline
+b)
+ In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, in
+ 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories
+ window add a new path: 'C:
+\backslash
+user
+\backslash
+local
+\backslash
+wbin', click ok.
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
+(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that
+ could be useful, such as diff and patch.)
+\end_layout
-\newline
-The separately available
-\emph on
- srecord
-\emph default
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+A more compact way:
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
+\newline
+This one avoids extracting a bunch of files you may not
+ use, but requires some extra work:
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+a) Create a directory were to put the
+ tools needed, or use a directory already present.
+ Say for example 'C:
+\backslash
+util'.
+\newline
- package additionally allows to set undefined locations to a predefined
- value, to insert checksums
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{checksum}
+\newline
+b) Extract 'bison.exe', 'bison.hairy', 'bison.simple', 'flex.exe', and
+ gawk.exe to such directory WITHOUT preserving the original paths.
+ (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is not selected)
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+c
+) Rename bison.exe to '_bison.exe'.
+\newline
- of various flavours (crc, add, xor) and to perform other manipulations
- (convert, split, crop, offset, ...).
-
-\newline
+\newline
+d) Create a batch file 'bison.bat' in 'C:
+\backslash
+util
+\backslash
+' and add these lines:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+set BISON_SIMPLE=C:
+\backslash
+util
+\backslash
+bison.simple
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+set BISON_HAIRY=C:
+\backslash
+util
+\backslash
+bison.hairy
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
+Steps 'c' and 'd' are needed
+ because bison requires by default that the files 'bison.simple' and 'bison.hairy'
+ reside in some weird Unix directory, '/usr/local/share/' I think.
+ So it is necessary to tell bison where those files are located if they
+ are not in such directory.
+ That is the function of the environment variables BISON_SIMPLE and BISON_HAIRY.
+\newline
-\family sans
-\series bold
-srec_cat\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
--o sourcefile.hex -intel
-\newline
+\newline
+e
+) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab,
+ in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories
+ window add a new path: 'c:
+\backslash
+util', click ok.
+ Note that you can use any other path instead of 'c:
+\backslash
+util', even the path where the Visual C++ tools are, probably: 'C:
+\backslash
+Program Files
+\backslash
+Microsoft Visual Studio
+\backslash
+Common
+\backslash
+Tools'.
+ So you don't have to execute step 'e' :)
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+That is it.
+ Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy
+ the executables from sdcc
+\backslash
+bin_vc to sdcc
+\backslash
+bin, and you can compile using SDCC.
+\end_layout
-\family default
-\series default
-An example for a more complex command line
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Building SDCC Using Borland
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc".
+ This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for
+ SDCDB and ucSim.
+\end_layout
-the command backfills
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{backfill unused memory}
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci
+es may not be correctly calculated.
+ The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again.
+ From a Cygwin BASH prompt, this can easily be done with the command (be
+ sure you are in the sdcc directory):
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
- unused memory with 0x12 and the overall 16 bit sum of the complete 64 kByte
- block is zero.
- If the program counter on an mcs51 runs wild the backfill pattern 0x12
- will be interpreted as an
-\family typewriter
-lcall
-\family default
- to address
-\family typewriter
-0x1212
-\family default
- (where an emergency routine could sit).
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+find .
+
+\backslash
+( -name '*.obj' -o -name '*.lib' -o -name '*.rul'
+\backslash
+) -print -exec rm {}
+\backslash
+;
+\family default
+\series default
- could look like:
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
+or on Windows NT/2000/XP from the command prompt with the command:
+\newline
-\family sans
-\series bold
-\size footnotesize
-srec_cat\SpecialChar ~
-sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
--fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\SpecialChar ~
--little-endian-checksum-nega
-tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
--o sourcefile.hex -intel
-\size default
+\family sans
+\series bold
-\newline
+\newline
+del /s *.obj *.lib *.rul
+\family default
+\series default
+ from the sdcc directory.
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Windows Install Using a ZIP Package
+\end_layout
-\family default
-\series default
-The srecord package is available at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/srecord}
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Download the binary zip package from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- .
-\layout Subsection
+ and unpack it using your favorite unpacking tool (gunzip, WinZip, etc).
+ This should unpack to a group of sub-directories.
+ An example directory structure after unpacking the mingw32 package is:
+ c:
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+bin for the executables, c:
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+include and c:
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+lib for the include and libraries.
+\end_layout
-Projects with Multiple Source Files
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin
+ directory or start sdcc using the full path.
+\end_layout
-SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time.
- Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following
- files:
-\newline
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Windows Install Using the Setup Program
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Windows-Install"
-\newline
-foo1.c (contains some functions)
-\newline
-foo2.c (contains some more functions)
-\newline
-foomain.c (contains more functions and the function main)
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\size footnotesize
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\size default
-The first two files will need to be compiled separately with the commands:
-\size footnotesize
-
-\size default
+\begin_layout Standard
+Download the setup program
+\emph on
+sdcc-x.y.z-setup.exe
+\emph default
+ for an official release from
+\newline
-\newline
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sf.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=599"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
--c\SpecialChar ~
-foo1.c
-\family default
-\series default
-\size footnotesize
+ or a setup program for one of the snapshots
+\emph on
+sdcc-yyyymmdd-xxxx-setup.exe
+\emph default
+ from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-\size default
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
--c\SpecialChar ~
-foo2.c
-\family default
-\series default
+ and execute it.
+ A windows typical installer will guide you through the installation process.
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\begin_layout Subsection
+VPATH
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "VPATH"
-\newline
-Then compile the source file containing the
-\emph on
-main()
-\emph default
- function and link
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ feature
+\end_layout
- the files together with the following command:
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC supports the VPATH feature provided by configure and make.
+ It allows to separate the source and build trees.
+ Here's an example:
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
-foomain.c\SpecialChar ~
-foo1.rel\SpecialChar ~
-foo2.rel
-\family default
-\series default
+\family typewriter
+cd ~\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+# cd $HOME
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\InsetSpace ~
+# extract source to directory sdcc
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\newline
+\family typewriter
+mkdir sdcc.build\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+# put output in sdcc.build
+\end_layout
-\newline
-Alternatively,
-\emph on
-foomain.c
-\emph default
-can be separately compiled as well:
-\family sans
-\series bold
-
-\newline
-
-\newline
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
--c\SpecialChar ~
-foomain.c
-\newline
-sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\newline
+\family typewriter
+cd sdcc.build
+\end_layout
-\family default
-\series default
-The file containing the
-\emph on
-main()
-\emph default
- function
-\emph on
-
-\emph default
-\noun on
-must
-\noun default
- be the
-\noun on
-first
-\noun default
- file specified in the command line, since the linkage editor processes
- file in the order they are presented to it.
- The linker is invoked from SDCC using a script file with extension .lnk
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lnk}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+../sdcc/configure\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+# configure is doing all the magic!
+\end_layout
-.
- You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising
- from missing libraries.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
-Projects with Additional Libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\family typewriter
+make
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+That's it!
+\series bold
+configure
+\series default
+ will create the directory tree will all the necessary Makefiles in ~/sdcc.build.
+ It automagically computes the variables srcdir, top_srcdir and top_buildir
+ for each directory.
+ After running
+\series bold
+make
+\series default
+ the generated files will be in ~/sdcc.build, while the source files stay
+ in ~/sdcc.
+\newline
+This is not only usefull for building different binaries, e.g.
+ when cross compiling.
+ It also gives you a much better overview in the source tree when all the
+ generated files are not scattered between the source files.
+ And the best thing is: if you want to change a file you can leave the original
+ file untouched in the source directory.
+ Simply copy it to the build directory, edit it, enter `make clean', `rm
+ Makefile.dep' and `make'.
+
+\series bold
+make
+\series default
+ will do the rest for you!
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Building the Documentation
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Add -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation
- for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc)
- for how to create a
-\emph on
-.lib
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lib}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\emph default
- library file.
- Libraries created in this manner can be included in the command line.
- Make sure you include the -L <library-path> option to tell the linker where
- to look for these files if they are not in the current directory.
- Here is an example, assuming you have the source file
-\emph on
-foomain.c
-\emph default
- and a library
-\emph on
- foolib.lib
-\emph default
- in the directory
-\emph on
-mylib
-\emph default
- (if that is not the same as your current project):
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
+-enable-doc to the configure arguments to build the documentation together
+ with all the other stuff.
+ You will need several tools (LyX, LaTeX, LaTeX2HTML, pdflatex, dvipdf,
+ dvips and makeindex) to get the job done.
+ Another possibility is to change to the doc directory and to type
+\family sans
+\series bold
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc foomain.c foolib.lib -L mylib
-\newline
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\newline
+make
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\family default
-\series default
-Note here that
-\emph on
- mylib
-\emph default
- must be an absolute path name.
-\newline
-\newline
-The most efficient way to use libraries is to keep separate modules in separate
- source files.
- The lib file now should name all the modules.rel
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
+\family default
+\series default
+ there.
+ You're invited to make changes and additions to this manual (sdcc/doc/sdccman.ly
+x).
+ Using LyX
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.lyx.org"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- files.
- For an example see the standard library file
-\emph on
-libsdcc.lib
-\emph default
- in the directory <installdir>/share/lib/small.
-\layout Subsection
+ as editor is straightforward.
+ Prebuilt documentation in html and pdf format is available from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php"
-Using sdcclib to Create and Manage Libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Reading the Documentation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Documentation"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library
- file as described in the preceding section, sdcclib can be used to embed
- all the modules belonging to such library in the library file itself.
- This results in a larger library file, but it greatly reduces the number
- of disk files accessed by the linker.
- Additionally, the packed library file contains an index of all include
- modules and symbols that significantly speeds up the linking process.
- To display a list of options supported by sdcclib type:
-\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown
+ reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they
+ are not
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcclib -?
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you should know why please drop us a note
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+.
+
+\newline
+You'll find the pdf version
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PDF version of this document"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
+ at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.pdf"
-\family default
-\series default
-To create a new library file, start by compiling all the required modules.
- For example:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+.
+
+\newline
+A html version
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HTML version of this document"
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc -c _divsint.c
-\layout Standard
+ should be online at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.html/index.html"
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc -c _divuint.c
-\layout Standard
+.
+\newline
+This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation:
+
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document
+ (commercially these probably would be separate documents/products).
+ This document
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Status of documentation"
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc -c _modsint.c
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati
+on about f.e.
+ Z80, PIC14, PIC16 and HC08.
+\end_layout
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc -c _moduint.c
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
+There are many references pointing away from this documentation.
+ Don't let this distract you.
+ If there f.e.
+ was a reference like
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.opencores.org"
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc -c _mulint.c
-\newline
+ together with a statement
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+some processors which are targetted by SDCC can be implemented in a
+\emph on
+f
+\emph default
+ield
+\emph on
+p
+\emph default
+rogrammable
+\emph on
+g
+\emph default
+ate
+\emph on
+a
+\emph default
+rray
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "FPGA (field programmable gate array)"
-This will create files _divsint.rel, _divuint.rel, _modsint.rel, _moduint.rel,
- and _mulint.rel.
- The next step is to add the .rel files to the library file:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel
-\family default
+ or
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sf.net/projects/fpgac"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "FpgaC ((subset of) C to FPGA compiler)"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel
-\layout Standard
+have you ever heard of an open source compiler that compiles a subset of
+ C for an FPGA?
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+ we expect you to have a quick look there and come back.
+ If you read this you are on the right track.
+\end_layout
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings
+ than to the solution.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating.
+\end_layout
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
+There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles
+ than pictures.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Testing the SDCC Compiler
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Testing-the-SDCC"
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcclib libint.lib _mulint.rel
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-If the file already exists in the library, it will be replaced.
- To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s
- and -m are available.
- For example:
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to
+ see if it runs.
+ Type
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"sdcc -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcclib -s libint.lib
-\family default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-version"
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "version"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-\series default
-_divsint.rel:
-\layout Standard
+\family default
+\series default
+ at the prompt, and the program should run and output its version like:
+
+\newline
-\family typewriter
-__divsint_a_1_1
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+SDCC : mcs51/z80/avr/ds390/pic16/pic14/ds400/hc08 2.5.6 #4169 (May 8 2006)
+ (UNIX)
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then
+ you need to check over your installation.
+ Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path
+ defined by the PATH environment setting (
+\series medium
+see
+\series default
+ section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Install-Trouble-shooting"
-\family typewriter
-__divsint_PARM_2
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
-\family typewriter
-__divsint
-\newline
-_divuint.rel:
-\layout Standard
+\series medium
+Install trouble-shooting for suggestions
+\series default
+).
+ Make sure that the sdcc program is in the bin folder, if not perhaps something
+ did not install correctly.
+\newline
+\newline
-\family typewriter
-__divuint_a_1_1
-\layout Standard
+\series medium
+SDCC
+\series default
+ is commonly installed as described in section
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+Install and search paths
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__divuint_PARM_2
-\layout Standard
+.
+\newline
+\newline
-\family typewriter
-__divuint_reste_1_1
-\layout Standard
+\series medium
+Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example.
+ Type in the following test.c program using your favorite
+\series default
+ ASCII
+\series medium
+editor:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-__divuint_count_1_1
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+char test;
+\newline
+\newline
+void main(void) {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+test=0;
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-__divuint
-\newline
-_modsint.rel:
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\series medium
+Compile this using the following command:
+\series default
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"sdcc -c test.c".
-\family typewriter
-__modsint_a_1_1
-\layout Standard
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\series medium
+If all goes well, the compiler will generate a test.asm and test.rel file.
+ Congratulations, you've just compiled your first program with SDCC.
+ We used the -c option to tell SDCC not to link the generated code, just
+ to keep things simple for this step.
+\series default
+\newline
-\family typewriter
-__modsint_PARM_2
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+
+\series medium
+The next step is to try it with the linker.
+ Type in
+\series default
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"sdcc test.c
+\family default
+\series default
+"
+\series medium
+.
+ If all goes well the compiler will link with the libraries and produce
+ a test.ihx output file.
+ If this step fails
+\series default
+
+\series medium
+(no test.ihx, and the linker generates warnings), then the problem is most
+ likely that
+\series default
+ SDCC
+\series medium
+cannot find the
+\series default
+ /
+\series medium
+usr/local/share/sdcc/lib directory
+\series default
+
+\series medium
+(see
+\series default
+ section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Install-Trouble-shooting"
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__modsint
-\newline
-_moduint.rel:
-\layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
+\series medium
+Install trouble-shooting for suggestions).
+\series default
-\family typewriter
-__moduint_a_1_1
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+\newline
-\family typewriter
-__moduint_PARM_2
-\layout Standard
+\series medium
+The final test is to ensure
+\series default
+ SDCC
+\series medium
+can use the
+\series default
+ standard
+\series medium
+header files and libraries.
+ Edit test.c and change it to the following:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-__moduint_count_1_1
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+#include <string.h>
+\newline
+\newline
+char str1[10];
+\newline
-\family typewriter
-__moduint
-\newline
-_mulint.rel:
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+void main(void) {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+strcpy(str1, "testing");
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-__mulint_PARM_2
-\layout Standard
+\series medium
+Compile this by typing
+\series default
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"sdcc test.c"
+\family default
+\series medium
+.
+ This should generate a test.ihx output file, and it should give no warnings
+ such as not finding the string.h file.
+ If it cannot find the string.h file, then the problem is that
+\series default
+ SDCC
+\series medium
+cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include directory
+\series default
+
+\series medium
+(see the
+\series default
+ section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Install-Trouble-shooting"
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__mulint
-\family default
-\series bold
+\InsetSpace ~
-\newline
+\series medium
+Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions).
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-If the source files are compiled using -
+\series default
+ Use option
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-print-search-dirs
+\series default
-, the corresponding debug information file .adb will be include in the library
- file as well.
- The library files created with sdcclib are plain text files, so they can
- be viewed with a text editor.
- It is not recomended to modify a library file created with sdcclib using
- a text editor, as there are file indexes numbers located accross the file
- used by the linker to quickly locate the required module to link.
- Once a .rel file (as well as a .adb file) is added to a library using sdcclib,
- it can be safely deleted, since all the information required for linking
- is embedded in the library file itself.
- Library files created using sdcclib are used as described in the preceding
- sections.
-\layout Section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-print-search-dirs"
-Command Line Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Command Line Options}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Install Trouble-shooting
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Install-Trouble-shooting"
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Processor Selection Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options processor selection}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Install trouble-shooting"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Processor selection options}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+If SDCC does not build correctly
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package
+ again in an empty directory.
+ Configure it like:
+\newline
+\newline
-\series bold
--mmcs51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mmcs51}
+\family sans
+\series bold
+./configure 2>&1 | tee configure.log
+\family default
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\newline
+and build it like:
+\newline
-\series default
- Generate code for the Intel MCS51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+make 2>&1 | tee make.log
+\family default
+\series default
- family of processors.
- This is the default processor target.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
+\newline
+If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem.
+ Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful
+ when requesting help from the mailing list.
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--mds390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds390}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+What the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+./configure
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+ does
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Generate code for the Dallas DS80C390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C390}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+./configure
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
- processor.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ command is a script that analyzes your system and performs some configuration
+ to ensure the source package compiles on your system.
+ It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine
+ what compiler features are installed.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+What the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--mds400
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds400}
+make
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ does
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source
+ packages into the final installed binary executables.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Generate code for the Dallas DS80C400
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+What the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+make install
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
- processor.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ command does.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include
+ files into the appropriate directories.
+ See sections
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Install-paths"
-\series bold
--mhc08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mhc08}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+,\InsetSpace ~
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Search-Paths"
-\series default
- Generate code for the Freescale/Motorola HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+about install and search paths.
+\newline
+On most systems you will need super-user privilege
+s to do this.
+\end_layout
- family of processors.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Section
+Components of SDCC
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers.
+ These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components.
+ Here is a summary of some of the components.
+ Note that the included simulator and assembler have separate documentation
+ which you can find in the source package in their respective directories.
+ As SDCC grows to include support for other processors, other packages from
+ various developers are included and may have their own sets of documentation.
+\newline
-\series bold
--mz80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mz80}
+\newline
+You
+ might want to look at the files which are installed in <installdir>.
+ At the time of this writing, we find the following programs for gcc-builds:
+\newline
-\end_inset
+
+\newline
+In <installdir>/bin:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sdcc - The compiler.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Generate code for the Zilog Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sdcpp - The C preprocessor.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors.
+\end_layout
- family of processors.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Itemize
+as-z80
+\series bold
+,
+\series default
+ as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors.
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--mgbz80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mgbz80}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+link-z80
+\series bold
+,
+\series default
+ link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sdcdb - The source debugger.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Generate code for the GameBoy Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+In <installdir>/share/sdcc/include
+\end_layout
- processor (Not actively maintained).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Itemize
+the include files
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--mavr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mavr}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled
+ relocatables.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+In <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+the documentation
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Generate code for the Atmel AVR
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AVR}
+\begin_layout Standard
+As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include
+ executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+sdcc - The Compiler
+\end_layout
- processor (Not maintained, not complete).
- AVR users should probably have a look at winavr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr}
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes
+ the assembler and linkage editor.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor
+\end_layout
- or
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=index}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The preprocessor
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcpp (preprocessor)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
-\layout Comment
+ is a modified version of the GNU cpp
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "cpp|see{sdcpp}"
-I think it is fair to direct users there for now.
- Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work .
- But I didn't find the 'official' link.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ preprocessor
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://gcc.gnu.org/"
-\series bold
--mpic14
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic14}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef
+ statements, #defines and so on.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+as
+\emph on
+xxxx
+\emph default
+, aslink, link-
+\emph on
+xxx
+\emph default
+ - The Assemblers and Linkage Editors
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Generate code for the Microchip PIC 14
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan
+ Baldwin.
+ John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some
+ enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+s51 - The Simulator
+\end_layout
--bit processors (p16f84 and variants.
- In development, not complete).
-\layout Comment
+\begin_layout Standard
+S51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "s51"
-p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877?
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ is a free open source simulator developed by Daniel Drotos.
+ The simulator is built as part of the build process.
+ For more information visit Daniel's web site at:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51"
-\series bold
--mpic16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic16}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips
+ XA51 family.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+sdcdb - Source Level Debugger
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Generate code for the Microchip PIC 16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCDB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCDB (debugger)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--bit processors (p18f452 and variants.
- In development, not complete).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ is the companion source level debugger.
+ More about SDCDB in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--mtlcs900h
-\series default
- Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TLCS-900H}
+.
+ The current version of the debugger uses Daniel's Simulator S51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "s51"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- processor (Not maintained, not complete).
-\layout List
-\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+, but can be easily changed to use other simulators.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Chapter
+Using SDCC
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--mxa51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mxa51}
+\begin_layout Section
+Compiling
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Single Source File Projects
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple.
+ Compile your programs with the following command
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"sdcc sourcefile.c".
-\series default
- Generate code for the Phillips XA51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XA51}
+\family default
+\series default
+ This will compile, assemble and link your source file.
+ Output files are as follows:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.asm"
- processor (Not maintained, not complete).
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Preprocessor Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options preprocessor}
+ - Assembler source
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler source"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ file created by the compiler
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Preprocessor options}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.lst
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.lst"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ - Assembler listing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler listing"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ file created by the Assembler
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.rst
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.rst"
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ - Assembler listing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler listing"
-\series bold
--I<path>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-I<path>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.sym
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.sym"
-\series default
- The additional location where the pre processor will look for <..h> or
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-..h
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+ - symbol listing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Symbol listing"
- files.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ for the sourcefile, created by the assembler
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--D<macro[=value]>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-D<macro[=value]>}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.rel
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.rel"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ or sourcefile.o
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.o"
-\series default
- Command line definition of macros.
- Passed to the preprocessor.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ - Object file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Object file"
-\series bold
--M
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-M}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.map"
-\series default
- Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make describing the
- dependencies of each object file.
- For each source file, the preprocessor outputs one make-rule whose target
- is the object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are
- all the files `#include'd in it.
- This rule may be a single line or may be continued with `
-\backslash
-'-newline if it is long.
- The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed
- C program.
- `-M' implies `-E
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ - The memory map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory map"
-'.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ for the load module, created by the Linker
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--C
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-C}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.mem
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.mem"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ - A file with a summary of the memory usage
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments.
- Used with the `-E' option.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.ihx
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.ihx"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--MM
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-MM}
+ - The load module in Intel hex format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Intel hex format"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ (you can select the Motorola S19 format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Motorola S19 format"
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
-Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with
- `#include
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-file"'.
- System header files included with `#include <file>' are omitted.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ with -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
--Aquestion(answer)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Aquestion(answer)}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Assert the answer answer for question, in case it is tested with a preprocessor
- conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'.
- `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target
- machine.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-out-fmt-s19
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-out-fmt-s19"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--Umacro
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Umacro}
+.
+ If you need another format you might want to use
+\family sans
+\shape italic
+objdump
+\family default
+\shape default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "objdump (tool)"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Undefine macro macro.
- `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include'
- and `-imacros' options.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ or
+\family sans
+\shape italic
+srecord
+\family default
+\shape default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)"
-\series bold
--dM
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dM}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\series default
- Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that
- are in effect at the end of preprocessing.
- Used with the `-E' option.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+hyperlinks needed
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--dD
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dD}
+ - see also section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vref
+reference "sub:Postprocessing-the-Intel"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+).
+ Both formats are documented in the documentation of srecord
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)"
-\series default
- Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in
- their proper sequence in the rest of the output.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--dN
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dN}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.adb
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.adb"
+\end_inset
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
-Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted.
- Only `#define name' is included in the output.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ - An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the
+ .cdb file (with -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
--pedantic-parse-number
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-pedantic-parse-number}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
-Pedentic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed properly
- and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded.
- See also #pragma pedantic_parse_number in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas}
+-debug
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-debug"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\emph on
-Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard!
+)
+\end_layout
-\layout List
-\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.cdb
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.cdb"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--Wp\SpecialChar ~
-preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]
-\series default
+ - An optional file (with -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wp preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-...
- Pass the preprocessorOption to the preprocessor
-\family typewriter
-sdcpp
-\family default
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-debug) containing debug information.
+ The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf
+\end_layout
-.
- SDCC uses an adapted version of the preprocessor
-\emph on
-cpp
-\emph default
- of the GNU Compiler Collection
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gcc (GNU Compiler Collection)}
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.
+ - (no extension)
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file> (no extension)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (
-\emph on
-gcc
-\emph default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/}
+ An optional AOMF or AOMF51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "AOMF, AOMF51"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\SpecialChar ~
-4.1.1\SpecialChar ~
-CPP\SpecialChar ~
-Manual
- at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/}
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "OMF file"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
-\layout Subsection
+file containing debug information (generated with option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Linker Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options linker}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker options}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-debug).
+ The (Intel)
+\emph on
+a
+\emph default
+bsolute
+\emph on
+o
+\emph default
+bject
+\emph on
+m
+\emph default
+odule
+\emph on
+f
+\emph default
+ormat is a subformat of the OMF51 format and is commonly used by third party
+ tools (debuggers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Debugger"
+\end_inset
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+, simulators, emulators).
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sourcefile.dump*
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.dump*"
-\series bold
--L\SpecialChar ~
--
-\series default
+\end_inset
+ - Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
--lib-path
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-lib-path <path>}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-dumpall) (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-L -\/-lib-path}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+ and section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:The-anatomy-of"
+\end_inset
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-<absolute path to additional libraries> This option is passed to the linkage
- editor's additional libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\InsetSpace ~
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
- search path.
- The path name must be absolute.
- Additional library files may be specified in the command line.
- See section Compiling programs for more details.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+Anatomy of the compiler
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+).
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Postprocessing the Intel Hex
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Intel hex format"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Postprocessing-the-Intel"
--xram-loc
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-loc <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> The start location of the external ram
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+In most cases this won't be needed but the Intel Hex file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.ihx"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-, default value is 0.
- The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ which is generated by SDCC might include lines of varying length and the
+ addresses within the file are not guaranteed to be strictly ascending.
+ If your toolchain or a bootloader does not like this you can use the tool
+
+\family typewriter
+packihx
+\family default
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "packihx (tool)"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--xram-loc 0x8000 or -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ which is part of the SDCC distribution:
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+packihx sourcefile.ihx >sourcefile.hex
+\family default
+\series default
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
--xram-loc 32768.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
+The separately available
+\emph on
+srecord
+\emph default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ package additionally allows to set undefined locations to a predefined
+ value, to insert checksums
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "checksum"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--code-loc
-\series default
+ of various flavours (crc, add, xor) and to perform other manipulations
+ (convert, split, crop, offset, ...).
+
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc <Value>}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+srec_cat\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sourcefile.ihx -intel\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+-o sourcefile.hex -intel
+\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> The start location of the code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\family default
+\series default
+An example for a more complex command line
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
- segment, default value 0.
- Note when this option is used the interrupt vector table
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
+\begin_layout Standard
+the command backfills
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "backfill unused memory"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- is also relocated to the given address.
- The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ unused memory with 0x12 and the overall 16 bit sum of the complete 64 kByte
+ block is zero.
+ If the program counter on an mcs51 runs wild the backfill pattern 0x12
+ will be interpreted as an
+\family typewriter
+lcall
+\family default
+ to address
+\family typewriter
+0x1212
+\family default
+ (where an emergency routine could sit).
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ could look like:
+\newline
--code-loc 0x8000 or -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\family sans
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+srec_cat\InsetSpace ~
+sourcefile.ihx -intel\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+-fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\InsetSpace ~
+-little-endian-checksum-nega
+tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+-o sourcefile.hex -intel
+\size default
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
--code-loc 32768.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
+\family default
+\series default
+The srecord package is available at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sf.net/projects/srecord"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ .
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Projects with Multiple Source Files
+\end_layout
--stack-loc
-\series default
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time.
+ Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following
+ files:
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc <Value>}
+\newline
+foo1.c (contains some functions)
+\newline
+foo2.c (contains some more functions)
+\newline
+foomai
+n.c (contains more functions and the function main)
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> By default the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\size default
+The first two files will need to be compiled separately with the commands:
+\size footnotesize
+
+\size default
- is placed after the data segment.
- Using this option the stack can be placed anywhere in the internal memory
- space of the 8051.
- The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc\InsetSpace ~
+-c\InsetSpace ~
+foo1.c
+\family default
+\series default
+\size footnotesize
--stack-loc 0x20 or -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\family sans
+\series bold
+\size default
+sdcc\InsetSpace ~
+-c\InsetSpace ~
+foo2.c
+\family default
+\series default
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
--stack-loc 32.
- Since the sp register is incremented before a push or call, the initial
- sp will be set to one byte prior the provided value.
- The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as used
- register banks or the data segment and with enough space for the current
- application.
- The
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
+Then compile the source file containing the
+\emph on
+main()
+\emph default
+ function and link
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Linker"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ the files together with the following command:
+\newline
--pack-iram
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram}
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc\InsetSpace ~
+foomain.c\InsetSpace ~
+foo1.rel\InsetSpace ~
+foo2.rel
+\family default
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.rel"
- option (which is now a default setting) will override this setting, so
- you should also specify the
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
--no-pack-iram
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+Alternatively,
+\emph on
+foomain.c
+\emph default
+ can be separately compiled as well:
+\family sans
+\series bold
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+sdcc\InsetSpace ~
+-c\InsetSpace ~
+foomain.c
+\newline
+sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel
+\newline
- option if you need to manually place the stack.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
+\family default
+\series default
+The file containing the
+\emph on
+main()
+\emph default
+ function
+\noun on
+must
+\noun default
+ be the
+\noun on
+first
+\noun default
+ file specified in the command line, since the linkage editor processes
+ file in the order they are presented to it.
+ The linker is invoked from SDCC using a script file with extension .lnk
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.lnk"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+.
+ You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising
+ from missing libraries.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Projects with Additional Libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
--xstack-loc
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack-loc <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> By default the external stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xstack}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation
+ for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc)
+ for how to create a
+\emph on
+.lib
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.lib"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- is placed after the pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ library file.
+ Libraries created in this manner can be included in the command line.
+ Make sure you include the -L <library-path> option to tell the linker where
+ to look for these files if they are not in the current directory.
+ Here is an example, assuming you have the source file
+\emph on
+foomain.c
+\emph default
+ and a library
+\emph on
+foolib.lib
+\emph default
+ in the directory
+\emph on
+mylib
+\emph default
+ (if that is not the same as your current project):
+\newline
- segment.
- Using this option the xstack can be placed anywhere in the external memory
- space of the 8051.
- The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc foomain.c foolib.lib -L mylib
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
--xstack-loc 0x8000 or -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family default
+\series default
+Note here that
+\emph on
+mylib
+\emph default
+ must be an absolute path name.
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+The most efficient way to use libraries is
+ to keep separate modules in separate source files.
+ The lib file now should name all the modules.rel
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.rel"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--stack-loc 32768.
- The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as the
- pdata or xdata segment and with enough space for the current application.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ files.
+ For an example see the standard library file
+\emph on
+libsdcc.lib
+\emph default
+ in the directory <installdir>/share/lib/small.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Using sdcclib to Create and Manage Libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcclib"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--data-loc
-\series default
+\begin_layout Standard
+Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library
+ file as described in the preceding section, sdcclib can be used to embed
+ all the modules belonging to such library in the library file itself.
+ This results in a larger library file, but it greatly reduces the number
+ of disk files accessed by the linker.
+ Additionally, the packed library file contains an index of all include
+ modules and symbols that significantly speeds up the linking process.
+ To display a list of options supported by sdcclib type:
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc <Value>}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> The start location of the internal ram data
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib -?
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcclib"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- segment.
- The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
--data-loc 0x20 or -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family default
+\series default
+To create a new library file, start by compiling all the required modules.
+ For example:
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
--data-loc 32.
- (By default, the start location of the internal ram data segment is set
- as low as possible in memory, taking into account the used register banks
- and the bit segment at address 0x20.
- For example if register banks 0 and 1 are used without bit variables, the
- data segment will be set, if -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -c _divsint.c
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -c _divuint.c
+\end_layout
--data-loc is not used, to location 0x10.)
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -c _modsint.c
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -c _moduint.c
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
--idata-loc
-\series default
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -c _mulint.c
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-idata-loc <Value>}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+This will create files _divsint.rel, _divuint.rel, _modsint.rel, _moduint.rel,
+ and _mulint.rel.
+ The next step is to add the .rel files to the library file:
+\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- of the 8051, default value is 0x80.
- The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel
+\family default
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcclib"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--idata-loc 0x88 or -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
--idata-loc 136.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel
+\end_layout
--bit-loc
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> The start location of the bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _mulint.rel
+\family default
+\series default
- addressable internal ram of the 8051.
- This is
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- implemented yet.
- Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\SpecialChar ~
--bBSEG=<Value>.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+Or, if you preffer:
+\family sans
+\series bold
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--out-fmt-ihx
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-ihx}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel _divuint.rel _modsint.rel _moduint.rel _mulint.rel
+\family default
+\series default
+\newline
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\bar default
-The linker output (final object code) is in Intel Hex format.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the file already exists in the library, it will be replaced.
+ If a list of .rel files is available, you can tell sdcclib to add those
+ files to a library.
+ For example, if the file 'myliblist.txt' contains
+\family sans
+\series bold
- This is the default option.
- The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+\family sans
+\series bold
+_divsint.rel
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\family sans
+\series bold
+_divuint.rel
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
--out-fmt-s19
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
+\family sans
+\series bold
+_modsint.rel
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\family sans
+\series bold
+_moduint.rel
+\end_layout
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\bar default
-The linker output (final object code) is in Motorola S19 format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+_mulint.rel
+\family default
+\series default
-.
- The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+Use
+\family sans
+\series bold
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--out-fmt-elf
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib -l libint.lib myliblist.txt
+\family default
+\series default
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Options!-\/-out-fmt-elf}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Additionally, you can instruct sdcclib to compiles the files before adding
+ them to the library.
+ This is achieved using the environment variables SDCCLIB_CC and/or SDCCLIB_AS.
+ For example:
+\family sans
+\series bold
+\newline
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\bar default
-The linker output (final object code) is in ELF format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ELF format}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
- (Currently only supported for the HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+\family sans
+\series bold
+set SDCCLIB_CC=sdcc -c
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- processors)
-\layout List
-\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib -l libint.lib myliblist.txt
+\family default
+\series default
+\newline
-\series bold
--Wl\SpecialChar ~
-linkOption[,linkOption]
-\series default
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wl linkOption[,linkOption]}
+\begin_layout Standard
+To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s
+ and -m are available.
+ For example:
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
-...
- Pass the linkOption to the linker.
- If a bootloader is used an option like
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib -s libint.lib
+\family default
--Wl\SpecialChar ~
--bCSEG=0x1000
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcclib"
- would be typical to set the start of the code segment.
- See also #pragma constseg and #pragma codeseg in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- .
- File sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html has more on linker options.
-\layout Subsection
+\newline
-MCS51 Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options MCS51}
+\family typewriter
+\series default
+_divsint.rel:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+__divsint_a_1_1
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 options}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__divsint_PARM_2
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family typewriter
+__divsint
+\newline
+_divuint.rel:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family typewriter
+__divuint_a_1_1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__divuint_PARM_2
+\end_layout
--model-small
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-small}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__divuint_reste_1_1
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
-\size large
-\emph on
-
-\size default
-\emph default
-Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more
- details.
- This is the default model.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family typewriter
+__divuint_count_1_1
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family typewriter
+__divuint
+\newline
+_modsint.rel:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__modsint_a_1_1
+\end_layout
--model-medium
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-medium}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__modsint_PARM_2
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
- Generate code for Medium model programs, see section Memory Models for
- more details.
- If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
- with this option.
- It must also be used when invoking the linker.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family typewriter
+__modsint
+\newline
+_moduint.rel:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family typewriter
+__moduint_a_1_1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__moduint_PARM_2
+\end_layout
--model-large
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__moduint_count_1_1
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
- Generate code for Large model programs, see section Memory Models for more
- details.
- If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
- with this option.
- It must also be used when invoking the linker.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family typewriter
+__moduint
+\newline
+_mulint.rel:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
--
+\family typewriter
+__mulint_PARM_2
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+__mulint
+\family default
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the source files are compiled using -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--xstack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-debug
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-debug"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Uses a pseudo stack in the pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+, the corresponding debug information file .adb will be include in the library
+ file as well.
+ The library files created with sdcclib are plain text files, so they can
+ be viewed with a text editor.
+ It is not recommended to modify a library file created with sdcclib using
+ a text editor, as there are file indexes numbers located across the file
+ used by the linker to quickly locate the required module to link.
+ Once a .rel file (as well as a .adb file) is added to a library using sdcclib,
+ it can be safely deleted, since all the information required for linking
+ is embedded in the library file itself.
+ Library files created using sdcclib are used as described in the preceding
+ sections.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- area (usually the first 256 bytes in the external ram) for allocating variables
- and passing parameters.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:External-Stack}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Section
+Command Line Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Command Line Options"
-\SpecialChar ~
- External Stack for more details.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Command-Line-Options"
+
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--iram-size
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Processor Selection Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options processor selection"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of
- the given value.
-\layout List
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Processor selection options"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mmcs51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mmcs51"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Intel MCS51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51"
--xram-size
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size <Value>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ family of processors.
+ This is the default processor target.
+\end_layout
- Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of
- the given value.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mds390
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mds390"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Dallas DS80C390
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS80C390"
--code-size
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size <Value>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ processor.
+\end_layout
- Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of
- the given value.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mds400
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mds400"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Dallas DS80C400
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS80C400"
--stack-size
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-size <Value>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ processor.
+\end_layout
- Causes the linker to check if there is at minimum <Value> bytes for stack.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mhc08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mhc08"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Freescale/Motorola HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
--pack-iram
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram}
+ family of processors.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- Causes the linker to use unused register banks for data variables and pack
- data, idata and stack together.
- This is the default now.
-\layout List
-\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mz80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mz80"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Zilog Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--no-pack-iram
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
+ family of processors.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-mgbz80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mgbz80"
- Causes the linker to use old style for allocating memory areas.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-DS390 / DS400 Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options DS390}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for the GameBoy Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390}
+ processor (Not actively maintained).
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mavr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mavr"
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Atmel AVR
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "AVR"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ processor (Not maintained, not complete).
+ AVR users should probably have a look at winavr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr"
--model-flat24
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-model-flat24}
+ or
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=index"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+, which is based on AVR-port of the gcc compiler.
+\end_layout
-\size large
-\emph on
-
-\size default
-\emph default
-Generate 24-bit flat mode code.
- This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now
- and is default when using
-\emph on
--mds390
-\emph default
-.
- See section Memory Models for more details.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+I think it is fair to direct users there for now.
+ Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work .
+ But I didn't find the 'official' link.
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--protect-sp-update
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-protect-sp-update}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-mpic14
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mpic14"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Microchip PIC 14
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-bit processors (p16f84 and variants.
+ In development, not complete).
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
--stack-10bit
-\series default
+\begin_layout Standard
+p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877?
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-10bit}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- Generate code for the 10 bit stack mode of the Dallas DS80C390 part.
- This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now
- and is default when using
-\emph on
--mds390
-\emph default
-.
- In this mode, the stack is located in the lower 1K of the internal RAM,
- which is mapped to 0x400000.
- Note that the support is incomplete, since it still uses a single byte
- as the stack pointer.
- This means that only the lower 256 bytes of the potential 1K stack space
- will actually be used.
- However, this does allow you to reclaim the precious 256 bytes of low RAM
- for use for the DATA and IDATA segments.
- The compiler will not generate any code to put the processor into 10 bit
- stack mode.
- It is important to ensure that the processor is in this mode before calling
- any re-entrant functions compiled with this option.
- In principle, this should work with the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mpic16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mpic16"
-\emph default
- option, but that has not been tested.
- It is incompatible with the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Microchip PIC 16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
--xstack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-bit processors (p18f452 and variants.
+ In development, not complete).
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\emph default
- option.
- It also only makes sense if the processor is in 24 bit contiguous addressing
- mode (see the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\series bold
+-mtlcs900h
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "TLCS-900H"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ processor (Not maintained, not complete).
+\end_layout
--model-flat24 option
-\emph default
-).
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mxa51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-mxa51"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Phillips XA51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "XA51"
--stack-probe
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-probe}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ processor (Not maintained, not complete).
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\series default
- insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Preprocessor Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options preprocessor"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--tini-libid
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-tini-libid}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Preprocessor options"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
- <nnnn> LibraryID used in -mTININative.
-
-\layout List
-\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcpp (preprocessor)"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
--use-accelerator
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-use-accelerator}
+\series bold
+-I<path>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-I<path>"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
- generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator.
-
-\layout Subsection
+\series default
+ The additional location where the preprocessor will look for <..h> or
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
-Z80 Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options Z80}
+..h
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ files.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\series bold
+-D<macro[=value]>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-D<macro[=value]>"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series default
+ Command line definition of macros.
+ Passed to the preprocessor.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\series bold
+-M
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-M"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--callee-saves-bc
-\series default
+\series default
+ Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make describing the
+ dependencies of each object file.
+ For each source file, the preprocessor outputs one make-rule whose target
+ is the object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are
+ all the files `#include'd in it.
+ This rule may be a single line or may be continued with `
+\backslash
+'-newline if it is long.
+ The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed
+ C program.
+ `-M' implies `-E
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-E"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-callee-saves-bc}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+'.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\size large
-\emph on
-
-\size default
-\emph default
-Force a called function to always save BC.
-\layout List
-\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-C
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-C"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+ Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments.
+ Used with the `-E' option.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
--no-std-crt0
-\series default
+\series bold
+-MM
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-MM"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-no-std-crt0}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file.
- You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking.
+\series default
+\size large
-\layout Subsection
+\size default
+Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with
+ `#include
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
-Optimization Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options optimization}
+file"'.
+ System header files included with `#include <file>' are omitted.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-Aquestion(answer)
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-Aquestion(answer)"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimization options}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Assert the answer answer for question, in case it is tested with a preprocessor
+ conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'.
+ `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target
+ machine.
+\end_layout
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-Umacro
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-Umacro"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Undefine macro macro.
+ `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include'
+ and `-imacros' options.
+\end_layout
--nogcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nogcse}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-dM
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-dM"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Will not do global subexpression elimination, this option may be used when
- the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data spaces to store compiler
- temporaries (
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-pill
-\emph on
-loc
-\emph default
-ations, sloc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sloc (spill location)}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that
+ are in effect at the end of preprocessing.
+ Used with the `-E' option.
+\end_layout
-).
- A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler
- will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated.
- It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nogcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-dD
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-dD"
- can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- for a given function only.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series default
+ Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in
+ their proper sequence in the rest of the output.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\series bold
+-dN
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-dN"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--noinvariant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinvariant}
+\series default
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted.
+ Only `#define name' is included in the output.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-pedantic-parse-number
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pedantic"
-\series default
- Will not do loop invariant optimizations, this may be turned off for reasons
- explained for the previous option.
- For more details of loop optimizations performed see Loop Invariants in
- section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-.
- It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-noinvariant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-pedantic-parse-number"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\size large
+\bar under
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:-pedantic-parse-number"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinduction}
+\series default
+\bar default
+
+\size default
+Pedantic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed properly
+ and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded.
+ See also #pragma pedantic_parse_number
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "ite:pedantic_parse_number"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Pragmas"
-\series default
- Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction
- for more details.
- It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+
+\emph on
+Note: this functionality is not in conformance with C99 standard!
+\end_layout
- can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-Wp\InsetSpace ~
+preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]
+\series default
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-Wp preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+...
+ Pass the preprocessorOption to the preprocessor
+\family typewriter
+sdcpp
+\family default
--nojtbound
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nojtbound}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcpp (preprocessor)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+.
+ SDCC uses an adapted version of the preprocessor
+\emph on
+cpp
+\emph default
+ of the GNU Compiler Collection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gcc (GNU Compiler Collection)"
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
- Will not generate boundary condition check when switch statements
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ (
+\emph on
+gcc
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://gcc.gnu.org/"
- are implemented using jump-tables.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\InsetSpace ~
+4.1.1\InsetSpace ~
+CPP\InsetSpace ~
+Manual
+ at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/"
-\SpecialChar ~
-Switch Statements for more details.
- It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nojtbound
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
- can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function
- only.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Linker Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options linker"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--noloopreverse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noloopreverse}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Linker options"
+\end_inset
-\series default
-\size large
-
-\size default
-Will not do loop reversal
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-optimization.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-L\InsetSpace ~
-
+\series default
+
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--
-\series bold
-nolabelopt
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nolabelopt }
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-lib-path
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-lib-path <path>"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-L -\\/-lib-path"
--no-xinit-opt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<absolute path to additional libraries> This option is passed to the linkage
+ editor's additional libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
-\series default
- Will not memcpy initialized data from code space into xdata space.
- This saves a few bytes in code space if you don't have initialized data
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ search path.
+ The path name must be absolute.
+ Additional library files may be specified in the command line.
+ See section Compiling programs for more details.
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nooverlay}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-xram-loc
+\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xram-loc <Value>"
-\series default
- The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function,
- see section Parameters and local variables for more details.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value> The start location of the external ram
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+, default value is 0.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--no-peep
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-xram-loc 0x8000 or -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
- Disable peep-hole optimization with built-in rules.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-xram-loc 32768.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--peep-file
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file}
+-code-loc
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-code-loc <Value>"
-\SpecialChar ~
-<filename> This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by
- the peep hole optimizer.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Peephole-Optimizer}
+\end_inset
+
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value> The start location of the code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "code"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ segment, default value 0.
+ Note when this option is used the interrupt vector table
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt vector table"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+ is also relocated to the given address.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--peep-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-code-loc 0x8000 or -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
- Pass the inline assembler code through the peep hole optimizer.
- This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler code, please go through
- the peephole optimizer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- rules defined in the source file tree '<target>/peeph.def' before using
- this option.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+
+-code-loc 32768.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--opt-code-speed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-speed}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-stack-loc
+\series default
-\series default
- The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
- at the expense of code size.
-\layout List
-\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-loc <Value>"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value> By default the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ is placed after the data segment.
+ Using this option the stack can be placed anywhere in the internal memory
+ space of the 8051.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
--opt-code-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-size}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\series default
- The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
- at the expense of code speed.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Other Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options other}
+-stack-loc 0x20 or -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--c\SpecialChar ~
+-stack-loc 32.
+ Since the sp register is incremented before a push or call, the initial
+ sp will be set to one byte prior the provided value.
+ The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as used
+ register banks or the data segment and with enough space for the current
+ application.
+ The
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--compile-only
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-compile-only}
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-c -\/-compile-only}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-pack-iram
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
-\series default
- will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-pack-iram"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
+ option (which is now a default setting) will override this setting, so
+ you should also specify the
+\series bold
-
-\series default
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--c1mode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-c1mode}
+-no-pack-iram
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-pack-iram"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it.
- The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option.
-\layout List
+ option if you need to manually place the stack.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\series bold
--E
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Run only the C preprocessor.
- Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard
- output.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+-xstack-loc
+\series default
-\series bold
--o\SpecialChar ~
-<path/file>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-o <path/file>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xstack-loc <Value>"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\series default
-The output path resp.
- file where everything will be placed.
- If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash
- for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value> By default the external stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xstack"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ is placed after the pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ segment.
+ Using this option the xstack can be placed anywhere in the external memory
+ space of the 8051.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\series default
-\size large
-\emph on
-
-\size default
-\emph default
-All functions in the source file will be compiled as
-\emph on
-reentrant
-\emph default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+-xstack-loc 0x8000 or -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-, i.e.
- the parameters and local variables will be allocated on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-loc 32768.
+ The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as the
+ pdata or xdata segment and with enough space for the current application.
+\end_layout
- Parameters and Local Variables for more details.
- If this option is used all source files in the project should be compiled
- with this option.
- It automatically implies --int-long-reent and --float-reent.
-
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--callee-saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-callee-saves}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-data-loc
+\series default
- function1[,function2][,function3]....
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-data-loc <Value>"
-\series default
- The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving
- across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing
- & popping when calling small functions from larger functions.
- This option can be used to switch the register saving convention for the
- function names specified.
- The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, no extra
- code will be generated at the entry & exit (function prologue
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value> The start location of the internal ram data
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ segment.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\series default
- & epilogue
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series default
-) for these functions to save & restore the registers used by these functions,
- this can SUBSTANTIALLY reduce code & improve run time performance of the
- generated code.
- In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) will be able
- to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
- DO NOT use this option for built-in functions such as _mulint..., if this
- option is used for a library function the appropriate library function
- needs to be recompiled with the same option.
- If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file
- should be compiled with the same -
+-data-loc 0x20 or -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--callee-saves option string.
- Also see #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-callee_saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
+\end_inset
+
+-data-loc 32.
+ (By default, the start location of the internal ram data segment is set
+ as low as possible in memory, taking into account the used register banks
+ and the bit segment at address 0x20.
+ For example if register banks 0 and 1 are used without bit variables, the
+ data segment will be set, if -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-data-loc is not used, to location 0x10.)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-idata-loc
+\series default
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\bar default
-When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information.
- The debug information collected in a file with .cdb extension can be used
- with the SDCDB.
- For more information see documentation for SDCDB.
- Another file with no extension contains debug information in AOMF or AOMF51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-idata-loc <Value>"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- format which is commonly used by third party tools.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value> The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--S
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-S}
+ of the 8051, default value is 0x80.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
-Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble.
- The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+-idata-loc 0x88 or -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--int-long-reent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-idata-loc 136.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant.
- Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant.
- See section Installation for more details.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
--cyclomatic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-cyclomatic}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\bar default
-This option will cause the compiler to generate an information message for
- each function in the source file.
- The message contains some
-\emph on
-important
-\emph default
- information about the function.
- The number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow
- graph of the function, and most importantly the
-\emph on
-cyclomatic complexity
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity}
+-bit-loc
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value> The start location of the bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ addressable internal ram of the 8051.
+ This is
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ implemented yet.
+ Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\InsetSpace ~
+-bBSEG=<Value>.
+\end_layout
-\emph default
- see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--float-reent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-float-reent}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-out-fmt-ihx
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-out-fmt-ihx"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Floating point library is compiled as reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+
+\series default
+The linker output (final object code) is in Intel Hex format.
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Intel hex format"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ This is the default option.
+ The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
.
- See section Installation for more details.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--main-return
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-out-fmt-s19
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-out-fmt-s19"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- This option can be used if the code generated is called by a monitor program
- or if the main routine includes an endless loop.
- This option results in slightly smaller code and saves two bytes of stack
- space.
- The return from the 'main'
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{main return}
+
+\series default
+The linker output (final object code) is in Motorola S19 format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Motorola S19 format"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- function will return to the function calling main.
- The default setting is to lock up i.e.
- generate a '
-\family typewriter
-sjmp .
-\family default
-'.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+.
+ The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
--nostdinc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdinc}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series default
- This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path
- to the preprocessor.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-out-fmt-elf
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-out-fmt-s19"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08!Options!-\\/-out-fmt-elf"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--nostdlib
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdlib}
+
+\series default
+The linker output (final object code) is in ELF format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "ELF format"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+.
+ (Currently only supported for the HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
-\series default
- This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default library
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ processors)
+\end_layout
- path to the linker.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-Wl\InsetSpace ~
+linkOption[,linkOption]
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-Wl linkOption[,linkOption]"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:-Wl option"
--verbose
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-verbose}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+...
+ Pass the linkOption to the linker.
+ If a bootloader is used an option like
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+-Wl\InsetSpace ~
+-bCSEG=0x1000
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Shows the various actions the compiler is performing.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ would be typical to set the start of the code segment.
+ Either use the double quotes around this option or use no space (e.g.
+ -Wl-bCSEG=0x1000).
+ See also #pragma constseg and #pragma codeseg in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Pragmas"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--V
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-V}
+ .
+ File sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html has more on linker options.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+MCS51 Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options MCS51"
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51 options"
--no-c-code-in-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-c-code-in-asm}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always
- blame the compiler :)
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--no-peep-comments
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep-comments}
-
-\end_inset
+status collapsed
-
-\series default
- Will not include peep-hole comments in the generated files.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+-model-small
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-model-small"
--i-code-in-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-i-code-in-asm}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more
+ details.
+ This is the default model.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Include i-codes in the asm file.
- Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--less-pedantic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-less-pedantic}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-model-medium
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-model-medium"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Disable some of the more pedantic warnings
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Warnings}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for Medium model programs, see section Memory Models for
+ more details.
+ If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
+ with this option.
+ It must also be used when invoking the linker.
+\end_layout
- (jwk burps: please be more specific here, please!).
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--disable-warning\SpecialChar ~
-<nnnn>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-disable-warning}
-
-\end_inset
-
+status collapsed
-\series default
- Disable specific warning with number <nnnn>.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+-model-large
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-model-large"
--print-search-dirs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for Large model programs, see section Memory Models for more
+ details.
+ If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
+ with this option.
+ It must also be used when invoking the linker.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Display the directories in the compiler's search path
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--vc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc}
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
- Display errors and warnings using MSVC style, so you can use SDCC with
- the visual studio IDE
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE}
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- With SDCC both offering a GCC-like (the default) and a MSVC-like
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MSVC output style}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- output style, integration into most programming editors should be straightforwa
-rd.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-xstack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xstack"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+ Uses a pseudo stack in the pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--use-stdout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout}
+ area (usually the first 256 bytes in the external ram) for allocating variables
+ and passing parameters.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:External-Stack"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+ External Stack for more details.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\series bold
--Wa\SpecialChar ~
-asmOption[,asmOption]
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wa asmOption[,asmOption]}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-...
- Pass the asmOption to the assembler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options assembler}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-iram-size
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-iram-size <Value>"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler options}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of
+ the given value.
+\end_layout
-.
- See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--std-sdcc89
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc89}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-xram-size
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xram-size <Value>"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
- with the standard (default).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of
+ the given value.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--std-c89
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-code-size
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-code-size <Value>"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
- standard.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of
+ the given value.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--std-sdcc99
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-size
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-size <Value>"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
- with the standard (incomplete support).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ Causes the linker to check if there is at minimum <Value> bytes for stack.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--std-c99
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99}
+\end_inset
+
+-pack-iram
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-pack-iram"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
- standard (incomplete support).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ Causes the linker to use unused register banks for data variables and pack
+ data, idata and stack together.
+ This is the default now.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--codeseg
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-codeseg <Value>}
+-no-pack-iram
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-pack-iram"
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Name> The name to be used for the code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ Causes the linker to use old style for allocating memory areas.
+\end_layout
- segment, default CSEG.
- This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the code in a special
- segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment in a special
- place in memory.
- Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a
- bank.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--constseg
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-constseg <Value>}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Name> The name to be used for the const
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
+-acall-ajmp
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-acall-ajmp"
- segment, default CONST.
- This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the const data in
- a special segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment
- in a special place in memory.
- Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data
- in a bank.
-\layout List
-\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ Replaces the three byte instructions lcall/ljmp with the two byte instructions
+ acall/ajmp.
+ Only use this option if your code is in the same 2k block of memory.
+ You may need to use this option for some 8051 derivatives which lack the
+ lcall/ljmp instructions..
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-more-pedantic
-\series default
- Actually this is
-\series bold
-\emph on
-not
-\series default
-\emph default
- a SDCC compiler option but if you want
-\emph on
-more
-\emph default
- warnings you can use a separate tool dedicated to syntax checking like
- splint
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+DS390 / DS400 Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options DS390"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390"
-.
- To make your source files parseable by splint you will have to include
-
-\family sans
-lint.h
-\family default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- in your source file and add brackets around extended keywords (like
-\family sans
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-__at\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
-(
-\series default
-0xab
-\series bold
-)
-\series default
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\family default
- and
-\family sans
+-model-flat24
+\series default
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-model-flat24"
-__interrupt\SpecialChar ~
-(2)
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\family default
-).
+\size large
-\newline
-Splint has an excellent on line manual at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org/manual/}
+\size default
+Generate 24-bit flat mode code.
+ This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now
+ and is default when using
+\emph on
+-mds390
+\emph default
+.
+ See section Memory Models for more details.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- and it's capabilities go beyond pure syntax checking.
- You'll need to tell splint the location of SDCC's include files so a typical
- command line could look like this:
-\newline
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family sans
-splint\SpecialChar ~
--I\SpecialChar ~
-/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-myprogram.c
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
-Intermediate Dump Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options intermediate dump}
+-protect-sp-update
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-protect-sp-update"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intermediate dump options}
+\series default
+ disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging
- the compiler.
- They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various stages of
- the compilation process.
- More on iCodes see chapter
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-10bit
+\series default
-
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-stack-10bit"
-The anatomy of the compiler
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ Generate code for the 10 bit stack mode of the Dallas DS80C390 part.
+ This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now
+ and is default when using
+\emph on
+-mds390
+\emph default
.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-
-\series bold
+ In this mode, the stack is located in the lower 1K of the internal RAM,
+ which is mapped to 0x400000.
+ Note that the support is incomplete, since it still uses a single byte
+ as the stack pointer.
+ This means that only the lower 256 bytes of the potential 1K stack space
+ will actually be used.
+ However, this does allow you to reclaim the precious 256 bytes of low RAM
+ for use for the DATA and IDATA segments.
+ The compiler will not generate any code to put the processor into 10 bit
+ stack mode.
+ It is important to ensure that the processor is in this mode before calling
+ any re-entrant functions compiled with this option.
+ In principle, this should work with the
+\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+status collapsed
--dumpraw
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpraw}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\series default
- This option will cause the compiler to dump the intermediate code into
- a file of named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumpraw
-\emph default
- just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function, i.e.
- before any optimizations are done.
- The basic blocks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
- at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in
- sequence of execution.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-\series bold
+\emph default
+ option, but that has not been tested.
+ It is incompatible with the
+\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+status collapsed
--dumpgcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpgcse}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Will create a dump of iCode's, after global subexpression elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Global subexpression elimination}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-xstack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xstack"
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumpgcse.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-\series bold
+\emph default
+ option.
+ It also only makes sense if the processor is in 24 bit contiguous addressing
+ mode (see the
+\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
--dumpdeadcode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpdeadcode}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Will create a dump of iCode's, after deadcode elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
+-model-flat24 option
+\emph default
+).
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumpdeadcode.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--dumploop
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumploop}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-8-bit - switches off the 10-bit mode
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series default
-\size large
-
-\size default
-Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumploop.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--dumprange
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumprange}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-probe
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-stack-probe"
+\end_inset
-\series default
-\size large
-
-\size default
-Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range analysis
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue.
+\end_layout
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumprange.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--dumlrange
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumlrange}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-tini-libid
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-tini-libid"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Will dump the life ranges
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ <nnnn> LibraryID used in -mTININative.
+
+\end_layout
- for all symbols.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--dumpregassign
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpregassign}
+\end_inset
+
+-use-accelerator
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390!Options!-\\/-use-accelerator"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\bar under
+\series default
+ generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator.
-\series default
-\bar default
-Will create a dump of iCode's, after register assignment
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register assignment}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumprassgn.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_layout
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Z80 Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options Z80"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--dumplrange
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumplrange}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's
-\layout List
-\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--dumpall
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-callee-saves-bc
+\series default
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
-Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-callee-saves-bc"
-Redirecting output on Windows Shells
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-By default SDCC writes it's error messages to
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-standard error
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-.
- To force all messages to
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Force a called function to always save BC.
+\end_layout
-standard output
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- use
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
-\series default
-\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\emph default
--
-\series default
-use-stdout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout}
+-no-std-crt0
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-no-std-crt0"
-.
- Additionally, if you happen to have visual studio installed in your windows
- machine, you can use it to compile your sources using a custom build and
- the SDCC -
-\emph on
+\end_inset
+
+ When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file.
+ You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\emph default
--vc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-portmode=
+\series default
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-portmode=<Value>"
- option.
- Something like this should work:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
+ Determinate PORT I/O mode (<Value> is z80 or z180).
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-c:
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-bin
-\backslash
-sdcc.exe -
-\series default
-\emph on
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-\emph default
--vc -
-\series default
-\emph on
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+-asm=
+\series default
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-asm=<Value>"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ Define assembler name (<Value> is rgbds, asxxxx, isas or z80asm).
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
-\emph default
--model-large -c $(InputPath)
-\layout Section
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Environment variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Environment variables}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-SDCC recognizes the following environment variables:
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-codeseg
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-codeseg <Value>"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-SDCC_LEAVE_SIGNALS
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LEAVE\_SIGNALS}
+ Use <Value> for the code segment name.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\series default
- SDCC installs a signal handler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{signal handler}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception.
- If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler
- in order to be able to debug SDCC.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-TMP,\SpecialChar ~
-TEMP,\SpecialChar ~
-TMPDIR
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR}
+-constseg
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-constseg <Value>"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ Use <Value> for the const segment name.
+\end_layout
-\series default
- Path, where temporary files will be created.
- The order of the variables is the search order.
- In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's
- no need to set them.
- On Windows it's recommended to set one of them.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-SDCC_HOME
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_HOME}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+GBZ80 Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options GBZ80"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Path, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80"
-\SpecialChar ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
- Install Paths
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
-SDCC_INCLUDE
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_INCLUDE}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Path, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
+-callee-saves-bc
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80!Options!-\\/-callee-saves-bc"
-\SpecialChar ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-Search Paths
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Force a called function to always save BC.
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout List
+\begin_layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\series bold
-SDCC_LIB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LIB}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
- Path, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+-no-std-crt0
+\series default
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Options!-\\/-no-std-crt0"
-Search Paths
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-..
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these
- are solely used for debugging purposes.
- They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented.
-\layout Section
+ When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file.
+ You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking.
+\end_layout
-Storage Class Language Extensions
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-MCS51/DS390 Storage Class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+\series bold
+-bo
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Num>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80!Options!-bo <Num>"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- Language Extensions
-\layout Standard
+ Use code bank <Num>.
+\end_layout
-In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51
- specific storage classes:
-\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-data
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\series bold
+-ba
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Num>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80!Options!-ba <Num>"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ Use data bank <Num>.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- / near
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{near (storage class)}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_near (storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-codeseg
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80!Options!-\\/-codeseg <Value>"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ Use <Value> for the code segment name.
+\end_layout
-This is the
-\series bold
-default
-\series default
- storage class for the Small Memory model (
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
- and
-\emph on
-near
-\emph default
- or the more ANSI-C compliant forms
-\emph on
-__data
-\emph default
- and
-\emph on
-__near
-\emph default
- can be used synonymously).
- Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly
- addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family typewriter
-__data unsigned char test_data;
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-75*00 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_test_data,#0x01
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
-xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+-constseg
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GBZ80!Options!-\\/-constseg <Value>"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ Use <Value> for the const segment name.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- / far
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Optimization Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options optimization"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Optimization options"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external
- RAM.
- This is the
-\series bold
-default
-\series default
- storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\family typewriter
-__xdata unsigned char test_xdata;
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-90s00r00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dptr,#_test_xdata
-\newline
-74\SpecialChar ~
-01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,#0x01
-\newline
-F0\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movx\SpecialChar ~
-@dptr,a
-\layout Subsubsection
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-idata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-nogcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nogcse"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Will not do global subexpression elimination, this option may be used when
+ the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data spaces to store compiler
+ temporaries (
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+pill
+\emph on
+loc
+\emph default
+ations, sloc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sloc (spill location)"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+).
+ A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler
+ will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated.
+ It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nogcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nogcse"
-Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly
- addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+ can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Subexpression elimination"
-\family typewriter
-__idata unsigned char test_idata;
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-78r00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-r0,#_test_idata
-\newline
-76\SpecialChar ~
-01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-@r0,#0x01
-\layout Standard
+ for a given function only.
+\end_layout
-Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM
- as the data memory.
- The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have
- 256 byte idata memory.
- The stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- is located in idata memory.
-\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_layout Standard
-pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+-noinvariant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-noinvariant"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+ Will not do loop invariant optimizations, this may be turned off for reasons
+ explained for the previous option.
+ For more details of loop optimizations performed see Loop Invariants in
+ section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Loop-Optimizations"
-Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing
- modes of a 8051.
- It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of
- 256 bytes.
- The following example writes 0x01 to the pdata variable.
- Please note, pdata access physically accesses xdata memory.
- The high byte of the address is determined by port P2
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+noinvariant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinvariant"
-(or in case of some 8051 variants by a separate Special Function Register,
- see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only.
+\end_layout
-).
- This is the
-\series bold
-default
-\series default
- storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family typewriter
-__pdata unsigned char test_pdata;
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-78r00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov r0,#_test_pdata
-\newline
-74 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,#0x01
-\newline
-F2\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movx @r0,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-If the -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+-noinduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-noinduction"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--xstack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+\series default
+ Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction
+ for more details.
+ It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+noinduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinduction"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area
- and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes.
-\layout Subsubsection
+ can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only.
+\end_layout
-code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_code}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-nojtbound
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nojtbound"
-'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code
- memory:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__code unsigned char test_code;
-\layout Standard
+\size large
+
+\series default
+\size default
+ Will not generate boundary condition check when switch statements
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "switch statement"
-Read access to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+ are implemented using jump-tables.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:'switch'-Statements"
-\family typewriter
-90s00r6F\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov dptr,#_test_code
-\newline
-E4\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-clr a
-\newline
-93\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movc a,@a+dptr
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+Switch Statements for more details.
+ It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nojtbound
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nojtbound"
-\family typewriter
-char
-\family default
- indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+ can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function
+ only.
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-__code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'};
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly
- code:
-\layout Verse
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-E5*00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,_index
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-90s00r41\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov dptr,#_test_array
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-93\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movc a,@a+dptr
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
-bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+-noloopreverse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-noloopreverse"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_bit}
+\series default
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Will not do loop reversal
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Loop reversing"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+optimization.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-This is a data-type and a storage class specifier.
- When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable
- memory of 8051, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-__bit test_bit;
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-D2*00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-setb\SpecialChar ~
-_test_bit
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20
- to 0x2f in data memory.
+-
+\series bold
+nolabelopt
+\series default
-\newline
-Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support ANSI-C
- bitfields
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bitfields}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nolabelopt "
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable).
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are
- about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
- In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit
- signed modifier are implemented as unsigned.
-\layout Subsubsection
-sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-no-xinit-opt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-xinit-opt"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- / sfr16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr16}
+\series default
+ Will not memcpy initialized data from code space into xdata space.
+ This saves a few bytes in code space if you don't have initialized data
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Variable initialization"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr16}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- / sfr32
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr32}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr32}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nooverlay"
- / sbit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function,
+ see section Parameters and local variables for more details.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-Like the bit keyword,
-\emph on
-sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit
-\emph default
-signify both a data-type and storage class, they are used to describe the
-
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-pecial
-\emph on
-f
-\emph default
-unction
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
-egisters and
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-pecial
-\emph on
-bit
-\emph default
- variables of a 8051, eg:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__sfr __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+-no-peep
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-peep"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+\series default
+ Disable peep-hole optimization with built-in rules.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- (0x80) P0;\SpecialChar ~
- /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */
-\newline
-
-\newline
-/* 16 bit special function register combination for timer 0
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- with the high byte at location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */
-\newline
-__sfr16 __at (0x8C8A) TMR0;
-\newline
-
-\newline
-__sbit __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (0xd7) CY;\SpecialChar ~
- /* CY (Carry Flag
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flags}
+-peep-file
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-peep-file"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Carry flag}
+\InsetSpace ~
+<filename> This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by
+ the peep hole optimizer.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Peephole-Optimizer"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-) */
-\layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
+Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules.
+\end_layout
-Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by
- 8 are bit-addressable, an
-\emph on
- sbit
-\emph default
- addresses a specific bit within these sfr.
-\newline
-16 Bit and 32 bit special function register combinations which require a
- certain access order are better not declared using
-\emph on
-sfr16
-\emph default
- or
-\emph on
-sfr32.
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\emph default
- Allthough SDCC usually accesses them Least Significant Byte (LSB) first,
- this is not guaranteed.
-\newline
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Please note, if you use a header file which was written for another compiler
- then the sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit Storage Class extensions will most
- likely be
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
-compatible.
- Specifically the syntax
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-sfr P0 = 0x80;\SpecialChar ~
-\family default
- is compiled
-\emph on
-without warning
-\emph default
- by SDCC to an assignment of 0x80 to a variable called P0
-\family typewriter
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-peep-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-peep-asm"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
-\end_inset
-.
-
-\family default
-Nevertheless it is possible to write header files
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
+\series default
+ Pass the inline assembler code through the peep hole optimizer.
+ This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler code, please go through
+ the peephole optimizer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Peephole optimizer"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ rules defined in the source file tree '<target>/peeph.def' before using
+ this option.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- which can be shared among different compilers (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-).
-
-\layout Subsubsection
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-Pointers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-opt-code-speed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-opt-code-speed"
- to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any
- of the memory spaces
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
+ at the expense of code size.
+\end_layout
- of the 8051.
- In addition to the explicit pointers, the compiler uses (by default) generic
- pointers which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces.
-\newline
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\newline
-Pointer declaration examples:
-\layout Verse
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-/* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram
- */
-\newline
-__xdata unsigned char * __data p;
-\newline
-\newline
-/* pointer physically in external ram pointing to object in internal ram
- */
-\newline
-__data unsigned char * __xdata p;
-\newline
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\newline
-/* pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */
-\newline
-__xdata unsigned char * __code p;
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-/* pointer physically in code space pointing to data in code space */
-\newline
-__code unsigned char * __code p;
-\newline
+-opt-code-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-opt-code-size"
-\newline
-/* generic pointer physically located in xdata space */
-\newline
-unsigned char * __xdata p;
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-/* generic pointer physically located in default memory space */
-\newline
-unsigned char * p;
-\newline
-\newline
-/* the following is a function pointer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function pointer}
+\series default
+ The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
+ at the expense of code speed.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
- physically located in data space */
-\newline
-char (* __data fp)(void);
-\layout Standard
-Well you get the idea.
-
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\newline
-All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390)
-\emph on
-generic
-\emph default
- pointers.
-
-\size small
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Other Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options other"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\size default
-The highest order byte of the
-\emph on
-generic
-\emph default
- pointers contains the data space information.
- Assembler support routines are called whenever data is stored or retrieved
- using
-\emph on
-generic
-\emph default
- pointers.
- These are useful for developing reusable library
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- routines.
- Explicitly specifying the pointer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pointer}
+\series bold
+-c\InsetSpace ~
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- type will generate the most efficient code.
-\layout Subsubsection
-Notes on MCS51 memory
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- layout
-\layout Standard
+-compile-only
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-compile-only"
-The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal
- RAM memory which is structured as follows:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7,
-
-\newline
-- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold 128 bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-c -\\/-compile-only"
- variables and,
-\newline
-- Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use.
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of
- additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory (
-\emph on
-idata
-\emph default
+\series default
+ will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\series default
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-).
- Furthermore, some chips may have some built in external memory (
-\emph on
-xdata
-\emph default
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-c1mode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-c1mode"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-) which should not be confused with the internal, directly addressable RAM
- memory (
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
+\series default
+ reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it.
+ The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-E
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-E"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Run only the C preprocessor.
+ Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard
+ output.
+\end_layout
-).
- Sometimes this built in
-\emph on
-xdata
-\emph default
- memory has to be activated before using it (you can probably find this
- information on the datasheet of the microcontroller your are using, see
- also section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-o\InsetSpace ~
+<path/file>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-o <path/file>"
-\SpecialChar ~
-Startup-Code).
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Normally SDCC will only use the first bank
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ The output path where everything will be placed or the file name used for
+ all generated output files.
+ If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash
+ for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path.
+ Note for Windows users: if the path contains spaces, it should be surrounded
+ by quotes.
+ The trailing backslash should be doubled in order to prevent escaping the
+ final quote, for example:
+\emph on
+-o
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
- of registers (register bank 0), but it is possible to specify that other
- banks of registers (keyword
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
-
-\emph on
+F:
+\backslash
+Projects
+\backslash
+test3
+\backslash
+output 1
+\backslash
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+\backslash
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+\emph default
+ or put after the final quote, for example:
+\emph on
+-o
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+F:
+\backslash
+Projects
+\backslash
+test3
+\backslash
+output 1
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\emph default
-) should be used in interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\backslash
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+.
+ The path using slashes for directory delimiters can be used too, for example:
+
+\emph on
+-o
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+F:/Projects/test3/output 1/
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
-
-\end_inset
- routines.
- By default, the compiler will place the stack after the last byte of allocated
- memory for variables.
- For example, if the first 2 banks of registers are used, and only four
- bytes are used for
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
- variables, it will position the base of the internal stack at address 20
- (0x14).
- This implies that as the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\emph default
+.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- grows, it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used
- by the 128 bit variables, and 80 bytes for general purpose use.
- If any bit variables are used, the data variables will be placed in unused
- register banks and after the byte holding the last bit variable.
- For example, if register banks 0 and 1 are used, and there are 9 bit variables
- (two bytes used),
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
- variables will be placed starting from address 0x10 to 0x20 and continue
- at address 0x22.
- You can also use -
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+status collapsed
--data-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc <Value>}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- to specify the start address of the
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
- and -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
--iram-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- to specify the size of the total internal RAM (
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
-+
-\emph on
-idata
-\emph default
-).
+\series default
+\size large
-\newline
+\size default
+All functions in the source file will be compiled as
+\emph on
+reentrant
+\emph default
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
-By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data
- variables.
- Option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+, i.e.
+ the parameters and local variables will be allocated on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--stack-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc <Value>}
+.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+ Parameters and Local Variables for more details.
+ If this option is used all source files in the project should be compiled
+ with this option.
+ It automatically implies -
+\series bold
- allows you to specify the start of the stack, i.e.
- you could start it after any data in the general purpose area.
- If your microcontroller has additional indirectly addressable internal
- RAM (
-\emph on
-idata
-\emph default
-) you can place the stack on it.
- You may also need to use -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--xdata-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xdata-loc<Value>}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- to set the start address of the external RAM (
-\emph on
-xdata
-\emph default
-) and -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+-int-long-reent and -
+\series bold
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
--xram-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size <Value>}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- to specify its size.
- Same goes for the code memory, using -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--code-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc <Value>}
+\series default
+-float-reent.
+
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- and -
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--code-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-.
- If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory
- layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it.
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-The linker generates two files with memory allocation information.
- The first, with extension .map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-callee-saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-callee-saves"
- shows all the variables and segments.
- The second with extension .mem
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.mem}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:--callee-saves-function1[,function2][,function3]..."
- shows the final memory layout.
- The linker will complain either if memory segments overlap, there is not
- enough memory, or there is not enough space for stack.
- If you get any linking warnings and/or errors related to stack or segments
- allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what
- the problem is.
- The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Z80/Z180 Storage Class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Storage class}
+function1[,function2][,function3]....
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving
+ across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing
+ and popping when calling small functions from larger functions.
+ This option can be used to switch the register saving convention for the
+ function names specified.
+ The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, no extra
+ code will be generated at the entry and exit (function prologue
+\series bold
- Language Extensions
-\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function prologue"
-sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ and epilogue
+\series bold
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function epilogue"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (in/out to 8-bit addresses)
-\layout Standard
-The Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\series default
+) for these functions to save and restore the registers used by these functions,
+ this can SUBSTANTIALLY reduce code and improve run time performance of
+ the generated code.
+ In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) will be able
+ to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
+ DO NOT use this option for built-in functions such as _mulint..., if this
+ option is used for a library function the appropriate library function
+ needs to be recompiled with the same option.
+ If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file
+ should be compiled with the same -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- family has separate address spaces for memory and
-\emph on
-i
-\emph default
-nput/
-\emph on
-o
-\emph default
-utput memory.
- I/O memory
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{I/O memory (Z80, Z180)}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!I/O memory}
+-callee-saves option string.
+ Also see #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+callee_saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma callee\\_saves"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "ite:callee_saves-function1[,function2[,function3...]]--"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!I/O memory}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
- is accessed with special instructions, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family typewriter
-sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */
-
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-3E 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ld a,#0x01
-\newline
-D3 78\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-out (_IoPort),a
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
-banked sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+-all-callee-saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-all-callee-saves"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
+\series default
+ Function of -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- (in/out to 16-bit addresses)
-\layout Standard
-The keyword
-\emph on
-banked
-\emph default
- is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-sfr banked at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+-callee-saves will be applied to all functions by default.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- 0x123 IoPort;
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+-debug
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-debug"
-\family typewriter
-01 23 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ld bc,#_IoPort
-\newline
-3E 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ld a,#0x01
-\newline
-ED 79\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-out (c),a
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
-sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+
+\series default
+When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information.
+ The debug information collected in a file with .cdb extension can be used
+ with the SDCDB.
+ For more information see documentation for SDCDB.
+ Another file with no extension contains debug information in AOMF or AOMF51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "AOMF, AOMF51"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ format which is commonly used by third party tools.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-S
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-S"
- (in0/out0 to 8 bit addresses on Z180
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-/HD64180
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HD64180 (see Z180)}
+\series default
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble.
+ The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-)
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-The compiler option -
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--portmode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Options!-\/-portmode}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-int-long-reent
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-int-long-reent"
-=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-portmode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Pragmas!\#pragma portmode}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- z180 (z80) is used to turn on (off) the Z180/HD64180 port addressing instructio
-ns
-\family typewriter
-in0/out0
-\family default
- instead of
-\family typewriter
-in/out
-\family default
-.
- If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically.
-\layout Subsection
+\series default
+ Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant.
+ Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant.
+ See section Installation for more details.
+\end_layout
-HC08 Storage Class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Storage class}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- Language Extensions
-\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_layout Standard
-data
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (hc08 storage class)}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (hc08 storage class)}
+-cyclomatic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-cyclomatic"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-
-The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256
- bytes of memory (the direct page).
- The HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
-
-\end_inset
-
- is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) stored here.
-\layout Subsubsection
+\series default
+This option will cause the compiler to generate an information message for
+ each function in the source file.
+ The message contains some
+\emph on
+important
+\emph default
+ information about the function.
+ The number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow
+ graph of the function, and most importantly the
+\emph on
+cyclomatic complexity
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Cyclomatic complexity"
-xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (hc08 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (hc08 storage class)}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in
- memory.
- This is the default if no storage class is specified.
-
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Standard
-Absolute Addressing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-float-reent
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-float-reent"
-Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the
-\emph on
-at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Floating point library is compiled as reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ See section Installation for more details.
+\end_layout
- <address>
-\emph default
- keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family typewriter
-xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-funsigned-char
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-funsigned-char"
- at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ The default signedness for every type is
+\family typewriter
+signed
+\family default
+.
+ In some embedded environments the default signedness of
+\family typewriter
+char
+\family default
+ is
+\family typewriter
+unsigned
+\family default
+.
+ To set the signess for characters to unsigned, use the option -
+\series bold
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum;
-\layout Standard
-or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum;
-\layout Standard
-In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff
- of the external ram.
- The compiler does
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- reserve any space for variables declared in this way
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+\series default
+-funsigned-char.
+ If this option is set and no signedness keyword (unsigned/signed) is given,
+ a char will be signed.
+ All other types are unaffected.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- (they are implemented with an equate in the assembler).
- Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure there are no overlaps with
- other variables that are declared without the absolute address.
- The assembler listing file (.lst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lst}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-) and the linker output files (.rst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rst}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-main-return
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-main-return"
-) and (.map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-) are good places to look for such overlaps.
- Variables with an absolute address are
-\emph on
-not
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+\series default
+ This option can be used if the code generated is called by a monitor program
+ or if the main routine includes an endless loop.
+ This option results in slightly smaller code and saves two bytes of stack
+ space.
+ The return from the 'main'
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "main return"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ function will return to the function calling main.
+ The default setting is to lock up i.e.
+ generate a '
+\family typewriter
+sjmp .
+\family default
+'.
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\emph default
- initialized
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-.
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword
-\emph on
-volatile
-\emph default
- has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+-nostdinc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nostdinc"
-\family typewriter
-volatile
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- __xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\series default
+ This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path
+ to the preprocessor.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- (0x8000) unsigned char PORTA_8255;
-\layout Standard
-For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa
-r) array
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-nostdlib
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-nostdlib"
+\end_inset
-\family default
-\size default
- starts at a block (256 byte) boundary
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{block boundary}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
- (section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ path to the linker.
+\end_layout
- has an example).
-\newline
-Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all storage classes,
- e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family typewriter
-__bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (0x02) bvar;
-\layout Standard
+-verbose
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-verbose"
-The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab
-le space.
- There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables
- in this manner, unless you want strict control over all the variables allocated.
- One possible use would be to write hardware portable code.
- For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller
- I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you
- can declare the I/O pins in your routine using:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-extern volatile
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+\series default
+ Shows the various actions the compiler is performing.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- __bit MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* master out, slave in */
-\newline
-extern volatile __bit MISO;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* master in, slave out */
-\newline
-extern volatile __bit MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* master clock */
-\newline
-
-\newline
-/* Input and Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus.
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-If needed adapt polarity of clock, polarity of data and bit order
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-*/
-\newline
-unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-unsigned char i=8;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-do {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-MOSI = out_byte & 0x80;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-out_byte <<= 1;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-MCLK = 1;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* _asm nop _endasm; */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* for slow peripherals */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-if(MISO)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-out_byte += 1;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-MCLK = 0;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-} while(--i);
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return out_byte;
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+-V
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-V"
-Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__bit __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\series default
+ Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- (0x80) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 0, bit 0 */
-\newline
-__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 0, bit 1 */
-\newline
-__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 0, bit 2 */
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-Similarly, for the second hardware you would use
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+-no-c-code-in-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-c-code-in-asm"
-\family typewriter
-__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 0, bit 3 */
-\newline
-__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 1, bit 1 */
-\newline
-__bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- __at (0x92) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 1, bit 2 */
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as
- for example in a library.
- This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be
- specified in the whole project.
-\layout Section
+\series default
+ Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always
+ blame the compiler :)
+\end_layout
-Parameters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameters}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- & Local Variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-fverbose-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-gen-comments"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Include code generator and peep-hole comments in the generated asm files.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed
- on the stack or in data-space.
- The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal
- RAM (for small model) or external RAM (for large model).
- This in fact makes them similar to
-\emph on
-static
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{static}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\emph default
- so by default functions are non-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-no-peep-comments
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-peep-comments"
-.
-
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-They can be placed on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Don't include peep-hole comments in the generated asm files even if -
+\series bold
- by using the
-\emph on
- -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+-fverbose-asm option is specified.
+\end_layout
-\emph default
- option, by using
-\emph on
-#pragma\SpecialChar ~
-stackauto
-\emph default
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- or by using the
-\emph on
-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- keyword in the function declaration, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+-i-code-in-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-i-code-in-asm"
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-unsigned char foo(char i) __reentrant
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
-Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the
-\emph on
-reentrant
-\emph default
-keyword or the
-\emph on
- -
+\series default
+ Include i-codes in the asm file.
+ Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--stack-auto
-\emph default
- option should be used sparingly.
- Note that the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local
- variables will be allocated to the stack, it
-\emph on
-does not
-\emph default
- mean that the function is register bank
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-less-pedantic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pedantic"
- independent.
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-Local variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-less-pedantic"
- can be assigned storage classes and absolute
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- addresses, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:--less-pedantic"
-\family typewriter
-unsigned char foo()
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-__xdata unsigned char i;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-__bit bvar;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-__data __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ Disable some of the more pedantic warnings
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Warnings"
- (0x31) unsigned char j;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-In the above example the variable
-\emph on
-i
-\emph default
- will be allocated in the external ram,
-\emph on
-bvar
-\emph default
- in bit addressable space and
-\emph on
- j
-\emph default
- in internal ram.
- When compiled with
-\emph on
+.
+ For more details, see the less_pedantic pragma
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "ite:less_pedantic"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--stack-auto
-\emph default
- or when a function is declared as
-\emph on
-reentrant
-\emph default
- this should only be done for static variables.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Parameters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+-disable-warning\InsetSpace ~
+<nnnn>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-disable-warning"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- however are not allowed any storage class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Disable specific warning with number <nnnn>.
+\end_layout
-, (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is
- governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options.
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also
- non-static local bit variables are supported.
- Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space.
- They are pushed and popped to stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- as a single byte just like the normal registers.
-\layout Section
-Overlaying
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Overlaying}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-Werror
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-Werror"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Overlaying}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Treat all warnings as errors.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-For non-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space usage by overlaying
- parameters and local variables of a function (if possible).
- Parameters and local variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- of a function will be allocated to an overlayable segment if the function
- has
-\emph on
-no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory
- model
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-print-search-dirs
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-print-search-dirs"
- is small.
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- If an explicit storage class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Display the directories in the compiler's search path
+\end_layout
- is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlayed.
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin
-g the data items.
- Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
-!
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-vc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-vc"
- if they are not reentrant.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler
- code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters
- of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls
- other c-functions that might use the overlay.
- In that case the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay should be used.
-\layout Standard
-Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica
-tion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+\series default
+ Display errors and warnings using MSVC style, so you can use SDCC with
+ the visual studio IDE
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "IDE"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- or division
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division}
+.
+ With SDCC both offering a GCC-like (the default) and a MSVC-like
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MSVC output style"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- will NOT be overlayed since these are implemented using external functions,
- e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+ output style, integration into most programming editors should be straightforwa
+rd.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\family typewriter
-#pragma save
-\newline
-#pragma nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\newline
-void set_error(unsigned char errcd)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-P3 = errcd;
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-#pragma restore
-\newline
-\newline
-void some_isr () __interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (2)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-set_error(10);
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-In the above example the parameter
-\emph on
-errcd
-\emph default
- for the function
-\emph on
-set_error
-\emph default
- would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay was
- not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called
- from an interrupt service routine.
- The #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for
- the function are NOT overlayed.
-\layout Section
+-use-stdout
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-use-stdout"
-Interrupt Service Routines
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr.
+\end_layout
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-General Information
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+-Wa\InsetSpace ~
+asmOption[,asmOption]
+\series default
-SDCC allows
-\emph on
-i
-\emph default
-nterrupt
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-ervice
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
-outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords.
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-Wa asmOption[,asmOption]"
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-void timer_isr (void) __interrupt (1) __using (1)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+ Pass the asmOption to the assembler
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options assembler"
-The optional number following the
-\emph on
-interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler options"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\emph default
- keyword is the interrupt number this routine will service.
- When present, the compiler will insert a call to this routine in the interrupt
- vector table
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- for the interrupt number specified.
- If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service routines
- can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr MUST be present
- or included in the file that contains the function
-\emph on
-main
-\emph default
-.
- The optional (8051 specific) keyword
-\emph on
-using
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+-std-sdcc89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-sdcc89"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- can be used to tell the compiler to use the specified register bank when
- generating code for this function.
-
-\newline
-Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs:
-\layout Subsubsection
+\series default
+ Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (default).
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-Common interrupt pitfall: variable not declared
-\emph on
-volatile
-\layout Standard
-If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by
- other functions these variables have to be declared
-\emph on
-volatile
-\emph default
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-std-c89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c89"
-.
- See
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_variable}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- .
-\layout Subsubsection
+\series default
+ Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-atomic}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-Common interrupt pitfall:
-\emph on
-non-atomic access
-\layout Standard
-If the access to these variables is not
-\emph on
-atomic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-std-sdcc99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-sdcc99"
-\emph default
- (i.e.
- the processor needs more than one instruction for the access and could
- be interrupted while accessing the variable) the interrupt must be disabled
- during the access to avoid inconsistent data.
-
-\newline
-Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs and
- should be protected by disabling interrupts.
- You're not automatically on the safe side if you use 8 bit variables though.
- We need an example here: f.e.
- on the 8051 the harmless looking
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-flags\SpecialChar ~
-|=\SpecialChar ~
-0x80;
-\family default
+\series default
+ Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (incomplete support).
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- is not atomic if
-\family typewriter
-flags
-\family default
- resides in xdata.
- Setting
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-flags\SpecialChar ~
-|=\SpecialChar ~
-0x40;
-\family default
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- from within an interrupt routine might get lost if the interrupt occurs
- at the wrong time.
-
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-std-c99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-sdcc99"
-\family typewriter
-counter\SpecialChar ~
-+=\SpecialChar ~
-8;
-\family default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
- is not atomic on the 8051 even if
-\family typewriter
-counter
-\family default
- is located in data memory.
-\newline
-Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can cause a lot of trouble.
-
-\layout Subsubsection
+\series default
+ Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard (incomplete support).
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-stack-overflow}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-Common interrupt pitfall:
-\emph on
-stack overflow
-\layout Standard
-The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine
- are saved on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- so there must be sufficient stack space.
- If there isn't variables or registers (or even the return address itself)
- will be corrupted.
- This
-\emph on
-stack overflow
-\emph default
+-codeseg
+\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack overflow}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-codeseg <Value>"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- is most likely to happen if the interrupt occurs during the
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-deepest
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:-codeseg"
- subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e.
- many return addresses.
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
+
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Name> The name to be used for the code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "code"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-reentrant}
+ segment, default CSEG.
+ This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the code in a special
+ segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment in a special
+ place in memory.
+ Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a
+ bank.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-Common interrupt pitfall:
-\emph on
-use of non-reentrant functions
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-, multiplication
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- & modulus
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Modulus}
+-constseg
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-constseg <Value>"
- and floating-point
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
+\end_inset
+
+\InsetSpace ~
+<Name> The name to be used for the const
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "const"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- operations are implemented using external support routines.
- If an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then
- the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have to
- be recompiled using the
-\emph on
- -
+ segment, default CONST.
+ This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the const data in
+ a special segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment
+ in a special place in memory.
+ Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data
+ in a bank.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\end_inset
+
+-fdollars-in-identifiers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-fdollars-in-identifiers"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- option and the source file will need to be compiled using the
-\emph on
+\series default
+ Permit '$' as an identifier character.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--int-long-reent
-\emph default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
+-more-pedantic
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-more-pedantic"
- compiler option.
-
-\newline
-Note, the type promotion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- required by ANSI C can cause 16 bit routines to be used
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pedantic"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ Actually this is
+\series bold
+\emph on
+not
+\series default
+\emph default
+ a SDCC compiler option but if you want
+\emph on
+more
+\emph default
+ warnings you can use a separate tool dedicated to syntax checking like
+ splint
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT"
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- without the programmer being aware of it.
- See f.e.
- the cast
-\family typewriter
-(unsigned char)(tail-1)
-\family default
- within the if clause in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "lint (syntax checking tool)"
-.
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended,
- avoid it if possible.
- Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine
- it should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.splint.org"
- if it is not reentrant.
- Furthermore nonreentrant functions should not be called from the main program
- while the interrupt service routine might be active.
- They also must not be called from low priority interrupt service routines
- while a high priority interrupt service routine might be active.
- You could use semaphores or make the function
-\emph on
- critical
-\emph default
- if all parameters are passed in registers.
-\newline
- Also see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Overlaying}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ To make your source files parseable by splint you will have to include
+
+\family sans
+lint.h
+\family default
-\SpecialChar ~
-about Overlaying and section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "splint (syntax checking tool)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-about Functions using private register banks.
-\layout Subsection
+ in your source file and add brackets around extended keywords (like
+\family sans
-MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-Interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+__at\InsetSpace ~
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+(
+\series default
+0xab
+\series bold
+)
+\series default
- numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for the Standard 8051/8052
- are listed below.
- SDCC will automatically adjust the
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- to the maximum interrupt number specified.
-\newline
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+__interrupt\InsetSpace ~
+(2)
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Interrupt #
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family default
+).
+
+\newline
+Splint has an excellent on line manual at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.splint.org/manual/"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Description
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ and it's capabilities go beyond pure syntax checking.
+ You'll need to tell splint the location of SDCC's include files so a typical
+ command line could look like this:
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\family sans
+splint\InsetSpace ~
+-I\InsetSpace ~
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+myprogram.c
+\end_layout
-Vector Address
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-0
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-External 0
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-0x0003
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+-short-is-8bits
+\series default
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-short-is-8bits"
-1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Timer 0
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "lyx:--short-is-8bits"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-0x000b
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ Treat short as 8-bit (for backward compatibility with older versions of
+ compiler - see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Compatibility-with-previous"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-2
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-External 1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-0x0013
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Intermediate Dump Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-3
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options intermediate dump"
-Timer 1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-0x001b
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Intermediate dump options"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-4
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-Serial
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging
+ the compiler.
+ They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "iCode"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-0x0023
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various stages of
+ the compilation process.
+ More on iCodes see chapter
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:The-anatomy-of"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-5
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+The anatomy of the compiler
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-Timer 2 (8052)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-0x002b
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-...
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-dumpraw
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpraw"
-...
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-n
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series default
+ This option will cause the compiler to dump the intermediate code into
+ a file of named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumpraw
+\emph default
+ just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function, i.e.
+ before any optimizations are done.
+ The basic blocks
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Basic blocks"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in
+ sequence of execution.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-0x0003 + 8*n
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\newline
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-If the interrupt service routine is defined without
-\emph on
-using
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+-dumpgcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpgcse"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+\series default
+ Will create a dump of iCodes, after global subexpression elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Global subexpression elimination"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumpgcse.
+\end_layout
-\emph default
- a register bank or with register bank 0 (
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
- 0), the compiler will save the registers used by itself on the stack upon
- entry and restore them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine
- calls another function then the entire register bank will be saved on the
- stack.
- This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which
- have low register usage.
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register
- bank then only
-\emph on
-a, b, dptr
-\emph default
- & psw are saved and restored, if such an interrupt service routine calls
- another function (using another register bank) then the entire register
- bank of the called function will be saved on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-.
- This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
-HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- Interrupt Service Routines
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-Since the number of interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-dumpdeadcode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpdeadcode"
- available is chip specific and the interrupt vector table always ends at
- the last byte of memory, the interrupt numbers corresponds to the interrupt
- vectors in reverse order of address.
- For example, interrupt 1 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffc, interrupt
- 2 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffa, and so on.
- However, interrupt 0 (the reset vector at 0xfffe) is not redefinable in
- this way; instead see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- for details on customizing startup.
-\layout Subsection
+\series default
+ Will create a dump of iCodes, after deadcode elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Dead-code elimination"
-Z80 Interrupt Service Routines
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumpdeadcode.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- uses several different methods for determining the correct interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!interrupt}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- vector depending on the hardware implementation.
- Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt
- to generate an interrupt vector table.
-\layout Standard
-By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI
- instruction to return from the interrupt.
- To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs
- a RETN instruction instead, add the
-\emph on
-critical
-\emph default
- keyword:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-However if you need to create a non-interruptable interrupt service routine
- you would also require the
-\emph on
-critical
-\emph default
- keyword.
- To distinguish between this and an nmi_isr you must provide an interrupt
- number.
-\layout Section
+-dumploop
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumploop"
-Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Critical Functions and Critical Statements
-\layout Standard
-A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring
- it as
-\emph on
-critical
-\emph default
-.
- SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\series default
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Will create a dump of iCodes, after loop optimizations
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Loop optimization"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- upon entry to a critical function and restore the interrupt enable to the
- previous state before returning.
- Nesting critical functions will need one additional byte on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumploop.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- for each call.
-\layout Verse
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-int foo () __critical
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{critical}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_critical}
+-dumprange
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumprange"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+\series default
+\size large
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\size default
+Will create a dump of iCodes, after live range analysis
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Live range analysis"
-The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like
-\emph on
-reentrant.
-\emph default
+\end_inset
-\newline
-The keyword
-\emph on
-critical
-\emph default
- may also be used to disable interrupts more locally:
-\layout Verse
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumprange.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\family typewriter
-__critical{ i++; }
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-More than one statement could have been included in the block.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
-Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly
-\layout Standard
-Interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051):
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-EA = 0;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-or:\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-EA_SAVE = EA;
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-EA = 0;
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-EA = EA_SAVE;
-\layout Standard
+-dumlrange
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumlrange"
-On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling
- interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- (HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt}
+\series default
+ Will dump the life ranges
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Live range analysis"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-):
-\layout Verse
+ for all symbols.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\family typewriter
-#define CLI _asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-cli\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-;
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+-dumpregassign
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpregassign"
-\family typewriter
-#define SEI _asm\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sei\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm;
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+
+\series default
+Will create a dump of iCodes, after register assignment
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Register assignment"
-\family typewriter
-...
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source
- like f.e.
- a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an
-\emph on
-interrupt mask
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt mask}
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumprassgn.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\emph default
- register.
-
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as
- short as possible.
- This minimizes both
-\emph on
-interrupt latency
-\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt latency}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (the time between the occurrence of the interrupt and the execution of
- the first code in the interrupt routine) and
-\emph on
-interrupt jitter
-\emph default
+-dumplrange
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumplrange"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt jitter}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- (the difference between the shortest and the longest interrupt latency).
- These really are something different, f.e.
- a serial interrupt has to be served before its buffer overruns so it cares
- for the maximum interrupt latency, whereas it does not care about jitter.
- On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed
- by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas
- a much smaller jitter will be very audible.
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+ Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's
+\end_layout
-You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture
-s you can make use of two (or more) levels of
-\emph on
-interrupt priorities
-\emph default
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
- On some architectures which don't support interrupt priorities these can
- be implemented by manipulating the interrupt mask and reenabling interrupts
- within the interrupt routine.
- Check there is sufficient space on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- and don't add complexity unless you have to.
-
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Semaphore
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{semaphore}
+-dumpall
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpall"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- locking (mcs51/ds390)
-\layout Standard
-Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
+\size large
+
+\series default
+\size default
+Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
- bit test and
-\emph on
-
-\emph default
-clear
-\emph on
-
-\emph default
-instruction.
- These type of instructions are typically used in preemptive multitasking
- systems, where a routine f.e.
- claims the use of a data structure ('acquires a lock
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lock}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- on it'), makes some modifications and then releases the lock when the data
- structure is consistent again.
- The instruction may also be used if interrupt and non-interrupt code have
- to compete for a resource.
- With the atomic bit test and clear instruction interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Redirecting output on Windows Shells
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+By default SDCC writes its error messages to
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
- don't have to be disabled for the locking operation.
-
-\layout Standard
+standard error
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern:
-\layout Verse
+.
+ To force all messages to
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+standard output
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-volatile
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+ use
+\series bold
+-
+\series default
+\emph on
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- bit resource_is_free;
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\newline
-if (resource_is_free)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-resource_is_free=0;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-resource_is_free=1;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-}
-\layout Standard
-Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- bit test and
-\emph on
-clear
-\emph default
- instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and
-\emph on
-set).
-\layout Section
-Functions using private register banks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
+\series bold
+\emph default
+-
+\series default
+use-stdout
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-use-stdout"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (mcs51/ds390)
-\layout Standard
+.
+ Additionally, if you happen to have visual studio installed in your windows
+ machine, you can use it to compile your sources using a custom build and
+ the SDCC -
+\emph on
-Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets.
- SDCC supports this feature with the
-\emph on
-using
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register bank
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
+\emph default
+-vc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-vc"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- other than the default bank zero).
- It should only be applied to
-\emph on
-interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+ option.
+ Something like this should work:
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\series bold
+c:
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+bin
+\backslash
+sdcc.exe -
+\series default
+\emph on
-\emph default
- functions (see footnote below).
- This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient
- since it will not have to save registers on the stack.
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-The
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
- attribute will have no effect on the generated code for a
-\emph on
-non-interrupt
-\emph default
- function (but may occasionally be useful anyway
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions
- using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute
- as the calling 'interrupt' functions.
- For instance, if you have several ISRs using bank one, and all of them
- call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy()
- 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero
- to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-).
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-(pending: Note, nowadays the
-\emph default
-using
-\emph on
- attribute has an effect on
-\emph default
-
-\emph on
-the generated code for a
-\emph default
-non-interrupt
-\emph on
- function
-\emph default
-.
-\emph on
-)
-\layout Standard
-An
-\emph on
-interrupt
-\emph default
- function using a non-zero bank will assume that it can trash that register
- bank, and will not save it.
- Since high-priority interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupts}
+\series bold
+\emph default
+-vc -
+\series default
+\emph on
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends, this means that
- if a high-priority ISR
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
- a particular bank occurs while processing a low-priority ISR
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
- the same bank, terrible and bad things can happen.
- To prevent this, no single register bank should be
-\emph on
-used
-\emph default
- by both a high priority and a low priority ISR.
- This is probably most easily done by having all high priority ISRs use
- one bank and all low priority ISRs use another.
- If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your
- own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance
- hit.
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions.
- If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions
- use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the
- called functions use bank zero.
- It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank
- from an ISR.
-
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-Startup Code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Startup-Code}
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+\emph default
+-model-large -c $(InputPath)
+\series default
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Startup code}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Environment variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Environment variables"
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-MCS51/DS390 Startup Code
-\layout Standard
-The compiler inserts a call to the C routine
-\emph on
-_sdcc_external_startup()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_sdcc\_external\_startup()}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC recognizes the following environment variables:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series bold
-\emph default
-
-\series default
-at the start of the CODE area.
- This routine is in the runtime library
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library}
+\series bold
+SDCC_LEAVE_SIGNALS
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_LEAVE\\_SIGNALS"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
- By default this routine returns 0, if this routine returns a non-zero value,
- the static & global variable initialization will be skipped and the function
- main will be invoked.
- Otherwise static & global variables will be initialized before the function
- main is invoked.
- You could add a
-\emph on
-_sdcc_external_startup()
-\emph default
- routine to your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware
- or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global variable
- initialization
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- On some mcs51 variants xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\end_inset
-
- memory has to be explicitly enabled before it can be accessed or if the
- watchdog
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{watchdog}
+\series default
+ SDCC installs a signal handler
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "signal handler"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- needs to be disabled, this is the place to do it.
- The startup code clears all internal data memory, 256 bytes by default,
- but from 0 to n-1 if
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception.
+ If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler
+ in order to be able to debug SDCC.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+TMP,\InsetSpace ~
+TEMP,\InsetSpace ~
+TMPDIR
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR"
--iram-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-n
-\emph default
- is used.
- (recommended for Chipcon CC1010).
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-See also the compiler options
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\series default
+ Path, where temporary files will be created.
+ The order of the variables is the search order.
+ In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's
+ no need to set them.
+ On Windows it's recommended to set one of them.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+SDCC_HOME
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_HOME"
--no-xinit
-\emph default
--
-\emph on
-opt
-\emph default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Path, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Install-paths"
-,
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
--main-return
-\emph default
+ Install Paths
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return}
+.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- and section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
+\series bold
+SDCC_INCLUDE
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_INCLUDE"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- about MCS51-variants.
-\layout Subsection
-HC08 Startup Code
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-The HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+\series default
+ Path, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Search-Paths"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code.
-\layout Subsection
+\InsetSpace ~
-Z80 Startup Code
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-On the Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+Search Paths
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
- the startup code is inserted by linking with crt0.o which is generated from
- sdcc/device/lib/z80/crt0.s.
- If you need a different startup code you can use the compiler option
-\emph on
--
-\series bold
-\emph default
+.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+SDCC_LIB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_LIB"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
-\emph on
--no-std-crt0
-\emph default
+\series default
+ Path, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Search-Paths"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-std-crt0}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
- and provide your own crt0.o.
-
-\layout Section
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-Inline Assembler Code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+Search Paths
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+..
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these
+ are solely used for debugging purposes.
+ They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
-A Step by Step Introduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Section
+Storage Class Language Extensions
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+MCS51/DS390 Storage Class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Storage class"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51
- how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and
- an array in xdata memory.
- The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures.
- This is a buffer routine which should be optimized:
-\layout Verse
+ Language Extensions
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51
+ specific storage classes:
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-unsigned char __far
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+data
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- __at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+ / near
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "near (storage class)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_near (storage class)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-(0x7f00) buf[0x100];
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\newline
-unsigned char head, tail;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* if interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- are involved see
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is the
+\series bold
+default
+\series default
+ storage class for the Small Memory model (
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+near
+\emph default
+ or the more ANSI-C compliant forms
+\emph on
+__data
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+__near
+\emph default
+ can be used synonymously).
+ Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly
+ addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
- about
-\series bold
- volatile
-\series default
- */
-\newline
+\family typewriter
+__data unsigned char test_data;
+\end_layout
-\newline
-void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )\SpecialChar ~
-/* cast
-\series bold
-needed
-\series default
- to avoid promotion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+75*00 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_test_data,#0x01
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- to integer */
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
-\end_inset
-
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-buf[ head++ ] = c;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* access to a 256 byte aligned array */
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+ / far
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "far (storage class)"
-If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC
- then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated.
- We define a new function
-\family typewriter
-to_buffer_asm()
-\family default
- in file buffer.c in which we cut and paste the generated code, removing
- unwanted comments and some ':'.
- Then add
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-_asm
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
- and
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_far (storage class)"
-_endasm;
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- to the beginning and the end of the function body:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-/* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with.
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-The function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */
-\newline
-void to_buffer_asm( unsigned char c )
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external
+ RAM.
+ This is the
+\series bold
+default
+\series default
+ storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+__xdata unsigned char test_xdata;
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+90s00r00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dptr,#_test_xdata
+\newline
+74\InsetSpace ~
+01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,#0x01
+\newline
+F0\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movx\InsetSpace ~
+@dptr,a
+\end_layout
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-r2,dpl
-\newline
-;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \SpecialChar ~
-/* cast
-\series bold
-needed
-\series default
- to avoid promotion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+idata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- to integer */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,_tail
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dec\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-r3,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,_head
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-cjne a,ar3,00106$
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ret
-\newline
-00106$:
-\newline
-;buffer.c buf[ head++ ] = c; /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly
+ addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-r3,_head
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_head
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dpl,r3
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dph,#(_buf >> 8)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,r2
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movx @dptr,a
-\newline
-00103$:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ret
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__idata unsigned char test_idata;
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+78r00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+r0,#_test_idata
+\newline
+76\InsetSpace ~
+01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+@r0,#0x01
+\end_layout
-;
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM
+ as the data memory.
+ The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have
+ 256 byte idata memory.
+ The stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
-The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced
- function argument 'c'.
- Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY
- (1) and finally have:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+ is located in idata memory.
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-unsigned char __far __at(0x7f00) buf[0x100];
-\newline
-unsigned char head, tail;
-\newline
-#define USE_ASSEMBLY (1)
-\newline
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\newline
-#if !USE_ASSEMBLY
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-buf[ head++ ] = c;
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-\newline
-#else
-\newline
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\newline
-void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing
+ modes of a 8051.
+ It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of
+ 256 bytes.
+ The following example writes 0x01 to the pdata variable.
+ Please note, pdata access physically accesses xdata memory.
+ The high byte of the address is determined by port P2
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "P2 (mcs51 sfr)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+(or in case of some 8051 variants by a separate Special Function Register,
+ see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:MCS51-variants"
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; save used registers here.
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here.
-
-\newline
-; if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- a,_tail
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dec\SpecialChar ~
- a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-xrl\SpecialChar ~
- a,_head
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; we could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-jz\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- t_b_end$
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-;
-\newline
-; buf[ head++ ] = c;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- a,dpl \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; dpl holds lower byte of function argument
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- dpl,_head \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- dph,#(_buf>>8)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movx @dptr,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc \SpecialChar ~
-_head
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see above)
-\newline
-t_b_end$:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; restore used registers here
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+).
+ This is the
+\series bold
+default
+\series default
+ storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+\family typewriter
+__pdata unsigned char test_pdata;
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-;
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-#endif
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler
-, this includes any assembler directives and comment lines.
- The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments.
- You'll find an 100+ pages assembler manual in sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
+\family typewriter
+78r00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r0,#_test_pdata
+\newline
+74 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov a,#0x01
+\newline
+F2\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movx @r0,a
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- or online at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-xstack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xstack"
-\SpecialChar ~
-.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the
-\family typewriter
-_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+ option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area
+ and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "code"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_code"
- ...
- _endasm
-\size footnotesize
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code
+ memory:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__code unsigned char test_code;
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Read access to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\size default
-;
-\family default
- keyword pair.
- Specifically it will not know which registers are used and thus register
- pushing/popping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+90s00r6F\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov dptr,#_test_code
+\newline
+E4\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+clr a
+\newline
+93\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movc a,@a+dptr
+\end_layout
- has to be done manually.
-
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed
- in a separate line (as the example shows).
- When the -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family typewriter
+char
+\family default
+ indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'};
+\end_layout
--
-\emph on
-peep-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly
+ code:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+E5*00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov a,_index
+\end_layout
-\emph default
- command line option is used, the inline assembler code will be passed through
- the peephole optimizer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+90s00r41\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov dptr,#_test_array
+\end_layout
-.
- There are only a few (if any) cases where this option makes sense, it might
- cause some unexpected changes in the inline assembler code.
- Please go through the peephole optimizer rules defined in file
-\emph on
-SDCCpeeph.def
-\emph default
- before using this option.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Verse
-Naked Functions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Naked-Functions}
+\family typewriter
+93\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movc a,@a+dptr
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Naked functions}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_bit"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as
-\emph on
-_naked
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a data-type and a storage class specifier.
+ When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable
+ memory of 8051, e.g.:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked}
+\family typewriter
+__bit test_bit;
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-.
-
-\emph default
-The
-\emph on
-_naked
-\emph default
- function modifier attribute prevents the compiler from generating prologue
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+D2*00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+setb\InsetSpace ~
+_test_bit
+\end_layout
- and epilogue
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20
+ to 0x2f in data memory.
+
+\newline
+Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support
+ ANSI-C bitfields
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bitfields"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- code for that function.
- This means that the user is entirely responsible for such things as saving
- any registers that may need to be preserved, selecting the proper register
- bank, generating the
-\emph on
-return
-\emph default
- instruction at the end, etc.
- Practically, this means that the contents of the function must be written
- in inline assembler.
- This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large
- (and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue.
- For example, compare the code generated by these two functions:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
-\family typewriter
-volatile
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are
+ about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- data unsigned char counter;
-\newline
+.
+ In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit
+ signed modifier are implemented as unsigned.
+\end_layout
-\newline
-void simpleInterrupt(void) __interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (1)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-counter++;
-\newline
-}
-\newline
+ / sfr16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr16"
-\newline
-void nakedInterrupt(void) __interrupt (2) __naked
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr16"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ / sfr32
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr32"
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-reti\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function.
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr32"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+ / sbit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sbit"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-;
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
-For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sbit"
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-Note, this is an
-\emph on
-outdated
-\emph default
- example, recent versions of SDCC generate
-\newline
-the
-\emph on
-same
-\emph default
- code for simpleInterrupt() and nakedInterrupt()!
-\newline
-\newline
-_simpleInterrupt:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-acc
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-b
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dpl
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dph
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-psw
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-psw,#0x00
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_counter
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-psw
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dph
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dpl
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-b
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-acc
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-reti
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-whereas nakedInterrupt looks like:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+Like the bit keyword,
+\emph on
+sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit
+\emph default
+ signify both a data-type and storage class, they are used to describe the
+
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+pecial
+\emph on
+f
+\emph default
+unction
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+egisters and
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+pecial
+\emph on
+bit
+\emph default
+ variables of a 8051, eg:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-_nakedInterrupt:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-reti\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
-The related directive #pragma exclude
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- allows a more fine grained control over pushing & popping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- the registers.
-\layout Standard
+ (0x80) P0;\InsetSpace ~
+ /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */
+\newline
-While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a
-\family typewriter
-_naked
-\family default
- function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this,
- and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler.
-\layout Subsection
+\newline
+/* 16 bit
+ special function register combination for timer 0
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ with the high byte at
+ location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */
+\newline
+__sfr16 __at (0x8C8A)
+ TMR0;
+\newline
-Use of Labels within Inline Assembler
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+__sbit __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
-SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding
- labels.
- In older versions of the compiler all labels defined within inline assembler
- code
-\emph on
-had to be
-\emph default
- of the form
-\emph on
-nnnnn$
-\emph default
- where nnnn is a number less than 100 (which implies a limit of utmost 100
- inline assembler labels
-\emph on
-per function
-\emph default
-\noun on
-)
-\noun default
-.
-
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ (0xd7) CY;\InsetSpace ~
+ /* CY (Carry Flag
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Flags"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-b,#10
-\newline
-00001$:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-djnz\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-b,00001$
-\newline
-_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Carry flag"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+) */
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by
+ 8 are bit-addressable, an
+\emph on
+sbit
+\emph default
+ addresses a specific bit within these sfr.
+\newline
+16 Bit and 32 bit special function
+ register combinations which require a certain access order are better not
+ declared using
+\emph on
+sfr16
+\emph default
+ or
+\emph on
+sfr32.
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ Allthough SDCC usually accesses them Least Significant Byte (LSB) first,
+ this is not guaranteed.
+\newline
- ;
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference
- labels
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Labels}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Please note, if you use a header file which was written for another compiler
+ then the sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit Storage Class extensions will most
+ likely be
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ compatible.
+ Specifically the syntax
+\family typewriter
+\InsetSpace ~
+sfr P0 = 0x80;\InsetSpace ~
-\end_inset
+\family default
+ is compiled
+\emph on
+without warning
+\emph default
+ by SDCC to an assignment of 0x80 to a variable called P0
+\family typewriter
- defined by the inline assembler, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset Marginal
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-foo() {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* some c code */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_asm
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; some assembler code
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ljmp $0003
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* some more c code */
-\newline
-clabel:\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* inline assembler cannot reference this label */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_asm
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-$0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\series bold
+\InsetSpace ~
+!
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+\family default
+
+\series bold
+Nevertheless it is possible to write header files
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Header files"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- ;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* some more c code */
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
-In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline
- assembly within the scope of the function.
- The same goes the other way, i.e.
- labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements.
-\layout Section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Include files"
-Interfacing with Assembler Code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ which can be shared among different compilers (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers"
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
+).
+
+\end_layout
-Global Registers used for Parameter Passing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameter passing}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Pointers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Pointer"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any
+ of the memory spaces
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory model"
-The compiler always uses the global registers
-\emph on
-DPL, DPH
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ of the 8051.
+ In addition to the explicit pointers, the compiler uses (by default) generic
+ pointers which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces.
+\newline
+\newline
+Pointer
+ declaration examples:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+/* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram
+ */
+\newline
+__xdata unsigned char * __data p;
+\newline
-, B
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{B (mcs51, ds390 register)}
+\newline
+/* pointer physically in external ram
+ pointing to object in internal ram */
+\newline
+__data unsigned char * __xdata p;
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+/*
+ pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */
+\newline
+__xdata
+ unsigned char * __code p;
+\newline
-
-\emph default
-and
-\emph on
- ACC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ACC (mcs51, ds390 register)}
+\newline
+/* pointer physically in code space pointing to
+ data in code space */
+\newline
+__code unsigned char * __code p;
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+/* generic pointer
+ physically located in xdata space */
+\newline
+unsigned char * __xdata p;
+\newline
+\newline
+/* generic
+ pointer physically located in default memory space */
+\newline
+unsigned char * p;
+\newline
-\emph default
- to pass the first parameter to a routine.
- The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant
- routines or if -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
+/*
+ the following is a function pointer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function pointer"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ physically located in data space */
+\newline
+char (* __data fp)(void);
+\end_layout
--stack-auto is used) or in data / xdata memory (depending on the memory
- model).
+\begin_layout Standard
+Well you get the idea.
-\layout Subsection
+\newline
-Assembler Routine (non-reentrant)
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390)
+\emph on
+generic
+\emph default
+ pointers.
+
+\size small
-In the following example
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\size default
+The highest order byte of the
+\emph on
+generic
+\emph default
+ pointers contains the data space information.
+ Assembler support routines are called whenever data is stored or retrieved
+ using
+\emph on
+generic
+\emph default
+ pointers.
+ These are useful for developing reusable library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (non-reentrant)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ routines.
+ Explicitly specifying the pointer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pointer"
- the function c_func calls an assembler routine asm_func, which takes two
- parameters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ type will generate the most efficient code.
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Notes on MCS51 memory
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51 memory"
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
-\newline
+ layout
+\end_layout
-\newline
-int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return asm_func(i,j);
-\newline
-}
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal
+ RAM memory which is structured as follows:
+\newline
-\newline
-int main()
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return c_func(10,9);
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold
+ up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7,
+\newline
+- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold
+ 128 bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
-The corresponding assembler function is:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+ variables and,
+\newline
+- Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use.
+\newline
-\family typewriter
-.globl _asm_func_PARM_2
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.globl _asm_func
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.area OSEG
-\newline
-_asm_func_PARM_2:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.ds 1
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.area CSEG
-\newline
-_asm_func:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,dpl
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-add\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,_asm_func_PARM_2
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dpl,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dph
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of
+ additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory (
+\emph on
+idata
+\emph default
-,#0x00
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ret
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-Note here that the return values
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- are placed in 'dpl' - One byte return value, 'dpl' LSB & 'dph' MSB for
- two byte values.
- 'dpl', 'dph' and 'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph','
-b' & 'acc' for four byte values.
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-The parameter naming convention is _<function_name>_PARM_<n>, where n is
- the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left.
- The first parameter is passed in
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-dpl
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+).
+ Furthermore, some chips may have some built in external memory (
+\emph on
+xdata
+\emph default
- for a one byte parameter,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-dptr
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- for two bytes,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-b,dptr
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
- for three bytes and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-acc,b,dptr
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+) which should not be confused with the internal, directly addressable RAM
+ memory (
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
- for a four bytes parameter.
- The variable name for the second parameter will be _<function_name>_PARM_2.
-\newline
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\newline
-Assemble the assembler routine with the following command:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\family sans
-\series bold
-asx8051 -losg asmfunc.asm
-\newline
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family default
-\series default
-Then compile and link the assembler routine to the C source file with the
- following command:
-\newline
+).
+ Sometimes this built in
+\emph on
+xdata
+\emph default
+ memory has to be activated before using it (you can probably find this
+ information on the datasheet of the microcontroller your are using, see
+ also section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Startup-Code"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel
-\layout Subsection
+\InsetSpace ~
+Startup-Code).
+\end_layout
-Assembler Routine (reentrant)
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Normally SDCC will only use the first bank
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "register bank (mcs51, ds390)"
-In this case
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ of registers (register bank 0), but it is possible to specify that other
+ banks of registers (keyword
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+
+\emph on
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (reentrant)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- the second parameter
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- onwards will be passed on the stack, the parameters are pushed from right
- to left i.e.
- after the call the leftmost parameter will be on the top of the stack.
- Here is an example:
-\layout Verse
+\emph default
+) should be used for example in interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
-\family typewriter
-extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) reentrant
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return asm_func(i,j);
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-\newline
-int main()
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return c_func(10,9);
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_interrupt"
-The corresponding assembler routine is:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+ routines.
+ By default, the compiler will place the stack after the last byte of allocated
+ memory for variables.
+ For example, if the first 2 banks of registers are used, and only four
+ bytes are used for
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
+ variables, it will position the base of the internal stack at address 20
+ (0x14).
+ This implies that as the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
-\family typewriter
-.globl _asm_func
-\newline
-_asm_func:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push _bp
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov _bp,sp
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov r2,dpl
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,_bp
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-add a,#0xfd
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov r0,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-add a,#0xfc ;?
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov r1,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,@r0
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-add a,r2 ;?
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov dpl,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov dph,#0x00
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov sp,_bp
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop _bp
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ret
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra
- entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp is the stack
- frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters
- and local variables.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-int (16 bit)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (16 bit)}
+ grows, it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used
+ by the 128 bit variables, and 80 bytes for general purpose use.
+ If any bit variables are used, the data variables will be placed in unused
+ register banks and after the byte holding the last bit variable.
+ For example, if register banks 0 and 1 are used, and there are 9 bit variables
+ (two bytes used),
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
+ variables will be placed starting from address 0x10 to 0x20 and continue
+ at address 0x22.
+ You can also use -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- and long (32 bit)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long (32 bit)}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- Support
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division,
- multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines.
- These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting
- to other MCUs, although some model specific assembler optimizations are
- used.
- The following files contain the described routines, all of them can be
- found in <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib.
-\newline
+-data-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-data-loc <Value>"
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ to specify the start address of the
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
+ and -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
-Function
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+-iram-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-iram-size <Value>"
-\series bold
-Description
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ to specify the size of the total internal RAM (
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
++
+\emph on
+idata
+\emph default
+).
+
+\newline
-_mulint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data
+ variables.
+ Option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-16 bit multiplication
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-_divsint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
- signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+-stack-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-loc <Value>"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-_divuint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ allows you to specify the start of the stack, i.e.
+ you could start it after any data in the general purpose area.
+ If your microcontroller has additional indirectly addressable internal
+ RAM (
+\emph on
+idata
+\emph default
+) you can place the stack on it.
+ You may also need to use -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
- unsigned 16 bit division
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-_modsint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-xdata-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xdata-loc<Value>"
-signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ to set the start address of the external RAM (
+\emph on
+xdata
+\emph default
+) and -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-_moduint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-unsigned 16 bit modulus
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-_mullong.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+-xram-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xram-size <Value>"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-32 bit multiplication
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ to specify its size.
+ Same goes for the code memory, using -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-_divslong.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- signed 32 division (calls _divulong)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-code-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-code-loc <Value>"
-_divulong.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ and -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-unsigned 32 division
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-_modslong.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
- signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+-code-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-code-size <Value>"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-_modulong.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+.
+ If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory
+ layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+The linker generates two files with memory allocation information.
+ The first, with extension .map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.map"
-unsigned 32 bit modulus
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ shows all the variables and segments.
+ The second with extension .mem
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.mem"
+\end_inset
-\newline
+ shows the final memory layout.
+ The linker will complain either if memory segments overlap, there is not
+ enough memory, or there is not enough space for stack.
+ If you get any linking warnings and/or errors related to stack or segments
+ allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what
+ the problem is.
+ The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Since they are compiled as
-\emph on
-non-reentrant
-\emph default
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Z80/Z180 Storage Class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!Storage class"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-, interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+ Language Extensions
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr"
- service routines should not do any of the above operations.
- If this is unavoidable then the above routines will need to be compiled
- with the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr"
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ (in/out to 8-bit addresses)
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
-\emph default
- option, after which the source program will have to be compiled with
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ family has separate address spaces for memory and
+\emph on
+i
+\emph default
+nput/
+\emph on
+o
+\emph default
+utput memory.
+ I/O memory
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "I/O memory (Z80, Z180)"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--int-long-reent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!I/O memory"
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- option.
- Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly.
- The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation
- is required.
-\layout Section
-Floating Point Support
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z180!I/O memory"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ is accessed with special instructions, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers.
- The floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and
- consist of the following routines:
-\newline
+\family typewriter
+sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */
+
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
-\size footnotesize
+\begin_layout Verse
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+3E 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ld a,#0x01
+\newline
+D3 78\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+out (_IoPort),a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+banked sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr"
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Function
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr"
-Description
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ (in/out to 16-bit addresses)
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The keyword
+\emph on
+banked
+\emph default
+ is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fsadd.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Verse
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+sfr banked at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-add floating point numbers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fssub.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ 0x123 IoPort;
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-subtract floating point numbers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+01 23 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ld bc,#_IoPort
+\newline
+3E 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ld a,#0x01
+\newline
+ED 79\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+out (c),a
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr"
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fsdiv.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_sfr"
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-divide floating point numbers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ (in0/out0 to 8 bit addresses on Z180
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z180"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+/HD64180
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HD64180 (see Z180)"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fsmul.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+)
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-multiply floating point numbers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2uchar.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-portmode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z180!Options!-\\/-portmode"
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to unsigned char
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+portmode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z180!Pragmas!\\#pragma portmode"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ z180 (z80) is used to turn on (off) the Z180/HD64180 port addressing instructio
+ns
+\family typewriter
+in0/out0
+\family default
+ instead of
+\family typewriter
+in/out
+\family default
+.
+ If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2char.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+HC08 Storage Class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08!Storage class"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to signed char
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ Language Extensions
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+data
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "data (hc08 storage class)"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2uint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_data (hc08 storage class)"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to unsigned int
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256
+ bytes of memory (the direct page).
+ The HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2int.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) stored here.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (hc08 storage class)"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to signed int
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_xdata (hc08 storage class)"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2ulong.
-\family default
-\series default
-\shape default
-\size default
-\emph default
-\bar default
-\noun default
-\color default
-c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in
+ memory.
+ This is the default if no storage class is specified.
+
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to unsigned long
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Other SDCC language extensions
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Other SDCC language extensions"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2long.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to signed long
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Binary constants
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC supports the use of binary constants, such as 0b01100010.
+ This feature is only enabled when the compiler is invoked using --std-sdccxx.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_uchar2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Absolute Addressing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Absolute addressing"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert unsigned char to floating point
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_char2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the
+\emph on
+at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert char to floating point number
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ <address>
+\emph default
+ keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_uint2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Verse
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert unsigned int to floating point
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_int2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert int to floating point numbers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum;
+\end_layout
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_ulong2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+__xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum;
+\end_layout
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert unsigned long to floating point number
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff
+ of the external ram.
+ The compiler does
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ reserve any space for variables declared in this way
+\begin_inset Marginal
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+\InsetSpace ~
+!
+\end_layout
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_long2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ (they are implemented with an equate in the assembler).
+ Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure there are no overlaps with
+ other variables that are declared without the absolute address.
+ The assembler listing file (.lst
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.lst"
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert long to floating point number
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+) and the linker output files (.rst
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.rst"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+) and (.map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.map"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space
- and speed improvement
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+) are good places to look for such overlaps.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+If however you provide an initializer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Variable initialization"
-These floating point routines (
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- sinf(), cosf(), ...) for the mcs51 are implemented in assembler.
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
- Note if all these routines are used simultaneously the data space might
- overflow.
- For serious floating point usage the large model might be needed.
- Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly.
- The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation
- is required.
-\layout Section
+ actual memory allocation will take place and overlaps will be detected
+ by the linker.
+ E.g.:
+\end_layout
-Library Routines
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__code __at (0x7ff0) char Id[5] =
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+SDCC
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+;
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the above example the variable Id will be located from 0x7ff0 to 0x7ff4
+ in code memory.
+\end_layout
-\emph on
-<pending: this is messy and incomplete - a little more information is in
- sdcc/doc/libdoc.txt
-\emph default
- >
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword
+\emph on
+volatile
+\emph default
+ has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed:
+\end_layout
-Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.)
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Verse
-Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.)
-\layout Subsubsection
+\family typewriter
+volatile
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "volatile"
-<stdio.h>
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ __xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<stdio.h>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
-As usual on embedded systems you have to provide your own
-\family typewriter
-getchar()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{getchar()}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ (0x8000) unsigned char PORTA_8255;
+\end_layout
-
-\family default
-and
-\family typewriter
-putchar()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{putchar()}
+\begin_layout Standard
+For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa
+r) array
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Aligned array"
+\end_inset
-\family default
- routines.
- SDCC does not know whether the system connects to a serial line with or
- without handshake, LCD, keyboard or other device.
- And whether a
-\family typewriter
-lf
-\family default
- to
-\family typewriter
-crlf
-\family default
- conversion within
-\family typewriter
-putchar()
-\family default
- is intended.
- You'll find examples for serial routines f.e.
- in sdcc/device/lib.
-\layout Standard
-The default
-\family typewriter
- printf()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf()}
+\family default
+\size default
+ starts at a block (256 byte) boundary
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "block boundary"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ (section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction"
-\family default
-implementation in
-\family typewriter
- printf_large.c
-\family default
- does not support float (except on ds390).
- To enable this recompile it with the option
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ has an example).
+\newline
+Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all
+ storage classes, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
-DUSE_FLOATS=1
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{USE\_FLOATS}
+\family typewriter
+__bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
-\emph default
- on the command line.
- Use
-\emph on
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ (0x02) bvar;
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab
+le space.
+ There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables
+ in this manner, unless you want strict control over all the variables allocated.
+ One possible use would be to write hardware portable code.
+ For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller
+ I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you
+ can declare the I/O pins in your routine using:
+\end_layout
--model-large
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+extern volatile
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "volatile"
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- for the mcs51 port, since this uses a lot of memory.
-\layout Standard
+ __bit MOSI;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* master out, slave in */
+\newline
+extern volatile __bit MISO;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* master
+ in, slave out */
+\newline
+extern volatile __bit MCLK;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* master clock */
+\newline
-If you're short on memory you might want to use
-\family typewriter
-printf_small()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_small()}
+\newline
+/* Input and
+ Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus.
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+If needed adapt polarity of clock,
+ polarity of data and bit order
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+*/
+\newline
+unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte)
+
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+unsigned char i=8;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+do {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+MOSI = out_byte & 0x80;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+out_byte <<= 1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+MCLK =
+ 1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* _asm nop _endasm; */\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* for slow peripherals */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+if(MISO)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+out_byte +=
+ 1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+MCLK = 0;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+} while(--i);
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return out_byte;
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family default
-
-\emph on
-instead
-\emph default
- of
-\family typewriter
- printf().
+\family typewriter
+__bit __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
-\family default
- For the mcs51 there additionally are assembly versions
-\family typewriter
-printf_tiny()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_tiny() (mcs51)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
-\family default
- (subset of printf using less than 270 bytes) and
-\family typewriter
-printf_fast()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast() (mcs51)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ (0x80) MOSI;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* I/O port 0, bit 0 */
+\newline
+__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* I/O port 0,
+ bit 1 */
+\newline
+__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* I/O port 0, bit 2 */
+\end_layout
-
-\family default
-and
-\family typewriter
- printf_fast_f()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast\_f() (mcs51)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Similarly, for the second hardware you would use
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* I/O port 0, bit 3 */
+\newline
+__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/*
+ I/O port 1, bit 1 */
+\newline
+__bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
-\family default
- (floating-point aware version of printf_fast) which should fit the requirements
- of many embedded systems (printf_fast() can be customized by unsetting
- #defines to
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- support long variables and field widths).
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
-<malloc.h>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{malloc.h}
+ __at (0x92) MCLK;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* I/O port 1, bit 2 */
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as
+ for example in a library.
+ This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be
+ specified in the whole project.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-As of SDCC 2.6.2 you no longer need to call an initialization routine before
- using dynamic memory allocation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{dynamic memory allocation (malloc)}
+\begin_layout Section
+Parameters
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Parameters"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- and a default heap
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{heap (malloc)}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function parameter"
- space of 1024 bytes is provided for malloc to allocate memory from.
- If you need a different heap size you need to recompile _heap.c with the
- required size defined in HEAP_SIZE.
- It is recommended to make a copy of this file into your project directory
- and compile it there with:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+ & Local Variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "local variables"
-\family typewriter
-sdcc -c _heap.c -D HEAD_SIZE=2048
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family default
-And then link it with:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables"
-\family typewriter
-sdcc main.rel _heap.rel
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
-Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.)
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_layout
-<math.h>
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed
+ on the stack or in data-space.
+ The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal
+ RAM (for small model) or external RAM (for medium or large model).
+ This in fact makes them similar to
+\emph on
+static
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "static"
-See definitions in file <math.h>.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Other libraries
-\layout Standard
-Libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\emph default
+ so by default functions are non-reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- included in SDCC should have a license at least as liberal as the GNU Lesser
- General Public License
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL}
+.
+
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+They can be placed on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
-
-\emph on
-LGPL
-\emph default
-.
-\layout Comment
+\end_inset
-license statements for the libraries are missing.
- sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c
-\layout Comment
+ by using the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-or _decdptr f.e.
- come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal
- enough for many embedded programmers.
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code
- which f.e.
- falls into any of these categories Busses (I
-\begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{2}}$
-\end_inset
-C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory
- cards, eeprom, flash...), En-/Decryption, Remote debugging, Realtime kernel,
- Keyboard, LCD, RTC, FPGA, PID then the sdcc-user mailing list
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-would certainly like to hear about it.
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being
- enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl
-e these references are very valuable.
- Let's help to create a climate where information is shared.
-\layout Section
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
-Memory Models
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-MCS51 Memory Models
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ option, by using
+\emph on
+#pragma\InsetSpace ~
+stackauto
+\emph default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma stackauto"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory model}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ or by using the
+\emph on
+reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsubsection
-Small, Medium and Large
-\layout Standard
+\emph default
+ keyword in the function declaration, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code,
-\shape slanted
-small, medium
-\shape default
- and
-\shape slanted
-large
-\shape default
-.
- Modules compiled with different memory models should
-\emph on
-never
-\emph default
- be combined together or the results would be unpredictable.
- The library routines supplied with the compiler are compiled as small,
- medium and large.
- The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small,
- medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set.
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a
- storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all
- parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\family typewriter
+unsigned char foo(char i) __reentrant
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the
+\emph on
+reentrant
+\emph default
+ keyword or the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- functions).
- When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated
- in the internal ram.
-\layout Standard
-Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- and the 'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code,
- than using the large model.
- Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the
- large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless
- absolutely required.
-\layout Subsubsection
+-stack-auto
+\emph default
+ option should be used sparingly.
+ Note that the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local
+ variables will be allocated to the stack, it
+\emph on
+does not
+\emph default
+ mean that the function is register bank
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "register bank (mcs51, ds390)"
-External Stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:External-Stack}
+\end_inset
+
+ independent.
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+Local variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "local variables"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+ can be assigned storage classes and absolute
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Absolute addressing"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ addresses, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{External stack (mcs51)}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+unsigned char foo()
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+__xdata unsigned char i;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+__bit bvar;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+__data __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ (0x31) unsigned char j;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-The external stack (-
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the above example the variable
+\emph on
+i
+\emph default
+ will be allocated in the external ram,
+\emph on
+bvar
+\emph default
+ in bit addressable space and
+\emph on
+j
+\emph default
+ in internal ram.
+ When compiled with
+\emph on
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--xstack option
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-auto
+\emph default
+ or when a function is declared as
+\emph on
+reentrant
+\emph default
+ this should only be done for static variables.
+\end_layout
-) is located in pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Parameters
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function parameter"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- memory (usually at the start of the external ram segment) and uses all
- unused space in pdata (max.
- 256 bytes).
- When -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ however are not allowed any storage class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Storage class"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+, (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is
+ governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options.
+\end_layout
--xstack option is used to compile the program, the parameters and local
- variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also
+ non-static local bit variables are supported.
+ Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space.
+ They are pushed and popped to stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- of all reentrant functions are allocated in this area.
- This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements.
- When used with the -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ as a single byte just like the normal registers.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Section
+Overlaying
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Overlaying"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Overlaying"
- option, all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external
- stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same
- options.
- There is a predefined target in the library makefile).
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment
- into port P2
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- (see also section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
+\begin_layout Standard
+For non-reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-), therefore when using the External Stack option, this port
-\emph on
-may not
-\emph default
- be used by the application program.
-\layout Subsection
+ functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space usage by overlaying
+ parameters and local variables of a function (if possible).
+ Parameters and local variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "local variables"
-DS390 Memory Model
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ of a function will be allocated to an overlayable segment if the function
+ has
+\emph on
+no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory
+ model
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory model"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390 memory model}
+ is small.
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ If an explicit storage class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Storage class"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlaid.
+\end_layout
-The only model supported is Flat 24
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin
+g the data items.
+ Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine
+\begin_inset Marginal
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
- This generates code for the 24 bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas
- DS80C390 part.
- In this mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly
- addressed.
- See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information on this part.
-\newline
+\series bold
+!
+\end_layout
-\newline
-Note that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor
- into 24 bitmode (although
-\emph on
-tinibios
-\emph default
- in the ds390 libraries will do that for you).
- If you don't use
-\emph on
-tinibios
-\emph default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tinibios (DS390)}
+ should be preceded by a #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nooverlay"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-, the boot loader or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24
- bit contiguous addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code.
-\newline
+ if they are not reentrant.
+\end_layout
-\newline
-Like the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler
+ code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters
+ of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls
+ other c-functions that might use the overlay.
+ In that case the #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nooverlay should be used.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica
+tion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Multiplication"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--model-large
-\emph default
- option, variables will by default be placed into the XDATA segment.
-
-\newline
+ or division
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Division"
-\newline
-Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ will NOT be overlaid since these are implemented using external functions,
+ e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
--*-loc options.
- Note that if any segments are located above 64K, the -r flag must be passed
- to the linker to generate the proper segment relocations, and the Intel
- HEX output format must be used.
- The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option
-\emph on
--Wl-r
-\emph default
- on the SDCC command line.
- However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k.
-\layout Section
+\family typewriter
+#pragma save
+\newline
+#pragma nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nooverlay"
-Pragmas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Pragmas}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+
+\newline
+void set_error(unsigned char errcd)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+P3 = errcd;
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+#pragma restore
+\newline
+\newline
+void
+ some_isr () __interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pragmas}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ (2)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+set_error(10);
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the above example the parameter
+\emph on
+errcd
+\emph default
+ for the function
+\emph on
+set_error
+\emph default
+ would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nooverlay was
+ not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called
+ from an interrupt service routine.
+ The #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for
+ the function are NOT overlaid.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-SDCC supports the following #pragma directives:
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Interrupt Service Routines
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines"
-\series bold
-save
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- - this will save most current options to the save/restore stack.
- See #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-restore.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Subsection
+General Information
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC allows
+\emph on
+i
+\emph default
+nterrupt
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+ervice
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords.
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-restore
-\series default
+\begin_layout Verse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore}
+\family typewriter
+void timer_isr (void) __interrupt (1) __using (1)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+The optional number following the
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
- - will restore saved options from the last save.
- saves & restores can be nested.
- SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack,
- restore pulls current options from the stack.
- See #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-save.
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_interrupt"
-\series bold
-callee_saves
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ keyword is the interrupt number this routine will service.
+ When present, the compiler will insert a call to this routine in the interrupt
+ vector table
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt vector table"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
+ for the interrupt number specified.
+ If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service routines
+ can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr MUST be present
+ or included in the file that contains the function
+\emph on
+main
+\emph default
+.
+ The optional (8051 specific) keyword
+\emph on
+using
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- function1[,function2[,function3...]] - The compiler by default uses a caller
- saves convention for register saving across function calls, however this
- can cause unnecessary register pushing & popping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
- when calling small functions from larger functions.
- This option can be used to switch off the register saving convention for
- the function names specified.
- The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, extra
- code need to be manually inserted at the entry & exit for these functions
- to save & restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIALLY
- reduce code & improve run time performance of the generated code.
- In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) may be able
- to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
- If -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ can be used to tell the compiler to use the specified register bank when
+ generating code for this function.
+
+\newline
+Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs:
+\end_layout
--callee-saves command line option is used, the function names specified
- in #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-callee_saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line.
-\layout Itemize
+Common interrupt pitfall: variable not declared
+\emph on
+volatile
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by
+ other functions these variables have to be declared
+\emph on
+volatile
+\emph default
-\series bold
-exclude
-\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "volatile"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ See
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_variable"
- none | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma disables the generation
- of pairs of push/pop
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ .
+\end_layout
- instructions in
-\emph on
-I
-\emph default
-nterrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-atomic"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\emph on
-S
-\emph default
-ervice
-\emph on
-R
-\emph default
-outines.
- The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition
- and it affects ALL ISR functions following it.
- To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-exclude\SpecialChar ~
-none
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
+Common interrupt pitfall:
+\emph on
+non-atomic access
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the access to these variables is not
+\emph on
+atomic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "atomic"
-.
- See also the related keyword _naked
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ (i.e.
+ the processor needs more than one instruction for the access and could
+ be interrupted while accessing the variable) the interrupt must be disabled
+ during the access to avoid inconsistent data.
+
+\newline
+Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs
+ and should be protected by disabling interrupts.
+ You're not automatically on the safe side if you use 8 bit variables though.
+ We need an example here: f.e.
+ on the 8051 the harmless looking
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked}
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+flags\InsetSpace ~
+|=\InsetSpace ~
+0x80;
+\family default
-.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+ is not atomic if
+\family typewriter
+flags
+\family default
+ resides in xdata.
+ Setting
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-less_pedantic
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma less\_pedantic}
+\family typewriter
+flags\InsetSpace ~
+|=\InsetSpace ~
+0x40;
+\family default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
- - the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you'r on
- your own now ;-(
-\layout Itemize
+ from within an interrupt routine might get lost if the interrupt occurs
+ at the wrong time.
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-disable_warning
-\series default
- <nnnn>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma disable\_warning}
+\family typewriter
+counter\InsetSpace ~
++=\InsetSpace ~
+8;
+\family default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
- - the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number <nnnn>.
-\layout Itemize
+ is not atomic on the 8051 even if
+\family typewriter
+counter
+\family default
+ is located in data memory.
+\newline
+Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can
+ cause a lot of trouble.
+
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-stack-overflow"
-\series bold
-nogcse
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
+Common interrupt pitfall:
+\emph on
+stack overflow
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine
+ are saved on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
- - will stop global common subexpression elimination.
-\layout Itemize
-
-
-\series bold
-noinduction
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+ so there must be sufficient stack space.
+ If there isn't variables or registers (or even the return address itself)
+ will be corrupted.
+ This
+\emph on
+stack overflow
+\emph default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack overflow"
- - will stop loop induction optimizations.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+ is most likely to happen if the interrupt occurs during the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-noinvariant
-\series default
+deepest
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant}
+ subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e.
+ many return addresses.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-reentrant"
- - will not do loop invariant optimizations.
- For more details see Loop Invariants in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+Common interrupt pitfall:
+\emph on
+use of non-reentrant functions
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Division"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-noiv
-\series default
+, multiplication
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Multiplication"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noiv}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ & modulus
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Modulus"
- - Do not generate interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ and floating-point
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Floating point support"
- vector table
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ operations are implemented using external support routines.
+ If an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then
+ the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have to
+ be recompiled using the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- entries for all ISR functions defined after the pragma.
- This is useful in cases where the interrupt vector table must be defined
- manually, or when there is a secondary, manually defined interrupt vector
- table (e.g.
- for the autovector feature of the Cypress EZ-USB FX2).
- More elegantly this can be achieved by obmitting the optional interrupt
- number after the interrupt keyword, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-about interrupts.
-\layout Itemize
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-nojtbound
-\series default
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when switch statements
- are turned into jump-tables (dangerous).
- For more details see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements}
+\emph default
+ option and the source file will need to be compiled using the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
-\layout Itemize
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-noloopreverse
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noloopreverse}
+-int-long-reent
+\emph default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-int-long-reent"
- - Will not do loop reversal optimization
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+ compiler option.
+
+\newline
+Note, the type promotion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "type promotion"
-\series bold
-nooverlay
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
+ required by ANSI C can cause 16 bit routines to be used
+\begin_inset Marginal
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a
- function.
-\layout Itemize
+\series bold
+\InsetSpace ~
+!
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-stackauto
-\series default
+ without the programmer being aware of it.
+ See f.e.
+ the cast
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+(unsigned char)(tail-1)
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+within the if clause in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
-- See option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended,
+ avoid it if possible.
+ Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine
+ it should be preceded by a #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nooverlay"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ if it is not reentrant.
+ Furthermore nonreentrant functions should not be called from the main program
+ while the interrupt service routine might be active.
+ They also must not be called from low priority interrupt service routines
+ while a high priority interrupt service routine might be active.
+ You could use semaphores or make the function
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+ if all parameters are passed in registers.
+\newline
+ Also see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Overlaying"
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+about Overlaying and section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Functions-using-private-banks"
- and section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+about Functions using private register banks.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
- Parameters and Local Variables.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-opt_code_speed
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_speed}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
-- The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
- at the expense of code size.
- Currently this has little effect.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+ numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for the Standard 8051/8052
+ are listed below.
+ SDCC will automatically adjust the
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt vector table"
-\series bold
-opt_code_size
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_size}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ to the maximum interrupt number specified.
+\newline
-- The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
- at the expense of code speed.
- Currently this has little effect.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
-opt_code_balanced
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_balanced}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Interrupt #
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-- The compiler will attempt to generate code that is both compact and fast,
- as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the
- default).
-
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+Description
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
-std_sdcc89
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc89}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Vector Address
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-- Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
- with the standard (default).
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+0
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
-std_c89
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c89}
+\begin_layout Standard
+External 0
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-- Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
- standard.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x0003
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
-std_sdcc99
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc99}
+\begin_layout Standard
+1
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-- Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
- with the standard (incomplete support).
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+Timer 0
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
-std_c99
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c99}
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x000b
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-- Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
- standard (incomplete support).
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+2
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
-codeseg
-\series default
- <name>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma codeseg}
+\begin_layout Standard
+External 1
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-- Use this name (max.
- 8 characters) for the code segment.
- See option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x0013
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+3
+\end_layout
--codeseg.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\series bold
-constseg
-\series default
- <name>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma constseg}
-
-\end_inset
-
-- Use this name (max.
- 8 characters) for the const segment.
- See option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--constseg.
-\layout Standard
-
-The preprocessor SDCPP
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
-
-\end_inset
-
- supports the following #pragma directives:
-\layout Itemize
-
-
-\series bold
-preproc_asm
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm}
-
-\end_inset
-
- (+ | -) - switch _asm _endasm block preprocessing on / off.
- Default is on.
- You use this prama to define multilines of assembly code.
- This will prevent the preprocessor from changing the formating required
- by assembly code.
- Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-#pragma preproc_asm -
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\newline
-#define MYDELAY _asm
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-nop ;my assembly comment...
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-nop
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-nop
-\newline
-_endasm
-\newline
-#pragma preproc_asm +
-\newline
-
-\newline
-void foo (void)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- MYDELAY;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- ...
-
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-
-\layout Itemize
-
-
-\series bold
-pedantic_parse_number
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number}
-
-\end_inset
-
- (+ | -) - Pedantic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are
- parsed properly and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded.
- Default is off.
- Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
-
-\emph on
- Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard!
-
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-#pragma pedantic_parse_number +
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Timer 1
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-
-\newline
-\newline
-#define LO_B(x) ((x) & 0xff)
-\newline
-\newline
-unsigned char foo(void)
-\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3);
-\newline
-\newline
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-\InsetSpace ~
-
-return c;
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-
-\layout Standard
-
-The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations
- which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to
- store compiler generated temporary variables.
- This usually happens in large functions.
- Pragma directives should be used as shown in the following example, they
- are used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas
- should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside
- a function body could have unpredictable results.
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-#pragma save
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save}
-
-\end_inset
-
- \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* save the current settings */
-\newline
-#pragma nogcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
-
-\end_inset
-
- \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* turnoff global subexpression elimination */
-\newline
-#pragma noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
-
-\end_inset
-
- /* turn off induction optimizations */
-\newline
-int foo ()
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- /* large code */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- ...
-
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-#pragma restore
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore}
-
-\end_inset
-
- /* turn the optimizations back on */
-\layout Standard
-
-The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated.
- It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragma's be used when
- changing options for a function.
-\newline
-
-\newline
-
-\newline
-
-\layout Section
-
-Defines Created by the Compiler
-\layout Standard
-
-The compiler creates the following #defines
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#defines}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Defines created by the compiler}
-
-\end_inset
-
-:
-\newline
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3in">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="3in">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\series bold
-#define
-\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x001b
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-Description
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+4
+\end_layout
-SDCC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Serial
+\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x0023
+\end_layout
-Always defined.
- Since version 2.5.6 the version number as an int (ex.
- 256)
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-SDCC_mcs51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_mcs51}
-
-\end_inset
-
- or SDCC_ds390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_ds390}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+5
+\end_layout
- or SDCC_z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_z80}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Timer 2 (8052)
+\end_layout
-, etc.
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x002b
+\end_layout
-depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390)
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-__mcs51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_mcs51}
-
-\end_inset
-
-, __ds390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ds390}
-
-\end_inset
-
-, __hc08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_hc08}
+\begin_layout Standard
+...
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-, __z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_z80}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-, etc
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+...
+\end_layout
-depending on the model used (e.g.
- -mz80)
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+n
+\end_layout
-SDCC_STACK_AUTO
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_AUTO}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-when
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x0003 + 8*n
+\end_layout
--stack-auto
-\emph default
- option is used
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+</lyxtabular>
-SDCC_MODEL_SMALL
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_SMALL}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\newline
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the interrupt service routine is defined without
+\emph on
+using
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
-when
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
--model-small
-\emph default
- is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_MEDIUM}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-when
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--model-medium
-\emph default
- is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\emph default
+ a register bank or with register bank 0 (
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ 0), the compiler will save the registers used by itself on the stack upon
+ entry and restore them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine
+ calls another function then the entire register bank will be saved on the
+ stack.
+ This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which
+ have low register usage.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register
+ bank then only
+\emph on
+a, b, dptr
+\emph default
+ & psw are saved and restored, if such an interrupt service routine calls
+ another function (using another register bank) then the entire register
+ bank of the called function will be saved on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
-SDCC_MODEL_LARGE
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_LARGE}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
-when
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ Interrupt Service Routines
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Since the number of interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08!interrupt"
--model-large
-\emph default
- is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ available is chip specific and the interrupt vector table always ends at
+ the last byte of memory, the interrupt numbers corresponds to the interrupt
+ vectors in reverse order of address.
+ For example, interrupt 1 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffc, interrupt
+ 2 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffa, and so on.
+ However, interrupt 0 (the reset vector at 0xfffe) is not redefinable in
+ this way; instead see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Startup-Code"
-SDCC_USE_XSTACK
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_USE\_XSTACK}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ for details on customizing startup.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Z80 Interrupt Service Routines
+\end_layout
-when
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+The Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ uses several different methods for determining the correct interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!interrupt"
--xstack
-\emph default
- option is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ vector depending on the hardware implementation.
+ Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt
+ to generate an interrupt vector table.
+\end_layout
-SDCC_STACK_TENBIT
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_TENBIT}
+\begin_layout Standard
+By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI
+ instruction to return from the interrupt.
+ To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs
+ a RETN instruction instead, add the
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+ keyword:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-when
-\emph on
--mds390
-\emph default
- is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_FLAT24}
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+However if you need to create a non-interruptable interrupt service routine
+ you would also require the
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+ keyword.
+ To distinguish between this and an nmi_isr you must provide an interrupt
+ number.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Section
+Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
+\end_layout
-when
-\emph on
--mds390
-\emph default
- is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Critical Functions and Critical Statements
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring
+ it as
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+.
+ SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
+\end_inset
-\layout Chapter
+ upon entry to a critical function and restore the interrupt enable to the
+ previous state before returning.
+ Nesting critical functions will need one additional byte on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
-Notes on supported Processors
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-MCS51 variants
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:MCS51-variants}
+ for each call.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+int foo () __critical
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "critical"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_critical"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different
- flavours.
- While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers
- the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible.
-\layout Subsection
-
-pdata access by SFR
-\layout Standard
-
-With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices
- using port P2
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
-
-\end_inset
-
- as dedicated I/O port is becoming more popular.
- Switching the high byte for pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-
-\end_inset
-
- access which was formerly done by port P2 is then achieved by a Special
- Function Register
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- In well-established MCS51 tradition the address of this
-\emph on
-sfr
-\emph default
- is where the chip designers decided to put it.
- Needless to say that they didn't agree on a common name either.
- So that the startup code can correctly initialize xdata variables, you
- should define an sfr with the name _XPAGE
-\family typewriter
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_XPAGE (mcs51)}
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like
+\emph on
+reentrant.
+\emph default
+\newline
+The keyword
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+ may also be used to disable interrupts more locally:
+\end_layout
-\family default
- at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this.
- Some examples are:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+__critical{ i++; }
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-__sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family */
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+More than one statement could have been included in the block.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-__sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+Interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-__sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */
-\layout Standard
+ can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051):
+\end_layout
-For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+EA = 0;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+or:\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+EA_SAVE = EA;
+\end_layout
- for other possibilities.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Verse
-Other Features available by SFR
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
-
-\end_inset
-
-, multiple DPTR, decrementing DPTR, 16x16 Multiply.
- These are currently not used for the MCS51 port.
- If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit
- a patch to SDCC.
-\layout Section
-
-DS400 port
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-The DS80C400
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
+\family typewriter
+...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+EA = 0;
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+EA = 1;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS400}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+EA = EA_SAVE;
+\end_layout
- microcontroller has a rich set of peripherals.
- In its built-in ROM library it includes functions to access some of the
- features, among them is a TCP stack with IP4 and IP6 support.
- Library headers (currently in beta status) and other files are provided
- at
-\size footnotesize
+\begin_layout Standard
+On other architectures which have separate opcodes for enabling and disabling
+ interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.dalsemi.com/pub/tini/ds80c400/c_libraries/sdcc/index.html}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ (HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08!interrupt"
-.
-
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-The Z80 and gbz80 port
-\layout Standard
+):
+\end_layout
-SDCC can target both the Zilog Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+#define CLI _asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
- and the Nintendo Gameboy's Z80-like gbz80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+cli\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
-.
- The Z80 port is passed through the same
-\emph on
-regressions tests
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+;
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\emph default
- (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
+\family typewriter
+#define SEI _asm\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sei\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_endasm;
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
-) as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long
- variables and bitfield support is fine.
- See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines.
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and
- z80/gen.c.
- The stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!stack}
+\family typewriter
+...
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source
+ like f.e.
+ a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an
+\emph on
+interrupt mask
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt mask"
- frame is similar to that generated by the IAR Z80 compiler.
- IX is used as the base pointer, HL and IY are used as a temporary registers,
- and BC and DE are available for holding variables.
- Return values
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!return value}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- for the Z80 port are stored in L (one byte), HL (two bytes), or DEHL (four
- bytes).
- The gbz80 port use the same set of registers for the return values, but
- in a different order of significance: E (one byte), DE (two bytes), or
- HLDE (four bytes).
-\layout Section
+\emph default
+ register.
+
+\end_layout
-The HC08 port
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as
+ short as possible.
+ This minimizes both
+\emph on
+interrupt latency
+\emph default
-The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt latency"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- family has been added in October 2003, and is still undergoing some basic
- development.
- The code generator is complete, but the register allocation is still quite
- unoptimized.
- Some of the SDCC's standard C library functions have embedded non-HC08
- inline assembly and so are not yet usable.
-\layout Standard
-\added_space_bottom bigskip
-The HC08 port passes the regression test suite (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
+ (the time between the occurrence of the interrupt and the execution of
+ the first code in the interrupt routine) and
+\emph on
+interrupt jitter
+\emph default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt jitter"
-).
-\layout Section
-\pagebreak_top
-The PIC14 port
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The 14bit PIC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
+ (the difference between the shortest and the longest interrupt latency).
+ These really are something different, f.e.
+ a serial interrupt has to be served before its buffer overruns so it cares
+ for the maximum interrupt latency, whereas it does not care about jitter.
+ On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed
+ by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas
+ a much smaller jitter will be very audible.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture
+s you can make use of two (or more) levels of
+\emph on
+interrupt priorities
+\emph default
- port still requires a major effort from the development community.
- However it can work for simple code.
- It passes its (smaller set of) regression tests
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt priority"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- in the directory
-\shape italic
-sdcc/src/regression
-\shape default
.
-\layout Subsection
-
-C code and 14bit PIC code page
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code page (pic14)}
-
-\end_inset
-
- and RAM banks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{RAM bank (pic14)}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\layout Standard
-
-The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks.
- It does not have intimate knowledge of the code flow.
- It will put all the code section of a single asm file into a single code
- page.
- In order to make use of multiple code pages, separate asm files must be
- used.
- The compiler treats all functions of a single C file as being in the same
- code page unless it is non static.
- The compiler treats all local variables of a single C file as being in
- the same RAM bank unless it is an extern.
-\newline
-
-\newline
-To get the best follow these guide lines:
-\layout Enumerate
-
-make local functions static, as non static functions require code page selection
- overhead.
-\layout Enumerate
-
-Make local variables static as extern variables require RAM bank selection
- overhead.
-\layout Enumerate
+ On some architectures which don't support interrupt priorities these can
+ be implemented by manipulating the interrupt mask and reenabling interrupts
+ within the interrupt routine.
+ Check there is sufficient space on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
-For devices that have multiple code pages it is more efficient to use the
- same number of files as pages, i.e.
- for the 16F877 use 4 separate files and i.e.
- for the 16F874 use 2 separate files.
- This way the linker can put the code for each file into different code
- pages and the compiler can allocate reusable variables more efficiently
- and there's less page selection overhead.
- And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC 14 as they have a very simple
- instruction set) use 'unsigned char' whereever possible instead of 'int'.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Creating a device include file
-\layout Standard
+ and don't add complexity unless you have to.
+
+\end_layout
-For generating a device include file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Header files}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Semaphore
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "semaphore"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- use the support perl script inc2h.pl kept in directory support/script.
-\layout Subsection
+ locking (mcs51/ds390)
+\end_layout
-Interrupt code
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "atomic"
-For the interrupt function, use the keyword 'interrupt'
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!interrupt}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ bit test and clear instruction.
+ These type of instructions are typically used in preemptive multitasking
+ systems, where a routine f.e.
+ claims the use of a data structure ('acquires a lock
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "lock"
- with level number of 0 (PIC14 only has 1 interrupt so this number is only
- there to avoid a syntax error - it ought to be fixed).
- E.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+ on it'), makes some modifications and then releases the lock when the data
+ structure is consistent again.
+ The instruction may also be used if interrupt and non-interrupt code have
+ to compete for a resource.
+ With the atomic bit test and clear instruction interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
-\family typewriter
-void Intr(void) interrupt 0
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-T0IF = 0; /* Clear timer interrupt */
-\newline
-}
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Linking and assembling
-\layout Standard
+ don't have to be disabled for the locking operation.
+
+\end_layout
-For assembling you can use either GPUTILS'
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
- gpasm.exe or MPLAB's mpasmwin.exe.
- GPUTILS is available from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
+\family typewriter
+volatile
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "volatile"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
- For linking you can use either GPUTIL's gplink or MPLAB's mplink.exe.
- If you use MPLAB and an interrupt function then the linker script file
- vectors section will need to be enlarged to link with mplink.
-\newline
+ bit resource_is_free;
+\newline
-\newline
-Here is a
-\family typewriter
-Makefile
-\family default
- using GPUTILS:
-\layout Verse
+\newline
+if (resource_is_free)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+resource_is_free=0;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+resource_is_free=1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+}
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "atomic"
-\family typewriter
-.c.o:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $<
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-gpasm -c $*.asm
-\newline
-
-\newline
-$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-gplink -m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Here is a
-\family typewriter
-Makefile
-\family default
- using MPLAB:
-\layout Verse
+ bit test and
+\emph on
+clear
+\emph default
+ instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and
+\emph on
+set).
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Functions using private register banks
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Functions-using-private-banks"
-\family typewriter
-.c.o:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $<
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mplink /v $(PRJ).lkr /m $(PRJ).map /o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
-\layout Standard
+ (mcs51/ds390)
+\end_layout
-Please note that indentations within a
-\family typewriter
- Makefile
-\family default
- have to be done with a tabulator character.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets.
+ SDCC supports this feature with the
+\emph on
+using
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
-Command-line options
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Besides the switches common to all SDCC backends, the PIC14 port accepts
- the following options (for an updated list see sdcc -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--help):
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\emph default
+ attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register bank
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "register bank (mcs51, ds390)"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ other than the default bank zero).
+ It should only be applied to
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
--debug-extra
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-debug-extra}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- emit debug info in assembly output
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\emph default
+ functions (see footnote below).
+ This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient
+ since it will not have to save registers on the stack.
+\end_layout
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+The
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ attribute will have no effect on the generated code for a
+\emph on
+non-interrupt
+\emph default
+ function (but may occasionally be useful anyway
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions
+ using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute
+ as the calling 'interrupt' functions.
+ For instance, if you have several ISRs using bank one, and all of them
+ call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy()
+ 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero
+ to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--no-pcode-opt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-no-pcode-opt}
+).
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+(pending: Note, nowadays the
+\emph default
+ using
+\emph on
+attribute has an effect on
+\emph default
+
+\emph on
+the generated code for a
+\emph default
+ non-interrupt
+\emph on
+function
+\emph default
+.
+\emph on
+)
+\end_layout
- disable (slightly faulty) optimization on pCode
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+An
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\emph default
+ function using a non-zero bank will assume that it can trash that register
+ bank, and will not save it.
+ Since high-priority interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupts"
-The library
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
-error: missing definition for symbol
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-__gptrget1
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt priority"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends, this means that
+ if a high-priority ISR
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ a particular bank occurs while processing a low-priority ISR
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ the same bank, terrible and bad things can happen.
+ To prevent this, no single register bank should be
+\emph on
+used
+\emph default
+ by both a high priority and a low priority ISR.
+ This is probably most easily done by having all high priority ISRs use
+ one bank and all low priority ISRs use another.
+ If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your
+ own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance
+ hit.
+\end_layout
-The PIC14 port uses library routines to provide more complex operations
- like multiplication, division/modulus and (generic) pointer dereferencing.
- In order to add these routines to your project, you must link with PIC14's
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions.
+ If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions
+ use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the
+ called functions use bank zero.
+ It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank
+ from an ISR.
-\family typewriter
-libsdcc.lib
-\family default
-.
- For single source file projects this is done automatically, more complex
- projects must add
-\family typewriter
-libsdcc.lib
-\family default
- to the linker's arguments.
- Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch
- to the linker)!
-\layout Subsubsection
-
-Processor mismatch in file
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-
-XXX
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-.
-\layout Standard
-This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst
- 14 bit PIC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Section
+Startup Code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Startup-Code"
- devices.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device
- by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in
-\family typewriter
-device/lib/pic/Makefile.in
-\family default
- and
-\family typewriter
-device/lib/pic/Makefile
-\family default
- to reflect your device.
- This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unneccesary
- BANKSELs migth be removed.
-\layout Subsection
-Known bugs
-\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Startup code"
-initialized data
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Currently, data can only be initialized if it resides in the source file
- together with
-\emph on
-main()
-\emph default
-.
- Data in other source files will silently
-\series bold
-not
-\series default
- be initialized.
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+MCS51/DS390 Startup Code
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler triggers the linker to link certain initialization modules
+ from the runtime library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Runtime library"
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ called crt<something>.
+ Only the necessary ones are linked, for instance crtxstack.asm (GSINIT1,
+ GSINIT5) is not linked unless the -
+\series bold
-\layout Section
-\pagebreak_top
-The PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- port
-\layout Standard
-The PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- port is the portion of SDCC that is responsible to produce code for the
- Microchip
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Microchip}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+-xstack option is used.
+ These modules are highly entangled by the use of special segments/areas,
+ but a common layout is shown below:
+\end_layout
-(TM) microcontrollers with 16 bit core.
- Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx.
- Currently supported devices are:
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\begin_layout Verse
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="6">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(main.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F242
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area HOME (CODE)
+\newline
+__interrupt_vect:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ljmp __sdcc_gsinit_startup
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F248
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtstart.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F252
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSINIT0 (CODE)
+\newline
+__sdcc_gsinit_startup::
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov sp,#__start__stack - 1
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F258
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtxstack.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F442
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSINIT1 (CODE)
+\newline
+__sdcc_init_xstack::
+\newline
+; Need to initialize in GSINIT1 in
+ case the user's __sdcc_external_startup uses the xstack.
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov __XPAGE,#(__start__x
+stack >> 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov _spx,#__start__xstack
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F448
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtstart.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F452
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSINIT2 (CODE)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+lcall __sdcc_external_startup
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov a,dpl
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+jz __sdcc_init_data
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ljmp
+ __sdcc_program_startup
+\newline
+__sdcc_init_data:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F458
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtxinit.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F1220
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSINIT3 (CODE)
+\newline
+__mcs51_genXINIT::
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r1,#l_XINIT
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov a,r1
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+orl a,#(l_XINIT
+ >> 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+jz 00003$
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r2,#((l_XINIT+255) >> 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov dptr,#s_XINIT
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r0,#s_XISEG
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov
+ __XPAGE,#(s_XISEG >> 8)
+\newline
+00001$:\InsetSpace ~
+clr a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movc a,@a+dptr
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movx @r0,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc dptr
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc
+ r0
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+cjne r0,#0,00002$
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc __XPAGE
+\newline
+00002$:\InsetSpace ~
+djnz r1,00001$
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+djnz r2,00001$
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov __XPAGE,#0
+xFF
+\newline
+00003$:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F2220
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtclear.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F2550
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSINIT4 (CODE)
+\newline
+__mcs51_genRAMCLEAR::
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+clr a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r0,#(l_IRAM-1)
+\newline
+00004$:\InsetSpace ~
+mov
+ @r0,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+djnz r0,00004$
+\newline
+; _mcs51_genRAMCLEAR() end
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F4331
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtxclear.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F4455
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSINIT4 (CODE)
+\newline
+__mcs51_genXRAMCLEAR::
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r0,#l_PSEG
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov a,r0
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+orl a,#(l_PSEG
+ >> 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+jz 00006$
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r1,#s_PSEG
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov __XPAGE,#(s_PSEG >> 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+clr a
+\newline
+00005$:\InsetSpace ~
+movx
+ @r1,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc r1
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+djnz r0,00005$
+\newline
+00006$:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r0,#l_XSEG
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov a,r0
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+orl a,#(l_XSEG >>
+ 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+jz 00008$
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov r1,#((l_XSEG + 255) >> 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov dptr,#s_XSEG
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+clr a
+\newline
+00007$:\InsetSpace ~
+movx
+ @dptr,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc dptr
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+djnz r0,00007$
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+djnz r1,00007$
+\newline
+00008$:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F6520
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtxstack.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F6620
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-18F6680
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-18F6720
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSINIT5 (CODE)
+\newline
+; Need to initialize in GSINIT5 because __mcs51_genXINIT
+ modifies __XPAGE
+\newline
+; and __mcs51_genRAMCLEAR modifies _spx.
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov __XPAGE,#(__start__x
+stack >> 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov _spx,#__start__xstack
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F8520
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(application modules)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F8620
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSINIT (CODE)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F8680
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(main.asm)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-18F8720
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area GSFINAL (CODE)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ljmp __sdcc_program_startup
+\newline
+;---------------------------------
+-----------------------
+\newline
+; Home
+\newline
+;--------------------------------------------------
+------
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area HOME (CODE)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area CSEG (CODE)
+\newline
+__sdcc_program_startup:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+lcall _main
+\newline
+;
+ return from main will lock up
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sjmp .
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+One of these modules (crtstart.asm) contains a call to the C routine
+\emph on
+_sdcc_external_startup()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_sdcc\\_external\\_startup()"
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\emph default
+ at the start of the CODE area.
+ This routine is also in the runtime library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Runtime library"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+ and returns 0 by default.
+ If this routine returns a non-zero value, the static & global variable
+ initialization will be skipped and the function main will be invoked.
+ Otherwise static & global variables will be initialized before the function
+ main is invoked.
+ You could add an
+\emph on
+_sdcc_external_startup()
+\emph default
+ routine to your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware
+ or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global variable
+ initialization
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Variable initialization"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+.
+ On some mcs51 variants xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Global Options
-\layout Standard
+ memory has to be explicitly enabled before it can be accessed or if the
+ watchdog
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "watchdog"
-PIC16 port supports the standard command line arguments as supposed, with
- the exception of certain cases that will be mentioned in the following
- list:
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ needs to be disabled, this is the place to do it.
+ The startup code clears all internal data memory, 256 bytes by default,
+ but from 0 to n-1 if
+\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
--callee-saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-callee-saves}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- See -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-iram-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-iram-size <Value>"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--all-callee-saves
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+n
+\emph default
+ is used.
+ (recommended for Chipcon CC1010).
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+See also the compiler options
+\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--all-callee-saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-all-callee-saves}
+\end_inset
+
+-no-xinit
+\emph default
+-
+\emph on
+opt
+\emph default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-xinit-opt"
- All function arguments are passed on stack by default.
-
-\emph on
-There is no need to specify this in the command line.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+,
+\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--fommit-frame-pointer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-fommit-frame-pointer}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-main-return
+\emph default
- Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses no local variables.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-main-return"
-Port Specific Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options PIC16}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ and section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:MCS51-variants"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ about MCS51-variants.
+\newline
-The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc --help
- output.
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_layout
-General Options
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+While these initialization modules are meant as generic startup code there
+ might be the need for customization.
+ Let's assume the return value of
+\emph on
+_sdcc_external_startup()
+\emph default
+ in
+\emph on
+crtstart.asm
+\emph default
+ should not be checked (or
+\emph on
+_sdcc_external_startup()
+\emph default
+ should not be called at all).
+ The recommended way would be to copy
+\emph on
+crtstart.asm
+\emph default
+ (f.e.
+ from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/lib/mcs51/crtstart.asm"
-General options enable certain port features and optimizations.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+) into the source directory, adapt it there, then assemble it with
+\emph on
+asx8051 -plosgff
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+-plosgff
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
--stack-model=[model] Used in conjuction with the command above.
- Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are :
-\begin_deeper
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ are the assembler options used in
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/lib/mcs51/Makefile.in?view=markup "
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-small
-\emph default
- Selects small stack model.
- 8 bit stack and frame pointers.
- Supports 256 bytes stack size.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_layout
-\emph on
-large
-\emph default
- Selects large stack model.
- 16 bit stack and frame pointers.
- Supports 65536 bytes stack size.
-\end_deeper
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ crtstart.asm
+\emph default
+ and when linking your project explicitly specify
+\emph on
+crtstart.rel
+\emph default
+.
+ As a bonus a listing of the relocated object file
+\emph on
+crtstart.rst
+\emph default
+ is generated.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating
- unitialized data variables with [kword].
- Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr".
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_layout
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Subsection
+HC08 Startup Code
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+The HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--ivt-loc <nnnn> positions the Interrupt Vector Table at location <nnnn>.
- Useful for bootloaders.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Z80 Startup Code
+\end_layout
--asm= sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+On the Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
+\end_inset
+
+ the startup code is inserted by linking with crt0.o which is generated from
+ sdcc/device/lib/z80/crt0.s.
+ If you need a different startup code you can use the compiler option
+\emph on
-
+\series bold
+\emph default
+
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--link= sets the full path and name of an external linker to call.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+\emph on
+-no-std-crt0
+\emph default
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-no-std-crt0"
--mplab-comp MPLAB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!MPLAB}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ and provide your own crt0.o.
+
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
- compatibility option.
- Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives.
-\layout Subsubsection
-Optimization Options
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_layout
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Section
+Inline Assembler Code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--optimize-goto Try to use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_layout
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Subsection
+A Step by Step Introduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_layout
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51
+ how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and
+ an array in xdata memory.
+ The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures.
+ This is a buffer routine which should be optimized:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+unsigned char __far
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "far (storage class)"
--optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_far (storage class)"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--obanksel=nn Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs.
-\newline
+ __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "at"
-\begin_deeper
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-0 no optimization
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit
- BANKSEL, accounts only for labels.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_at"
-2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs
- if they are in the same bank.
-
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections
- across bank borders!
-\end_deeper
-\layout Subsubsection
+(0x7f00) buf[0x100];
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Aligned array"
-Linking Options
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+unsigned char head, tail;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* if interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--nodefaultlibs do not link default libraries when linking
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ are involved see
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile"
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ about
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+volatile
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\family typewriter
+*/
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
+void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1)
+ )\InsetSpace ~
+/* cast
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+needed
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\family typewriter
+to avoid promotion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "promotion to signed int"
--no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "type promotion"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--use-crt= Use a custom run-time module instead of the defaults.
-\layout Subsubsection
+ to integer */
+\begin_inset Marginal
+status collapsed
-Debugging Options
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+\InsetSpace ~
+!
+\end_layout
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+buf[ head++ ] = c;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* access to a 256 byte aligned array */
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
--debug-xtra Similar to -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC
+ then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated.
+ We define a new function
+\family typewriter
+to_buffer_asm()
+\family default
+ in file buffer.c in which we cut and paste the generated code, removing
+ unwanted comments and some ':'.
+ Then add
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+_asm
+\series default
--debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ and
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-, but dumps more information.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--debug-ralloc Force register allocator to dump <source>.d file with debugging
- information.
- <source> is the name of the file compiled.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\series bold
+_endasm;
+\series default
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--pcode-verbose Enable pcode debugging information in translation.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note, that the single underscore form (_asm and _endasm) are not C99-compatible,
+ and for C-99 compatibility, the double-underscore form (__asm and __endasm)
+ has to be used.
+ The latter is also used in the library functions.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ to the beginning and the end of the function body:
+\end_layout
--denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes.
- Use with care.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Verse
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+/* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with.
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+The
+ function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */
+\newline
+void to_buffer_asm(
+ unsigned char c )
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_asm"
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+r2,dpl
+\newline
+;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \InsetSpace ~
+/* cast
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+needed
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\family typewriter
+to avoid promotion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "promotion to signed int"
--call-tree dump call tree in .calltree file
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Enviromental Variables
-\layout Standard
-There is a number of enviromental variables that can be used when running
- SDCC to enable certain optimizations or force a specific program behaviour.
- these variables are primarily for debugging purposes so they can be enabled/dis
-abled at will.
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "type promotion"
-Currently there is only two such variables available:
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure
- bitfields is optimized by directly loading FSR0 with the address of the
- bitfield structure.
- Normally SDCC will cast the bitfield structure to a bitfield pointer and
- then load FSR0.
- This step saves data ram and code space for functions that perform heavy
- use of bitfields.
- (ie.
- 80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this option).
+ to integer */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,_tail
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dec\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+r3,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,_head
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+cjne a,ar3,00106$
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ret
+\newline
+00106$:
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-NO_REG_OPT do not perform pCode registers optimization.
- This should be used for debugging purposes.
- In some where bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit
- from temporarily disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed.
-\layout Subsection
+\newline
+;buffer.c buf[ head++ ] = c; /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Aligned array"
-Preprocessor Macros
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+r3,_head
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_head
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dpl,r3
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dph,#(_buf >> 8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,r2
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movx @dptr,a
+
+\newline
+00103$:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ret
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
- port defines the following preprocessor macros while translating a source.
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
-Macro
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+;
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-Description
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced
+ function argument 'c'.
+ Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY
+ (1) and finally have:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-SDCC_pic16
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+unsigned char __far __at(0x7f00) buf[0x100];
+\newline
+unsigned char head, tail;
+\newline
+#define
+ USE_ASSEMBLY (1)
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+#if !USE_ASSEMBLY
+\newline
-Port identification
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+if(
+ head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+buf[ head++ ] = c;
+\newline
+}
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+#else
+\newline
-_
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
+void to_buffer(
+ unsigned char c )
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-_pic16
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_asm"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Port identification (same as above)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+; save used registers here.
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here.
+
+\newline
+; if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+ a,_tail
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dec\InsetSpace ~
+ a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+xrl\InsetSpace ~
+ a,_head
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+; we
+ could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+jz\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ t_b_end$
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;
+\newline
+;
+ buf[ head++ ] = c;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+ a,dpl \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+; dpl holds lower byte of function argument
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
-pic18fxxxx
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ dpl,_head \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+ dph,#(_bu
+f>>8)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+movx @dptr,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc \InsetSpace ~
+_head
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a
+ smaller buffer (see above)
+\newline
+t_b_end$:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+; restore used registers here
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-MCU Identification.
-
-\emph on
-xxxx
-\emph default
- is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
- 452, 6620, etc
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
-_
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+;
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+#endif
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler
+, this includes any assembler directives and comment lines.
+ The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments.
+ You'll find an 100+ pages assembler manual in sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)"
-_18Fxxxx
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-MCU Identification (same as above)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler documentation"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-STACK_MODEL_nnn
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ or online at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\InsetSpace ~
+.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the
+\family typewriter
+_asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler:
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_asm"
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Macro
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ ...
+ _endasm
+\size footnotesize
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
-Description
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-__18Fxxxx
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-MCU Identification.
-
-\emph on
-xxxx
-\emph default
- is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
- 452, 6620, etc
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\size default
+;
+\family default
+ keyword pair.
+ Specifically it will not know which registers are used and thus register
+ pushing/popping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "push/pop"
-SDCC_MODEL_nnn
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ has to be done manually.
+
+\end_layout
-nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for
- SDCC
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed
+ in a separate line (as the example shows).
+ When the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-STACK_MODEL_nnn
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-
+\emph on
+peep-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-peep-asm"
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
-Directories
-\layout Standard
+\emph default
+ command line option is used, the inline assembler code will be passed through
+ the peephole optimizer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Peephole optimizer"
-PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ There are only a few (if any) cases where this option makes sense, it might
+ cause some unexpected changes in the inline assembler code.
+ Please go through the peephole optimizer rules defined in file
+\emph on
+SDCCpeeph.def
+\emph default
+ before using this option.
+\end_layout
- port uses the following directories for searching header files and libraries.
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Naked Functions
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Naked-Functions"
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Directory
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Naked functions"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Description
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-Target
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as
+\emph on
+_naked
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_naked"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Command prefix
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_naked"
-PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+.
-PIC16 specific headers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\emph default
+ The
+\emph on
+_naked
+\emph default
+ function modifier attribute prevents the compiler from generating prologue
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function prologue"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Compiler
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ and epilogue
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function epilogue"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
--I
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ code for that function.
+ This means that the user is entirely responsible for such things as saving
+ any registers that may need to be preserved, selecting the proper register
+ bank, generating the
+\emph on
+return
+\emph default
+ instruction at the end, etc.
+ Practically, this means that the contents of the function must be written
+ in inline assembler.
+ This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large
+ (and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue.
+ For example, compare the code generated by these two functions:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+volatile
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "volatile"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-PIC16 specific libraries
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ data unsigned char counter;
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+void simpleInterrupt(void) __interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
-Linker
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
--L
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_interrupt"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ (1)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+counter++;
+\newline
+}
+\newline
-\layout Subsection
+\newline
+void nakedInterrupt(void) __interrupt (2) __naked
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
-Pragmas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Pragmas}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_asm"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+reti\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+; MUST explicitly
+ include ret or reti in _naked function.
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
- port currently supports the following pragmas:
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma stack}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
- pragma stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+;
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
- forces the code generator to initialize the stack & frame pointers at a
- specific address.
- This is an adhoc solution for cases where no STACK directive is available
- in the linker script or gplink is not instructed to create a stack section.
-\newline
-The stack pragma should be used only once in a project.
- Multiple pragmas may result in indeterminate behaviour of the program.
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\begin_layout Standard
+For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-The old format (ie.
- #pragma stack 0x5ff) is deprecated and will cause the stack pointer to
- cross page boundaries (or even exceed the available data RAM) and crash
- the program.
- Make sure that stack does not cross page boundaries when using the SMALL
- stack model.
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+Note, this is an
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
+\emph on
+outdated
+\family default
+\emph default
+
+\family typewriter
+example, recent versions of SDCC generate
+\newline
+the
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
+\emph on
+same
+\family default
+\emph default
+
+\family typewriter
+code for simpleInterrupt() and nakedInterrupt()!
+\newline
+\newline
+_simpleInterrupt:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+push\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+acc
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+push\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+b
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pus
+h\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dpl
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+push\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dph
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+push\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+psw
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+psw,#0x00
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_counter
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+psw
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dph
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dpl
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+b
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+acc
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+reti
+\end_layout
-\newline
-The format is as follows:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+whereas nakedInterrupt looks like:
+\end_layout
-#pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size]
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+_nakedInterrupt:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+inc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+reti\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;
+ MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function
+\end_layout
-\emph on
-bottom_address
-\emph default
- is the lower bound of the stack section.
- The stack pointer initially will point at address (bottom_address+stack_size-1).
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+The related directive #pragma exclude
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma exclude"
-Example:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-\layout LyX-Code
+ allows a more fine grained control over pushing & popping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "push/pop"
-/* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-#pragma stack 0x200 100
-\layout Standard
+ the registers.
+\end_layout
-If the stack_size field is omitted then a stack is created with the default
- size of 64.
- This size might be enough for most programs, but its not enough for operations
- with deep function nesting or excessive stack usage.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a
+\family typewriter
+_naked
+\family default
+ function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this,
+ and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler.
+\end_layout
-code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma code}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Use of Labels within Inline Assembler
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding
+ labels.
+ All labels defined within inline assembler code have to be of the form
+
+\emph on
+nnnnn$
+\emph default
+ where nnnnn is a number less than 100 (which implies a limit of utmost
+ 100 inline assembler labels
+\emph on
+per function
+\emph default
+\noun on
+)
+\noun default
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a slightly more stringent rule than absolutely necessary, but stays
+ always on the safe side.
+ Labels in the form of nnnnn$ are local labels in the assembler, locality
+ of which is confined within two labels of the standard form.
+ The compiler uses the same form for labels within a function (but starting
+ from nnnnn=00100); and places always a standard label at the beginning
+ of a function, thus limiting the locality of labels within the scope of
+ the function.
+ So, if the inline assembler part would be embedded into C-code, an improperly
+ placed non-local label in the assembler would break up the reference space
+ for labels created by the compiler for the C-code, leading to an assembling
+ error.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The numeric part of local labels does not need to have 5 digits (although
+ this is the form of labels output by the compiler), any valid integer will
+ do.
+ Please refer to the assemblers documentation for further details.
+\end_layout
- place a function symbol at static FLASH address
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-Example:
-\layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Verse
-/* place function test_func at 0x4000 */
-\layout LyX-Code
+\family typewriter
+_asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_asm"
-#pragma code test_func 0x4000
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-library instructs the linker to use a library module.
-\newline
-Usage:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_asm"
-#pragma library module_name
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+b,#10
+\newline
+00001$:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+djnz\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+b,00001$
+\newline
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
-\emph on
-module_name
-\emph default
- can be any library or object file (including its path).
- Note that there are four reserved keywords which have special meaning.
- These are:
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="20page%">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
-Keyword
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ ;
+\end_layout
-Description
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-labels, however it can reference
+ labels
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Labels"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Module to link
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ defined by the inline assembler, e.g.:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+foo() {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* some c code */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_asm
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+; some assembler code
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ljmp 0003$
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_endasm;
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* some more c code */
+\newline
+clabel:\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* inline assembler cannot reference this
+ label */
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
-\series bold
-ignore
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here, the C-label
+\family typewriter
+clabel
+\family default
+ is translated by the compiler into a local label, so the locality of labels
+ within the function is not broken.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-ignore all library pragmas
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_asm
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+0003$: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_endasm"
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-(none)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_endasm"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ ;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* some more c code */
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline
+ assembly within the scope of the function.
+ The same goes the other way, i.e.
+ labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements.
+\end_layout
-link the C library
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+Interfacing with Assembler Code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-libc18f
-\emph default
-.lib
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Global Registers used for Parameter Passing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Parameter passing"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-math
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-link the Math libarary
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler always uses the global registers
+\emph on
+DPL, DPH
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DPTR, DPH, DPL"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-libm18f
-\emph default
-.lib
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DPTR"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+, B
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "B (mcs51, ds390 register)"
-\series bold
-io
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-link the I/O library
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+ACC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "ACC (mcs51, ds390 register)"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-libio18f*
-\emph default
-.lib
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\emph default
+ to pass the first (non-bit) parameter to a function, and also to pass the
+ return value
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "return value"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+of function; according to the following scheme: one byte return value in
+
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+, two byte value in
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+ (LSB) and
+\emph on
+DPH
+\emph default
+ (MSB).
+ three byte values (generic pointers) in
+\emph on
+DPH
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+B
+\emph default
+, and four byte values in
+\emph on
+DPH
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+B
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+ACC
+\emph default
+.
+ Generic pointers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "generic pointer"
-\series bold
-debug
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ contain type of accessed memory in
+\emph on
+B
+\emph default
+:
+\series bold
+0x00
+\series default
+ -- xdata/far,
+\series bold
+0x40
+\series default
+ -- idata/near -- ,
+\series bold
+0x60
+\series default
+ -- pdata,
+\series bold
+0x80
+\series default
+ -- code
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-link the debug library
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+This might not be the case of certain memory models (medium???)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
-\emph on
-libdebug
-\emph default
-.lib
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_layout Standard
+The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant
+ routines or if -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\newline
-* is the device number, i.e.
- 452 for PIC18F452 MCU.
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-This feature allows for linking with specific libraries withoug having to
- explicit name them in the command line.
- Note that the
-\noun on
-ignore
-\noun default
- keyword will reject all modules specified by the library pragma.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-udata pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker will
- place a variable at a specific memory bank
-\layout LyX-Code
+-stack-auto is used) or in data/xdata memory (depending on the memory model).
+\end_layout
-Example:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+Bit parameters are passed in a virtual register called 'bits' in bit-addressable
+ space for reentrant functions or allocated directly in bit memory otherwise.
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+Functions (with two or more parameters or bit parameters) that are called
+ through function pointers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function pointers"
-/* places variable foo at bank2 */
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-#pragma udata bank2 foo
-\layout LyX-Code
+ must therefor be reentrant so the compiler knows how to pass the parameters.
+\end_layout
-char foo;
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Registers usage
+\end_layout
-In order for this pragma to work extra SECTION directives should be added
- in the .lkr script.
- In the following example a sample .lkr file is shown:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+Unless the called function is declared as
+\family typewriter
+_naked
+\family default
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "naked"
-// Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-LIBPATH .
-\layout LyX-Code
+, or the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
-CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF
-\layout LyX-Code
-CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED
-\layout LyX-Code
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED
-\layout LyX-Code
+-callee-saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-callee-saves"
-CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F
-\layout LyX-Code
+/-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
-DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF
-\layout LyX-Code
-DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF
-\layout LyX-Code
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF
-\layout LyX-Code
+-all-callee-saves command line option or the corresponding callee_saves
+ pragma are used, the caller will save the registers (
+\emph on
+R0-R7
+\emph default
+) around the call, so the called function can destroy they content freely.
+\end_layout
-DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the called function is not declared as
+\family typewriter
+_naked
+\family default
+, the caller will swap register banks around the call, if caller and callee
+ use different register banks (having them defined by the
+\family typewriter
+_using
+\family default
+ modifier).
+
+\end_layout
-SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+The called function can also use
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+DPH
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+B
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+ACC
+\emph default
+ observing that they are used for parameter/return value passing.
+\end_layout
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Assembler Routine (non-reentrant)
+\end_layout
-SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the following example
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
-SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with
-\layout LyX-Code
-SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines (non-reentrant)"
-SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5
-\layout Standard
+ the function c_func calls an assembler routine asm_func, which takes two
+ parameters
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function parameter"
-The linker will recognise the section name set in the pragma statement and
- will position the variable at the memory bank set with the RAM field at
- the SECTION line in the linker script file.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Header Files
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Header-Files}
+.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+int c_func (unsigned char
+ i, unsigned char j)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return asm_func(i,j);
+\newline
+}
+\newline
-There is one main header file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Header files}
+\newline
+int main()
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return c_func(10,9);
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+The corresponding assembler function is:
+\end_layout
- that can be included to the source files using the pic16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+.globl _asm_func_PARM_2
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.globl _asm_func
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area OSEG
+\newline
+_asm_func_PARM_2:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.ds
+ 1
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+.area CSEG
+\newline
+_asm_func:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,dpl
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+add\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,_asm_func_PARM_2
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dpl,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dph
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DPTR, DPH, DPL"
- port.
- That file is the
-\series bold
-pic18fregs.h
-\series default
-.
- This header file contains the definitions for the processor special registers,
- so it is necessary if the source accesses them.
- It can be included by adding the following line in the beginning of the
- file:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-#include <pic18fregs.h>
-\layout Standard
+,#0x00
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ret
+\end_layout
-The specific microcontroller is selected within the pic18fregs.h automatically,
- so the same source can be used with a variety of devices.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+The parameter naming convention is _<function_name>_PARM_<n>, where n is
+ the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left.
+ The first parameter is passed in
+\emph on
+DPH
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+DPL
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+B
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+ACC
+\emph default
+ according to the description above.
+ The variable name for the second parameter will be _<function_name>_PARM_2.
+\newline
-Libraries
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+Assem
+ble the assembler routine with the following command:
+\newline
-The libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Libraries}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+asx8051 -losg asmfunc.asm
+\newline
- that PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\family default
+\series default
+Then compile and link the assembler routine to the C source file with the
+ following command:
+\newline
- port depends on are the microcontroller device libraries which contain
- the symbol definitions for the microcontroller special function registers.
- These libraries have the format pic18fxxxx.lib, where
-\emph on
-xxxx
-\emph default
- is the microcontroller identification number.
- The specific library is selected automatically by the compiler at link
- stage according to the selected device.
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-Libraries are created with gplib which is part of the gputils package
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Assembler Routine (reentrant)
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Standard
+In this case
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
-Building the libraries
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Before using SDCC/pic16 there are some libraries that need to be compiled.
- This process is not done automatically by SDCC since not all users use
- SDCC for pic16 projects.
- So each user should compile the libraries separately.
-\layout Standard
-The steps to compile the pic16 libraries under Linux are:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines (reentrant)"
-cd device/lib/pic16
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-./configure
-\layout LyX-Code
+ the second parameter
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function parameter"
-make
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-cd ..
-\layout LyX-Code
+ onwards will be passed on the stack, the parameters are pushed from right
+ to left i.e.
+ before the call the second leftmost parameter will be on the top of the
+ stack (the leftmost parameter is passed in registers).
+ Here is an example:
+\end_layout
-make model-pic16
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Verse
-su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char, unsigned char) reentrant;
+\newline
-If you need to install the headers too, do:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\newline
+int
+ c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j, unsigned char k) reentrant
+\newline
+{
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return asm_func(i,j,k);
+\newline
+}
+\newline
-cd device/include
-\layout LyX-Code
+\newline
+int main()
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return c_func(10,9,8);
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password
-\layout Standard
-
-There exist a special target to build the I/O libraries.
- This target is not automatically build because it will build the I/O library
- for
-\emph on
-every
-\emph default
- supported device.
- This way building will take quite a lot of time.
- Users are advised to edit the
-\series bold
-device/lib/pic16/pics.build
-\series default
- file and then execute:
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-make lib-io
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+The corresponding (unoptimized) assembler routine is:
+\end_layout
-Memory Models
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
-The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port:
-\layout Itemize
+\family typewriter
+.globl _asm_func
+\newline
+_asm_func:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+push\InsetSpace ~
+_bp
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_bp,sp\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;stack contains: _bp, return
+ address, second parameter, third parameter
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+r2,dpl
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,_bp
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+add\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,#0xfd\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;calculate
+ pointer to the second parameter
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+r0,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,_bp
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+add\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,#0xfc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;calculate pointer
+ to the rightmost parameter
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+r1,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,@r0
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+add\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,@r1
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+add\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,r2\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;calculate the
+ result (= sum of all three parameters)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dpl,a\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;return value goes into dptr
+ (cast into int)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+dph,#0x00
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sp,_bp
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+pop\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_bp
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ret
+\end_layout
-small model
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra
+ entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp is the stack
+ frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters
+ and local variables.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-large model
-\layout Standard
-Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source.
- The sizes are shown in the next table:
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
+\begin_layout Section
+int (16 bit)
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "int (16 bit)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and long (32 bit)
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "long (32 bit)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Support
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division,
+ multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines.
+ These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting
+ to other MCUs, although some model specific assembler optimizations are
+ used.
+ The following files contain the described routines, all of them can be
+ found in <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib.
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Pointer sizes according to memory model
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+Function
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Description
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+_mulint.c
+\end_layout
-small model
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+16 bit multiplication
+\end_layout
-large model
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+_divsint.c
+\end_layout
-code pointers
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+ signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint)
+\end_layout
-16-bits
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+_divuint.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+ unsigned 16 bit division
+\end_layout
-24-bits
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+_modsint.c
+\end_layout
-data pointers
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint)
+\end_layout
-16-bits
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+_moduint.c
+\end_layout
-16-bits
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+unsigned 16 bit modulus
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+_mullong.c
+\end_layout
-It is advisable that all sources within a project are compiled with the
- same memory model.
- If one wants to override the default memory model, this can be done by
- declaring a pointer as
-\series bold
-far
-\series default
- or
-\series bold
-near
-\series default
-.
- Far selects large memory model's pointers, while near selects small memory
- model's pointers.
-\layout Standard
-
-The standard device libraries (see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:PIC16_Header-Files}
-
-\end_inset
-
-) contain no reference to pointers, so they can be used with both memory
- models.
-\layout Subsection
-
-Stack
-\layout Standard
-
-The stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
-
-\end_inset
-
- implementation for the PIC16 port uses two indirect registers, FSR1 and
- FSR2.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer
-\layout Standard
-
-The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port
-\layout Itemize
-
-
-\noun on
-small
-\noun default
- model
-\layout Itemize
-
-
-\noun on
-large
-\noun default
- model
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\noun on
-Small
-\noun default
- model means that only the FSRxL byte is used to access stack and frame,
- while
-\emph on
-\noun on
-large
-\emph default
-\noun default
- uses both FSRxL and FSRxH registers.
- The following table shows the stack/frame pointers sizes according to stack
- model and the maximum space they can address:
-\layout Standard
-\align center
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+32 bit multiplication
+\end_layout
-Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+_divslong.c
+\end_layout
-small
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+ signed 32 division (calls _divulong)
+\end_layout
-large
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+_divulong.c
+\end_layout
-Stack pointer FSR1
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+unsigned 32 division
+\end_layout
-8-bits
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+_modslong.c
+\end_layout
-16-bits
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+ signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong)
+\end_layout
-Frame pointer FSR2
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+_modulong.c
+\end_layout
-8-bits
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+unsigned 32 bit modulus
+\end_layout
-16-bits
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+\end_layout
-\noun on
-Large
-\noun default
-stack model is currently not working properly throughout the code generator.
- So its use is not advised.
- Also there are some other points that need special care:
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+Since they are compiled as
+\emph on
+non-reentrant
+\emph default
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
-Do not create stack sections with size more than one physical bank (that
- is 256 bytes)
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
-Stack sections should no cross physical bank limits (i.e.
- #pragma stack 0x50 0x100)
-\layout Standard
+, interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
-These limitations are caused by the fact that only FSRxL is modified when
- using SMALL stack model, so no more than 256 bytes of stack can be used.
- This problem will disappear after LARGE model is fully implemented.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Functions
-\layout Standard
+ service routines should not do any of the above operations.
+ If this is unavoidable then the above routines will need to be compiled
+ with the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-In addition to the standard SDCC function keywords, PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- port makes available two more:
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-wparam
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!wparam}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
- Use the WREG to pass one byte of the first function argument.
- This improves speed but you may not use this for functions with arguments
- that are called via function pointers, otherwise the first byte of the
- first parameter will get lost.
- Usage:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-void func_wparam(int a) wparam
-\layout LyX-Code
-{
-\layout LyX-Code
+\emph default
+ option, after which the source program will have to be compiled with
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- /* WREG hold the lower part of a */
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
- /* the high part of a is stored in FSR2+2 (or +3 for large stack model)
- */
-\layout LyX-Code
-...
-\layout LyX-Code
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-}
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-shadowregs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!shadowregs}
+-int-long-reent
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-int-long-reent"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- When entering/exiting an ISR, it is possible to take advantage of the PIC18F
- hardware shadow registers which hold the values of WREG, STATUS and BSR
- registers.
- This can be done by adding the keyword
-\emph on
-shadowregs
-\emph default
- before the
-\emph on
-interrupt
-\emph default
- keyword in the function's header.
-\layout LyX-Code
-void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1
-\layout LyX-Code
+\emph default
+ option.
+ Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly.
+ The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation
+ is required.
+\end_layout
-{
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Section
+Floating Point Support
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Floating point support"
-...
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\emph on
-shadowregs
-\emph default
- instructs the code generator not to store/restore WREG, STATUS, BSR when
- entering/exiting the ISR.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers.
+ The floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and
+ consist of the following routines:
+\newline
-Function return values
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following
- a modified Microchip policy optimized for SDCC.
- The following table shows these registers:
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-size
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Function
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Description
+\end_layout
-destination register
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-8 bits
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fsadd.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-WREG
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+add floating point numbers
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-16 bits
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fssub.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-PRODL:WREG
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+subtract floating point numbers
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-24 bits
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fsdiv.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-PRODH:PRODL:WREG
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+divide floating point numbers
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-32 bits
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fsmul.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+multiply floating point numbers
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
->32 bits
-\end_inset
+\family roman
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+\noun off
+\color none
+_fs2uchar.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning
-\end_inset
+\family roman
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\layout Subsection
-
-Interrupts
-\layout Standard
-
-An interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!interrupt}
-
-\end_inset
-
- service routine (ISR) is declared using the
-\emph on
-interrupt
-\emph default
- keyword.
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-void isr(void) interrupt
-\emph on
-n
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-{
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-...
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-}
-\layout Standard
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\emph on
-n
-\emph default
- is the interrupt number, which for PIC18F devices can be:
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fs2char.c
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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+\color none
+convert floating point to signed char
+\end_layout
-\emph on
-n
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Interrupt Vector
-\end_inset
+\family roman
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+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fs2uint.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Interrupt Vector Address
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
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+\size normal
+\emph off
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+\noun off
+\color none
+convert floating point to unsigned int
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-0
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\family roman
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+\color none
+_fs2int.c
+\end_layout
-RESET vector
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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+\begin_layout Standard
-
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+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
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\color none
-1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
+_fs2ulong.
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\noun default
+c
+\end_layout
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-HIGH priority interrupts
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
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-\end_inset
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+\noun off
+\color none
+convert floating point to unsigned long
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-2
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\family roman
+\series medium
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+\emph off
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+\noun off
+\color none
+_fs2long.c
+\end_layout
-LOW priority interrupts
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-0x000018
-\end_inset
+\family roman
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+\color none
+convert floating point to signed long
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\layout Standard
-
-When generating assembly code for ISR the code generator places a
-\noun on
-goto
-\noun default
-instruction at the
-\emph on
-Interrupt Vector Address
-\emph default
- which points at the genetated ISR.
- This single GOTO instruction is part of an automatically generated
-\emph on
-interrupt entry point
-\emph default
- function.
- The actuall ISR code is placed as normally would in the code space.
- Upon interrupt request, the GOTO instruction is executed which jumps to
- the ISR code.
- When declaring interrupt functions as _naked this GOTO instruction is
-\series bold
-not
-\series default
- generated.
- The whole interrupt functions is therefore placed at the Interrupt Vector
- Address of the specific interrupt.
- This is not a problem for the LOW priority interrupts, but it is a problem
- for the RESET and the HIGH priority interrupts because code may be written
- at the next interrupt´s vector address and cause undeterminate program
- behaviour if that interrupt is raised.
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
-
-\layout Standard
-
-This is not a problem when
-\layout Enumerate
-
-this is a HIGH interrupt ISR and LOW interrupts are
-\emph on
-disabled
-\emph default
- or not used.
-\layout Enumerate
-
-when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt´s vector address.
-\end_inset
-
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\emph on
-n
-\emph default
- is possible to be omitted.
- This way a function is generated similar to an ISR, but it is not assigned
- to any interrupt.
-\layout Standard
-
-When entering an interrupt, currently the PIC16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
-
-\end_inset
-
- port automatically saves the following registers:
-\layout Itemize
-
-WREG
-\layout Itemize
-
-STATUS
-\layout Itemize
-
-BSR
-\layout Itemize
-
-PROD (PRODL and PRODH)
-\layout Itemize
-
-FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H)
-\layout Standard
-
-These registers are restored upon return from the interrupt routine.
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
-
-\layout Standard
-
-NOTE that when the _naked attribute is specified for an interrupt routine,
- then NO registers are stored or restored.
-\end_inset
-
-
-\layout Subsection
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Generic Pointers
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types.
- There are 3 types of generic pointers currently implemented data, code
- and eeprom pointers.
- They are differentiated by the value of the 7th and 6th bits of the upper
- byte:
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_uchar2fs.c
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
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-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-pointer type
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert unsigned char to floating point
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-7th bit
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
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+\color none
+_char2fs.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-6th bit
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
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+\noun off
+\color none
+convert char to floating point number
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-rest of the pointer
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
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+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_uint2fs.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-description
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
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+\noun off
+\color none
+convert unsigned int to floating point
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-data
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_int2fs.c
+\end_layout
-1
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-0
-\end_inset
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+\series medium
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+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert int to floating point numbers
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_ulong2fs.c
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-\shape slanted
-\emph on
-uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert unsigned long to floating point number
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-code
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_long2fs.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-0
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert long to floating point number
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-0
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-\shape slanted
-\emph on
-uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space
+ and speed improvement
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+These floating point routines (
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ sinf(), cosf(), ...) for the mcs51 are implemented in assembler.
+
+\end_layout
-a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+.
+ Note if all these routines are used simultaneously the data space might
+ overflow.
+ For serious floating point usage the large model might be needed.
+ Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly.
+ The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation
+ is required.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-eeprom
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-0
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+Library Routines
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-\shape slanted
-\emph on
-uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\emph on
+<pending: this is messy and incomplete - a little more information is in
+ sdcc/doc/libdoc.txt
+\emph default
+ >
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.)
+\end_layout
-a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+<stdio.h>
+\end_layout
-(unimplemented)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Paragraph
+getchar(), putchar()
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<stdio.h>"
-1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+As usual on embedded systems you have to provide your own
+\family typewriter
+getchar()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "getchar()"
-1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+putchar()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "putchar()"
-\family typewriter
-\shape slanted
-\emph on
-xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-unimplemented pointer type
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\family default
+ routines.
+ SDCC does not know whether the system connects to a serial line with or
+ without handshake, LCD, keyboard or other device.
+ And whether a
+\family typewriter
+lf
+\family default
+ to
+\family typewriter
+crlf
+\family default
+ conversion within
+\family typewriter
+putchar()
+\family default
+ is intended.
+ You'll find examples for serial routines f.e.
+ in sdcc/device/lib.
+ For the mcs51 this minimalistic polling
+\family typewriter
+putchar()
+\family default
+ routine might be a start:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+void putchar (char c) {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+while (!TI)\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ /* assumes UART is initialized */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+TI
+ = 0;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+SBUF = c;
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Paragraph
+printf()
+\end_layout
-Generic pointer are read and written with a set of library functions which
- read/write 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+The default
+\family typewriter
+printf()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf()"
-PIC16 C Libraries
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
-Standard I/O Streams
-\layout Standard
-In the
-\emph on
-stdio.h
-\emph default
- the type FILE is defined as:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\family default
+ implementation in
+\family typewriter
+printf_large.c
+\family default
+ does not support float (except on ds390).
+ To enable this recompile it with the option
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-typedef char * FILE;
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-This type is the stream type implemented I/O in the PIC18F devices.
- Also the standard input and output streams are declared in stdio.h:
-\layout LyX-Code
-extern FILE * stdin;
-\layout LyX-Code
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-extern FILE * stdout;
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The FILE type is actually a generic pointer which defines one more type
- of generic pointers, the
-\emph on
-stream
-\emph default
-pointer.
- This new type has the format:
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+DUSE_FLOATS=1
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "USE\\_FLOATS"
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="7">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-pointer type
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\emph default
+ on the command line.
+ Use
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-<7:6>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-<5>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-model-large
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-model-large"
-<4>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-<3:0>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\emph default
+ for the mcs51 port, since this uses a lot of memory.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you're short on code memory you might want to use
+\family typewriter
+printf_small()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf\\_small()"
-rest of the pointer
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-descrption
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family default
+
+\emph on
+instead
+\emph default
+ of
+\family typewriter
+printf().
-\layout Standard
+\family default
+ For the mcs51 there additionally are assembly versions
+\family typewriter
+printf_tiny()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf\\_tiny() (mcs51)"
-stream
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-00
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family default
+ (subset of printf using less than 270 bytes) and
+\family typewriter
+printf_fast()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf\\_fast() (mcs51)"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+printf_fast_f()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf\\_fast\\_f() (mcs51)"
-0
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-nnnn
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\family default
+ (floating-point aware version of printf_fast) which should fit the requirements
+ of many embedded systems (printf_fast() can be customized by unsetting
+ #defines to
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ support long variables and field widths).
+ Be sure to use only one of these printf options within a project.
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Feature matrix of different
+\emph on
+printf
+\emph default
+ options on mcs51.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="14" columns="7">
+<features islongtable="true">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="middle" leftline="true" width="14col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="12col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="10col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="12col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true" endhead="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+\size large
+mcs51
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-\shape slanted
-\emph on
-uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+printf
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "printf"
-upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined:
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\begin_layout Standard
+printf
+\size scriptsize
+USE_FLOATS=1
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+printf_small
+\end_layout
-stream type
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+printf_fast
+\end_layout
-value
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+printf_fast_f
+\end_layout
-module
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+printf_tiny
+\end_layout
-description
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
+<row topline="true" endhead="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+filename
+\end_layout
-STREAM_USART
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\size scriptsize
+printf_large.c
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-0x200000UL
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-USART
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\size scriptsize
+printf_large.c
+\end_layout
-Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-STREAM_MSSP
-\end_inset
+\size scriptsize
+printfl.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\size scriptsize
+printf_fast.c
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-0x210000UL
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-MSSP
-\end_inset
+\size scriptsize
+printf_fast_f.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral
-\end_inset
+\size scriptsize
+printf_tiny.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<row topline="true" endhead="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-STREAM_USER
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+Hello World
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ size
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+small / large
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-0x2f0000UL
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+1.7k / 2.4k
+\end_layout
-(none)
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+4.3k / 5.6k
+\end_layout
-Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\layout Standard
-
-The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header.
-\layout Standard
-
-In the libc library there exist the functions that are used to write to
- each of the above streams.
- These are
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-_
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
-_stream_usart_putchar writes a character at the USART stream
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-_
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
-_stream_mssp_putchar writes a character at the MSSP stream
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-putchar dummy function.
- This writes a character to a user specified manner.
-\layout Standard
-
-In order to increase performance
-\emph on
-putchar
-\emph default
-is declared in stdio.h as having its parameter in WREG (it has the wparam
- keyword).
- In stdio.h exists the macro PUTCHAR(arg) that defines the putchar function
- in a user-friendly way.
-
-\emph on
-arg
-\emph default
- is the name of the variable that holds the character to print.
- An example follows:
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-#include <pic18fregs.h>
-\newline
-#include <stdio.h>
-\newline
-
-\newline
-PUTCHAR( c )
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-{
-\layout LyX-Code
-
- PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-}
-\newline
-
-\newline
-void main(void)
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-{
-\layout LyX-Code
-
- stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessary, since stdout points
-\layout LyX-Code
-
- * by default to STREAM_USER */
-\layout LyX-Code
-
- printf (¨This is a printf test
-\backslash
-n¨);
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-}
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-\layout Subsubsection
-
-Printing functions
-\layout Standard
-
-PIC16 contains an implementation of the printf-family of functions.
- There exist the following functions:
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...);
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap);
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...);
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap);
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...);
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap);
-\layout Standard
-
-For sprintf and vsprintf
-\emph on
-buf
-\emph default
-should normally be a data pointer where the resulting string will be placed.
- No range checking is done so the user should allocate the necessery buffer.
- For fprintf and vfprintf
-\emph on
-fp
-\emph default
- should be a stream pointer (i.e.
- stdout, STREAM_MSSP, etc...).
-\layout Subsubsection
-
-Signals
-\layout Standard
-
-The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources.
- A list of these interrupts is shown in the following table:
-\layout Standard
-\align center
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="4">
-<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+1.2k / 1.8k
+\end_layout
-signal name
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+1.3k / 1.3k
+\end_layout
-description
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+1.9k / 1.9k
+\end_layout
-signal name
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.44k / 0.44k
+\end_layout
-descritpion
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
+<row topline="true" endhead="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-SIG_RB
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+code size
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+small / large
+\end_layout
-PORTB change interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+1.4k / 2.0k
+\end_layout
-SIG_EE
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+2.8k / 3.7k
+\end_layout
-EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.45k / 0.47k (+ _ltoa)
+\end_layout
-SIG_INT0
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+1.2k / 1.2k
+\end_layout
-INT0 external interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+1.6k / 1.6k
+\end_layout
-SIG_BCOL
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.26k / 0.26k
+\end_layout
-Bus collision interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+formats
+\end_layout
-SIG_INT1
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+cdi
+\emph on
+o
+\emph default
+psux
+\end_layout
-INT1 external interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-SIG_LVD
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+cd
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\noun default
+f
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+i
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph on
+\bar default
+\noun default
+o
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+psux
+\end_layout
-Low voltage detect interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+c
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+d
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph on
+\bar default
+\noun default
+o
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+s
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\noun default
+x
+\end_layout
-SIG_INT2
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+cdsux
+\end_layout
-INT2 external interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+cdfsux
+\end_layout
-SIG_PSP
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+cdsux
+\end_layout
-Parallel slave port interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+long (32 bit) support
+\end_layout
-SIG_CCP1
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+x
+\end_layout
-CCP1 module interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+x
+\end_layout
-SIG_AD
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+x
+\end_layout
-AD convertion complete interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+x
+\end_layout
-SIG_CCP2
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-CCP2 module interrupt
-\end_inset
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+x
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-SIG_RC
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+byte arguments on stack
+\end_layout
-USART receive interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+b
+\end_layout
-SIG_TMR0
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+b
+\end_layout
-TMR0 overflow interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-SIG_TX
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-USART transmit interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+float format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Floating point support"
-SIG_TMR1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-TMR1 overflow interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-SIG_MSSP
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+%f
+\end_layout
-SSP receive/transmit interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-SIG_TMR2
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+%f
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Range limited to +/- 4294967040, precision limited to 8 digits past decimal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+float formats %e %g
+\end_layout
-SIG_TMR3
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-TMR3 overflow interrupt
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The prototypes for these names are defined in the header file
-\emph on
-signal.h
-\emph default
- .
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided:
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for
- high priority interrupts.
-
-\emph on
-name
-\emph default
- is the function name to use.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo
- low priority interrupt.
-
-\emph on
-name
-\emph default
- is the function name to use.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-DEF_HANDLER(sig,handler) define a handler for signal
-\emph on
-sig.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+field width
+\end_layout
-END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Additionally there are two more macros to simplify the declaration of the
- signal handler:
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+x
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series medium
-SIGHANDLER(handler)
-\series default
-this declares the function prototype for the
-\emph on
-handler
-\emph default
- function.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_layout Standard
+x
+\end_layout
-SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-An example of using the macros above is shown below:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-#include <pic18fregs.h>
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-#include <signal.h>
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+x
+\end_layout
-\newline
-DEF_INTHIGH(high_int)
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler)
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+x
+\end_layout
-DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler)
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-END_DEF
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-\newline
-SIGHANDLER(_tmr0_handler)
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-{
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+string speed
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
- /* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+Execution time of printf("%s%c%s%c%c%c", "Hello", ' ', "World", '!', '
+\backslash
+r', '
+\backslash
+n'); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar()
+\end_layout
-}
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-SIGHANDLERNAKED(_bcol_handler)
-\layout LyX-Code
+,
+\end_layout
-{
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+small / large
+\end_layout
- _asm
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- /* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+1.52 / 2.59 ms
+\end_layout
- retfie
-\layout LyX-Code
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- _endasm;
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+1.53 / 2.62 ms
+\end_layout
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.92 / 0.93 ms
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-NOTES:
-\series default
- Special care should be taken when using the above scheme:
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.45 / 0.45 ms
+\end_layout
-when declaring SIGHANDLERNAKED handler never forget to use
-\emph on
-retfie
-\emph default
- for proper returning.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-PIC16 Port -- Tips
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.46 / 0.46 ms
+\end_layout
-Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16.
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Stack size
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.45 / 0.45 ms
+\end_layout
-The default stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+int speed
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
- size (that is 64 bytes) probably is enough for many programs.
- One must take care that when there are many levels of function nesting,
- or there is excessive usage of stack, its size should be extended.
- An example of such a case is the printf/sprintf family of functions.
- If you encounter problems like not being able to print integers, then you
- need to set the stack size around the maximum (256 for small stack model).
- The following diagram shows what happens when calling printf to print an
- integer:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\begin_layout Standard
+Execution time of printf("%d", -12345); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty
+ putchar()
+\end_layout
-printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar ()
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-It is should be understood that stack is easily consumed when calling complicate
-d functions.
- Using command line arguments like -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+,
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+small / large
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
--fommit-frame-pointer might reduce stack usage by not creating unnecessery
- stack frames.
- Other ways to reduce stack usage may exist.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+3.01 / 3.61 ms
+\end_layout
-Known bugs
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The PIC16 Port currently does not pass SDCC's regression test
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC16)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+3.01 / 3.61 ms
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- suite (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
+\begin_layout Standard
+3.51 / 18.13 ms
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-) and thus the nightly regression tests for the PIC16 target are currently
- disabled for all hosts except for
-\emph on
-Linux on Opteron.
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.22 / 0.22 ms
+\end_layout
-\emph default
- This means you can see the result of the PIC16 regression tests f.e.
- by checking the log files in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/regression_test_results/amd64-unknown-linux2.3/}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.23 / 0.23 ms
+\end_layout
- (pick the most up to date file there, scroll down, lend a hand).
-\layout Chapter
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Debugging
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.25 / 0.25 ms
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-There are several approaches to debugging your code.
- This chapter is meant to show your options and to give detail on some of
- them:
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+printf_tiny integer speed is data dependent, worst case is 0.33 ms
+\end_layout
-\newline
-When writing your code:
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-write your code with debugging in mind (avoid duplicating code, put conceptually
- similar variables into structs, use structured code, have strategic points
- within your code where all variables are consistent, ...)
-\layout Itemize
-run a syntax-checking tool like splint
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+long speed
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Execution time of printf("%ld", -123456789); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz,
+ empty putchar()
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (see -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+,
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+small / large
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
--more-pedantic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
+\begin_layout Standard
+5.37 / 6.31 ms
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-) over the code.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+5.37 / 6.31 ms
+\end_layout
-for the high level code use a C-compiler (like f.e.
- GCC) to compile run and debug the code on your host.
- See (see -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+8.71 / 40.65 ms
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
--more-pedantic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.40 / 0.40 ms
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- ) on howto handle syntax extensions like __xdata, __at(), ...
-
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+0.40 / 0.40 ms
+\end_layout
-use another C-compiler to compile code for your target.
- Always an option but not recommended:) And not very likely to help you.
- If you seriously consider walking this path you should at least occasionally
- check portability of your code.
- Most commercial compiler vendors will offer an evaluation version so you
- can test compile your code or snippets of your code.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Debugging on a simulator:
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-there is a separate section about SDCDB (section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+float speed
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-) below.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+Execution time of printf("%.3f", -12345.678); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz,
+ empty putchar()
+\end_layout
-or (8051 specific) use a freeware/commercial simulator which interfaces
- to the AOMF
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+,
+\end_layout
- file (see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file}
+\begin_layout Standard
+small / large
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-) optionally generated by SDCC.
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-Debugging On-target:
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-use a MCU port pin to serially output debug data to the RS232 port of your
- host.
- You'll probably want some level shifting device typically involving a MAX232
- or similar IC.
- If the hardware serial port of the MCU is not available search for 'Software
- UART' in your favourite search machine.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+7.49 / 22.47 ms
+\end_layout
-use an on-target monitor.
- In this context a monitor is a small program which usually accepts commands
- via a serial line and allows to set program counter, to single step through
- a program and read/write memory locations.
- For the 8051 good examples of monitors are paulmon and cmon51 (see section
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Related-open-source-tools}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-).
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-toggle MCU port pins at strategic points within your code and use an oscilloscop
-e.
- A
-\emph on
-digital oscilloscope
-\emph default
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Oscilloscope}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+1.04 / 1.04 ms
+\end_layout
- with deep trace memory is really helpful especially if you have to debug
- a realtime application.
- If you need to monitor more pins than your oscilloscope provides you can
- sometimes get away with a small R-2R network.
- On a single channel oscilloscope you could f.e.
- monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\SpecialChar ~
-k
-\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- resistor and the other one by a 5\SpecialChar ~
-k
-\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+-
+\end_layout
- resistor to the oscilloscope probe (check output drive capability of the
- pins you want to monitor).
- If you need to monitor many more pins a
-\emph on
-logic analyzer
-\emph default
- will be handy.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-use an ICE (
-\emph on
-i
-\emph default
-n
-\emph on
-c
-\emph default
-ircuit
-\emph on
-e
-\emph default
-mulator
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ICE (in circuit emulator)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-).
- Usually very expensive.
- And very nice to have too.
- And usually locks you (for years...) to the devices the ICE can emulate.
-
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
-use a remote debugger.
- In most 8-bit systems the symbol information is not available on the target,
- and a complete debugger is too bulky for the target system.
- Therefore usually a debugger on the host system connects to an on-target
- debugging stub which accepts only primitive commands.
-
-\newline
-Terms to enter into your favourite search engine could be 'remote debugging',
- 'gdb stub' or 'inferior debugger'.
- (is there one?)
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+<malloc.h>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "malloc.h"
-use an on target hardware debugger.
- Some of the more modern MCUs include hardware support for setting break
- points and monitoring/changing variables by using dedicated hardware pins.
- This facility doesn't require additional code to run on the target and
-
-\emph on
-usually
-\emph default
- doesn't affect runtime behaviour until a breakpoint is hit.
- For the mcs51 most hardware debuggers use the AOMF
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- file (see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+As of SDCC 2.6.2 you no longer need to call an initialization routine before
+ using dynamic memory allocation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "dynamic memory allocation (malloc)"
-) as input file.
-
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Last not least:
-\layout Itemize
+ and a default heap
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "heap (malloc)"
-if you are not familiar with any of the following terms you're likely to
- run into problems rather sooner than later:
-\emph on
-volatile
-\emph default
-,
-\emph on
-atomic
-\emph default
-,
-\emph on
-memory map
-\emph default
-,
-\emph on
-overlay
-\emph default
-.
- As an embedded programmer you
-\emph on
-have
-\emph default
- to know them so why not look them up
-\emph on
-before
-\emph default
- you have problems?)
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-tell someone else about your problem (actually this is a surprisingly effective
- means to hunt down the bug even if the listener is not familiar with your
- environment).
- As 'failure to communicate' is probably one of the job-induced deformations
- of an embedded programmer this is highly encouraged.
-\layout Section
+ space of 1024 bytes is provided for malloc to allocate memory from.
+ If you need a different heap size you need to recompile _heap.c with the
+ required size defined in HEAP_SIZE.
+ It is recommended to make a copy of this file into your project directory
+ and compile it there with:
+\end_layout
-Debugging with SDCDB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+sdcc -c _heap.c -D HEAD_SIZE=2048
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+And then link it with:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+sdcc main.rel _heap.rel
+\end_layout
-
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.)
+\end_layout
-SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+<math.h>
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+See definitions in file <math.h>.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Other libraries
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Libraries"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ included in SDCC should have a license at least as liberal as the GNU Lesser
+ General Public License
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+\emph on
+LGPL
+\emph default
.
- The debugger uses a command line interface, the command repertoire of the
- debugger has been kept as close to gdb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gdb}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
- (the GNU debugger) as possible.
- The configuration and build process is part of the standard compiler installati
-on, which also builds and installs the debugger in the target directory
- specified during configuration.
- The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source
- level.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+license statements for the libraries are missing.
+ sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c
+\end_layout
-Compiling for Debugging
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+or _decdptr f.e.
+ come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal
+ enough for many embedded programmers.
+\end_layout
-The -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code
+ which f.e.
+ falls into any of these categories Busses (I
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{2}}$
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory
+ cards, eeprom, flash...), En-/Decryption, Remote debugging, Realtime kernel,
+ Keyboard, LCD, RTC, FPGA, PID then the sdcc-user mailing list
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599"
- option must be specified for all files for which debug information is to
- be generated.
- The compiler generates a .adb file for each of these files.
- The linker creates the .cdb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.cdb}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+would certainly like to hear about it.
+\end_layout
- file from the .adb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.adb}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being
+ enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl
+e these references are very valuable.
+ Let's help to create a climate where information is shared.
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- files and the address information.
- This .cdb is used by the debugger.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_layout
-How the Debugger Works
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Section
+Memory Models
+\end_layout
-When the -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_layout Subsection
+MCS51 Memory Models
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory model"
+
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51 memory model"
--debug option is specified the compiler generates extra symbol information
- some of which are put into the assembler source and some are put into the
- .adb file.
- Then the linker creates the .cdb file from the individual .adb files with
- the address information for the symbols.
- The debugger reads the symbolic information generated by the compiler &
- the address information generated by the linker.
- It uses the SIMULATOR (Daniel's S51) to execute the program, the program
- execution is controlled by the debugger.
- When a command is issued for the debugger, it translates it into appropriate
- commands for the simulator.
- (Currently SDCDM only connects to the simulator but
-\emph on
-newcdb
-\emph default
- at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://ec2drv.sf.net/}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- is an effort to connect directly to the hardware.)
-\layout Subsection
+\end_layout
-Starting the Debugger SDCDB
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Small, Medium and Large
+\end_layout
-The debugger can be started using the following command line.
- (Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo).
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code,
+\shape slanted
+small, medium
+\shape default
+ and
+\shape slanted
+large
+\shape default
+.
+ Modules compiled with different memory models should
+\emph on
+never
+\emph default
+ be combined together or the results would be unpredictable.
+ The library routines supplied with the compiler are compiled as small,
+ medium and large.
+ The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small,
+ medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set.
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a
+ storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all
+ parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcdb foo
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family default
-\series default
+ functions).
+ When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated
+ in the internal ram.
+\end_layout
-\newline
-The debugger will look for the following files.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Storage class"
-foo.c - the source file.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file.
-\layout Itemize
+ and the 'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code,
+ than using the large model.
+ Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the
+ large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless
+ absolutely required.
+\end_layout
-foo.ihx - the Intel hex format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+External Stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:External-Stack"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- object file.
-\layout Subsection
-SDCDB Command Line Options
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "External stack (mcs51)"
--directory=<source file directory> this option can used to specify the directory
- search list.
- The debugger will look into the directory list specified for source, cdb
- & ihx files.
- The items in the directory list must be separated by ':', e.g.
- if the source files can be in the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2,
- the -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--directory option should be -
+\begin_layout Standard
+The external stack (-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--directory=/home/src1:/home/src2.
- Note there can be no spaces in the option.
-
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
--cd <directory> - change to the <directory>.
-\layout Itemize
+-xstack option
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-xstack"
--fullname - used by GUI front ends.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
--cpu <cpu-type> - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the
- simulator docs for details.
-\layout Itemize
+) is located in pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
--X <Clock frequency > this options is passed to the simulator please see
- the simulator docs for details.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
--s <serial port file> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
-\layout Itemize
+ memory (usually at the start of the external ram segment) and uses all
+ unused space in pdata (max.
+ 256 bytes).
+ When -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
--S <serial in,out> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
--k <port number> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
-\layout Subsection
-SDCDB Debugger Commands
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel
-y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible.
- This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces
- (like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger.
- If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip this
- section.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\end_inset
-break [line | file:line | function | file:function]
-\layout Standard
+-xstack option is used to compile the program, the parameters and local
+ variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "local variables"
-Set breakpoint at specified line or function:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
+ of all reentrant functions are allocated in this area.
+ This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements.
+ When used with the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcdb>break 100
-\newline
-sdcdb>break foo.c:100
-\newline
-sdcdb>break funcfoo
-\newline
-sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Standard
-clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ]
-\layout Standard
-Clear breakpoint at specified line or function:
-\newline
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcdb>clear 100
-\newline
-sdcdb>clear foo.c:100
-\newline
-sdcdb>clear funcfoo
-\newline
-sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo
-\layout Subsubsection*
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
-continue
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+ option, all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external
+ stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same
+ options.
+ There is a predefined target in the library makefile).
+\end_layout
-finish
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment
+ into port P2
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "P2 (mcs51 sfr)"
-Execute till the end of the current function.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\end_inset
-delete [n]
-\layout Standard
+ (see also section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:MCS51-variants"
-Delete breakpoint number 'n'.
- If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\end_inset
-info [break | stack | frame | registers ]
-\layout Itemize
+), therefore when using the External Stack option, this port
+\emph on
+may not
+\emph default
+ be used by the application program.
+\end_layout
-info break - list all breakpoints
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Subsection
+DS390 Memory Model
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory model"
-info stack - show the function call stack.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-info frame - show information about the current execution frame.
-\layout Itemize
-info registers - show content of all registers.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS390 memory model"
-step
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Step program until it reaches a different source line.
- Note: pressing <return> repeats the last command.
-\layout Subsubsection*
-next
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Standard
+The only model supported is Flat 24
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)"
-run
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Start debugged program.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+.
+ This generates code for the 24 bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas
+ DS80C390 part.
+ In this mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly
+ addressed.
+ See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information on this part.
+\newline
-ptype variable
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+Note
+ that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor into
+ 24 bitmode (although
+\emph on
+tinibios
+\emph default
+ in the ds390 libraries will do that for you).
+ If you don't use
+\emph on
+tinibios
+\emph default
-Print type information of the variable.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Tinibios (DS390)"
-print variable
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-print value of variable.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+, the boot loader or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24
+ bit contiguous addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code.
+\newline
-file filename
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+Like
+ the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-load the given file name.
- Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Standard
-frame
-\layout Standard
-print information about current frame.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-set srcmode
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Toggle between C source & assembly source.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+-model-large
+\emph default
+ option, variables will by default be placed into the XDATA segment.
+
+\newline
-! simulator command
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is
- displayed.
- Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator,
- so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution
- context and may display incorrect values.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Standard
-quit
-\layout Standard
-"Watch me now.
- Iam going Down.
- My name is Bobby Brown"
-\layout Subsection
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-Interfacing SDCDB with DDD
-\layout Comment
+\end_inset
-The screenshot was converted from png to eps with:
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+-*-loc options.
+ Note that if any segments are located above 64K, the -r flag must be passed
+ to the linker to generate the proper segment relocations, and the Intel
+ HEX output format must be used.
+ The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option
+\emph on
+-Wl-r
+\emph default
+ on the SDCC command line.
+ However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k.
+\end_layout
-bmeps -c -e8f -p3 ddd_example.png >ddd_example.eps
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Section
+Pragmas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Pragmas"
- which produces a pretty compact eps file which is free from compression
- artifacts.
-\layout Comment
+\end_inset
-The screenshot was included in sdccman.lyx cvs version 1.120 but later removed
- as this broke the build system on Sourceforge (pdf-file was broken.
- pdflatex does not accept eps files).
-\layout Standard
-The
-\emph on
-p
-\emph default
-ortable
-\emph on
-n
-\emph default
-etwork
-\emph on
-g
-\emph default
-raphics File
-\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Pragmas"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/figures/ddd_example.png}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\size default
- shows a screenshot of a debugging session with DDD
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Pragmas are used to turn on and/or off certain compiler options.
+ Some of them are closely related to corresponding command-line options
+ (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vref
+reference "sec:Command-Line-Options"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (Unix only) on a simulated 8032.
- The debugging session might not run as smoothly as the screenshot suggests.
- The debugger allows setting of breakpoints, displaying and changing variables,
- single stepping through C and assembler code.
-
-\newline
-The source was compiled with
-\family sans
-\series bold
+).
+\newline
+Pragmas should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragmas
+ inside a function body could have unpredictable results.
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
+SDCC supports the
+ following #pragma directives:
+\end_layout
-\newline
-sdcc -
-\family default
-\series default
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\series bold
+save
+\series default
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma save"
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ - this will save most current options to the save/restore stack.
+ See #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+restore.
+\end_layout
-\family sans
-\series bold
--debug ddd_example.c
-\family default
-\series default
-
-\family sans
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\newline
+\series bold
+restore
+\series default
-\family default
-\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma restore"
-\newline
-and DDD was invoked with
-\family sans
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\newline
+ - will restore saved options from the last save.
+ saves & restores can be nested.
+ SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack,
+ restore pulls current options from the stack.
+ See #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+save.
+\newline
-\newline
-ddd -debugger 'sdcdb -cpu 8032 ddd_example'
-\layout Subsection
+\end_layout
-Interfacing SDCDB with XEmacs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XEmacs}
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+callee_saves
+\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma callee\\_saves"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Emacs}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "function prologue"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs,
- sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el.
- These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat
-ion is complete.
- These files need to be loaded into XEmacs for the interface to work.
- This can be done at XEmacs startup time by inserting the following into
- your '.xemacs' file (which can be found in your HOME directory):
-\newline
+ function1[,function2[,function3...]]
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "ite:callee_saves-function1[,function2[,function3...]]--"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-(load-file sdcdbsrc.el)
-\family default
+- The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving
+ across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing
+ and popping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "push/pop"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-.xemacs is a lisp file so the () around the command is REQUIRED.
- The files can also be loaded dynamically while XEmacs is running, set the
- environment variable 'EMACSLOADPATH' to the installation bin directory
- (<installdir>/bin), then enter the following command ESC-x load-file sdcdbsrc.
- To start the interface enter the following command:
-\newline
+ when calling small functions from larger functions.
+ This option can be used to switch off the register saving convention for
+ the function names specified.
+ The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, extra
+ code need to be manually inserted at the entry and exit for these functions
+ to save and restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIAL
+LY reduce code and improve run time performance of the generated code.
+ In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) may be able
+ to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
+ If -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family sans
-\series bold
-ESC-x sdcdbsrc
-\family default
-\series default
-\newline
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\newline
-You will prompted to enter the file name to be debugged.
-
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are bound
- to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el.
- The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required.
-\layout Itemize
+-callee-saves command line option is used (see page
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "lyx:--callee-saves-function1[,function2][,function3]..."
-sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200
-\layout Itemize
+), the function names specified in #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+callee_saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma callee\\_saves"
-sdcdbsrc-serial nil
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface.
-\layout Standard
+ is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line.
+\end_layout
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\family typewriter
+\series bold
+exclude
+\series default
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-Current Listing ::
-\newline
-;;key\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-binding\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-Comment
-\newline
-;;---\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
--------\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
--------
-\newline
-;;
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-n\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdb-next-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB next command
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-b\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdb-back-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB back command
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-c\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdb-cont-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB continue command
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-s\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdb-step-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB step command
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-?\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdb-whatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB ptypecommand for data at
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-buffer point
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-x\SpecialChar ~
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-sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB Delete all breakpoints if no arg
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-given or delete arg (C-u arg x)
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-m\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-sdcdbsrc-frame\SpecialChar ~
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-SDCDB Display current frame if no arg,
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-given or display frame arg
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
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-buffer point
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-;;\SpecialChar ~
-!\SpecialChar ~
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-sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-Goto the SDCDB output buffer
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-p\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-sdcdb-print-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB print command for data at
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-buffer point
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-;;\SpecialChar ~
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-sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-Goto the SDCDB output buffer
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-t\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it off)
-\newline
-;;
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-C-c\SpecialChar ~
-C-f\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdb-finish-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB finish command
-\newline
-;;
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-C-x\SpecialChar ~
-SPC\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-Set break for line with point
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-ESC\SpecialChar ~
-t\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
-ESC\SpecialChar ~
-m\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-sdcdbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
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-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-Toggle list mode
-\newline
-;;
-\newline
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma exclude"
-\layout Chapter
-\pagebreak_top
-TIPS
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient
- code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally
- good programming practice.
-\layout Itemize
+ none | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma disables the generation
+ of pairs of push/pop
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "push/pop"
-Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value.
- If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then
- use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'.
- Please note, that ANSI C requires both signed and unsigned chars to be
- promoted to 'signed int'
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ instructions in
+\emph on
+I
+\emph default
+nterrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Marginal
-collapsed true
+
+\emph on
+S
+\emph default
+ervice
+\emph on
+R
+\emph default
+outines.
+ The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition
+ and it affects ALL ISR functions following it.
+ To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+exclude\InsetSpace ~
+none
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma exclude"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+.
+ See also the related keyword _naked
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_naked"
-\series bold
-\SpecialChar ~
-!
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- before doing any operation.
- This promotion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_naked"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{type promotion}
+.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
- can be omitted, if the result is the same.
- The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often
- surprising:
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\series bold
+less_pedantic
+\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pedantic"
-\family typewriter
-unsigned char uc = 0xfe;
-\newline
-if (uc * uc < 0) /* this is true! */
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-....
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-uc * uc
-\family default
- is evaluated as
-\family typewriter
-(int) uc * (int) uc = (int) 0xfe * (int) 0xfe = (int) 0xfc04 = -1024
-\family default
-.
-
-\newline
-Another one:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma less\\_pedantic"
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-(unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ...
-\layout Standard
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "ite:less_pedantic"
-No, the result is not 4:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+- the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you're on
+ your own now ;-( .
+ See also the command line option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family typewriter
-(int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 =
-\newline
-(int) (unsigned char) 0xf4 / (int) (signed char) 0xfd =
-\newline
-(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd =
-\newline
-(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd =
-\newline
-(int) 244 / (int) -3 =
-\newline
-(int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf;
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result.
- gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints.
- Therefore the results are different.
-\newline
-From
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-comp.lang.c FAQ
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-:
-\layout Quote
+\end_inset
+-less-pedantic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "lyx:--less-pedantic"
-\emph on
-If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values
- are not, or if you want to steer clear of sign-extension problems when
- manipulating bits or bytes, use one of the corresponding unsigned types.
- (Beware when mixing signed and unsigned values in expressions, though.)
-\newline
-Although character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny"
- integers, doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredicta
-ble sign extension and increased code size.
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to
- be negative.
- This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting
- or are using an array index.
-\layout Itemize
+.
+
+\newline
+More specifically, the following warnings will be disabled:
+\shape italic
+comparison is always [true/false] due to limited range of data type
+\shape default
+ (94);
+\shape italic
+overflow in implicit constant conversion
+\shape default
+ (158); [the (in)famous]
+\shape italic
+conditional flow changed by optimizer: so said EVELYN the modified DOG
+\shape default
+ (110);
+\shape italic
+function '[function name]' must return value
+\shape default
+ (59).
+
+\newline
+Furthermore, warnings of less importance (of PEDANTIC and INFO warning
+ level) are disabled, too, namely:
+\shape italic
+constant value '[
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-NEVER jump into a LOOP.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+dunno what comes here - this warning appears to be unused altogether
+\end_layout
-Declare the variables to be local
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+]', out of range
+\shape default
+ (81);
+\shape italic
+[left/right] shifting more than size of object changed to zero
+\shape default
+ (116);
+\shape italic
+unreachable code
+\shape default
+ (126);
+\shape italic
+integer overflow in expression
+\shape default
+ (165);
+\shape italic
+unmatched #pragma save and #pragma restore
+\shape default
+ (170);
+\shape italic
+comparison of 'signed char' with 'unsigned char' requires promotion to int
+\shape default
+ (185);
+\shape italic
+ISO C90 does not support flexible array members
+\shape default
+ (187);
+\shape italic
+extended stack by [number] bytes for compiler temp(s) :in function '[function\InsetSpace ~
+nam
+e]':\InsetSpace ~
+[
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+appears to be always blank - what was supposed to be here?
+\end_layout
- whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction).
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-Since the compiler does not always do implicit integral promotion, the programme
-r should do an explicit cast when integral promotion is required.
-\layout Itemize
+]
+\shape default
+ (114);
+\shape italic
+function '[function name]', # edges [number] , # nodes [number] , cyclomatic
+ complexity [number]
+\shape default
+ (121).
+\end_layout
-Reducing the size of division, multiplication & modulus operations can reduce
- code size substantially.
- Take the following code for example.
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\series bold
+disable_warning
+\series default
+ <nnnn>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma disable\\_warning"
-\family typewriter
-foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-unsigned char ch1 = p1 % ch ;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-....
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-For the modulus operation the variable ch will be promoted to unsigned int
- first then the modulus operation will be performed (this will lead to a
- call to support routine _moduint()), and the result will be casted to a
- char.
- If the code is changed to
-\layout Verse
+ - the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number <nnnn>.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\family typewriter
-foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-unsigned char ch1 = (unsigned char)p1 % ch ;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-....
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+nogcse
+\series default
-It would substantially reduce the code generated (future versions of the
- compiler will be smart enough to detect such optimization opportunities).
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nogcse"
-Have a look at the assembly listing to get a
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-feeling
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+ - will stop global common subexpression elimination.
+\end_layout
- for the code generation.
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Itemize
-Porting code from or to other compilers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers}
+\series bold
+noinduction
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinduction"
+\end_inset
-\layout Itemize
+ - will stop loop induction optimizations.
+\end_layout
-check whether endianness of the compilers differs and adapt where needed.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
-check the device specific header files
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
+\series bold
+noinvariant
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinvariant"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
+ - will not do loop invariant optimizations.
+ For more details see Loop Invariants in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Loop-Optimizations"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- for compiler specific syntax.
- Eventually include the file <compiler.h
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{compiler.h (include file)}
+.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
->
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/compiler.h?view=markup}
+\series bold
+noiv
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noiv"
- to allow using common header files.
- (see f.e.
- cc2510fx.h
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/cc2510fx.h?view=markup}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ - Do not generate interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt"
-).
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-check whether the startup code contains the correct initialization (watchdog,
- peripherals).
-\layout Itemize
+ vector table
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "interrupt vector table"
-check whether the sizes of short, int, long match.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-check if some 16 or 32 bit hardware registers require a specific addressing
- order (least significant or most significant byte first) and adapt if needed
- (
-\emph on
-first
-\emph default
- and
-\emph on
-last
-\emph default
- relate to time and not to lower/upper memory location here, so this is
-
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- the same as endianness).
-\layout Itemize
+ entries for all ISR functions defined after the pragma.
+ This is useful in cases where the interrupt vector table must be defined
+ manually, or when there is a secondary, manually defined interrupt vector
+ table (e.g.
+ for the autovector feature of the Cypress EZ-USB FX2).
+ More elegantly this can be achieved by omitting the optional interrupt
+ number after the interrupt keyword, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines"
-check whether the keyword
-\emph on
-volatile
-\emph default
- is used where needed.
- The compilers might differ in their optimization characteristics (as different
- versions of the same compiler might also use more clever optimizations
- this is good idea anyway).
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\InsetSpace ~
+about interrupts.
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
-check that the compilers are not told to supress warnings.
-\layout Itemize
+\series bold
+nojtbound
+\series default
-check and convert compiler specific extensions (interrupts, memory areas,
- pragmas etc.).
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nojtbound"
-check for differences in type promotion.
- Especially check for math operations on
-\family typewriter
-char
-\family default
- or
-\family typewriter
-unsigned char
-\family default
- variables.
- For the sake of C99 compatibility SDCC will probably promote these to
-\family typewriter
-int
-\family default
- more often than other compilers.
- Eventually insert explicit casts to
-\family typewriter
-(char)
-\family default
-or
-\family typewriter
- (unsigned char)
-\family default
-.
- Also check that the ~\SpecialChar ~
-operator
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when switch statements
+ are turned into jump-tables (dangerous).
+ For more details see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:'switch'-Statements"
- is not used on
-\family typewriter
-bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\family default
- variables, use the !\SpecialChar ~
-operator instead.
- See sections
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{type promotion}
+\series bold
+noloopreverse
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noloopreverse"
- and
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ - Will not do loop reversal optimization
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Itemize
-check the assembly code generated for interrupt routines (f.e.
- for calls to possibly non-reentrant library functions).
-\layout Itemize
+\series bold
+nooverlay
+\series default
-check whether timing loops result in proper timing (or preferably consider
- a rewrite of the code with timer based delays instead).
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nooverlay"
-check for differences in printf parameters (some compilers push (va_arg
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a
+ function.
+\end_layout
-) char variables as
-\family typewriter
-int
-\family default
- others push them as
-\family typewriter
-char
-\family default
-.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+stackauto
+\series default
-).
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma stackauto"
-check the resulting memory map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+- See option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-.
- Usage of different memory spaces: code, stack, data (for mcs51/ds390 additional
-ly idata, pdata, xdata).
- Eventually check if unexpected library functions are included.
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Standard
-Tools
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tools}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- included in the distribution
-\layout Standard
-\align left
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Name
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ and section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Purpose
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ Parameters and Local Variables.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
-Directory
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
+opt_code_speed
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma opt\\_code\\_speed"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-ucSsim
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+- The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
+ at the expense of code size.
+ Currently this has little effect.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
-Simulator for various architectures
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
+opt_code_size
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma opt\\_code\\_size"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-sdcc/sim/ucsim
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+- The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
+ at the expense of code speed.
+ Currently this has little effect.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
-keil2sdcc.pl
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
+opt_code_balanced
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma opt\\_code\\_balanced"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-header file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
+- The compiler will attempt to generate code that is both compact and fast,
+ as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the
+ default).
+
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\series bold
+std_sdcc89
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma std\\_sdcc89"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
-
-\end_inset
-
- conversion
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-sdcc/support/scripts
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-mh2h.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+- Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (default).
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
-header file conversion
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
+std_c89
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma std\\_c89"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-sdcc/support/scripts
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+- Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
-as-gbz80
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
+std_sdcc99
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma std\\_sdcc99"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Assembler
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+- Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (incomplete support).
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\series bold
+std_c99
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma std\\_c99"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+- Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard (incomplete support).
+\end_layout
-as-z80
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+codeseg
+\series default
+ <name>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma codeseg"
-Assembler
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+- Use this name (max.
+ 8 characters) for the code segment.
+ See option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-asx8051
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-codeseg.
+\end_layout
-Assembler
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+constseg
+\series default
+ <name>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma constseg"
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+- Use this name (max.
+ 8 characters) for the const segment.
+ See option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-SDCDB
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-Simulator
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-constseg.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The preprocessor SDCPP
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sdcpp (preprocessor)"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ supports the following #pragma directives:
+\end_layout
-aslink
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+pedantic_parse_number
+\series default
-Linker
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pedantic"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma pedantic\\_parse\\_number"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-link-z80
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ (+ | -)
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "ite:pedantic_parse_number"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Linker
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+- Pedantic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed
+ properly and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded.
+ Default is off.
+ See also the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-link-gbz80
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+-pedantic-parse-number command line option
+\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "lyx:-pedantic-parse-number"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Linker
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+.
+
+\newline
+Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
+
+\emph on
+Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard!
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+#pragma pedantic_parse_number +
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma pedantic\\_parse\\_number"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-packihx
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+#define LO_B(x) ((x) & 0xff)
+\newline
-Intel Hex packer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)}
+\newline
+unsigned char foo(void)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3)
+;
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return c;
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+preproc_asm
+\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma preproc\\_asm"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ (+ | -) - switch _asm _endasm block preprocessing on / off.
+ Default is on.
+ You use this pragma to define multilines of assembly code.
+ This will prevent the preprocessor from changing the formatting required
+ by assembly code.
+ Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\newline
+\family typewriter
+#pragma preproc_asm -
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma preproc\\_asm"
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-Documentation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation}
-\end_inset
+\newline
+#define MYDELAY _asm
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+nop ;my assembly comment...
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+nop
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+nop
+\newline
+_endasm
+\newline
+#pragma preproc_asm
+ +
+\newline
- included in the distribution
-\layout Standard
-\align left
+\newline
+void foo (void)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ MYDELAY;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ ...
+
+\newline
+}
+\newline
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
-Subject / Title
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
+sdcc_hash
+\series default
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma sdcc\\_hash"
-Where to get / filename
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ (+ | -) - Allow "naked" hash in macro definition, for example:
+\newline
-SDCC Compiler User Guide
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+#define DIR_LO(x) #(x & 0xff)
+\family default
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+Default is off.
+ Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
+\end_layout
-You're reading it right now
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Verse
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+#pragma preproc_asm +
+\newline
+#pragma sdcc_hash +
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma sdcc\\_hash"
-Changelog of SDCC
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-sdcc/Changelog
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+#define ROMCALL(x)
+\backslash
-ASXXXX
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov R6_B3, #(x & 0xff)
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mov R7_B3, #((x >> 8) & 0xff)
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+lcall __romcall
+\newline
+
+\newline
+...
+\newline
+_asm
+\newline
+ROMCALL(72)
+\newline
+_endasm;
+\newline
+...
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some of the pragmas are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizati
+ons which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack and/or data space
+ to store compiler generated temporary variables.
+ This usually happens in large functions.
+ Pragma directives should be used as shown in the following example, they
+ are used to control options and optimizations for a given function.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+#pragma save
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma save"
+
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* save the current settings */
+\newline
+#pragma nogcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nogcse"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation}
+ \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* turnoff global subexpression elimination */
+\newline
+#pragma noinduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinduction"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- Assemblers and ASLINK
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink}
+ /* turn off induction optimizations */
+\newline
+int foo ()
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ /* large code */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ ...
+
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+#pragma restore
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma restore"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ /* turn the optimizations back on */
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker documentation}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated.
+ It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragmas be used when
+ changing options for a function.
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
- Relocating Linker
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+Defines Created by the Compiler
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler creates the following #defines
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#defines"
-SDCC regression test
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Defines created by the compiler"
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+:
+\newline
-sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="15" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3in">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="3in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-Various notes
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+#define
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-sdcc/doc/*
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+Description
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-Notes on debugging with SDCDB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Always defined.
+ Since version 2.5.6 the version number as an int (ex.
+ 256)
+\end_layout
-sdcc/debugger/README
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-Software simulator for microcontrollers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_mcs51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_mcs51"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ or SDCC_ds390
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_ds390"
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc
-\family default
-\series default
-\shape default
-\size default
-\emph default
-\bar default
-\noun default
-\color default
-/index.html
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ or SDCC_z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_z80"
-Temporary notes on the pic16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+, etc.
+\end_layout
- port
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390)
+\end_layout
-sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+__mcs51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_mcs51"
-SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-
-sdcc/doc/
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-cdbfileformat.pd
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-\bar default
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-f
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-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\newline
-
-\layout Section
-
-Related open source tools
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Related-open-source-tools}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Related tools}
-
-\end_inset
+, __ds390
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_ds390"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\align left
+, __hc08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_hc08"
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="14" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="30line%">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+, __z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_z80"
-Name
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+, etc
+\end_layout
-Purpose
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+depending on the model used (e.g.
+ -mz80)
+\end_layout
-Where to get
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-gpsim
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gpsim (pic simulator)}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_STACK_AUTO
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_STACK\\_AUTO"
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-PIC simulator
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-stack-auto
+\emph default
+ option is used
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-gputils
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_SMALL
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_MODEL\\_SMALL"
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-GNU PIC utilities
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-model-small
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_MODEL\\_MEDIUM"
+
+\end_inset
-flP5
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-PIC programmer
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+-model-medium
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_LARGE
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_MODEL\\_LARGE"
-ec2drv/newcdb
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Tools for Silicon Laboratories JTAG debug adapter, partly based on SDCDB
- (Unix only)
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ec2drv}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-model-large
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-indent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{indent (source formatting tool)}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_USE_XSTACK
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_USE\\_XSTACK"
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-Formats C source - Master of the white spaces
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+-xstack
+\emph default
+ option is used
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-srecord
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
-
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_STACK_TENBIT
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_STACK\\_TENBIT"
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
-Object file conversion, checksumming, ...
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/srecord}
-
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-mds390
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-objdump
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_MODEL\\_FLAT24"
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-Object file conversion, ...
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-mds390
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
-Part of binutils (should be there anyway)
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_REVISION
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_REVISION"
-cmon51
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmon51}
-
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+Always defined.
+ SDCC svn revision number
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-doxygen
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{doxygen (source documentation tool)}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_PARMS_IN_BANK1
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_PARMS\\_IN\\_BANK1"
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-Source code documentation system
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-parms-in-bank1
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_FLOAT_REENT
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_MODEL\\_FLAT24"
-kdevelop
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only)
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-float-reent
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_INT_LONG_REENT
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC\\_INT\\_LONG\\_REENT"
-paulmon
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/paulmon2.html}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-int-long-reent
+\emph default
+ is used
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-splint
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Chapter
+Notes on supported Processors
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+MCS51 variants
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:MCS51-variants"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Statically checks c sources (see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51 variants"
-)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org}
+\begin_layout Standard
+MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different
+ flavours.
+ While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers
+ the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible.
+
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+pdata access by SFR
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices
+ using port P2
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "P2 (mcs51 sfr)"
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ as dedicated I/O port is becoming more popular.
+ Switching the high byte for pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)"
-ddd
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ access which was formerly done by port P2 is then achieved by a Special
+ Function Register
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "sfr"
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+.
+ In well-established MCS51 tradition the address of this
+\emph on
+sfr
+\emph default
+ is where the chip designers decided to put it.
+ Needless to say that they didn't agree on a common name either.
+ So that the startup code can correctly initialize xdata variables, you
+ should define an sfr with the name _XPAGE
+\family typewriter
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_XPAGE (mcs51)"
-Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to SDCDB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- (Unix only)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family default
+ at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this.
+ Some examples are:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0x85) _XPAGE; /* Ramtron VRS51 family a.k.a.
+ MPAGE */
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/}
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family, Texas Instruments (Chipcon)
+ a.k.a.
+ MPAGE */
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0x91) _XPAGE; /* Infineon (Siemens) C500 family a.k.a.
+ XPAGE */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips a.k.a.
+ EMI0CN */
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips a.k.a.
+ EMI0CN */
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Startup-Code"
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-Related documentation / recommended reading
-\layout Standard
-\align left
+ for other possibilities.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Other Features available by SFR
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DPTR"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, multiple DPTR, decrementing DPTR, 16x16 Multiply.
+ These are currently not used for the MCS51 port.
+ If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit
+ a patch to SDCC.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Bankswitching
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Bankswitching
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Bankswitching"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (a.k.a.
+ code banking
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "code banking"
+
+\end_inset
+
+) is a technique to increase the code space above the 64k limit of the 8051.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Hardware
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+8000-FFFF
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+bank1
+\end_layout
-Name
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+bank2
+\end_layout
-Subject / Title
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+bank3
+\end_layout
-Where to get
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+0000-7FFF
+\end_layout
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-c-refcard.pdf
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+common
+\end_layout
-C Reference Card
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C Reference card}
-
-\end_inset
-
-, 2 pages
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+SiLabs C8051F120 example
+\end_layout
-c-faq
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
-C-FAQ
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C FAQ}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.c-faq.com}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+</lyxtabular>
-ISO/IEC 9899:TC2
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\newline
+Usually the hardware uses some sfr (an output port or an internal sfr) to
+ select a bank and put it in the banked area of the memory map.
+ The selected bank usually becomes active immediately upon assignment to
+ this sfr and when running inside a bank it will switch out this code it
+ is currently running.
+ Therefor you cannot jump or call directly from one bank to another and
+ need to use a so-called trampoline in the common area.
+ For SDCC an example trampoline is in crtbank.asm and you may need to change
+ it to your 8051 derivative or schematic.
+ The presented code is written for the C8051F120.
+\newline
-C-Standard
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\newline
+When calling a banked function
+ SDCC will put the LSB of the functions address in register R0, the MSB
+ in R1 and the bank in R2 and then call this trampoline
+\emph on
+__sdcc_banked_call
+\emph default
+.
+ The current selected bank is saved on the stack, the new bank is selected
+ and an indirect jump is made.
+ When the banked function returns it jumps to
+\emph on
+__sdcc_banked_ret
+\emph default
+ which restores the previous bank and returns to the caller.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Software
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When writing banked software using SDCC you need to use some special keywords
+ and options.
+ You also need to take over a bit of work from the linker.
+\newline
+\newline
+To create a function
+ that can be called from another bank it requires the keyword
+\emph on
+banked
+\emph default
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "banked"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+.
+ The caller must see this in the prototype of the callee and the callee
+ needs it for a proper return.
+ Called functions within the same bank as the caller do not need the
+\emph on
+banked
+\emph default
+ keyword nor do functions in the common area.
+ Beware: SDCC does not know or check if functions are in the same bank.
+ This is your responsibility!
+\newline
-\size footnotesize
+\newline
+Normally all functions you write end up in
+ the segment CSEG.
+ If you want a function explicitly to reside in the common area put it in
+ segment HOME.
+ This applies for instance to interrupt service routines as they should
+ not be banked.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Functions that need to be in a switched bank must be put in a named segment.
+ The name can be mostly anything up to eight characters (e.g.
+ BANK1).
+ To do this you either use -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-codeseg BANK1 (See
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "lyx:-codeseg"
-ISO/IEC DTR 18037
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+) on the command line when compiling or #pragma codeseg BANK1 (See
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Pragmas"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+) at the top of the C source file.
+ The segment name always applies to the whole source file and generated
+ object so functions for different banks need to be defined in different
+ source files.
+\newline
-Extensions for Embedded C
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\newline
+When linking your objects you need to tell the linker where
+ to put your segments.
+ To do this you use the following command line option to SDCC: -Wl-b BANK1=0x180
+00 (See
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "lyx:-Wl option"
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+).
+ This sets the virtual start address of this segment.
+ It sets the banknumber to 0x01 and maps the bank to 0x8000 and up.
+ The linker will not check for overflows, again this is your responsibility.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\size footnotesize
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf}
+\begin_layout Section
+DS400 port
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+The DS80C400
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS80C400"
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS400"
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ microcontroller has a rich set of peripherals.
+ In its built-in ROM library it includes functions to access some of the
+ features, among them is a TCP stack with IP4 and IP6 support.
+ Library headers (currently in beta status) and other files are provided
+ at
+\size footnotesize
-Latest datasheet of target CPU
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "ftp://ftp.dalsemi.com/pub/tini/ds80c400/c_libraries/sdcc/index.html"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-vendor
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+.
+
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Section
+The Z80 and gbz80 port
+\end_layout
-Revision history of datasheet
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC can target both the Zilog Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-vendor
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+ and the Nintendo Gameboy's Z80-like gbz80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+.
+ The Z80 port is passed through the same
+\emph on
+regressions tests
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Regression test"
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Section
-Application notes specifically for SDCC
-\layout Standard
+\emph default
+ (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Quality-control"
-SDCC makes no claims about the completeness of this list and about up-to-datenes
-s or correctness of the application notes
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Application notes}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+) as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long
+ variables and bitfield support is fine.
+ See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines.
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout Standard
-\align left
+\begin_layout Standard
+As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and
+ z80/gen.c.
+ The stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!stack"
-\size footnotesize
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="17col%">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="27col%">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="57col%">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ frame is similar to that generated by the IAR Z80 compiler.
+ IX is used as the base pointer, HL and IY are used as a temporary registers,
+ and BC and DE are available for holding variables.
+ Return values
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Z80!return value"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ for the Z80 port are stored in L (one byte), HL (two bytes), or DEHL (four
+ bytes).
+ The gbz80 port use the same set of registers for the return values, but
+ in a different order of significance: E (one byte), DE (two bytes), or
+ HLDE (four bytes).
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\size footnotesize
-Vendor
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+The HC08 port
+\end_layout
-\size footnotesize
-Subject / Title
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "HC08"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ family has been added in October 2003, and is still undergoing some basic
+ development.
+ The code generator is complete, but the register allocation is still quite
+ unoptimized.
+ Some of the SDCC's standard C library functions have embedded non-HC08
+ inline assembly and so are not yet usable.
+\end_layout
-\size footnotesize
-Where to get
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+The HC08 port passes the regression test suite (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Quality-control"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+).
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\size footnotesize
-Maxim / Dallas
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+The PIC14
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14"
-\size footnotesize
-Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ port
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC14 port adds support for Microchip
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Microchip"
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{TM}}$
+\end_inset
-\size footnotesize
+ PIC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3346.pdf}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{TM}}$
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ MCUs with 14 bit wide instructions.
+ This port is not yet mature and still lacks many features.
+ However, it can work for simple code.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+Currently supported devices include:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+12F: 629, 635, 675, 683
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16C: 432, 433
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16C: 554, 557, 558
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16C: 62, 620, 620a, 621, 621a, 622, 622a, 63a, 65b
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16C: 71, 710, 711, 715, 717, 72, 73b, 745, 74b, 765, 770, 771, 773, 774,
+ 781, 782
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16C: 925, 926
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16CR: 620a, 73, 74, 76, 77
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16F: 616, 627, 627a, 628, 628a, 630, 636, 639, 648, 648a, 676, 684, 685,
+ 687, 688, 689, 690
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16F: 716, 72, 73, 737, 74, 747, 76, 767, 77, 777, 785
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16F: 818, 819, 84, 84a, 87, 870, 871, 872, 873, 873a, 874, 874a, 876, 876a,
+ 877, 877a, 88, 886, 887
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16F: 913, 914, 916, 917, 946
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+26HV: 626, 785
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+An up-to-date list of currently supported devices can be obtained via
+\family typewriter
+sdcc -mpic14 -phelp foo.c
+\family default
+ (foo.c must exist...).
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+PIC Code Pages
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "code page (pic14)"
+\end_inset
-\size footnotesize
-Maxim / Dallas
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none" width="30line%">
-\begin_inset Text
+ and Memory Banks
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory bank (pic14)"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\size footnotesize
-Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS89C4x0}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks.
+ It does not have intimate knowledge of the code flow.
+ It will put all the code section of a single .asm file into a single code
+ page.
+ In order to make use of multiple code pages, separate asm files must be
+ used.
+ The compiler assigns all
+\emph on
+static
+\emph default
+ functions of a single .c file into the same code page.
+\newline
- Family of Microcontrollers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+To get the best results,
+ follow these guidelines:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Make local functions static, as non static functions require code page selection
+ overhead.
+\newline
+Due to the way sdcc handles functions, place called functions prior
+ to calling functions in the file wherever possible: Otherwise sdcc will
+ insert unnecessary pagesel directives around the call, believing that the
+ called function is externally defined.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+For devices that have multiple code pages it is more efficient to use the
+ same number of files as pages: Use up to 4 separate .c files for the 16F877,
+ but only 2 files for the 16F874.
+ This way the linker can put the code for each file into different code
+ pages and there will be less page selection overhead.
+\end_layout
-\size footnotesize
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC14 as they have a very simple
+ instruction set), use `unsigned char' wherever possible instead of `int'.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3477.pdf}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Adding New Devices to the Port
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Adding support for a new 14
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+,
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\size footnotesize
-Silicon Laboratories / Cygnal
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+bit PIC MCU requires the following steps:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Create a new device description.
+\newline
+Each device is described in two files: pic16f*.h
+ and pic16f*.c.
+ These files primarily define SFRs, structs to access their bits, and symbolic
+ configuration options.
+ Both files can be generated from gputils' .inc files using the perl script
+
+\family typewriter
+support/scripts/inc2h.pl
+\family default
+.
+ This file also contains further instructions on how to proceed.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Copy the .h file into SDCC's include path and either add the .c file to your
+ project or copy it to
+\family typewriter
+device/lib/pic/libdev
+\family default
+.
+ Afterwards, rebuild and install the libraries.
+\end_layout
-\size footnotesize
-Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE}
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Edit pic14devices.txt in SDCC's include path (
+\family typewriter
+device/include/pic/
+\family default
+ in the source tree or
+\family typewriter
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/pic
+\family default
+ after installation).
+\newline
+You need to add a device specification here to make
+ the memory layout (code banks, RAM, aliased memory regions, ...) known to
+ the compiler.
+ Probably you can copy and modify an existing entry.
+ The file format is documented at the top of the file.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Interrupt Code
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+For the interrupt function, use the keyword `__interrupt'
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14!interrupt"
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ with level number of 0 (PIC14 only has 1 interrupt so this number is only
+ there to avoid a syntax error - it ought to be fixed).
+ E.g.:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\size footnotesize
+\family typewriter
+void Intr(void) __interrupt 0
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+T0IF = 0; /* Clear timer interrupt */
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.silabs.com/public/documents/tpub_doc/anote/Microcontrollers/en/an198.pdf}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Linking and Assembling
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+For assembling you can use either GPUTILS'
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gputils (pic tools)"
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ gpasm.exe or MPLAB's mpasmwin.exe.
+ GPUTILS are available from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+.
+ For linking you can use either GPUTILS' gplink or MPLAB's mplink.exe.
+ If you use MPLAB and an interrupt function then the linker script file
+ vectors section will need to be enlarged to link with mplink.
+\newline
-\size footnotesize
-Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+Here is a
+\family typewriter
+Makefile
+\family default
+ using GPUTILS:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+.c.o:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcc -V -mpic14 -p16f877 -c $<
+\newline
-\size footnotesize
-Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+gplink -m -s $(PRJ).lkr
+ -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here is a
+\family typewriter
+Makefile
+\family default
+ using MPLAB:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\size footnotesize
+\family typewriter
+.c.o:
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16f877 $<
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp}
+\newline
+$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mplink /v $(PRJ).lkr /m $(PRJ).map /o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Please note that indentations within a
+\family typewriter
+Makefile
+\family default
+ have to be done with a tabulator character.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Command-Line Options
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Besides the switches common to all SDCC backends, the PIC14 port accepts
+ the following options (for an updated list see sdcc -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+-help):
+\end_layout
-\size footnotesize
-Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-debug-xtra
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14!Options!-\\/-debug-extra"
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ emit debug info in assembly output
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-Texas Instruments
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\size footnotesize
-MSC12xx Programming with SDCC
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+-no-pcode-opt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14!Options!-\\/-no-pcode-opt"
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ disable (slightly faulty) optimization on pCode
+\end_layout
-\size footnotesize
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14!Options!-\\/-stack-loc"
+\end_inset
-\layout Section
+ sets the lowest address of the argument passing stack (defaults to a suitably
+ large shared databank to reduce BANKSEL overhead)
+\end_layout
-Some Questions
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn
- ask
-\emph on
-you
-\emph default
- some questions:
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
-can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you
- find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever?
- Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit?
-\layout Itemize
-should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU
- and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating
- system on the target device help?
-\layout Itemize
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy?
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy?
-\layout Itemize
+-stack-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14!Options!-\\/-stack-size"
-if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer
- in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside?
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro
-tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s),
- internationali(z|s)ation, packaging, labels, 2nd source for components,
- electromagnetic compatability/interference, documentation for production,
- production test software, update mechanism, patent issues?
-\layout Itemize
+ sets the size if the argument passing stack (default: 16, minimum: 4)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Environment Variables
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC14 port recognizes the following environment variables:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+SDCC_PIC14_SPLIT_LOCALS If set and not empty, sdcc will allocate each temporary
+ register (the ones called r0xNNNN) in a section of its own.
+ By default (if this variable is unset), sdcc tries to cluster registers
+ in sections in order to reduce the BANKSEL overhead when accessing them.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+The Library
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC14 library currently only contains support routines required by the
+ compiler to implement multiplication, division, and floating point support.
+ No libc-like replacement is available at the moment, though many of the
+ common sdcc library sources (in
+\family typewriter
+device/lib
+\family default
+) should also compile with the PIC14 port.
+\end_layout
-is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune,
- fun?
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+error: missing definition for symbol ``__gptrget1''
+\end_layout
-Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may
- even be
-\emph on
-no
-\emph default
-, nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC14 port uses library routines to provide more complex operations
+ like multiplication, division/modulus and (generic) pointer dereferencing.
+ In order to add these routines to your project, you must link with PIC14's
+
+\family typewriter
+libsdcc.lib
+\family default
+.
+ For single source file projects this is done automatically, more complex
+ projects must add
+\family typewriter
+libsdcc.lib
+\family default
+ to the linker's arguments.
+ Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch
+ to the linker)!
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Processor mismatch in file ``XXX''.
+\end_layout
-burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst
+ 14
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
-.
- Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them...
-\layout Chapter
+\begin_layout Standard
-Support
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Support}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+,
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+bit PIC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC14"
-SDCC has grown to be a large project.
- The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is
- well over 150,000 lines of code (blank stripped).
- The open source nature of this project is a key to its continued growth
- and support.
- You gain the benefit and support of many active software developers and
- end users.
- Is SDCC perfect? No, that's why we need your help.
- The developers take pride in fixing reported bugs.
- You can help by reporting the bugs and helping other SDCC users.
- There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part
- in making SDCC a great software package.
-
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc}
+ devices.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device
+ by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in
+\family typewriter
+device/lib/pic/Makefile.in
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+device/lib/pic/Makefile
+\family default
+ to reflect your device.
+ This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unnecessary
+ BANKSELs might be removed.
+\end_layout
-.
- You'll find the complete set of mailing lists
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Known Bugs
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Function arguments
+\end_layout
-, forums, bug reporting system, patch submission
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Functions with variable argument lists (like printf) are not yet supported.
+ Similarly, taking the address of the first argument passed into a function
+ does not work: It is currently passed in WREG and has no address...
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Regression tests fail
+\end_layout
- system, download
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Though the small subset of regression tests in src/regression passes, SDCC
+ regression test suite does not, indicating that there are still major bugs
+ in the port.
+ However, many smaller projects have successfully used SDCC in the past...
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- area and Subversion code repository
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository}
+\size footnotesize
-\end_inset
+\newpage
- there.
-\layout Section
+\end_layout
-Reporting Bugs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bug reporting}
+\begin_layout Section
+The PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ port
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Reporting bugs}
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC16 port adds support for Microchip
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Microchip"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{TM}}$
+\end_inset
-The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the
- sourceforge site.
- You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about
- the known bugs.
-\layout Standard
+ PIC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC"
-Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and
- will be fixed ASAP.
- When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program
- (the smaller the better) which reproduces the problem.
- If you can isolate the problem by looking at the generated assembly code,
- this can be very helpful.
- Compiling your program with the -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{TM}}$
+\end_inset
--dumpall
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall}
+ MCUs with 16 bit wide instructions.
+ Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx
+; devices supported by the port include:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 242, 248, 252, 258, 442, 448, 452, 458
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 1220, 1320
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 2220, 2221, 2320, 2321, 2331, 2410, 2420, 2423, 2431, 2450, 2455, 2480,
+ 24j10
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: (2510,) 2515, 2520, 2523, 2525, 2550, 2580, 2585, 25j10, 2610, 2620,
+ 2680, 2682, 2685
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 4220, 4221, 4320, 4321, 4331, 4410, 4420, 4423, 4431, 4450, 4455, 4480,
+ 44j10
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 4510, 4515, 4520, 4523, 4525, 4550, 4580, 4585, 45j10, 4610, 4620,
+ 4680, 4682, 4685
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 6520, 6585, 6620, 6680, 66j60, 66j65, 6720, 67j60
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 8520, 8585, 8620, 8680, 86j60, 86j65, 8720, 87j60
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+18F: 96j60, 96j65, 97j60
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+An up-to-date list of supported devices is also available via '
+\family typewriter
+sdcc -mpic16 -plist
+\family default
+'.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Global Options
+\end_layout
- option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems.
- When reporting a bug please make sure you:
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Standard
+PIC16 port supports the standard command line arguments as supposed, with
+ the exception of certain cases that will be mentioned in the following
+ list:
+\end_layout
-Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC.
-
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile.
-
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Standard
-Specify the SDCC version (type "
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc -v
-\family default
-\series default
-"), your platform, and operating system.
-
-\layout Enumerate
-Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output.
-
-\layout Enumerate
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-Put something meaningful in the subject of your message.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all
- requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC.
- Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your
- chance that SDCC users and developers will be able to help you.
- Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided
- that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please
- be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug!
-\layout Standard
+-callee-saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Options!-\\/-callee-saves"
-Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and
- the bug is not yet known.
- This is the link for reporting bugs:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=100599}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ See -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-.
- With SDCC on average having more than 200 downloads
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- on sourceforge per day
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-220 daily downloads on average Jan-Sept 2006 and about 150 daily downloads
- between 2002 and 2005.
- This does not include other methods of distribution.
-\end_inset
+-all-callee-saves
+\end_layout
- there must be some users.
- So it's not exactly easy to find a new bug.
- If you find one we need it:
-\emph on
-reporting bugs is good
-\emph default
-.
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Requesting Features
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Requesting-Features}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-fommit-frame-pointer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Options!-\\/-fommit-frame-pointer"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features}
+ Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses no local variables.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Port Specific Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Options PIC16"
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing
- list.
- This is the link for requesting features:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-.
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Standard
-Submitting patches
-\layout Standard
-Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing
- list.
- This is the link for submitting patches
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=300599}
+-help output.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Code Generation Options
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+These options influence the generated assembler code.
+\end_layout
-You need to specify some parameters to the
-\family typewriter
-diff
-\family default
- command for the patches to be useful.
- If you modified more than one file a patch created f.e.
- with
-\family sans
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-diff -Naur unmodified_directory modified_directory >my_changes.patch
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\family default
-\series default
- will be fine, otherwise
-\family sans
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+-pstack-model=[model] Used in conjunction with the command above.
+ Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are:
+\end_layout
-diff -u sourcefile.c.orig sourcefile.c >my_changes.patch
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\emph on
+small
+\emph default
+ Selects small stack model.
+ 8 bit stack and frame pointers.
+ Supports 256 bytes stack size.
+\end_layout
-\series default
-
-\family default
-will do.
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-Getting Help
-\layout Standard
+\emph on
+large
+\emph default
+ Selects large stack model.
+ 16 bit stack and frame pointers.
+ Supports 65536 bytes stack size.
+\end_layout
-These links should take you directly to the
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Mailing lists]{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599}
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting
- automated messages (mid 2003)
-\end_inset
+-pno-banksel Do not generate BANKSEL assembler directives.
+\end_layout
- and the
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Forums]{http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=599}
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-, lists
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- and forums are archived and searchable so if you are lucky someone already
- had a similar problem.
- While mails to the lists themselves are delivered promptly their web front
- end on sourceforge sometimes shows a severe time lag (up to several weeks),
- if you're seriously using SDCC please consider subscribing to the lists.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-ChangeLog
-\layout Standard
+-extended Enable extended instruction set/literal offset addressing mode.
+ Use with care!
+\end_layout
-You can follow the status of the Subversion version
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Optimization Options
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- of SDCC by watching the Changelog
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Changelog}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- in the Subversion repository
-\size footnotesize
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
-\layout Section
+-obanksel=n Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs.
+\newline
-Subversion Source Code Repository
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-The output of
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc --version
-\family default
-\series default
- or the filenames of the snapshot versions of SDCC include date and its
- Subversion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository}
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+0 no optimization
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit
+ BANKSEL, accounts only for labels.
+\end_layout
- number.
- Subversion allows to download the source of recent or previous versions
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs
+ if they are in the same bank.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/svn/?group_id=599}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections
+ across bank borders!
+\end_layout
- (by number or by date).
- An on-line source code browser and detailled instructions are also available
- there.
- SDCC versions starting from 1999 up to now are available (currently the
- versions prior to the conversion from cvs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cvs|see{Subversion}}
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- to Subversion (April 2006) are either by accessible by Subversion or by
- cvs).
-\layout Section
-Release policy
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release policy}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes.
+ Use with care.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Historically there often were long delays between official releases and
- the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all.
- Excuses in the past might have referred to problems with live range analysis,
- but as this was fixed a while ago, the current problem is that another
- excuse has to be found.
- Kidding aside, we have to get better there! On the other hand there are
- daily snapshots available at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[snap]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-, and you can always build the very last version (hopefully with many bugs
- fixed, and features added) from the source code available at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[Source]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php#Source}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
- A release wiki
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki}
+-no-optimize-goto Do not use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release wiki}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
- at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/release_wiki/}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares.
+\end_layout
- also holds some information about past and future releases.
-\layout Section
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Examples
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-You'll find some small examples in the directory
-\emph on
-sdcc/device/examples/.
-
-\emph default
-More examples and libraries are available at
-\emph on
- The SDCC Open Knowledge Resource
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdccokr.dl9sec.de/}
+-optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Assembling Options
+\end_layout
-
-\emph default
-web site or at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/}
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
-\layout Comment
-I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather
- dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e.
- shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor.
- Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized
- development boards anyway).
-\layout Comment
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-Maybe we should include some links to real world applications.
- Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays
- manageable here?
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-Quality control
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Quality-control}
+-asm= Sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Quality control}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-mplab-comp MPLAB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!MPLAB"
-The compiler is passed through nightly compile and build checks.
- The so called
-\shape italic
-regression tests
-\shape default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+ compatibility option.
+ Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Linking Options
+\end_layout
- check that SDCC itself compiles flawlessly on several host platforms (i386,
- Opteron, 64 bit Alpha, ppc64, MacOS X on PPC, Solaris on Sparc) and checks
- the quality of the code generated by SDCC by running the code for several
- target platforms through simulators.
- The regression test suite comprises more than 100 files which expand to
- more than 500 test cases which include more than 4500 tests.
- The results of these tests are published daily on SDCC's snapshot page
- (click on the red or green symbols on the right side of
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-).
-\layout Standard
-There is a separate document
-\shape italic
-test_suite.pdf
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Test suite}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-link= Sets the full path and name of an external linker to call.
+\end_layout
-\shape default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf}
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- about the regression test suite.
-\layout Standard
-You'll find the test code in the directory
-\shape italic
-sdcc/support/regression
-\shape default
-.
- You can run these tests manually by running
-\family sans
-make
-\family default
- in this directory (or f.e.
-
-\family sans
-\series bold
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-make test-mcs51
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+-preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating
+ unitialized data variables with [kword].
+ Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr".
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\family default
-\series default
- if you don't want to run the complete tests).
- The test code might also be interesting if you want to look for examples
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
- checking corner cases of SDCC or if you plan to submit patches
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-ivt-loc=n Place the interrupt vector table at address
+\emph on
+n
+\emph default
.
-\layout Standard
+ Useful for bootloaders.
+\end_layout
-The 14bit pic port uses a different set of regression tests
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)}
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-, you'll find them in the directory
-\shape italic
-sdcc/src/regression
-\shape default
-.
-\layout Section
-Use of SDCC in Education
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-In short:
-\emph on
-highly
-\emph default
- encouraged
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-nodefaultlibs Do not link default libraries when linking.
+\end_layout
-the phrase "use in education" might evoke the association "
-\emph on
-only
-\emph default
- fit for use in education".
- This connotation is not intended but nevertheless risked as the licensing
- of SDCC makes it difficult to offer educational discounts
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-.
- If your rationales are to:
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Standard
-give students a chance to understand the
-\emph on
-complete
-\emph default
- steps of code generation
-\layout Enumerate
-have a curriculum that can be extended for years.
- Then you could use an fpga board as target and your curriculum will seamlessly
- extend from logic synthesis (
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[http://www.opencores.org]{opencores.org}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-,
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Oregano]{http://www.oregano.at/ip/ip01.htm}
+-use-crt= Use a custom run-time module instead of the defaults.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-), over assembly programming, to C to FPGA compilers (
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[FPGAC]{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
-) and to C.
-\layout Enumerate
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-be able to insert excursions about skills like using a revision control
- system, submitting/applying patches, using a type-setting (as opposed to
- word-processing) engine LyX/LaTeX, using
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[SourceForge]{http://www.sf.net}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules
+\end_layout
-, following some
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[netiquette]{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiquette}
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Debugging Options
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files.
+\end_layout
-, understanding BSD/LGPL/GPL/Proprietary licensing, growth models of Open
- Source Software, CPU simulation, compiler regression tests
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
-
-\newline
-And if there should be a shortage of ideas then you can always point students
- to the ever-growing feature request list
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
-not tie students to a specific host platform and instead allow them to use
- a host platform of
-\emph on
-their
-\emph default
- choice (among them Alpha, i386, i386_64, MacOs, Mips, Sparc, Windows and
- eventually
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[OLPC]{http://www.laptop.org}
+-debug-xtra Similar to -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-)
-\layout Enumerate
-not encourage students to use illegal copies of educational software
-\layout Enumerate
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-be immune to licensing/availability/price changes of the chosen tool chain
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
-be able to change to a new target platform without having to adopt a new
- tool chain
-\layout Enumerate
+-debug
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-debug"
-have complete control over and insight into the tool chain
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
-make your students aware about the pros and cons of open source software
- development
-\layout Enumerate
+, but dumps more information.
+\end_layout
-give back to the public as you are probably at least partially publically
- funded
-\layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-give students a chance to publically prove their skills and to possibly
- see a world wide impact
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-then SDCC is probably among the first choices.
- Well, probably SDCC might be the only choice.
-\layout Chapter
-\pagebreak_top
-SDCC Technical Data
-\layout Section
-Optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-debug-ralloc Force register allocator to dump <source>.d file with debugging
+ information.
+ <source> is the name of the file being compiled.
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific
- optimizations.
-
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
-Sub-expression Elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-pcode-verbose Enable pcode debugging information in translation.
+\end_layout
-The compiler does local and
-\emph on
-g
-\emph default
-lobal
-\emph on
-c
-\emph default
-ommon
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-ubexpression
-\emph on
-e
-\emph default
-limination, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-i = x + y + 1;
-\newline
-j = x + y;
-\layout Standard
-will be translated to
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-iTemp = x + y;
-\newline
-i = iTemp + 1;
-\newline
-j = iTemp;
-\layout Standard
+-calltree Dump call tree in .calltree file.
+\end_layout
-Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Description
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-a->b[i].c = 10;
-\newline
-a->b[i].d = 11;
-\layout Standard
-In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once;
- the equivalent code in C would be.
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-iTemp = a->b[i];
-\newline
-iTemp.c = 10;
-\newline
-iTemp.d = 11;
-\layout Standard
+-gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow.
+\end_layout
-The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers.
-\layout Subsection
-
-Dead-Code Elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Environment Variables
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+There is a number of environmental variables that can be used when running
+ SDCC to enable certain optimizations or force a specific program behaviour.
+ these variables are primarily for debugging purposes so they can be enabled/dis
+abled at will.
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+Currently there is only two such variables available:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Description
+OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET When this variable exists, reading of structure
+ bitfields is optimized by directly loading FSR0 with the address of the
+ bitfield structure.
+ Normally SDCC will cast the bitfield structure to a bitfield pointer and
+ then load FSR0.
+ This step saves data ram and code space for functions that make heavy use
+ of bitfields.
+ (i.e., 80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this
+ option).
+
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-int global;
-\newline
+\begin_layout Description
+NO_REG_OPT Do not perform pCode registers optimization.
+ This should be used for debugging purposes.
+ If bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit from temporarily
+ disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed.
+\end_layout
-\newline
-void f () {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-int i;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-i = 1; \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* dead store */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-global = 1;\SpecialChar ~
-/* dead store */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-global = 2;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-global = 3;\SpecialChar ~
-/* unreachable */
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Preprocessor Macros
+\end_layout
-will be changed to
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-int global;
-\newline
+ port defines the following preprocessor macros while translating a source.
+\end_layout
-\newline
-void f () {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-global = 2;
-\newline
-}
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Copy-Propagation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Copy propagation}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Macro
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Description
+\end_layout
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_pic16
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-int f() {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-int i, j;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-i = 10;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-j = i;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return j;
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-will be changed to
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+Port identification
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-int f() {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-int i, j;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-i = 10;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-j = 10;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return 10;
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+_
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated
- by dead-code elimination.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
-Loop Optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
+_pic16
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Port identification (same as above)
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC
-\emph on
-loop invariant
-\emph default
- lifting and
-\emph on
- strength reduction
-\emph default
- of loop induction variables.
- In addition to the strength reduction the optimizer marks the induction
- variables and the register allocator tries to keep the induction variables
- in registers for the duration of the loop.
- Because of this preference of the register allocator
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
+\begin_layout Standard
+pic18fxxxx
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-, loop induction optimization causes an increase in register pressure, which
- may cause unwanted spilling of other temporary variables into the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\begin_layout Standard
+MCU Identification.
+
+\emph on
+xxxx
+\emph default
+ is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
+ 452, 6620, etc
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- / data space.
- The compiler will generate a warning message when it is forced to allocate
- extra space either on the stack or data space.
- If this extra space allocation is undesirable then induction optimization
- can be eliminated either for the entire source file (with -
+\begin_layout Standard
+_
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
--noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+_18Fxxxx
+\end_layout
-.
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-Loop Invariant:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+MCU Identification (same as above)
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-f += k + l;
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+STACK_MODEL_nnn
+\end_layout
-changed to
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-itemp = k + l;
-\newline
-for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-f += itemp;
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static
- address computations are also moved out of the loop.
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-Strength Reduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-, this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-for (i=0;i < 100; i++)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ar[i*5] = i*3;
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Macro
+\end_layout
-changed to
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Description
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-itemp1 = 0;
-\newline
-itemp2 = 0;
-\newline
-for (i=0;i< 100;i++) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ar[itemp1] = itemp2;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-itemp1 += 5;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-itemp2 += 3;
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The more expensive multiplication
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+\begin_layout Standard
+__18Fxxxx
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- is changed to a less expensive addition.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+MCU Identification.
+
+\emph on
+xxxx
+\emph default
+ is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
+ 452, 6620, etc
+\end_layout
-Loop Reversing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_nnn
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for
+ SDCC
+\end_layout
-This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries
- for every iteration.
- Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-decrement and jump if not zero
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+STACK_MODEL_nnn
+\end_layout
- instruction.
- SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible
- (note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make
- this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis).
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The 'for' loop is of the form
-\newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\family typewriter
-for(<symbol> = <expression>; <sym> [< | <=] <expression>; [<sym>++ | <sym>
- += 1])
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-<for body>
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-The <for body> does not contain
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-continue
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- or 'break
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Directories
+\end_layout
-.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
-All goto's are contained within the loop.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-No function calls within the loop.
-\layout Itemize
+ port uses the following directories for searching header files and libraries.
+\end_layout
-The loop control variable <sym> is not assigned any value within the loop
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation
- within the loop.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+Directory
+\end_layout
-There are NO switch statements in the loop.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Algebraic Simplifications
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+Description
+\end_layout
-SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set
- of these optimizations.
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- i = j;
-\newline
-i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- i >>= 1;
-\newline
-i = j - j;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- i = 0;
-\newline
-i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- i = j;
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Note the subexpressions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Target
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result
- of copy/constant propagation.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+Command prefix
+\end_layout
-'switch' Statements
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:'switch'-Statements}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
+\begin_layout Standard
+PIC16 specific headers
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Compiler
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{jump tables}
+\begin_layout Standard
+-I
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
- It makes the decision based on an estimate of the generated code size.
- SDCC is quite liberal in the requirements for jump table generation:
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16
+\end_layout
-The labels need not be in order, and the starting number need not be one
- or zero, the case labels are in numerical sequence or not too many case
- labels are missing.
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-switch (i) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 0: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 1: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 3: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 7: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 4: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 5: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 6: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 7: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 11: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 8: ...
-
-\newline
-}\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table.
- The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for
- the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed.
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+PIC16 specific libraries
+\end_layout
-The number of case labels is not larger than supported by the target architectur
-e.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-If the case labels are not in numerical sequence ('gaps' between cases)
- SDCC checks whether a jump table with additionally inserted dummy cases
- is still attractive.
-
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+Linker
+\end_layout
-If the starting number is not zero and a check for the lower boundary of
- the jump-table can thus be eliminated SDCC might insert dummy cases 0,
- ...
- .
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Switch statements which have large gaps in the numeric sequence or those
- that have too many case labels can be split into more than one switch statement
- for efficient code generation, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+-L
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\family typewriter
-switch (i) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 1: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 2: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 3: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 4: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 5: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 6: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 7: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 101: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 102: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 103: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 104: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 105: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 106: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 107: ...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-switch (i) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 1: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 2: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 3: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 4: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 5: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 6: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 7: ...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Pragmas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:PIC16_Pragmas"
-and
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-switch (i) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 101: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 102: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 103: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 104: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 105: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 106: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 107: ...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas
- the unmodified switch statement will not be.
-\layout Comment
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
-There might be reasons which SDCC cannot know about to either favour or
- not favour jump tables.
- If the target system has to be as quick for the last switch case as for
- the first (pro jump table), or if the switch argument is known to be zero
- in the majority of the cases (contra jump table).
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The pragma nojtbound
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
+ port currently supports the following pragmas:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Description
+stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Pragmas!\\#pragma stack"
- can be used to turn off checking the
-\emph on
-j
-\emph default
-ump
-\emph on
-t
-\emph default
-able
-\emph on
-bound
-\emph default
-aries.
- It has no effect if a default label is supplied.
- Use of this pragma is dangerous: if the switch
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ This forces the code generator to initialize the stack & frame pointers
+ at a specific address.
+ This is an ad hoc solution for cases where no STACK directive is available
+ in the linker script or gplink is not instructed to create a stack section.
+\newline
+The
+ stack pragma should be used only once in a project.
+ Multiple pragmas may result in indeterminate behaviour of the program.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
- argument is not matched by a case statement the processor will happily
- jump into Nirvana.
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+The old format (ie.
+ #pragma stack 0x5ff) is deprecated and will cause the stack pointer to
+ cross page boundaries (or even exceed the available data RAM) and crash
+ the program.
+ Make sure that stack does not cross page boundaries when using the SMALL
+ stack model.
+\end_layout
-Bit-shifting Operations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit shifting}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-.
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+The format is as follows:
+\newline
-Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin
-g.
- SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way
- possible, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+#pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size]
+\newline
-\family typewriter
-unsigned char i;
-\newline
-...
-
-\newline
-i >>= 4;
-\newline
-...
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-generates the following code:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+\emph on
+bottom_address
+\emph default
+ is the lower bound of the stack section.
+ The stack pointer initially will point at address (bottom_address+stack_size-1).
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- a,_i
-\newline
-swap a
-\newline
-anl\SpecialChar ~
- a,#0x0f
-\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- _i,a
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+Example:
+\end_layout
-In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known.
- Another example:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-unsigned int i;
-\newline
-...
-
-\newline
-i >>= 9;
-\newline
-...
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+/* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */
+\end_layout
-will generate:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+#pragma stack 0x200 100
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the stack_size field is omitted then a stack is created with the default
+ size of 64.
+ This size might be enough for most programs, but its not enough for operations
+ with deep function nesting or excessive stack usage.
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,(_i + 1)
-\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-(_i + 1),#0x00
-\newline
-clr\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-c
-\newline
-rrc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a
-\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_i,a
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Description
+code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Pragmas!\\#pragma code"
-Bit-rotation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit rotation}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ Force a function to a static FLASH address.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+Example:
+\end_layout
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
-A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{rotating bits}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+/* place function test_func at 0x4000 */
+\end_layout
-, SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+#pragma code test_func 0x4000
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
-\family typewriter
-\series bold
-unsigned
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-char i;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* unsigned is needed for rotation */
-\newline
-...
-
-\newline
-i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7));
-\family default
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\begin_layout Description
+library instructs the linker to use a library module.
+\newline
+Usage:
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-...
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+#pragma library module_name
+\end_layout
-will generate the following code:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+\emph on
+module_name
+\emph default
+ can be any library or object file (including its path).
+ Note that there are four reserved keywords which have special meaning.
+ These are:
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,_i
-\newline
-rl\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a
-\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_i,a
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="20page%">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio
-ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+Keyword
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+Description
+\end_layout
-Nibble and Byte Swapping
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{swapping nibbles/bytes}
+\begin_layout Standard
+Module to link
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-, SDCC recognizes the following expressions:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+ignore
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-\series bold
-unsigned
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-char i;
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
-unsigned
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-int j;
-\newline
-...
-
-\newline
-i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4));
-\family default
+\begin_layout Standard
+ignore all library pragmas
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8));
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Nibble swapping}
+\emph on
+(none)
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- or move instructions for the byte swapping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Byte swapping}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+c
+\end_layout
-.
- The
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-j
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+link the C library
+\end_layout
- example can be used to convert from little to big-endian or vice versa.
- If you want to change the endianness of a
-\emph on
-signed
-\emph default
- integer you have to cast to
-\family typewriter
-(unsigned int)
-\family default
- first.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\emph on
+libc18f
+\emph default
+.lib
+\end_layout
-Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness.
- This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction
- to increment its
-\emph on
-dptr
-\emph default
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+math
+\end_layout
--datapointer
-\emph on
-
-\emph default
-so little-endian is the more efficient byte order.
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+link the Math libarary
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{little-endian}
+\emph on
+libm18f
+\emph default
+.lib
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Endianness}
+\series bold
+io
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- format (i.e.
- lowest order first).
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_layout Standard
+link the I/O library
+\end_layout
-Highest Order Bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Highest Order Bit}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- / Any Order Bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Any Order Bit}
+\emph on
+libio18f*
+\emph default
+.lib
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+debug
+\end_layout
-It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral
- type (long, int, short or char types).
- Also obtaining any other order bit is not uncommon.
- SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the highest order bit
- and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+link the debug library
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-unsigned int gint;
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-foo () {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-unsigned char hob1, aob1;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-bit hob2, hob3, aob2, aob3;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-hob1 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-hob2 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-hob3 = gint & 0x8000;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-aob1 = (gint >> 9) & 1;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-aob2 = (gint >> 8) & 1;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-aob3 = gint & 0x0800;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-..
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-will generate the following code:
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 61 ;\SpecialChar ~
- hob.c 7
-\newline
-000A E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 62\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a,(_gint + 1)
-\newline
-000C 23\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 63\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- rl\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a
-\newline
-000D 54 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 64\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- anl\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a,#0x01
-\newline
-000F F5*02\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 65\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- _foo_hob1_1_1,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 66 ;\SpecialChar ~
- hob.c 8
-\newline
-0011 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 67\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a,(_gint + 1)
-\newline
-0013 33\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 68\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- rlc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a
-\newline
-0014 92*00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 69\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- _foo_hob2_1_1,c
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 66 ;\SpecialChar ~
- hob.c 9
-\newline
-0016 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 67\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a,(_gint + 1)
-\newline
-0018 33\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 68\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- rlc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a
-\newline
-0019 92*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 69\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- _foo_hob3_1_1,c
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 70 ;\SpecialChar ~
- hob.c 10
-\newline
-001B E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 71\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a,(_gint + 1)
-\newline
-001D 03\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 72\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- rr\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a
-\newline
-001E 54 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 73\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- anl\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a,#0x01
-\newline
-0020 F5*03\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 74\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- _foo_aob1_1_1,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 75 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\emph on
+libdebug
+\emph default
+.lib
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+* is the device number, i.e.
+ 452 for PIC18F452 MCU.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+This feature allows for linking with specific libraries without having to
+ explicit name them in the command line.
+ Note that the
+\noun on
+ignore
+\noun default
+ keyword will reject all modules specified by the library pragma.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+udata The pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker
+ will place a variable at a specific memory bank.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+Example:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+/* places variable foo at bank2 */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+#pragma udata bank2 foo
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+char foo;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In order for this pragma to work extra SECTION directives should be added
+ in the .lkr script.
+ In the following example a sample .lkr file is shown:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+// Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+LIBPATH .
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The linker will recognise the section name set in the pragma statement and
+ will position the variable at the memory bank set with the RAM field at
+ the SECTION line in the linker script file.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Header Files
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:PIC16_Header-Files"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There is one main header file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Header files"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ that can be included to the source files using the pic16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port.
+ That file is the
+\series bold
+pic18fregs.h
+\series default
+.
+ This header file contains the definitions for the processor special registers,
+ so it is necessary if the source accesses them.
+ It can be included by adding the following line in the beginning of the
+ file:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+#include <pic18fregs.h>
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The specific microcontroller is selected within the pic18fregs.h automatically,
+ so the same source can be used with a variety of devices.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:pic16Libraries"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!Libraries"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ that PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port depends on are the microcontroller device libraries which contain
+ the symbol definitions for the microcontroller special function registers.
+ These libraries have the format pic18fxxxx.lib, where
+\emph on
+xxxx
+\emph default
+ is the microcontroller identification number.
+ The specific library is selected automatically by the compiler at link
+ stage according to the selected device.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+Libraries are created with gplib which is part of the gputils package
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+Building the libraries
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Before using SDCC/pic16 there are some libraries that need to be compiled.
+ This process is done automatically if gputils are found at SDCC's compile
+ time.
+ Should you require to rebuild the pic16 libraries manually, these are the
+ steps required to do so under Linux or Mac OS X (cygwin might work as well,
+ but is untested):
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+cd device/lib/pic16
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+./configure.gnu
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+cd ..
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+make model-pic16
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+cd ../..
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you need to install the headers too, do:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+cd device/include
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Adding New Devices to the Port
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Adding support for a new 16
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+,
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+bit PIC MCU requires the following steps:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Create picDEVICE.c and picDEVICE.h from pDEVICE.inc using
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+perl /path/to/sdcc/support/scripts/inc2h-pic16.pl /path/to/gputils/header/pDEVICE.
+inc
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+
+\family typewriter
+mv picDEVICE.h /path/to/sdcc/device/include/pic16
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+
+\family typewriter
+mv picDEVICE.c /path/to/sdcc/device/lib/pic16/libdev
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Add DEVICE to
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/lib/pic16/pics.all
+\family default
+
+\newline
+Note: No 18f prefix here!
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Edit
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/include/pic16/adc.h
+\newline
+
+\family default
+Add the new devices to the correct ADC style class (depending on the number
+ of ADC channels).
+\newline
+Do not touch
+\family typewriter
+adc.h
+\family default
+ if the device does not offer any ADC at all.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Edit
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/include/pic16/pic18fregs.h
+\family default
+
+\newline
+The file format is self-explanatory, just add
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+#elif defined(picDEVICE)
+\newline
+#
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+
+\backslash
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+include <picDEVICE.h>
+\family default
+
+\newline
+at the right place (keep the file sorted, please).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Edit
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/include/pic16devices.txt
+\newline
+
+\family default
+Copy and modify an existing entry or create a new one and insert it at the
+ correct place (keep the file sorted, please).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Add the device to
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/lib/pic16/libdev/Makefile.am
+\family default
+
+\newline
+Copy an existing entry and adjust the device name.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Add the device to
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/lib/pic16/libio/Makefile.am
+\family default
+
+\newline
+Copy the record from the 18f2220 and adjust the device name.
+\newline
+If the new device
+ does not offer ADC, I
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{2}}$
+\end_inset
+
+C, and/or (E)USART functionality as assumed by the library, remove the lines
+ with references to
+\family typewriter
+adc/*.c
+\family default
+,
+\family typewriter
+usart/*.c
+\family default
+, or
+\family typewriter
+usart/*.c
+\family default
+, respectively.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Update
+\family typewriter
+libdev/Makefile.in
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+libio/Makefile.in
+\family default
+ using
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+./bootstrap.sh
+\family default
+
+\newline
+in
+\family typewriter
+/path/to/sdcc/device/lib/pic16
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Recompile the pic16 libraries as described in
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:pic16Libraries"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Memory Models
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+small model
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+large model
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source.
+ The sizes are shown in the next table:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Pointer sizes according to memory model
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+small model
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+large model
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+code pointers
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16-bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+24-bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+data pointers
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16-bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16-bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is advisable that all sources within a project are compiled with the
+ same memory model.
+ If one wants to override the default memory model, this can be done by
+ declaring a pointer as
+\series bold
+far
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+near
+\series default
+.
+ Far selects large memory model's pointers, while near selects small memory
+ model's pointers.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The standard device libraries (see
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:PIC16_Header-Files"
+
+\end_inset
+
+) contain no reference to pointers, so they can be used with both memory
+ models.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Stack
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!stack"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ implementation for the PIC16 port uses two indirect registers, FSR1 and
+ FSR2.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\noun on
+small
+\noun default
+ model
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\noun on
+large
+\noun default
+ model
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\noun on
+Small
+\noun default
+ model means that only the FSRxL byte is used to access stack and frame,
+ while
+\emph on
+\noun on
+large
+\emph default
+\noun default
+ uses both FSRxL and FSRxH registers.
+ The following table shows the stack/frame pointers sizes according to stack
+ model and the maximum space they can address:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+small
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+large
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Stack pointer FSR1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+8-bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16-bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Frame pointer FSR2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+8-bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16-bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+
+\noun on
+Large
+\noun default
+stack model is currently not working properly throughout the code generator.
+ So its use is not advised.
+ Also there are some other points that need special care:
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Do not create stack sections with size more than one physical bank (that
+ is 256 bytes)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Stack sections should no cross physical bank limits (i.e.
+ #pragma stack 0x50 0x100)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+These limitations are caused by the fact that only FSRxL is modified when
+ using SMALL stack model, so no more than 256 bytes of stack can be used.
+ This problem will disappear after LARGE model is fully implemented.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Functions
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In addition to the standard SDCC function keywords, PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port makes available two more:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+wparam
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!wparam"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Use the WREG to pass one byte of the first function argument.
+ This improves speed but you may not use this for functions with arguments
+ that are called via function pointers, otherwise the first byte of the
+ first parameter will get lost.
+ Usage:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+void func_wparam(int a) wparam
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ /* WREG hold the lower part of a */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ /* the high part of a is stored in FSR2+2 (or +3 for large stack model)
+ */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+...
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+shadowregs
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!shadowregs"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ When entering/exiting an ISR, it is possible to take advantage of the PIC18F
+ hardware shadow registers which hold the values of WREG, STATUS and BSR
+ registers.
+ This can be done by adding the keyword
+\emph on
+shadowregs
+\emph default
+ before the
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\emph default
+ keyword in the function's header.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+...
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+shadowregs
+\emph default
+ instructs the code generator not to store/restore WREG, STATUS, BSR when
+ entering/exiting the ISR.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Function return values
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following
+ a modified Microchip policy optimized for SDCC.
+ The following table shows these registers:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+size
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+destination register
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+8 bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+WREG
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+16 bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+PRODL:WREG
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+24 bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+PRODH:PRODL:WREG
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+32 bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+>32 bits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Interrupts
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!interrupt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ service routine (ISR) is declared using the
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\emph default
+ keyword.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+void isr(void) interrupt
+\emph on
+n
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+...
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+n
+\emph default
+ is the interrupt number, which for PIC18F devices can be:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+n
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Interrupt Vector
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Interrupt Vector Address
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+RESET vector
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x000000
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+HIGH priority interrupts
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x000008
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LOW priority interrupts
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0x000018
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When generating assembly code for ISR the code generator places a
+\noun on
+goto
+\noun default
+instruction at the
+\emph on
+Interrupt Vector Address
+\emph default
+ which points at the generated ISR.
+ This single GOTO instruction is part of an automatically generated
+\emph on
+interrupt entry point
+\emph default
+ function.
+ The actuall ISR code is placed as normally would in the code space.
+ Upon interrupt request, the GOTO instruction is executed which jumps to
+ the ISR code.
+ When declaring interrupt functions as _naked this GOTO instruction is
+\series bold
+not
+\series default
+ generated.
+ The whole interrupt functions is therefore placed at the Interrupt Vector
+ Address of the specific interrupt.
+ This is not a problem for the LOW priority interrupts, but it is a problem
+ for the RESET and the HIGH priority interrupts because code may be written
+ at the next interrupt's vector address and cause indeterminate program
+ behaviour if that interrupt is raised.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is not a problem when
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+this is a HIGH interrupt ISR and LOW interrupts are
+\emph on
+disabled
+\emph default
+ or not used.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt's vector address.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+n
+\emph default
+ may be omitted.
+ This way a function is generated similar to an ISR, but it is not assigned
+ to any interrupt.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When entering an interrupt, currently the PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port automatically saves the following registers:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+WREG
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+STATUS
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+BSR
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+PROD (PRODL and PRODH)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+These registers are restored upon return from the interrupt routine.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+NOTE that when the _naked attribute is specified for an interrupt routine,
+ then NO registers are stored or restored.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Generic Pointers
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types.
+ There are 3 types of generic pointers currently implemented data, code
+ and eeprom pointers.
+ They are differentiated by the value of the 7th and 6th bits of the upper
+ byte:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+pointer type
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+7th bit
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+6th bit
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+rest of the pointer
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+description
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+data
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
+\emph on
+uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+code
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
+\emph on
+uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+eeprom
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
+\emph on
+uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+(unimplemented)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
+\emph on
+xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+unimplemented pointer type
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+Generic pointer are read and written with a set of library functions which
+ read/write 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+PIC16 C Libraries
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Standard I/O Streams
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the
+\emph on
+stdio.h
+\emph default
+ the type FILE is defined as:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+typedef char * FILE;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This type is the stream type implemented I/O in the PIC18F devices.
+ Also the standard input and output streams are declared in stdio.h:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+extern FILE * stdin;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+extern FILE * stdout;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The FILE type is actually a generic pointer which defines one more type
+ of generic pointers, the
+\emph on
+stream
+\emph default
+ pointer.
+ This new type has the format:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="7">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+pointer type
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+<7:6>
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+<5>
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+<4>
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+<3:0>
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+rest of the pointer
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+descrption
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+stream
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+00
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+nnnn
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
+\emph on
+uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+stream type
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+value
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+module
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+description
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+STREAM_USART
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+0x200000UL
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+USART
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+STREAM_MSSP
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+0x210000UL
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+MSSP
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+STREAM_USER
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+0x2f0000UL
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+(none)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+In the libc library there exist the functions that are used to write to
+ each of the above streams.
+ These are
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+_
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+_stream_usart_putchar writes a character at the USART stream
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+_
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+_stream_mssp_putchar writes a character at the MSSP stream
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+putchar dummy function.
+ This writes a character to a user specified manner.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In order to increase performance
+\emph on
+putchar
+\emph default
+ is declared in stdio.h as having its parameter in WREG (it has the wparam
+ keyword).
+ In stdio.h exists the macro PUTCHAR(arg) that defines the putchar function
+ in a user-friendly way.
+
+\emph on
+arg
+\emph default
+ is the name of the variable that holds the character to print.
+ An example follows:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+#include <pic18fregs.h>
+\newline
+#include <stdio.h>
+\newline
+
+\newline
+PUTCHAR( c )
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+}
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void main(void)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessary, since stdout points
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ * by default to STREAM_USER */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ printf (
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+This is a printf test
+\backslash
+n
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+);
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Printing functions
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+PIC16 contains an implementation of the printf-family of functions.
+ There exist the following functions:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...);
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap);
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...);
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap);
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...);
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap);
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For sprintf and vsprintf
+\emph on
+buf
+\emph default
+ should normally be a data pointer where the resulting string will be placed.
+ No range checking is done so the user should allocate the necessary buffer.
+ For fprintf and vfprintf
+\emph on
+fp
+\emph default
+ should be a stream pointer (i.e.
+ stdout, STREAM_MSSP, etc...).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Signals
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources.
+ A list of these interrupts is shown in the following table:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="4">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+signal name
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+description
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+signal name
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+description
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_RB
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+PORTB change interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_EE
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_INT0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+INT0 external interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_BCOL
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Bus collision interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_INT1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+INT1 external interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_LVD
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Low voltage detect interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_INT2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+INT2 external interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_PSP
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Parallel slave port interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_CCP1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+CCP1 module interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_AD
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+AD convertion complete interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_CCP2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+CCP2 module interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_RC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+USART receive interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_TMR0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+TMR0 overflow interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_TX
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+USART transmit interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_TMR1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+TMR1 overflow interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_MSSP
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SSP receive/transmit interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_TMR2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SIG_TMR3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+TMR3 overflow interrupt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+The prototypes for these names are defined in the header file
+\emph on
+signal.h
+\emph default
+ .
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for
+ high priority interrupts.
+
+\emph on
+name
+\emph default
+ is the function name to use.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo
+ low priority interrupt.
+
+\emph on
+name
+\emph default
+ is the function name to use.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+DEF_HANDLER(sig,handler) define a handler for signal
+\emph on
+sig.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Additionally there are two more macros to simplify the declaration of the
+ signal handler:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series medium
+SIGHANDLER(handler)
+\series default
+ this declares the function prototype for the
+\emph on
+handler
+\emph default
+ function.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An example of using the macros above is shown below:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+#include <pic18fregs.h>
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+#include <signal.h>
+\newline
+
+\newline
+DEF_INTHIGH(high_int)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+END_DEF
+\newline
+
+\newline
+SIGHANDLER(_tmr0_handler)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ /* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+}
+\newline
+
+\newline
+SIGHANDLERNAKED(_bcol_handler)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ _asm
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ /* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ retfie
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+ _endasm;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+NOTES:
+\series default
+ Special care should be taken when using the above scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+when declaring SIGHANDLERNAKED handler never forget to use
+\emph on
+retfie
+\emph default
+ for proper returning.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+PIC16 Port -- Tips
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Stack size
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The default stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "PIC16!stack"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ size (that is 64 bytes) probably is enough for many programs.
+ One must take care that when there are many levels of function nesting,
+ or there is excessive usage of stack, its size should be extended.
+ An example of such a case is the printf/sprintf family of functions.
+ If you encounter problems like not being able to print integers, then you
+ need to set the stack size around the maximum (256 for small stack model).
+ The following diagram shows what happens when calling printf to print an
+ integer:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout LyX-Code
+printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar ()
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is should be understood that stack is easily consumed when calling complicate
+d functions.
+ Using command line arguments like -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-fommit-frame-pointer might reduce stack usage by not creating unnecessery
+ stack frames.
+ Other ways to reduce stack usage may exist.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Known Bugs
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Extended Instruction Set
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC16 port emits code which is incompatible with the extended instruction
+ set available with many newer devices.
+ Make sure to always explicitly disable it, usually using
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+static __code char __at(__CONFIG4L) conf4l = /* more flags & */ _XINST_OFF_4L;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+Some devices (namely 18f2455, 18f2550, 18f4455, and 18f4550) use _ENHCPU_OFF_4L
+ instead of _XINST_OFF_4L.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Regression Tests
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC16 port currently passes most but not all of the tests in SDCC's
+ regression test
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Regression test (PIC16)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ suite (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Quality-control"
+
+\end_inset
+
+), thus no automatic regression tests are currently performed for the PIC16
+ target.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Chapter
+Debugging
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are several approaches to debugging your code.
+ This chapter is meant to show your options and to give detail on some of
+ them:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+When writing your code:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+write your code with debugging in mind (avoid duplicating code, put conceptually
+ similar variables into structs, use structured code, have strategic points
+ within your code where all variables are consistent, ...)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+run a syntax-checking tool like splint
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "splint (syntax checking tool)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "lint (syntax checking tool)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (see -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-more-pedantic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT"
+
+\end_inset
+
+) over the code.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+for the high level code use a C-compiler (like f.e.
+ GCC) to compile run and debug the code on your host.
+ See (see -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-more-pedantic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT"
+
+\end_inset
+
+) on how to handle syntax extensions like __xdata, __at(), ...
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+use another C-compiler to compile code for your target.
+ Always an option but not recommended:) And not very likely to help you.
+ If you seriously consider walking this path you should at least occasionally
+ check portability of your code.
+ Most commercial compiler vendors will offer an evaluation version so you
+ can test compile your code or snippets of your code.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Debugging on a simulator:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+there is a separate section about SDCDB (section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB"
+
+\end_inset
+
+) below.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+or (8051 specific) use a freeware/commercial simulator which interfaces
+ to the AOMF
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "AOMF, AOMF51"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ file (see
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "OMF file"
+
+\end_inset
+
+) optionally generated by SDCC.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Debugging On-target:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+use a MCU port pin to serially output debug data to the RS232 port of your
+ host.
+ You'll probably want some level shifting device typically involving a MAX232
+ or similar IC.
+ If the hardware serial port of the MCU is not available search for 'Software
+ UART' in your favourite search machine.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+use an on-target monitor.
+ In this context a monitor is a small program which usually accepts commands
+ via a serial line and allows to set program counter, to single step through
+ a program and read/write memory locations.
+ For the 8051 good examples of monitors are paulmon and cmon51 (see section
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Related-open-source-tools"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+toggle MCU port pins at strategic points within your code and use an oscilloscop
+e.
+ A
+\emph on
+digital oscilloscope
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Oscilloscope"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with deep trace memory is really helpful especially if you have to debug
+ a realtime application.
+ If you need to monitor more pins than your oscilloscope provides you can
+ sometimes get away with a small R-2R network.
+ On a single channel oscilloscope you could f.e.
+ monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\InsetSpace ~
+k
+\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
+\end_inset
+
+ resistor and the other one by a 5\InsetSpace ~
+k
+\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
+\end_inset
+
+ resistor to the oscilloscope probe (check output drive capability of the
+ pins you want to monitor).
+ If you need to monitor many more pins a
+\emph on
+logic analyzer
+\emph default
+ will be handy.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+use an ICE (
+\emph on
+i
+\emph default
+n
+\emph on
+c
+\emph default
+ircuit
+\emph on
+e
+\emph default
+mulator
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "ICE (in circuit emulator)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ Usually very expensive.
+ And very nice to have too.
+ And usually locks you (for years...) to the devices the ICE can emulate.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+use a remote debugger.
+ In most 8-bit systems the symbol information is not available on the target,
+ and a complete debugger is too bulky for the target system.
+ Therefore usually a debugger on the host system connects to an on-target
+ debugging stub which accepts only primitive commands.
+
+\newline
+Terms to enter into your favourite search engine could be 'remote debugging',
+ 'gdb stub' or 'inferior debugger'.
+ (is there one?)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+use an on target hardware debugger.
+ Some of the more modern MCUs include hardware support for setting break
+ points and monitoring/changing variables by using dedicated hardware pins.
+ This facility doesn't require additional code to run on the target and
+
+\emph on
+usually
+\emph default
+ doesn't affect runtime behaviour until a breakpoint is hit.
+ For the mcs51 most hardware debuggers use the AOMF
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "AOMF, AOMF51"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ file (see
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "OMF file"
+
+\end_inset
+
+) as input file.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Last not least:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+if you are not familiar with any of the following terms you're likely to
+ run into problems rather sooner than later:
+\emph on
+volatile
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+atomic
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+memory map
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+overlay
+\emph default
+.
+ As an embedded programmer you
+\emph on
+have
+\emph default
+ to know them so why not look them up
+\emph on
+before
+\emph default
+ you have problems?)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+tell someone else about your problem (actually this is a surprisingly effective
+ means to hunt down the bug even if the listener is not familiar with your
+ environment).
+ As 'failure to communicate' is probably one of the job-induced deformations
+ of an embedded programmer this is highly encouraged.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Debugging with SDCDB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCDB (debugger)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Debugger"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The debugger uses a command line interface, the command repertoire of the
+ debugger has been kept as close to gdb
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "gdb"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (the GNU debugger) as possible.
+ The configuration and build process is part of the standard compiler installati
+on, which also builds and installs the debugger in the target directory
+ specified during configuration.
+ The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source
+ level.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Compiling for Debugging
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-debug
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-debug"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ option must be specified for all files for which debug information is to
+ be generated.
+ The compiler generates a .adb file for each of these files.
+ The linker creates the .cdb
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.cdb"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ file from the .adb
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "<file>.adb"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ files and the address information.
+ This .cdb is used by the debugger.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+How the Debugger Works
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-debug option is specified the compiler generates extra symbol information
+ some of which are put into the assembler source and some are put into the
+ .adb file.
+ Then the linker creates the .cdb file from the individual .adb files with
+ the address information for the symbols.
+ The debugger reads the symbolic information generated by the compiler &
+ the address information generated by the linker.
+ It uses the SIMULATOR (Daniel's S51) to execute the program, the program
+ execution is controlled by the debugger.
+ When a command is issued for the debugger, it translates it into appropriate
+ commands for the simulator.
+ (Currently SDCDM only connects to the simulator but
+\emph on
+newcdb
+\emph default
+ at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://ec2drv.sf.net/"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is an effort to connect directly to the hardware.)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Starting the Debugger SDCDB
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The debugger can be started using the following command line.
+ (Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo).
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcdb foo
+\newline
+
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\newline
+The debugger will look for the following files.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+foo.c - the source file.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+foo.ihx - the Intel hex format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Intel hex format"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ object file.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+SDCDB Command Line Options
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-directory=<source file directory> this option can used to specify the directory
+ search list.
+ The debugger will look into the directory list specified for source, cdb
+ & ihx files.
+ The items in the directory list must be separated by ':', e.g.
+ if the source files can be in the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2,
+ the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-directory option should be -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-directory=/home/src1:/home/src2.
+ Note there can be no spaces in the option.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+-cd <directory> - change to the <directory>.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+-fullname - used by GUI front ends.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+-cpu <cpu-type> - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the
+ simulator docs for details.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+-X <Clock frequency > this options is passed to the simulator please see
+ the simulator docs for details.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+-s <serial port file> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+-S <serial in,out> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+-k <port number> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+SDCDB Debugger Commands
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel
+y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible.
+ This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces
+ (like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger.
+ If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip this
+ section.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+break [line | file:line | function | file:function]
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Set breakpoint at specified line or function:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcdb>break 100
+\newline
+sdcdb>break foo.c:100
+\newline
+sdcdb>break funcfoo
+\newline
+sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ]
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Clear breakpoint at specified line or function:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcdb>clear 100
+\newline
+sdcdb>clear foo.c:100
+\newline
+sdcdb>clear funcfoo
+\newline
+sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+continue
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+finish
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Execute till the end of the current function.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+delete [n]
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Delete breakpoint number 'n'.
+ If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+info [break | stack | frame | registers ]
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+info break - list all breakpoints
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+info stack - show the function call stack.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+info frame - show information about the current execution frame.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+info registers - show content of all registers.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+step
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Step program until it reaches a different source line.
+ Note: pressing <return> repeats the last command.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+next
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+run
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Start debugged program.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+ptype variable
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Print type information of the variable.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+print variable
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+print value of variable.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+file filename
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+load the given file name.
+ Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+frame
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+print information about current frame.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+set srcmode
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Toggle between C source & assembly source.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+! simulator command
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is
+ displayed.
+ Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator,
+ so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution
+ context and may display incorrect values.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+quit
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+"Watch me now.
+ Iam going Down.
+ My name is Bobby Brown"
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Interfacing SDCDB with DDD
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The screenshot was converted from png to eps with:
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+bmeps -c -e8f -p3 ddd_example.png >ddd_example.eps
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ which produces a pretty compact eps file which is free from compression
+ artifacts.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The screenshot was included in sdccman.lyx cvs version 1.120 but later removed
+ as this broke the build system on Sourceforge (pdf-file was broken.
+ pdflatex does not accept eps files).
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The
+\emph on
+p
+\emph default
+ortable
+\emph on
+n
+\emph default
+etwork
+\emph on
+g
+\emph default
+raphics File
+\size footnotesize
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/figures/ddd_example.png"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\size default
+ shows a screenshot of a debugging session with DDD
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DDD (debugger)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (Unix only) on a simulated 8032.
+ The debugging session might not run as smoothly as the screenshot suggests.
+ The debugger allows setting of breakpoints, displaying and changing variables,
+ single stepping through C and assembler code.
+
+\newline
+The source was compiled with
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+sdcc -
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+-debug ddd_example.c
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\newline
+and DDD was invoked with
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+ddd -debugger "sdcdb -cpu 8032 ddd_example"
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Check that the double quotes or an apostrophe within the command line survive
+ the LyX tool chain.
+ Previously the apostrophes got slanted in the PDF output so a cut and paste
+ did not work.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Interfacing SDCDB with XEmacs
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "XEmacs"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Emacs"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs,
+ sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el.
+ These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat
+ion is complete.
+ These files need to be loaded into XEmacs for the interface to work.
+ This can be done at XEmacs startup time by inserting the following into
+ your '.xemacs' file (which can be found in your HOME directory):
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+(load-file sdcdbsrc.el)
+\family default
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+.xemacs is a lisp file so the () around the command is REQUIRED.
+ The files can also be loaded dynamically while XEmacs is running, set the
+ environment variable 'EMACSLOADPATH' to the installation bin directory
+ (<installdir>/bin), then enter the following command ESC-x load-file sdcdbsrc.
+ To start the interface enter the following command:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+ESC-x sdcdbsrc
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+You will prompted to enter the file name to be debugged.
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are
+ bound to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el.
+ The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+sdcdbsrc-serial nil
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+\family typewriter
+
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+Current Listing ::
+\newline
+;;key\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+binding\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+Comment
+\newline
+;;---\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+-------\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+-------
+\newline
+;;
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+n\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdb-next-fro
+m-src\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+SDCDB next command
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+b\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdb-back-from-src\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+SDCDB back command
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+c\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdb-cont-f
+rom-src\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+SDCDB continue command
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+s\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdb-step-from-src\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+SDCDB step command
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+?\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdb-w
+hatis-c-sexp\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+SDCDB ptypecommand for data at
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+buffer point
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+x\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdbsrc-delete\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+SDCD
+B Delete all breakpoints if no arg
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+given or delete arg (C-u arg x)
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+m\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdbsrc
+-frame\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+SDCDB Display current frame if no arg,
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+given or display frame arg
+
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+buffer point
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+!\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+Goto the SDCDB output buffer
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+p\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdb-prin
+t-c-sexp\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+SDCDB print command for data at
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+buffer point
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+g\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+Got
+o the SDCDB output buffer
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+t\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdbsrc-mode\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it
+ off)
+\newline
+;;
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+C-c\InsetSpace ~
+C-f\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdb-finish-from-src\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+SDCDB finish command
+\newline
+;;
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+C-x\InsetSpace ~
+SPC\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdb-brea
+k\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+Set break for line with point
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+ESC\InsetSpace ~
+t\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdcdbsrc-mode\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode
+\newline
+;;\InsetSpace ~
+ESC\InsetSpace ~
+m\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+sdc
+dbsrc-srcmode\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+Toggle list mode
+\newline
+;;
+\newline
+
+\family default
+
+\newpage
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Chapter
+TIPS
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient
+ code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally
+ good programming practice.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value.
+ If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then
+ use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'.
+ Please note, that ANSI C requires both signed and unsigned chars to be
+ promoted to 'signed int'
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "promotion to signed int"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Marginal
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\InsetSpace ~
+!
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ before doing any operation.
+ This promotion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "type promotion"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "type promotion"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ can be omitted, if the result is the same.
+ The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often
+ surprising:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+unsigned char uc = 0xfe;
+\newline
+if (uc * uc < 0) /* this is true! */
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+....
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+uc * uc
+\family default
+ is evaluated as
+\family typewriter
+(int) uc * (int) uc = (int) 0xfe * (int) 0xfe = (int) 0xfc04 = -1024
+\family default
+.
+
+\newline
+Another one:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+(unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ...
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+No, the result is not 4:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+(int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 =
+\newline
+(int) (unsigned char)
+ 0xf4 / (int) (signed char) 0xfd =
+\newline
+(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd =
+\newline
+(int) 0x00f4
+ / (int) 0xfffd =
+\newline
+(int) 244 / (int) -3 =
+\newline
+(int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result.
+ gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints.
+ Therefore the results are different.
+\newline
+From
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+comp.lang.c FAQ
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Quote
+
+\emph on
+If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values
+ are not, or if you want to steer clear of sign-extension problems when
+ manipulating bits or bytes, use one of the corresponding unsigned types.
+ (Beware when mixing signed and unsigned values in expressions, though.)
+\newline
+Although
+ character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny" integers,
+ doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredictable
+ sign extension and increased code size.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to
+ be negative.
+ This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting
+ or are using an array index.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+NEVER jump into a LOOP.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Declare the variables to be local
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "local variables"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Have a look at the assembly listing to get a
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+feeling
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ for the code generation.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Porting code from or to other compilers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check whether endianness of the compilers differs and adapt where needed.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check the device specific header files
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Header files"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Include files"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for compiler specific syntax.
+ Eventually include the file <compiler.h
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "compiler.h (include file)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/compiler.h?view=markup"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ to allow using common header files.
+ (see f.e.
+ cc2510fx.h
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/cc2510fx.h?view=markup"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check whether the startup code contains the correct initialization (watchdog,
+ peripherals).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check whether the sizes of short, int, long match.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check if some 16 or 32 bit hardware registers require a specific addressing
+ order (least significant or most significant byte first) and adapt if needed
+ (
+\emph on
+first
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+last
+\emph default
+ relate to time and not to lower/upper memory location here, so this is
+
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ the same as endianness).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check whether the keyword
+\emph on
+volatile
+\emph default
+ is used where needed.
+ The compilers might differ in their optimization characteristics (as different
+ versions of the same compiler might also use more clever optimizations
+ this is good idea anyway).
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check that the compilers are not told to suppress warnings.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check and convert compiler specific extensions (interrupts, memory areas,
+ pragmas etc.).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check for differences in type promotion.
+ Especially check for math operations on
+\family typewriter
+char
+\family default
+ or
+\family typewriter
+unsigned char
+\family default
+ variables.
+ For the sake of C99 compatibility SDCC will probably promote these to
+\family typewriter
+int
+\family default
+ more often than other compilers.
+ Eventually insert explicit casts to
+\family typewriter
+(char)
+\family default
+ or
+\family typewriter
+(unsigned char)
+\family default
+.
+ Also check that the ~\InsetSpace ~
+operator
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\~\\/ Operator"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is not used on
+\family typewriter
+bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "bit"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ variables, use the !\InsetSpace ~
+operator instead.
+ See sections
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "type promotion"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Compatibility-with-previous"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check the assembly code generated for interrupt routines (f.e.
+ for calls to possibly non-reentrant library functions).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check whether timing loops result in proper timing (or preferably consider
+ a rewrite of the code with timer based delays instead).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check for differences in printf parameters (some compilers push (va_arg
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "vararg, va\\_arg"
+
+\end_inset
+
+) char variables as
+\family typewriter
+int
+\family default
+ others push them as
+\family typewriter
+char
+\family default
+.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Compatibility-with-previous"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+check the resulting memory map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Memory map"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Usage of different memory spaces: code, stack, data (for mcs51/ds390 additional
+ly idata, pdata, xdata).
+ Eventually check if unexpected library functions are included.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Tools
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Tools"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ included in the distribution
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align left
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Name
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Purpose
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Directory
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+uCsim
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "uCsim"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Simulator for various architectures
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+sdcc/sim/ucsim
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+keil2sdcc.pl
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+header file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Header files"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Include files"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ conversion
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+sdcc/support/scripts
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+mh2h.c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+header file conversion
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+sdcc/support/scripts
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+as-gbz80
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Assembler
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+as-z80
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Assembler
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+asx8051
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Assembler
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCDB
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Simulator
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+aslink
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Linker
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+link-z80
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Linker
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+link-gbz80
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Linker
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+packihx
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Intel Hex packer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "packihx (tool)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Documentation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Documentation"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ included in the distribution
+\end_layout
+
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+
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+name "d52 (disassembler)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Disassembler, can count instruction cycles
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "instruction cycles (count)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, use with options -pnd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.8052.com/users/disasm/"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+cmake
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "cmake"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cross platform build system, generates Makefiles
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Makefile"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and project workspaces
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "project workspace"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.cmake.org"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+and a dedicated wiki entry:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.cmake.org/Wiki/CmakeSdcc"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Related documentation / recommended reading
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align left
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Name
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Subject / Title
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Where to get
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+c-refcard.pdf
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+C Reference Card
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "C Reference card"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, 2 pages
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+c-faq
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+C-FAQ
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "C FAQ"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.c-faq.com"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+ISO/IEC 9899:TC2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+C-Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+ISO/IEC DTR 18037
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+Extensions for Embedded C
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Latest datasheet of target CPU
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+vendor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Revision history of datasheet
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+vendor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Application notes specifically for SDCC
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC makes no claims about the completeness of this list and about up-to-datenes
+s or correctness of the application notes
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Application notes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align left
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="17col%">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="27col%">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="57col%">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+Vendor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+Subject / Title
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+Where to get
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Maxim / Dallas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS80C400"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3346.pdf"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Maxim / Dallas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none" width="30line%">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DS89C4x0"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Family of Microcontrollers
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3477.pdf"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Silicon Laboratories / Cygnal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "IDE"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.silabs.com/public/documents/tpub_doc/anote/Microcontrollers/en/an198.pdf"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Texas Instruments
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+MSC12xx Programming with SDCC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Some Questions
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn
+ ask
+\emph on
+you
+\emph default
+ some questions:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you
+ find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever?
+ Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit?
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU
+ and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating
+ system on the target device help?
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy?
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy?
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer
+ in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside?
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro
+tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s),
+ internationali(z|s)ation, packaging, labels, 2nd source for components,
+ electromagnetic compatability/interference, documentation for production,
+ production test software, update mechanism, patent issues?
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune,
+ fun?
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may
+ even be
+\emph on
+no
+\emph default
+, nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them...
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Chapter
+Support
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Support"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC has grown to be a large project.
+ The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is
+ well over 150,000 lines of code (blank stripped).
+ The open source nature of this project is a key to its continued growth
+ and support.
+ You gain the benefit and support of many active software developers and
+ end users.
+ Is SDCC perfect? No, that's why we need your help.
+ The developers take pride in fixing reported bugs.
+ You can help by reporting the bugs and helping other SDCC users.
+ There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part
+ in making SDCC a great software package.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ You'll find the complete set of mailing lists
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Mailing list(s)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, forums, bug reporting system, patch submission
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Patch submission"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ system, download
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "download"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ area and Subversion code repository
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Subversion code repository"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ there.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Reporting Bugs
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Bug reporting"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Reporting bugs"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the
+ sourceforge site.
+ You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about
+ the known bugs.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and
+ will be fixed ASAP.
+ When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program
+ (the smaller the better) which reproduces the problem.
+ If you can isolate the problem by looking at the generated assembly code,
+ this can be very helpful.
+ Compiling your program with the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-dumpall
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-dumpall"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems.
+ When reporting a bug please make sure you:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Specify the SDCC version (type "
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -v
+\family default
+\series default
+"), your platform, and operating system.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Put something meaningful in the subject of your message.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all
+ requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC.
+ Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your
+ chance that SDCC users and developers will be able to help you.
+ Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided
+ that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please
+ be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug!
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and
+ the bug is not yet known.
+ This is the link for reporting bugs:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=100599"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ With SDCC on average having more than 200 downloads
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "download"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ on sourceforge per day
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+220 daily downloads on average Jan-Sept 2006 and about 150 daily downloads
+ between 2002 and 2005.
+ This does not include other methods of distribution.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ there must be some users.
+ So it's not exactly easy to find a new bug.
+ If you find one we need it:
+\emph on
+reporting bugs is good
+\emph default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Requesting Features
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Requesting-Features"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Feature request"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Requesting features"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing
+ list.
+ This is the link for requesting features:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Submitting patches
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing
+ list.
+ This is the link for submitting patches
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Patch submission"
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=300599"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You need to specify some parameters to the
+\family typewriter
+diff
+\family default
+ command for the patches to be useful.
+ If you modified more than one file a patch created f.e.
+ with
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+diff -Naur unmodified_directory modified_directory >my_changes.patch
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+\series default
+ will be fine, otherwise
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+diff -u sourcefile.c.orig sourcefile.c >my_changes.patch
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+\series default
+ will do.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Getting Help
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+These links should take you directly to the
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "Mailing lists"
+target "http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting
+ automated messages (mid 2003)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and the
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "Forums"
+target "http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=599"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, lists
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Mailing list(s)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and forums are archived and searchable so if you are lucky someone already
+ had a similar problem.
+ While mails to the lists themselves are delivered promptly their web front
+ end on sourceforge sometimes shows a severe time lag (up to several weeks),
+ if you're seriously using SDCC please consider subscribing to the lists.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+ChangeLog
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can follow the status of the Subversion version
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "version"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ of SDCC by watching the Changelog
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Changelog"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in the Subversion repository
+\size footnotesize
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Subversion Source Code Repository
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The output of
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+-version
+\family default
+\series default
+ or the filenames of the snapshot versions of SDCC include date and its
+ Subversion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Subversion code repository"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ number.
+ Subversion allows to download the source of recent or previous versions
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sourceforge.net/svn/?group_id=599"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (by number or by date).
+ An on-line source code browser and detailled instructions are also available
+ there.
+ SDCC versions starting from 1999 up to now are available (currently the
+ versions prior to the conversion from cvs
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "cvs|see{Subversion}"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ to Subversion (April 2006) are either by accessible by Subversion or by
+ cvs).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Release policy
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Release policy"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Historically there often were long delays between official releases and
+ the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all.
+ Excuses in the past might have referred to problems with live range analysis,
+ but as this was fixed a while ago, the current problem is that another
+ excuse has to be found.
+ Kidding aside, we have to get better there! On the other hand there are
+ daily snapshots available at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+name "snap"
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, and you can always build the very last version (hopefully with many bugs
+ fixed, and features added) from the source code available at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+name "Source"
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php#Source"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The SDCC Wiki
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "wiki"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "SDCC Wiki"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.wiki.sourceforge.net/"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ also holds some information about past and future releases.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Examples
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Examples"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You'll find some small examples in the directory
+\emph on
+sdcc/device/examples/.
+
+\emph default
+ More examples and libraries are available at
+\emph on
+The SDCC Open Knowledge Resource
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdccokr.dl9sec.de/"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ web site or at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather
+ dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e.
+ shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor.
+ Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized
+ development boards anyway).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Maybe we should include some links to real world applications.
+ Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays
+ manageable here?
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Quality control
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Quality-control"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Quality control"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler is passed through snaphot build compile and build checks.
+ The so called
+\shape italic
+regression tests
+\shape default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Regression test"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ check that SDCC itself compiles flawlessly on several host platforms (i386,
+ Opteron, 64 bit Alpha, ppc64, Mac OS X on ppc and i386, Solaris on Sparc)
+ and checks the quality of the code generated by SDCC by running the code
+ for several target platforms through simulators.
+ The regression test suite comprises more than 100 files which expand to
+ more than 500 test cases which include more than 4500 tests.
+ The results of these tests are published daily on SDCC's snapshot page
+ (click on the red or green symbols on the right side of
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There is a separate document
+\shape italic
+test_suite.pdf
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Test suite"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\shape default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ about the regression test suite.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You'll find the test code in the directory
+\shape italic
+sdcc/support/regression
+\shape default
+.
+ You can run these tests manually by running
+\family sans
+make
+\family default
+ in this directory (or f.e.
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+make test-mcs51
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+\series default
+ if you don't want to run the complete tests).
+ The test code might also be interesting if you want to look for examples
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Examples"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ checking corner cases of SDCC or if you plan to submit patches
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Patch submission"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The PIC14 port uses a different set of regression tests
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Regression test (PIC14)"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, you'll find them in the directory
+\shape italic
+sdcc/src/regression
+\shape default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Use of SDCC in Education
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In short:
+\emph on
+highly
+\emph default
+ encouraged
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+the phrase "use in education" might evoke the association "
+\emph on
+only
+\emph default
+ fit for use in education".
+ This connotation is not intended but nevertheless risked as the licensing
+ of SDCC makes it difficult to offer educational discounts
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ If your rationales are to:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+give students a chance to understand the
+\emph on
+complete
+\emph default
+ steps of code generation
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+have a curriculum that can be extended for years.
+ Then you could use an fpga board as target and your curriculum will seamlessly
+ extend from logic synthesis (
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "http://www.opencores.org"
+target "opencores.org"
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "Oregano"
+target "http://www.oregano.at/ip/ip01.htm"
+
+\end_inset
+
+), over assembly programming, to C to FPGA compilers (
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "FPGAC"
+target "http://sf.net/projects/fpgac"
+
+\end_inset
+
+) and to C.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+be able to insert excursions about skills like using a revision control
+ system, submitting/applying patches, using a type-setting (as opposed to
+ word-processing) engine LyX/LaTeX, using
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "SourceForge"
+target "http://www.sf.net"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, following some
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "netiquette"
+target "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiquette"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, understanding BSD/LGPL/GPL/Proprietary licensing, growth models of Open
+ Source Software, CPU simulation, compiler regression tests
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Regression test"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\newline
+And if there should be a shortage of ideas then you can always point students
+ to the ever-growing feature request list
+\begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
+target "http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+not tie students to a specific host platform and instead allow them to use
+ a host platform of
+\emph on
+their
+\emph default
+ choice (among them Alpha, i386, i386_64, Mac OS X, Mips, Sparc, Windows
+ and eventually
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+name "OLPC"
+target "http://www.laptop.org"
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+not encourage students to use illegal copies of educational software
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+be immune to licensing/availability/price changes of the chosen tool chain
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+be able to change to a new target platform without having to adopt a new
+ tool chain
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+have complete control over and insight into the tool chain
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+make your students aware about the pros and cons of open source software
+ development
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+give back to the public as you are probably at least partially publicly
+ funded
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+give students a chance to publicly prove their skills and to possibly see
+ a world wide impact
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+then SDCC is probably among the first choices.
+ Well, probably SDCC might be the only choice.
+\newpage
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Chapter
+SDCC Technical Data
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Optimizations
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Optimizations"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific
+ optimizations.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Sub-expression Elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Subexpression elimination"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler does local and
+\emph on
+g
+\emph default
+lobal
+\emph on
+c
+\emph default
+ommon
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+ubexpression
+\emph on
+e
+\emph default
+limination, e.g.:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+i = x + y + 1;
+\newline
+j = x + y;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+will be translated to
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+iTemp = x + y;
+\newline
+i = iTemp + 1;
+\newline
+j = iTemp;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+a->b[i].c = 10;
+\newline
+a->b[i].d = 11;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once;
+ the equivalent code in C would be.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+iTemp = a->b[i];
+\newline
+iTemp.c = 10;
+\newline
+iTemp.d = 11;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Dead-Code Elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Dead-code elimination"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+int global;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void f () {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+int i;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+i = 1; \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* dead store */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+global = 1;\InsetSpace ~
+/* dead
+ store */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+global = 2;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+global = 3;\InsetSpace ~
+/* unreachable */
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+will be changed to
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+int global;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void f () {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+global = 2;
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Copy-Propagation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Copy propagation"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+int f() {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+int i, j;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+i = 10;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+j = i;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return j;
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+will be changed to
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+int f() {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+int i, j;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+i = 10;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+j = 10;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+return 10;
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated
+ by dead-code elimination.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Loop Optimizations
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Loop optimization"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Loop-Optimizations"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC
+\emph on
+loop invariant
+\emph default
+ lifting and
+\emph on
+strength reduction
+\emph default
+ of loop induction variables.
+ In addition to the strength reduction the optimizer marks the induction
+ variables and the register allocator tries to keep the induction variables
+ in registers for the duration of the loop.
+ Because of this preference of the register allocator
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Register allocation"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, loop induction optimization causes an increase in register pressure, which
+ may cause unwanted spilling of other temporary variables into the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "stack"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ / data space.
+ The compiler will generate a warning message when it is forced to allocate
+ extra space either on the stack or data space.
+ If this extra space allocation is undesirable then induction optimization
+ can be eliminated either for the entire source file (with -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\InsetSpace ~
+noinduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma noinduction"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Loop Invariant:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+f += k + l;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+changed to
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+itemp = k + l;
+\newline
+for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+f += itemp;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static
+ address computations are also moved out of the loop.
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Strength Reduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Strength reduction"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+for (i=0;i < 100; i++)
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ar[i*5] = i*3;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+changed to
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+itemp1 = 0;
+\newline
+itemp2 = 0;
+\newline
+for (i=0;i< 100;i++) {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ar[itemp1] = itemp2;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+itemp1
+ += 5;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+itemp2 += 3;
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The more expensive multiplication
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Multiplication"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is changed to a less expensive addition.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Loop Reversing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Loop reversing"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries
+ for every iteration.
+ Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+decrement and jump if not zero
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ instruction.
+ SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible
+ (note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make
+ this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The 'for' loop is of the form
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+for(<symbol> = <expression>; <sym> [< | <=] <expression>; [<sym>++ | <sym>
+ += 1])
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+<for body>
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The <for body> does not contain
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+continue
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ or 'break
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+All goto's are contained within the loop.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+No function calls within the loop.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The loop control variable <sym> is not assigned any value within the loop
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation
+ within the loop.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+There are NO switch statements in the loop.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Algebraic Simplifications
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set
+ of these optimizations.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+i = j + 0;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ i = j;
+\newline
+i /= 2;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ i >>= 1;
+\newline
+i
+ = j - j;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ i = 0;
+\newline
+i = j / 1;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ i = j;
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note the subexpressions
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Subexpression"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result
+ of copy/constant propagation.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+'switch' Statements
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:'switch'-Statements"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "switch statement"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "jump tables"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ It makes the decision based on an estimate of the generated code size.
+ SDCC is quite liberal in the requirements for jump table generation:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The labels need not be in order, and the starting number need not be one
+ or zero, the case labels are in numerical sequence or not too many case
+ labels are missing.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+switch(i) {\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+switch (i) {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 4: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 0: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 5: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 1: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 3: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 6: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 3: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 7: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 4: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 8: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 5: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 9: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 6: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 10: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 7: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 11: ...\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 8: ...
+
+\newline
+}\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table.
+ The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for
+ the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The number of case labels is not larger than supported by the target architectur
+e.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+If the case labels are not in numerical sequence ('gaps' between cases)
+ SDCC checks whether a jump table with additionally inserted dummy cases
+ is still attractive.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+If the starting number is not zero and a check for the lower boundary of
+ the jump-table can thus be eliminated SDCC might insert dummy cases 0,
+ ...
+ .
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Switch statements which have large gaps in the numeric sequence or those
+ that have too many case labels can be split into more than one switch statement
+ for efficient code generation, e.g.:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+switch (i) {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 1: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 2: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 3: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 4: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 5: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 6: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 7: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 101: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 102: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 103: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 104: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 105: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 106: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 107: ...
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+switch (i) {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 1: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 2: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 3: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 4: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 5: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 6: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 7: ...
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+and
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+switch (i) {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 101: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 102: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 103: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 104: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 105: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 106: ...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+case 107: ...
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas
+ the unmodified switch statement will not be.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There might be reasons which SDCC cannot know about to either favour or
+ not favour jump tables.
+ If the target system has to be as quick for the last switch case as for
+ the first (pro jump table), or if the switch argument is known to be zero
+ in the majority of the cases (contra jump table).
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The pragma nojtbound
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\#pragma nojtbound"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ can be used to turn off checking the
+\emph on
+j
+\emph default
+ump
+\emph on
+t
+\emph default
+able
+\emph on
+bound
+\emph default
+aries.
+ It has no effect if a default label is supplied.
+ Use of this pragma is dangerous: if the switch
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "switch statement"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ argument is not matched by a case statement the processor will happily
+ jump into Nirvana.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Bit-shifting Operations
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Bit shifting"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin
+g.
+ SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way
+ possible, e.g.:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+unsigned char i;
+\newline
+...
+
+\newline
+i >>= 4;
+\newline
+...
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+generates the following code:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+ a,_i
+\newline
+swap a
+\newline
+anl\InsetSpace ~
+ a,#0x0f
+\newline
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+ _i,a
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known.
+ Another example:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+unsigned int i;
+\newline
+...
+
+\newline
+i >>= 9;
+\newline
+...
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+will generate:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,(_i + 1)
+\newline
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+(_i + 1),#0x00
+\newline
+clr\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+c
+\newline
+rrc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a
+\newline
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_i,a
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Bit-rotation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Bit rotation"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "rotating bits"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+unsigned
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+char i;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* unsigned is needed for rotation */
+\newline
+...
+
+\newline
+i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7));
+\family default
+
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+...
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+will generate the following code:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a,_i
+\newline
+rl\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+a
+\newline
+mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+_i,a
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio
+ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Nibble and Byte Swapping
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "swapping nibbles/bytes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, SDCC recognizes the following expressions:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+unsigned
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+char i;
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+unsigned
+\series default
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+int j;
+\newline
+...
+
+\newline
+i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4));
+\family default
+
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8));
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Nibble swapping"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or move instructions for the byte swapping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Byte swapping"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+j
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ example can be used to convert from little to big-endian or vice versa.
+ If you want to change the endianness of a
+\emph on
+signed
+\emph default
+ integer you have to cast to
+\family typewriter
+(unsigned int)
+\family default
+ first.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness.
+ This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction
+ to increment its
+\emph on
+dptr
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "DPTR"
+
+\end_inset
+
+-datapointer so little-endian is the more efficient byte order.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "little-endian"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Endianness"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ format (i.e.
+ lowest order first).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Highest Order Bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Highest Order Bit"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ / Any Order Bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Any Order Bit"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral
+ type (long, int, short or char types).
+ Also obtaining any other order bit is not uncommon.
+ SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the highest order bit
+ and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+unsigned int gint;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+foo () {
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+unsigned char hob1, aob1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+bit hob2, hob3, aob2,
+ aob3;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+...
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+hob1 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+hob2 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+hob3 = gint & 0x8000;
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+aob1 = (gint >> 9) & 1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+aob2 = (gint >> 8) & 1;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+aob3 = gint & 0x0800;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+..
+
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+will generate the following code:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 61 ;\InsetSpace ~
+ hob.c 7
+\newline
+000A E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 62\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ a,(_gint + 1)
+\newline
+000C 23\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 63\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ rl\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ a
+\newline
+000D 54 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 64\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ anl\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ a,#0x01
+\newline
+000F F5*02\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 65\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ _foo_hob1_1_1,a
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 66 ;\InsetSpace ~
+ hob.c 8
+\newline
+0011 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 67\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ a,(_gint + 1)
+\newline
+0013 33\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 68\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ rlc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ a
+\newline
+0014 92*00\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 69\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ _foo_hob2_1_1,c
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 66 ;\InsetSpace ~
+ hob.c 9
+\newline
+0016 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 67\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ a,(_gint + 1)
+\newline
+0018 33\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 68\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ rlc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ a
+\newline
+0019 92*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 69\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ _foo_hob3_1_1,c
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 70 ;\InsetSpace ~
+ hob.c 10
+\newline
+001B E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 71\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ a,(_gint + 1)
+\newline
+001D
+ 03\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 72\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ rr\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ a
+\newline
+001E 54 01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 73\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ anl\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ a,#0x01
+\newline
+0020 F5*03\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 74\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ _foo_aob1_1_1,a
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
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+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 75 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 11
-\newline
-0022 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 76\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+0022 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 76\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,(_gint + 1)
-\newline
-0024 13\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 77\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- rrc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+0024 13\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 77\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ rrc\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a
-\newline
-0025 92*02\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 78\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+0025 92*02\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 78\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_aob2_1_1,c
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 79 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 79 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 12
-\newline
-0027 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 80\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+0027 E5*01\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 80\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
a,(_gint + 1)
-\newline
-0029 A2 E3\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 81\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+0029
+ A2 E3\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 81\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
c,acc[3]
-\newline
-002B 92*03\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 82\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+002B 92*03\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 82\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_aob3_1_1,c
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Other variations of these cases however will
-\emph on
+\emph on
not
-\emph default
+\emph default
be recognized.
They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only
way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable).
Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions,
e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1);
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
will still be recognized.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
Higher Order Byte
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Byte}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Higher Order Byte"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
/ Higher Order Word
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Word}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Higher Order Word"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
It is also frequently required to obtain a higher order byte or word of
a larger integral type (long, int or short types).
SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the higher order byte
or word and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
unsigned int gint;
-\newline
+\newline
unsigned long int glong;
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
foo () {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-unsigned char hob1, hob2;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+unsigned char hob1,
+ hob2;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
unsigned int how1, how2;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
hob1 = (gint >> 8) & 0xFF;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
hob2 = glong >> 24;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
how2 = glong >> 8;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
..
-\newline
+\newline
}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
will generate the following code:
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 91 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 91 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 15
-\newline
-0037 85*01*06\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 92\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+0037 85*01*06\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 92\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_hob1_1_1,(_gint + 1)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 93 ;\SpecialChar ~
- hob.c 16
-\newline
-003A 85*05*07\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 94\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 93 ;\InsetSpace ~
+ hob.c
+ 16
+\newline
+003A 85*05*07\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 94\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_hob2_1_1,(_glong + 3)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 95 ;\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 95 ;\InsetSpace ~
hob.c 17
-\newline
-003D 85*04*08\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 96\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+003D 85*04*08\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 96\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_how1_1_1,(_glong + 2)
-\newline
-0040 85*05*09\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 97\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- (_foo_how1_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 3)
-\newline
-0043 85*03*0A\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 98\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+0040 85*05*09\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 97\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ (_foo_how1_1_1 +
+ 1),(_glong + 3)
+\newline
+0043 85*03*0A\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ 98\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
_foo_how2_1_1,(_glong + 1)
-\newline
-0046 85*04*0B\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 99\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+0046 85*04*0B\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+
+ 99\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+ mov\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
(_foo_how2_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 2)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Again, variations of these cases may
-\emph on
+\emph on
not
-\emph default
+\emph default
be recognized.
They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only
way to get the higher order byte/word, (it is portable).
Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions,
e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
xyz = gint + ((gint >> 8) & 0xFF);
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
will still be recognized.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
Peephole Optimizer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Peephole-Optimizer}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Peephole-Optimizer"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Peephole optimizer"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism
for peep-hole optimization.
It is inspired by
-\emph on
+\emph on
copt
-\emph default
+\emph default
a peep-hole optimizer by Christopher W.
- Fraser (cwfraser\SpecialChar ~
-@\SpecialChar ~
+ Fraser (cwfraser\InsetSpace ~
+@\InsetSpace ~
microsoft.com).
A default set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules
may be added with the
-\emph on
+\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-peep-file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-peep-file"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
<filename>
-\emph default
+\emph default
option.
The rule language is best illustrated with examples.
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
replace {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov %1,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,%1
-\newline
+\newline
} by {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov %1,a
-\newline
+\newline
}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
The above rule will change the following assembly
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Assembler routines"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
sequence:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
mov r1,a
-\newline
+\newline
mov a,r1
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
to
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
mov r1,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Note: All occurrences of a
-\emph on
+\emph on
%n
-\emph default
+\emph default
(pattern variable) must denote the same string.
With the above rule, the assembly sequence:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
mov r1,a
-\newline
+\newline
mov a,r2
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
will remain unmodified.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-Other special case optimizations may be added by the user (via
-\emph on
+\newline
+Other special case optimizations may be added by the
+ user (via
+\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-peep-file option
-\emph default
+\emph default
).
E.g.
some variants of the 8051 MCU
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "MCS51 variants"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
allow only
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
ajmp
-\family default
+\family default
and
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
acall
-\family default
+\family default
.
The following two rules will change all
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
ljmp
-\family default
+\family default
and
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
lcall
-\family default
+\family default
to
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
ajmp
-\family default
+\family default
and
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
acall
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 }
-\newline
+\newline
replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 }
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+(NOTE: from version 2.7.3 on, you can use option -
+\emph on
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+-acall-ajmp
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-acall-ajmp"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, which also takes care of aligning the interrupt vectors properly.)
+\newline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
The
-\emph on
+\emph on
inline-assembler code
-\emph default
+\emph default
is also passed through the peep hole optimizer, thus the peephole optimizer
can also be used as an assembly level macro expander.
The rules themselves are MCU dependent whereas the rule language infra-structur
e is MCU independent.
Peephole optimization rules for other MCU can be easily programmed using
the rule language.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
The syntax for a rule is as follows:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
rule := replace [ restart ] '{' <assembly sequence> '
-\backslash
+\backslash
n'
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
'}' by '{' '
-\backslash
+\backslash
n'
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
<assembly sequence> '
-\backslash
+\backslash
n'
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
'}' [if <functionName> ] '
-\backslash
+\backslash
n'
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
<assembly sequence> := assembly instruction (each instruction including
labels must be on a separate line).
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-The optimizer will apply to the rules one by one from the top in the sequence
- of their appearance, it will terminate when all rules are exhausted.
+\newline
+The optimizer will apply to the rules
+ one by one from the top in the sequence of their appearance, it will terminate
+ when all rules are exhausted.
If the 'restart' option is specified, then the optimizer will start matching
the rules again from the top, this option for a rule is expensive (performance)
, it is intended to be used in situations where a transformation will trigger
the same rule again.
An example of this (not a good one, it has side effects) is the following
rule:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
replace restart {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
pop %1
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
push %1 } by {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
; nop
-\newline
+\newline
}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment line.
Without the 'restart' option only the innermost 'pop' 'push' pair would
be eliminated, i.e.:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
pop ar1
-\newline
+\newline
pop ar2
-\newline
+\newline
push ar2
-\newline
+\newline
push ar1
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
would result in:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
pop ar1
-\newline
+\newline
; nop
-\newline
+\newline
push ar1
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\emph on
+\emph on
with
-\emph default
+\emph default
the restart option the rule will be applied again to the resulting code
and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated to yield:
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
; nop
-\newline
+\newline
; nop
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
A conditional function can be attached to a rule.
Attaching rules are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with
an example.
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
replace {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
ljmp %5
-\newline
+\newline
%2:
-\newline
+\newline
} by {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
+ \InsetSpace ~
sjmp %5
-\newline
+\newline
%2:
-\newline
+\newline
} if labelInRange
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function
-\emph on
+\emph on
callFuncByName
-\emph default
+\emph default
in the source file SDCCpeeph.c, with the name
-\emph on
+\emph on
labelInRange
-\emph default
+\emph default
.
If it finds a corresponding entry the function is called.
Note there can be no parameters specified for these functions, in this
case the use of
-\emph on
+\emph on
%5
-\emph default
+\emph default
is crucial, since the function
-\emph on
+\emph on
labelInRange
-\emph default
+\emph default
expects to find the label in that particular variable (the hash table containin
g the variable bindings is passed as a parameter).
If you want to code more such functions, take a close look at the function
labelInRange and the calling mechanism in source file SDCCpeeph.c.
Currently implemented are
-\emph on
+\emph on
labelInRange, labelRefCount, labelIsReturnOnly, operandsNotSame, xramMovcOption,
- 24bitMode, portIsDS390, 24bitModeAndPortDS390
-\emph default
-and
-\emph on
- notVolatile
-\emph default
+ 24bitMode, portIsDS390, 24bitModeAndPortDS390
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+notVolatile
+\emph default
.
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
I know this whole thing is a little kludgey, but maybe some day we will
have some better means.
If you are looking at this file, you will see the default rules that are
compiled into the compiler, you can add your own rules in the default set
there if you get tired of specifying the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-peep-file option.
-\layout Section
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
ANSI-Compliance
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "ANSI-compliance"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:ANSI-Compliance}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:ANSI-Compliance"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-The latest publically available version of the standard
-\emph on
+\begin_layout Standard
+The latest publicly available version of the standard
+\emph on
ISO/IEC 9899 - Programming languages - C
-\emph default
+\emph default
should be available at:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
.
-\newline
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Deviations from the compliance:
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
functions are not reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "reentrant"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
unless explicitly declared as such or the
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-stack-auto"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
+\series default
command line option is specified.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
structures
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{struct}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "struct"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
and unions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{union}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "union"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
cannot be assigned values directly, cannot be passed as function parameters
or assigned to each other and cannot be a return value
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "return value"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
from a function, e.g.:
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
struct s { ...
};
-\newline
+\newline
struct s s1, s2;
-\newline
+\newline
foo()
-\newline
+\newline
{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
-\newline
+\newline
}
-\newline
+\newline
-\series bold
+\series bold
struct
-\series default
- s foo1 (
-\series bold
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\family typewriter
+s foo1 (
+\series bold
struct
-\series default
- s parms) /* invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
-\newline
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\family typewriter
+s parms) /* invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
+\newline
{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-struct s rets;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+struct s rets;
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
return rets; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
-\newline
+\newline
}
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
initialization of structure arrays must be fully braced.
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\family typewriter
+struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* invalid in SDCC */
-\newline
-struct s { char x } a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
+struct s { char x
+ } a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */
+\end_layout
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
'long long
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long long (not supported)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "long long (not supported)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
' (64 bit integers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (64 bit) (not supported)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "int (64 bit) (not supported)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
) not supported.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
'double
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{double (not supported)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "double (not supported)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
' precision floating point
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Floating point support"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
not supported.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
Old K&R style
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{K\&R style}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "K\\&R style"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
function declarations are NOT allowed.
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */
-\newline
-int i,j; /* are valid in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */
-\newline
+\newline
+int i,j; /* is valid
+ in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */
+\newline
{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
...
-\newline
+\newline
}
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
-Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, f.e.:
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, e.g.:
+\end_layout
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-\series bold
+\family typewriter
+for (
+\series bold
+int
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\family typewriter
+i=0; i<10; i++) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99 */
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
+But some have been added recently in SDCC 2.7.0.
+ They must be considered alpha quality however.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
inline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{inline (not supported)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "inline (not supported)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\family typewriter
+int increment (int a) { return a+1; } /* inlines the increment without function
+ call overhead */
+\newline
+int *
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+restrict
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "inline (not supported)"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- int increment (int a) { return a+1; } /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed
- in C99.
- An empty define
-\emph on
-#define inline
-\emph default
- can be used as a work around */
-\newline
-\newline
-for (
-\series bold
-int
-\series default
- i=0; i<10; i++) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99 */
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\family typewriter
+p; /* accepted but ignored */
+\end_layout
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
Certain words that are valid identifiers in the standard may be reserved
words in SDCC unless the
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-std-c89
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c89"
+
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- or -
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-std-c99
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c99}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c99"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
+\series default
command line options are used.
These may include (depending on the selected processor): 'at', 'banked',
'bit', 'code', 'critical', 'data', 'eeprom', 'far', 'flash', 'idata', 'interrup
'_naked'.
Compliant equivalents of these keywords are always available in a form
that begin with two underscores
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ (prefix for extended keywords)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "\\_\\_ (prefix for extended keywords)"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
, f.e.
'__data' instead of 'data'.
-\layout Section
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Integer promotion of variable arguments is not performed if the argument
+ is explicitly taypecasted unless the
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c89"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "-\\/-std-c99"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ command line options are used.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+void vararg_func (char *str, ...) { str; }
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void main (void)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+char c = 10;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* argument
+ u is promoted to int before
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+* passing to function */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+vararg_func ("%c", c);
+\newline
+
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/*
+ argument u is not promoted to int,
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+* it is passed as char to function
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+* if
+ --std-cXX is not defined;
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+* is promoted to int before passing
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+* to function
+ if --std-cXX is defined */
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+vararg_func ("%bc", (char)u);
+\newline
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Section
Cyclomatic Complexity
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Cyclomatic complexity"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent
paths the program can take during execution of the function.
This is an important number since it defines the number test cases you
Large functions can have low complexity, and small functions can have large
complexity levels.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
SDCC uses the following formula to compute the complexity:
-\newline
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - (number of nodes
in control flow graph) + 2;
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-Having said that the industry standard is 10, you should be aware that in
- some cases it be may unavoidable to have a complexity level of less than
- 10.
+\newline
+Having said that the industry standard is 10,
+ you should be aware that in some cases it be may unavoidable to have a
+ complexity level of less than 10.
For example if you have switch statement with more than 10 case labels,
each case label adds one to the complexity level.
The complexity level is by no means an absolute measure of the algorithmic
complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting point
for which functions you might look at for further optimization.
-\layout Section
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
Retargetting for other Processors
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be covered
by this document.
What follows is a brief description of each of the seven phases of the
compiler and its MCU dependency.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree.
This phase is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions).
Syntax & semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial
optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations
like bit-rotation etc.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy
manipulated during the later phases.
This phase is entirely MCU independent.
The compiler can be made to dump a human readable form of the code generated
by using the -
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-dumpraw option.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also MCU independe
nt.
This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases:
-\newline
-
-\newline
-Break down intermediate code (iCode) into basic blocks.
-\newline
-Do control flow & data flow analysis on the basic blocks.
-\newline
-Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpression elimination
-\newline
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Break down intermediate
+ code (iCode) into basic blocks.
+\newline
+Do control flow & data flow analysis on the
+ basic blocks.
+\newline
+Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpressio
+n elimination
+\newline
Dead code elimination
-\newline
+\newline
Loop optimizations
-\newline
-If loop optimizations caused any changes then do 'global subexpression eliminati
-on' and 'dead code elimination' again.
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
+If loop optimizations
+ caused any changes then do 'global subexpression elimination' and 'dead
+ code elimination' again.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those iTemp
variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all the optimization
s.
Live range analysis
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Live range analysis"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
is essential for register allocation, since these computation determines
which of these iTemps will be assigned to registers, and for how long.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
Phase five is register allocation.
There are two parts to this process.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-The first part I call 'register packing' (for lack of a better term).
+\newline
+The first part I call 'register packing'
+ (for lack of a better term).
In this case several MCU specific expression folding is done to reduce
register pressure.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-The second part is more MCU independent and deals with allocating registers
- to the remaining live ranges.
+\newline
+The second part is more MCU independent and deals with
+ allocating registers to the remaining live ranges.
A lot of MCU specific code does creep into this phase because of the limited
number of index registers available in the 8051.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and very
little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU.
However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand for each
iCode operand may be reused.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is rule
based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs.
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-More information is available in a wiki
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki}
+\begin_layout Standard
+More information is available on SDCC Wiki
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "wiki"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
(preliminary link
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/release_wiki/index.php?page=SDCC+internals+and+porting}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.wiki.sourceforge.net/SDCC+internals+and+porting"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
) and in the thread
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=13954144}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sf.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=13954144"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
.
-\layout Chapter
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Chapter
Compiler internals
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compiler internals}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Compiler internals"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Section
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
The anatomy of the compiler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:The-anatomy-of}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+name "sub:The-anatomy-of"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\shape italic
+\shape italic
This is an excerpt from an article published in Circuit Cellar Magazine
- in
-\series bold
+ in
+\shape default
+
+\series bold
+\shape italic
August 2000
-\series default
+\series default
.
It's a little outdated (the compiler is much more efficient now and user/develo
per friendly), but pretty well exposes the guts of it all.
-\shape default
+\shape default
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
The current version of SDCC can generate code for Intel 8051 and Z80 MCU.
It is fairly easy to retarget for other 8-bit MCU.
Here we take a look at some of the internals of the compiler.
-\layout Paragraph*
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Parsing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parsing}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Parsing"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Annotated syntax tree}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Annotated syntax tree"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
).
This phase also involves propagating types (annotating each node of the
xdata will be treated as a storage class specifier when parsing 8051 C
code but will be treated as a C identifier when parsing z80 or ATMEL AVR
C code.
-\layout Paragraph*
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Generating iCode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "iCode"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Intermediate code generation.
In this phase the AST is broken down into three-operand form (iCode).
These three operand forms are represented as doubly linked lists.
ICode is the term given to the intermediate form generated by the compiler.
ICode example section shows some examples of iCode generated for some simple
C source functions.
-\layout Paragraph*
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Optimizations"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
.
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Bulk of the target independent optimizations is performed in this phase.
The optimizations include constant propagation, common sub-expression eliminati
on, loop invariant code movement, strength reduction of loop induction variables
and dead-code elimination.
-\layout Paragraph*
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Live range analysis
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Live range analysis"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
During intermediate code generation phase, the compiler assumes the target
machine has infinite number of registers and generates a lot of temporary
variables.
The live ranges are computed in terms of these numbers.
The from number is the number of the iCode which first defines the operand
and the to number signifies the iCode which uses this operand last.
-\layout Paragraph*
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Register Allocation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Register allocation"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed
by each operand.
In most MCUs only a few registers can be used for indirect addressing.
operand and use the registers in this block, the operand will then be popped
at the end of the basic block.
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
There are other MCU specific considerations in this phase.
Some MCUs have an accumulator; very short-lived operands could be assigned
to the accumulator instead of a general-purpose register.
-\layout Paragraph*
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
Code generation
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Figure II gives a table of iCode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "iCode"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
operations supported by the compiler.
The code generation involves translating these operations into corresponding
SEND and RECV iCode operations will not be generated, and it also does
not support JUMPTABLES.
-\newline
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Figure II
-\begin_inset Tabular
+\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="39" columns="4">
<features islongtable="true" headBottomDL="true">
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="13col%">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
+\series bold
iCode
-\series default
+\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "iCode"
+
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
+\series bold
Operands
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
+\series bold
Description
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
+\series bold
C Equivalent
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'!'
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
NOT operation
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = ! IC_LEFT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'~'
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Bitwise complement of
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = ~IC_LEFT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
RRC
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Rotate right with carry
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << 1) | (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8-1));
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
RLC
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Rotate left with carry
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << (sizeof(LC_LEFT)*8-1) ) | (IC_LEFT >> 1);
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
GETHBIT
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Get the highest order bit of IC_LEFT
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8 -1));
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
UNARYMINUS
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Unary minus
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = - IC_LEFT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IPUSH
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Push the operand into stack
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
NONE
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IPOP
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Pop the operand from the stack
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
NONE
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
CALL
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Call the function represented by IC_LEFT
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT();
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
PCALL
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Call via function pointer
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT)();
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
RETURN
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Return the value in operand IC_LEFT
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
return IC_LEFT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
LABEL
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LABEL()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Label
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LABEL:
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
GOTO
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LABEL()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Goto label
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
goto IC_LABEL();
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'+'
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Addition
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT + IC_RIGHT
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'-'
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Subtraction
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT - IC_RIGHT
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'*'
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Multiplication
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT * IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'/'
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Division
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT / IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'%'
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Modulus
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT % IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'<'
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Less than
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT < IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'>'
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Greater than
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT > IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
EQ_OP
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Equal to
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT == IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
AND_OP
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Logical and operation
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT && IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
OR_OP
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Logical or operation
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT || IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'^'
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Exclusive OR
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT ^ IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'|'
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Bitwise OR
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT | IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
BITWISEAND
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Bitwise AND
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT & IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
LEFT_OP
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Left shift
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT << IC_RIGHT
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
RIGHT_OP
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Right shift
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT >> IC_RIGHT
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
GET_VALUE_
-\newline
+\newline
AT_ ADDRESS
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Indirect fetch
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT);
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
POINTER_SET
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Indirect set
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
(*IC_RESULT) = IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
'='
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Assignment
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IFX
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_COND IC_TRUE IC_LABEL
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Conditional jump.
If true label is present then jump to true label if condition is true else
jump to false label if condition is false
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
if (IC_COND) goto IC_TRUE;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
Or
-\newline
+\newline
If (!IC_COND) goto IC_FALSE;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
ADDRESS_OF
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Address of
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = &IC_LEFT();
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
JUMPTABLE
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_JTCOND IC_JTLABELS
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Jump to list of labels depending on the value of JTCOND
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Switch statement
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
CAST
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RIGHT() IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Cast types
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT = (typeof IC_LEFT) IC_RIGHT;
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
SEND
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_LEFT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
This is used for passing parameters in registers;
-\newline
-move IC_LEFT to the next available parameter register.
-\end_inset
+\newline
+move IC_LEFT to the next
+ available parameter register.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
None
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
RECV
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
This is used for receiving parameters passed in registers;
-\newline
-Move the values in the next parameter register to IC_RESULT
-\end_inset
+\newline
+Move the values
+ in the next parameter register to IC_RESULT
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
None
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-
-\shape slanted
-\size footnotesize
+\shape slanted
+\size footnotesize
(some more have been added)
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Standard
-\shape slanted
-\size footnotesize
+\shape slanted
+\size footnotesize
see f.e.
+
+\shape default
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
gen51Code()
-\family default
- in
-\family typewriter
+\family default
+\shape default
+
+\shape slanted
+in
+\shape default
+
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
src/mcs51/gen.c
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
-\layout Comment
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
In the original article Figure II was announced to be downloadable on
-\shape italic
+\shape italic
Circuit Cellar
-\shape default
+\shape default
's web site.
ftp://ftp.circuitcellar.com/pub/Circuit_Cellar/2000/121/dutta.ZIP
-\layout Paragraph*
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Paragraph*
ICode Example
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "iCode"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
This section shows some details of iCode.
The example C code does not do anything useful; it is used as an example
to illustrate the intermediate code generated by the compiler.
-\layout Verse
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Verse
-\family typewriter
-1.\SpecialChar ~
+\family typewriter
+1.\InsetSpace ~
xdata int * p;
-\newline
-2.\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+2.\InsetSpace ~
int gint;
-\newline
-3.\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+3.\InsetSpace ~
/* This function does nothing useful.
It is used
-\newline
-4.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+4.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
for the purpose of explaining iCode */
-\newline
-5.\SpecialChar ~
-short function (data int *x)
-\newline
-6.\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+5.\InsetSpace ~
+short function (data
+ int *x)
+\newline
+6.\InsetSpace ~
{
-\newline
-7.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-short i=10; \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+7.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+short i=10; \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* dead initialization eliminated */
-\newline
-8.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-short sum=10; /* dead initialization eliminated */
-\newline
-9.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+8.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+short sum=10;
+ /* dead initialization eliminated */
+\newline
+9.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
short mul;
-\newline
-10.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+10.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
int j ;
-\newline
-11.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-while (*x) *x++ = *p++;
-\newline
-12.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+11.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+while (*x) *x++
+ = *p++;
+\newline
+12.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sum = 0 ;
-\newline
-13.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+13.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mul = 0;
-\newline
-14.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* compiler detects i,j to be induction variables */
-\newline
-15.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+14.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+/* compiler detects i,j to be induction
+ variables */
+\newline
+15.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
for (i = 0, j = 10 ; i < 10 ; i++, j
-\family default
+\family default
-
\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+status collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
) {
-\newline
-16.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+16.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sum += i;
-\newline
-17.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mul += i * 3; \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+17.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+mul += i * 3; \InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* this multiplication remains */
-\newline
-18.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-gint += j * 3;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+18.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+gint +=
+ j * 3;\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
/* this multiplication changed to addition */
-\newline
-19.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+19.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
}
-\newline
-20.\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+20.\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
return sum+mul;
-\newline
-21.\SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+21.\InsetSpace ~
}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
In addition to the operands each iCode contains information about the filename
and line it corresponds to in the source file.
The first field in the listing should be interpreted as follows:
-\newline
+\newline
-\shape italic
-\size footnotesize
+\shape italic
+\size footnotesize
Filename(linenumber: iCode Execution sequence number : ICode hash table
key : loop depth of the iCode).
-\shape default
-\size default
+\shape default
+\size default
-\newline
+\newline
Then follows the human readable form of the ICode operation.
Each operand of this triplet form can be of three basic types a) compiler
generated temporary b) user defined variable c) a constant value.
Note that local variables and parameters are replaced by compiler generated
temporaries.
Live ranges
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Live range analysis"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
are computed only for temporaries (i.e.
live ranges are not computed for global variables).
Registers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Register allocation"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
are allocated for temporaries only.
Operands are formatted in the following manner:
-\newline
+\newline
-\shape italic
-\size footnotesize
+\shape italic
+\size footnotesize
Operand Name [lr live-from : live-to ] { type information } [ registers
allocated ].
-\shape default
-\size default
+\shape default
+\size default
-\newline
+\newline
As mentioned earlier the live ranges are computed in terms of the execution
sequence number of the iCodes, for example
-\newline
+\newline
the iTemp0 is live from (i.e.
first defined in iCode with execution sequence number 3, and is last used
in the iCode with sequence number 5).
For induction variables such as iTemp21 the live range computation extends
the lifetime from the start to the end of the loop.
-\newline
-The register allocator used the live range information to allocate registers,
- the same registers may be used for different temporaries if their live
- ranges do not overlap, for example r0 is allocated to both iTemp6 and to
- iTemp17 since their live ranges do not overlap.
+\newline
+The register allocator
+ used the live range information to allocate registers, the same registers
+ may be used for different temporaries if their live ranges do not overlap,
+ for example r0 is allocated to both iTemp6 and to iTemp17 since their live
+ ranges do not overlap.
In addition the allocator also takes into consideration the type and usage
of a temporary, for example itemp6 is a pointer to near space and is used
as to fetch data from (i.e.
iTemp13 is allocated to a pseudo register CC which tells the back end that
the temporary is used only for a conditional jump the code generation makes
use of this information to optimize a compare and jump ICode.
-\newline
-There are several loop optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
+\newline
+There are several
+ loop optimizations
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Loop optimization"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
performed by the compiler.
It can detect induction variables iTemp21(i) and iTemp23(j).
Also note the compiler does selective strength reduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Strength reduction"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
, i.e.
the multiplication of an induction variable in line 18 (gint = j * 3) is
changed to addition, a new temporary iTemp17 is allocated and assigned
a initial value, a constant 3 is then added for each iteration of the loop.
The compiler does not change the multiplication
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Multiplication"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
in line 17 however since the processor does support an 8 * 8 bit multiplication.
-\newline
+\newline
+
Note the dead code elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Dead-code elimination"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
optimization eliminated the dead assignments in line 7 & 8 to I and sum
respectively.
-\newline
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c (5:1:0:0) _entry($9) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(5:2:1:0) proc _function [lr0:0]{function short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:3:2:0) iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:4:53:0) preHeaderLbl0($11) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:5:55:0) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near
* int}[r2]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:6:5:1) _whilecontinue_0($1) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:7:7:1) iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near *
int}[r0]]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:8:8:1) if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:9:14:1) iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far
* int}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:10:15:1) _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2
{short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:13:18:1) iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far
* int}[DPTR]]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:14:19:1) *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int
}[r2 r3]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:15:12:1) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near
* int}[r0] + 0x2 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:16:20:1) goto _whilecontinue_0($1)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:17:21:0)_whilebreak_0($3) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(12:18:22:0) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(13:19:23:0) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:20:54:0)preHeaderLbl1($13) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:21:56:0) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:22:57:0) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:23:58:0) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:24:26:1)_forcond_0($4) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:25:27:1) iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
< 0xa {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:26:28:1) if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(16:27:31:1) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2]
+ ITemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(17:29:33:1) iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
* 0x3 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(17:30:34:1) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3]
+ iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(18:32:36:1:1) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7
r0]- 0x3 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(18:33:37:1) _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{
int}[r7 r0]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:36:42:1) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
+ 0x1 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:37:45:1) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5
r6]- 0x1 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(19:38:47:1) goto _forcond_0($4)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(19:39:48:0)_forbreak_0($7) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:40:49:0) iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}[DPTR] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2]
+ ITemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:41:50:0) ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:42:51:0)_return($8) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:43:52:0) eproc _function [lr0:0]{ ia0 re0 rm0}{function short}
-\size default
+\size default
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
Finally the code generated for this function:
-\newline
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
.area DSEG (DATA)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
_p::
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.ds 2
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
_gint::
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
.ds 2
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; sample.c 5
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; ----------------------------------------------
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; function function
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; ----------------------------------------------
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
_function:
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r2,dpl
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov ar0,r2
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
;_whilecontinue_0($1) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00101$:
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov ar2,@r0
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc r0
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov ar3,@r0
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dec r0
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r2
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
orl a,r3
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
jz 00103$
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00114$:
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov dpl,_p
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov dph,(_p + 1)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,#0x02
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,_p
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov _p,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
clr a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
addc a,(_p + 1)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov (_p + 1),a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
movx a,@dptr
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r2,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc dptr
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
movx a,@dptr
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r3,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov @r0,ar2
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc r0
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov @r0,ar3
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] =
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] +
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; 0x2 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc r0
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; goto _whilecontinue_0($1)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sjmp 00101$
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _whilebreak_0($3) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00103$:
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r2,#0x00
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r3,#0x00
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r4,#0x00
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r5,#0x0A
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r6,#0x00
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r7,#0x1E
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r0,#0x00
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _forcond_0($4) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00104$:
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
clr c
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r4
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
xrl a,#0x80
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
subb a,#0x8a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
jnc 00107$
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00115$:
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] +
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r4
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,r2
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r2,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov b,#0x03
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r4
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mul ab
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r1,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] +
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,r3
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r3,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r7
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,#0xfd
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r7,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r0
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
addc a,#0xff
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov r0,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r7
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,_gint
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov _gint,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r0
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
addc a,(_gint + 1)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov (_gint + 1),a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
inc r4
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dec r5
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
cjne r5,#0xff,00104$
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
dec r6
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; goto _forcond_0($4)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
sjmp 00104$
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _forbreak_0($7) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00107$:
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov a,r3
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
add a,r2
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
mov dpl,a
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _return($8) :
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00108$:
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\size footnotesize
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
ret
-\newline
+\newline
-\layout Section
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
A few words about basic block successors, predecessors and dominators
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
Successors are basic blocks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Basic blocks"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
that might execute after this basic block.
-\newline
-Predecessors are basic blocks that might execute before reaching this basic
- block.
-\newline
-Dominators are basic blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic
- block.
-\newline
+\newline
+Predecessors are basic blocks
+ that might execute before reaching this basic block.
+\newline
+Dominators are basic
+ blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic block.
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
[basic block 1]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
if (something)
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
[basic block 2]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
else
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\begin_layout Standard
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
+\InsetSpace ~
[basic block 3]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
[basic block 4]
-\newline
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
a) succList of [BB2] = [BB4], of [BB3] = [BB4], of [BB1] = [BB2,BB3]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
b) predList of [BB2] = [BB1], of [BB3] = [BB1], of [BB4] = [BB2,BB3]
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
c) domVect of [BB4] = BB1 ...
here we are not sure if BB2 or BB3 was executed but we are SURE that BB1
was executed.
-\layout Chapter
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Chapter
Acknowledgments
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/#Who"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net#Who}
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
-\emph on
+\emph on
Thanks to all the other volunteer developers who have helped with coding,
testing, web-page creation, distribution sets, etc.
You know who you are :-)
-\emph default
+\emph default
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
-\emph on
-Also thanks to Sourceforge
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.sf.net}
+\emph on
+Thanks to Sourceforge
+\begin_inset LatexCommand url
+target "http://www.sf.net"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
which has hosted the project since 1999 and donates significant download
- bandwidth and probably more than
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-$10^{13}$
-\end_inset
-
-CPU cycles per day.
-\newline
-
-\begin_inset Note
-collapsed false
+ bandwidth.
+\emph default
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-more than 10^13 is an estimate: on my Athlon 2800+ it takes about (0.5+6.5+20)
- minutes for (configure+make+regression test), and there is (i386, amd64,
- alpha, ppc64, (mingw32), sparc, macosx).
-
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\emph on
+Also thanks to all SDCC Distributed Compile Farm members for donating CPU
+ cycles and bandwidth for snapshot builds.
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
This document was initially written by Sandeep Dutta
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
All product names mentioned herein may be trademarks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Trademarks}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand index
+name "Trademarks"
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
of their respective companies.
-\layout Section*
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section*
Alphabetical index
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
To avoid confusion, the installation and building options for SDCC itself
(chapter 2) are not part of the index.
-\layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand printindex
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \printindex{}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\the_end
+\end_body
+\end_document
projects / fw / sdcc / blobdiff