-This is gzip.info-t, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from gzip.texi.
+This is gzip.info-t, produced by makeinfo version 6.0 from gzip.texi.
-This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.6, 28 May 2013), and documents
+This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.8, 7 March 2016), and documents
commands for compressing and decompressing data.
- Copyright (C) 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2013 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Copyright © 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2016 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.
- Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
+ Copyright © 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
- and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
- in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
-
+ and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in
+ the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
INFO-DIR-SECTION Compression
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Gzip: (gzip). General (de)compression of files (lzw).
GNU Gzip: General file (de)compression
**************************************
-This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.6, 28 May 2013), and documents
+This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.8, 7 March 2016), and documents
commands for compressing and decompressing data.
- Copyright (C) 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2013 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Copyright © 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2016 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.
- Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
+ Copyright © 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
- and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
- in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
+ and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in
+ the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
* Menu:
* Overview:: Preliminary information.
-* Sample:: Sample output from `gzip'.
-* Invoking gzip:: How to run `gzip'.
+* Sample:: Sample output from ‘gzip’.
+* Invoking gzip:: How to run ‘gzip’.
* Advanced usage:: Concatenated files.
-* Environment:: The `GZIP' environment variable
-* Tapes:: Using `gzip' on tapes.
+* Environment:: The ‘GZIP’ environment variable
+* Tapes:: Using ‘gzip’ on tapes.
* Problems:: Reporting bugs.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this manual.
* Concept index:: Index of concepts.
1 Overview
**********
-`gzip' reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding
+‘gzip’ reduces the size of the named files using Lempel–Ziv coding
(LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the
-extension `.gz', while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
-modification times. (The default extension is `-gz' for VMS, `z' for
-MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file
-name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output.
-`gzip' will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it
-will ignore symbolic links.
-
- If the new file name is too long for its file system, `gzip'
-truncates it. `gzip' attempts to truncate only the parts of the file
-name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the
-name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
-For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
-is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems
-which do not have a limit on file name length.
-
- By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and time stamp in
-the compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with
-the `-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was
-truncated or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file
-transfer. However, due to limitations in the current `gzip' file
-format, fractional seconds are discarded. Also, time stamps must fall
-within the range 1970-01-01 00:00:00 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC,
-and hosts whose operating systems use 32-bit time stamps are further
-restricted to time stamps no later than 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. The
-upper bounds assume the typical case where leap seconds are ignored.
-
- Compressed files can be restored to their original form using `gzip
--d' or `gunzip' or `zcat'. If the original name saved in the
-compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is
-constructed from the original one to make it legal.
-
- `gunzip' takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each
-file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z' `-gz', `-z', or `_z' (ignoring
+extension ‘.gz’, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
+modification times. (The default extension is ‘-gz’ for VMS, ‘z’ for
+MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file name
+is ‘-’, the standard input is compressed to the standard output. ‘gzip’
+will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it will
+ignore symbolic links.
+
+ If the new file name is too long for its file system, ‘gzip’
+truncates it. ‘gzip’ attempts to truncate only the parts of the file
+name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the
+name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated. For
+example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe is
+compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems which
+do not have a limit on file name length.
+
+ By default, ‘gzip’ keeps the original file name and time stamp in the
+compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the
+‘-N’ option. This is useful when the compressed file name was truncated
+or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file transfer.
+However, due to limitations in the current ‘gzip’ file format,
+fractional seconds are discarded. Also, time stamps must fall within
+the range 1970-01-01 00:00:00 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC, and hosts
+whose operating systems use 32-bit time stamps are further restricted to
+time stamps no later than 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. The upper bounds
+assume the typical case where leap seconds are ignored.
+
+ Compressed files can be restored to their original form using ‘gzip
+-d’ or ‘gunzip’ or ‘zcat’. If the original name saved in the compressed
+file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is constructed from
+the original one to make it legal.
+
+ ‘gunzip’ takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each
+file whose name ends with ‘.gz’, ‘.z’ ‘-gz’, ‘-z’, or ‘_z’ (ignoring
case) and which begins with the correct magic number with an
-uncompressed file without the original extension. `gunzip' also
-recognizes the special extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for
-`.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z' respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the
-`.tgz' extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar'
+uncompressed file without the original extension. ‘gunzip’ also
+recognizes the special extensions ‘.tgz’ and ‘.taz’ as shorthands for
+‘.tar.gz’ and ‘.tar.Z’ respectively. When compressing, ‘gzip’ uses the
+‘.tgz’ extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a ‘.tar’
extension.
- `gunzip' can currently decompress files created by `gzip', `zip',
-`compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic.
-When using the first two formats, `gunzip' checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic
-redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed
-length. The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency
-checks. However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file.
-If you get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that
-the `.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does
-not complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does
-not check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
-`compress -H' format (LZH compression method) does not include a CRC but
+ ‘gunzip’ can currently decompress files created by ‘gzip’, ‘zip’,
+‘compress’ or ‘pack’. The detection of the input format is automatic.
+When using the first two formats, ‘gunzip’ checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic
+redundancy check). For ‘pack’, ‘gunzip’ checks the uncompressed length.
+The ‘compress’ format was not designed to allow consistency checks.
+However ‘gunzip’ is sometimes able to detect a bad ‘.Z’ file. If you
+get an error when uncompressing a ‘.Z’ file, do not assume that the ‘.Z’
+file is correct simply because the standard ‘uncompress’ does not
+complain. This generally means that the standard ‘uncompress’ does not
+check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
+‘compress -H’ format (LZH compression method) does not include a CRC but
also allows some consistency checks.
- Files created by `zip' can be uncompressed by `gzip' only if they
-have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
-feature is only intended to help conversion of `tar.zip' files to the
-`tar.gz' format. To extract a `zip' file with a single member, use a
-command like `gunzip <foo.zip' or `gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'. To extract
-`zip' files with several members, use `unzip' instead of `gunzip'.
+ Files created by ‘zip’ can be uncompressed by ‘gzip’ only if they
+have a single member compressed with the “deflation” method. This
+feature is only intended to help conversion of ‘tar.zip’ files to the
+‘tar.gz’ format. To extract a ‘zip’ file with a single member, use a
+command like ‘gunzip <foo.zip’ or ‘gunzip -S .zip foo.zip’. To extract
+‘zip’ files with several members, use ‘unzip’ instead of ‘gunzip’.
- `zcat' is identical to `gunzip -c'. `zcat' uncompresses either a
+ ‘zcat’ is identical to ‘gunzip -c’. ‘zcat’ uncompresses either a
list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the
-uncompressed data on standard output. `zcat' will uncompress files
-that have the correct magic number whether they have a `.gz' suffix or
-not.
+uncompressed data on standard output. ‘zcat’ will uncompress files that
+have the correct magic number whether they have a ‘.gz’ suffix or not.
- `gzip' uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in `zip' and PKZIP. The
+ ‘gzip’ uses the Lempel–Ziv algorithm used in ‘zip’ and PKZIP. The
amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the
distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code
-or English is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally much better
-than that achieved by LZW (as used in `compress'), Huffman coding (as
-used in `pack'), or adaptive Huffman coding (`compact').
+or English is reduced by 60–70%. Compression is generally much better
+than that achieved by LZW (as used in ‘compress’), Huffman coding (as
+used in ‘pack’), or adaptive Huffman coding (‘compact’).
Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few
-bytes for the `gzip' file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an
+bytes for the ‘gzip’ file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an
expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
-of used disk blocks almost never increases. `gzip' normally preserves
+of used disk blocks almost never increases. ‘gzip’ normally preserves
the mode, ownership and time stamps of files when compressing or
decompressing.
- The `gzip' file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format
+ The ‘gzip’ file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format
specification version 4.3, Internet RFC 1952
-(http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The `zip' deflation
+(http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The ‘zip’ deflation
format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data Format
Specification version 1.3, Internet RFC 1951
(http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt) (May 1996).
2 Sample output
***************
-Here are some realistic examples of running `gzip'.
+Here are some realistic examples of running ‘gzip’.
- This is the output of the command `gzip -h':
+ This is the output of the command ‘gzip -h’:
Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
-N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
-q, --quiet suppress all warnings
-r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
+ --rsyncable make rsync-friendly archive
-S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
+ --synchronous synchronous output (safer if system crashes, but slower)
-t, --test test compressed file integrity
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-V, --version display version number
Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.
- This is the output of the command `gzip -v texinfo.tex':
+ This is the output of the command ‘gzip -v texinfo.tex’:
texinfo.tex: 69.3% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
- The following command will find all regular `.gz' files in the
+ The following command will find all regular ‘.gz’ files in the
current directory and subdirectories (skipping file names that contain
newlines), and extract them in place without destroying the original,
stopping on the first failure:
\1f
File: gzip.info-t, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top
-3 Invoking `gzip'
+3 Invoking ‘gzip’
*****************
-The format for running the `gzip' program is:
+The format for running the ‘gzip’ program is:
- gzip OPTION ...
+ gzip OPTION …
- `gzip' supports the following options:
+ ‘gzip’ supports the following options:
-`--stdout'
-`--to-stdout'
-`-c'
- Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
- If there are several input files, the output consists of a
- sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better
- compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.
+‘--stdout’
+‘--to-stdout’
+‘-c’
+ Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged. If
+ there are several input files, the output consists of a sequence of
+ independently compressed members. To obtain better compression,
+ concatenate all input files before compressing them.
-`--decompress'
-`--uncompress'
-`-d'
+‘--decompress’
+‘--uncompress’
+‘-d’
Decompress.
-`--force'
-`-f'
+‘--force’
+‘-f’
Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the
compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the
- input data is not in a format recognized by `gzip', and if the
- option `--stdout' is also given, copy the input data without
- change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If
- `-f' is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip'
- prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
-
-`--help'
-`-h'
+ input data is not in a format recognized by ‘gzip’, and if the
+ option ‘--stdout’ is also given, copy the input data without change
+ to the standard output: let ‘zcat’ behave as ‘cat’. If ‘-f’ is not
+ given, and when not running in the background, ‘gzip’ prompts to
+ verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
+
+‘--help’
+‘-h’
Print an informative help message describing the options then quit.
-`--keep'
-`-k'
- Keep (don't delete) input files during compression or
+‘--keep’
+‘-k’
+ Keep (don’t delete) input files during compression or
decompression.
-`--list'
-`-l'
+‘--list’
+‘-l’
For each compressed file, list the following fields:
compressed size: size of the compressed file
ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
- The uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in `gzip'
- format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed
+ The uncompressed size is given as −1 for files not in ‘gzip’
+ format, such as compressed ‘.Z’ files. To get the uncompressed
size for such a file, you can use:
zcat file.Z | wc -c
- In combination with the `--verbose' option, the following fields
+ In combination with the ‘--verbose’ option, the following fields
are also displayed:
method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack)
The CRC is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
- With `--verbose', the size totals and compression ratio for all
+ With ‘--verbose’, the size totals and compression ratio for all
files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With
- `--quiet', the title and totals lines are not displayed.
+ ‘--quiet’, the title and totals lines are not displayed.
- The `gzip' format represents the input size modulo 2^32, so the
+ The ‘gzip’ format represents the input size modulo 2^32, so the
uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly for
uncompressed files 4 GiB and larger. To work around this problem,
you can use the following command to discover a large uncompressed
- file's true size:
+ file’s true size:
zcat file.gz | wc -c
-`--license'
-`-L'
- Display the `gzip' license then quit.
-
-`--no-name'
-`-n'
- When compressing, do not save the original file name and time
- stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
- had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the
- original file name if present (remove only the `gzip' suffix from
- the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time
- stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
- is the default when decompressing.
-
-`--name'
-`-N'
+‘--license’
+‘-L’
+ Display the ‘gzip’ license then quit.
+
+‘--no-name’
+‘-n’
+ When compressing, do not save the original file name and time stamp
+ by default. (The original name is always saved if the name had to
+ be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the original
+ file name if present (remove only the ‘gzip’ suffix from the
+ compressed file name) and do not restore the original time stamp if
+ present (copy it from the compressed file). This option is the
+ default when decompressing.
+
+‘--name’
+‘-N’
When compressing, always save the original file name and time
stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the
original file name and time stamp if present. This option is
useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when
the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.
-`--quiet'
-`-q'
+‘--quiet’
+‘-q’
Suppress all warning messages.
-`--recursive'
-`-r'
+‘--recursive’
+‘-r’
Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file
- names specified on the command line are directories, `gzip' will
+ names specified on the command line are directories, ‘gzip’ will
descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds
- there (or decompress them in the case of `gunzip').
-
-`--suffix SUF'
-`-S SUF'
- Use suffix SUF instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but
- suffixes other than `.z' and `.gz' should be avoided to avoid
+ there (or decompress them in the case of ‘gunzip’).
+
+‘--rsyncable’
+ Cater better to the ‘rsync’ program by periodically resetting the
+ internal structure of the compressed data stream. This lets the
+ ‘rsync’ program take advantage of similarities in the uncompressed
+ input when synchronizing two files compressed with this flag. The
+ cost: the compressed output is usually about one percent larger.
+
+‘--suffix SUF’
+‘-S SUF’
+ Use suffix SUF instead of ‘.gz’. Any suffix can be given, but
+ suffixes other than ‘.z’ and ‘.gz’ should be avoided to avoid
confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null
suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files
regardless of suffix, as in:
gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
- Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed
- to avoid a conflict with `pack'.
-
-`--test'
-`-t'
+ Previous versions of gzip used the ‘.z’ suffix. This was changed
+ to avoid a conflict with ‘pack’.
+
+‘--synchronous’
+ Use synchronous output, by transferring output data to the output
+ file’s storage device when the file system supports this. Because
+ file system data can be cached, without this option if the system
+ crashes around the time a command like ‘gzip FOO’ is run the user
+ might lose both ‘FOO’ and ‘FOO.gz’; this is the default with
+ ‘gzip’, just as it is the default with most applications that move
+ data. When this option is used, ‘gzip’ is safer but can be
+ considerably slower.
+
+‘--test’
+‘-t’
Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
-`--verbose'
-`-v'
+‘--verbose’
+‘-v’
Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
compressed.
-`--version'
-`-V'
+‘--version’
+‘-V’
Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then
quit.
-`--fast'
-`--best'
-`-N'
+‘--fast’
+‘--best’
+‘-N’
Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit N,
- where `-1' or `--fast' indicates the fastest compression method
- (less compression) and `--best' or `-9' indicates the slowest
+ where ‘-1’ or ‘--fast’ indicates the fastest compression method
+ (less compression) and ‘--best’ or ‘-9’ indicates the slowest
compression method (optimal compression). The default compression
- level is `-6' (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
+ level is ‘-6’ (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
of speed).
\1f
4 Advanced usage
****************
-Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, `gunzip'
+Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, ‘gunzip’
will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged, other
members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged member.
Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are
decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.
- This is an example of concatenating `gzip' files:
+ This is an example of concatenating ‘gzip’ files:
gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
cat file1 file2
- In case of damage to one member of a `.gz' file, other members can
-still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you
-can get better compression by compressing all members at once:
+ In case of damage to one member of a ‘.gz’ file, other members can
+still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you can
+get better compression by compressing all members at once:
cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz
If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed
-size and CRC reported by the `--list' option applies to the last member
+size and CRC reported by the ‘--list’ option applies to the last member
only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
zcat file.gz | wc -c
If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so
that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
-as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip'
-transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a
+as ‘tar’ or ‘zip’. GNU ‘tar’ supports the ‘-z’ option to invoke ‘gzip’
+transparently. ‘gzip’ is designed as a complement to ‘tar’, not as a
replacement.
\1f
5 Environment
*************
-The environment variable `GZIP' can hold a set of default options for
-`gzip'. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by
-explicit command line parameters. For example:
+The obsolescent environment variable ‘GZIP’ can hold a set of default
+options for ‘gzip’. These options are interpreted first and can be
+overwritten by explicit command line parameters. As this can cause
+problems when using scripts, this feature is supported only for options
+that are reasonably likely to not cause too much harm, and ‘gzip’ warns
+if it is used. This feature will be removed in a future release of
+‘gzip’.
- for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP
- for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
- for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name
+ You can use an alias or script instead. For example, if ‘gzip’ is in
+the directory ‘/usr/bin’ you can prepend ‘$HOME/bin’ to your ‘PATH’ and
+create an executable script ‘$HOME/bin/gzip’ containing the following:
- On VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to avoid
-a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.
+ #! /bin/sh
+ export PATH=/usr/bin
+ exec gzip -9 "$@"
+
+ On VMS, the name of the obsolescent environment variable is
+‘GZIP_OPT’, to avoid a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of
+the program.
\1f
File: gzip.info-t, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top
-6 Using `gzip' on tapes
+6 Using ‘gzip’ on tapes
***********************
When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad
the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read
-and the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression, `gunzip'
+and the whole block is passed to ‘gunzip’ for decompression, ‘gunzip’
detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data
and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains nonzero bytes.
-You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the warning. This
-option can be set in the `GZIP' environment variable, as in:
-
- for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
- for csh: (setenv GZIP "-q"; tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0)
-
- In the above example, `gzip' is invoked implicitly by the `-z'
-option of GNU `tar'. Make sure that the same block size (`-b' option
-of `tar') is used for reading and writing compressed data on tapes.
-(This example assumes you are using the GNU version of `tar'.)
+You can use the ‘--quiet’ option to suppress the warning.
\1f
File: gzip.info-t, Node: Problems, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top
7 Reporting Bugs
****************
-If you find a bug in `gzip', please send electronic mail to
+If you find a bug in ‘gzip’, please send electronic mail to
<bug-gzip@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can find by
-running `gzip -V'. Also include in your message the hardware and
-operating system, the compiler used to compile `gzip', a description of
-the bug behavior, and the input to `gzip' that triggered the bug.
+running ‘gzip -V’. Also include in your message the hardware and
+operating system, the compiler used to compile ‘gzip’, a description of
+the bug behavior, and the input to ‘gzip’ that triggered the bug.
\1f
File: gzip.info-t, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
- Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- `http://fsf.org/'
+ Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
- functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
+ functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
- This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
+ This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
- of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
- We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
+ of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
+ recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
- that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
- can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
+ that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
+ be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
- "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
- of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
- accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
- way requiring permission under copyright law.
+ “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
+ of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept
+ the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
+ requiring permission under copyright law.
- A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
+ A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
- A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
+ A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
- publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
+ publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
- The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
- titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
- the notice that says that the Document is released under this
- License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
- Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
- The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
- does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
+ The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose
+ titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
+ notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
+ If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
+ is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may
+ contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
+ any Invariant Sections then there are none.
- The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
+ The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
- A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+ A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
- straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
- composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
- widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
- text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
- formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
- otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
- markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
- modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
- not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A
- copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
+ straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
+ of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
+ available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
+ formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
+ suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
+ Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
+ been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
+ readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if
+ used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not
+ “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
- SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
- standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
- human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
- PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
- can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
- XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
- available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
- produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
-
- The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+ SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
+ simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
+ Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
+ Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
+ edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
+ the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
+ the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
+ processors for output purposes only.
+
+ The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
- works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
- Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
- work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+ works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title
+ Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
+ work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
- The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
+ The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
- A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
+ A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
- "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
- To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
- Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
+ “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.)
+ To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the
+ Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
- distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
- the conditions in section 3.
+ distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
+ conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
- the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
+ the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
- front cover must present the full title with all words of the
- title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
- on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
- covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
- satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
- other respects.
+ front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
+ equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
+ covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
+ long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
+ conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
- numbering more than 100, you must either include a
- machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
- state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
- which the general network-using public has access to download
- using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
- copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
- latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
- begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
- this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
- location until at least one year after the last time you
- distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
- retailers) of that edition to the public.
+ numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
+ Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
+ each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
+ network-using public has access to download using public-standard
+ network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
+ of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
+ reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
+ copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
+ remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
+ year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
+ through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
- the Document well before redistributing any large number of
- copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
- version of the Document.
+ the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
+ to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
+ Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
- release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
- the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
- licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
- whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
- things in the Modified Version:
+ release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
+ Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
+ distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
+ possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
+ the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
- distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
- previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
- in the History section of the Document). You may use the
- same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
- that version gives permission.
+ distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
+ versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
+ History section of the Document). You may use the same title
+ as a previous version if the original publisher of that
+ version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
- Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
+ Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
- I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
+ I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
- authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
- the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
- the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
- and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
- then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
- the previous sentence.
+ authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
+ Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the
+ Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
+ publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
+ an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
+ previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
- previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
- the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
- work that was published at least four years before the
- Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
- it refers to gives permission.
-
- K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
- Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
- section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
+ previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
+ “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work
+ that was published at least four years before the Document
+ itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
+ to gives permission.
+
+ K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
+ Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
+ all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
- L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
- unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
- or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
- titles.
+ L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
+ in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
+ equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
- M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
+ M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
- "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
+ “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
- material copied from the Document, you may at your option
- designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
- add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
- Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
- other section titles.
+ material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
+ some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
+ titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s
+ license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
+ section titles.
- You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
+ You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
- parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
- has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
- definition of a standard.
+ parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
+ been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
+ a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
- and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
- of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
- passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
- added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
- Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
- previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
- you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
- replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
- publisher that added the old one.
+ and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
+ the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
+ of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+ through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
+ already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
+ by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
+ behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
+ one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
+ the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
- modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
- all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
+ modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
+ of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
- "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
- Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
- "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
- must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
+ “History” in the various original documents, forming one section
+ Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
+ “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You
+ must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
- rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
- documents in all other respects.
+ rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
+ in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
- a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
- this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
- that document.
+ a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
+ License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+ document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
- separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
- a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
+ separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
+ storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
- legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
+ legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
- of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
+ of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
- If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
- "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
+ If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
+ “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
- provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
- and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
+ provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
+ finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
- the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from
- you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and
- not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of
- the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
+ the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
+ under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
+ permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
+ same material does not give you any rights to use it.
- 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+ 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
- `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
+ <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
- version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
+ version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
- published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
- the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
- you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
- Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy
- can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
- proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
+ published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
+ Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
+ choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
+ Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
+ decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
+ proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
- 11. RELICENSING
+ 11. RELICENSING
- "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
+ “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
- A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
+ A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
- "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+ “CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
- "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+ “Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
- An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
+ An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
-
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
-Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
+Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
-recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
-free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
-permit their use in free software.
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
+software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
+their use in free software.
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