--- /dev/null
+
+User Commands GZIP(1)
+
+NAME
+ gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files
+
+SYNOPSIS
+ gzip [ -acdfhlLnNrtvV19 ] [-S suffix] [ name ... ]
+ gunzip [ -acfhlLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ name ... ]
+ zcat [ -fhLV ] [ name ... ]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+ Gzip reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv
+ coding (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by
+ one with the extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership
+ modes, access and modification times. (The default exten-
+ sion is -gz for VMS, z for MSDOS, OS/2 FAT, Windows NT FAT
+ and Atari.) If no files are specified, or if a file name is
+ "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard out-
+ put. Gzip will only attempt to compress regular files. In
+ particular, it will ignore symbolic links.
+
+ If the compressed file name is too long for its file system,
+ gzip truncates it. Gzip attempts to truncate only the parts
+ of the file name longer than 3 characters. (A part is
+ delimited by dots.) If the name consists of small parts
+ only, the longest parts are truncated. For example, if file
+ names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe is com-
+ pressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on sys-
+ tems which do not have a limit on file name length.
+
+ By default, gzip keeps the original file name and timestamp
+ in the compressed file. These are used when decompressing
+ the file with the -N option. This is useful when the com-
+ pressed file name was truncated or when the time stamp was
+ not preserved after a file transfer.
+
+ Compressed files can be restored to their original form
+ using gzip -d or gunzip or zcat. If the original name saved
+ in the compressed file is not suitable for its file system,
+ a new name is constructed from the original one to make it
+ legal.
+
+ gunzip takes a list of files on its command line and
+ replaces each file whose name ends with .gz, -gz, .z, -z, _z
+ or .Z and which begins with the correct magic number with an
+ uncompressed file without the original extension. gunzip
+ also recognizes the special extensions .tgz and .taz as
+ shorthands for .tar.gz and .tar.Z respectively. When com-
+ pressing, gzip uses the .tgz extension if necessary instead
+ of truncating a file with a .tar extension.
+
+ gunzip can currently decompress files created by gzip, zip,
+ compress, compress -H or pack. The detection of the input
+ format is automatic. When using the first two formats,
+
+SunOS 5.8 Last change: local 1
+
+User Commands GZIP(1)
+
+ gunzip checks a 32 bit CRC. For pack, gunzip checks the
+ uncompressed length. The standard compress format was not
+ designed to allow consistency checks. However gunzip is
+ sometimes able to detect a bad .Z file. If you get an error
+ when uncompressing a .Z file, do not assume that the .Z file
+ is correct simply because the standard uncompress does not
+ complain. This generally means that the standard uncompress
+ does not check its input, and happily generates garbage out-
+ put. The SCO compress -H format (lzh compression method)
+ does not include a CRC but also allows some consistency
+ checks.
+
+ Files created by zip can be uncompressed by gzip only if
+ they have a single member compressed with the 'deflation'
+ method. This feature is only intended to help conversion of
+ tar.zip files to the tar.gz format. To extract a zip file
+ with a single member, use a command like gunzip <foo.zip or
+ gunzip -S .zip foo.zip. To extract zip files with several
+ members, use unzip instead of gunzip.
+
+ zcat is identical to gunzip -c. (On some systems, zcat may
+ be installed as gzcat to preserve the original link to com-
+ press.) zcat uncompresses either a list of files on the
+ command line or its standard input and writes the uncom-
+ pressed data on standard output. zcat will uncompress files
+ that have the correct magic number whether they have a .gz
+ suffix or not.
+
+ Gzip uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in zip and PKZIP.
+ The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of
+ the input and the distribution of common substrings. Typi-
+ cally, text such as source code or English is reduced by
+ 60-70%. Compression is generally much better than that
+ achieved by LZW (as used in compress), Huffman coding (as
+ used in pack), or adaptive Huffman coding (compact).
+
+ Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file
+ is slightly larger than the original. The worst case expan-
+ sion is a few bytes for the gzip file header, plus 5 bytes
+ every 32K block, or an expansion ratio of 0.015% for large
+ files. Note that the actual number of used disk blocks
+ almost never increases. gzip preserves the mode, ownership
+ and timestamps of files when compressing or decompressing.
+
+ The gzip file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file
+ format specification version 4.3, <ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-
+ notes/rfc1952.txt>, Internet RFC 1952 (May 1996). The zip
+ deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Com-
+ pressed Data Format Specification version 1.3,
+ <ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1951.txt>, Internet RFC 1951
+ (May 1996).
+
+SunOS 5.8 Last change: local 2
+
+User Commands GZIP(1)
+
+OPTIONS
+ -a --ascii
+ Ascii text mode: convert end-of-lines using local con-
+ ventions. This option is supported only on some non-
+ Unix systems. For MSDOS, CR LF is converted to LF when
+ compressing, and LF is converted to CR LF when decom-
+ pressing.
+
+ -c --stdout --to-stdout
+ Write output on standard output; keep original files
+ unchanged. If there are several input files, the out-
+ put consists of a sequence of independently compressed
+ members. To obtain better compression, concatenate all
+ input files before compressing them.
+
+ -d --decompress --uncompress
+ Decompress.
+
+ -f --force
+ Force compression or decompression even if the file has
+ multiple links or the corresponding file already
+ exists, or if the compressed data is read from or writ-
+ ten to a terminal. If the input data is not in a format
+ recognized by gzip, and if the option --stdout is also
+ given, copy the input data without change to the stan-
+ dard ouput: let zcat behave as cat. If -f is not
+ given, and when not running in the background, gzip
+ prompts to verify whether an existing file should be
+ overwritten.
+
+ -h --help
+ Display a help screen and quit.
+
+ -l --list
+ For each compressed file, list the following fields:
+
+ compressed size: size of the compressed file
+ uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
+ ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
+ uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
+
+ The uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in
+ gzip format, such as compressed .Z files. To get the
+ uncompressed size for such a file, you can use:
+
+ zcat file.Z | wc -c
+
+ In combination with the --verbose option, the following
+ fields are also displayed:
+
+ method: compression method
+ crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
+
+SunOS 5.8 Last change: local 3
+
+User Commands GZIP(1)
+
+ date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file
+
+ The compression methods currently supported are
+ deflate, compress, lzh (SCO compress -H) and pack. The
+ crc is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
+
+ With --name, the uncompressed name, date and time are
+ those stored within the compress file if present.
+
+ With --verbose, the size totals and compression ratio
+ for all files is also displayed, unless some sizes are
+ unknown. With --quiet, the title and totals lines are
+ not displayed.
+
+ -L --license
+ Display the gzip license and quit.
+
+ -n --no-name
+ When compressing, do not save the original file name
+ and time stamp by default. (The original name is always
+ saved if the name had to be truncated.) When decom-
+ pressing, do not restore the original file name if pre-
+ sent (remove only the gzip suffix from the compressed
+ file name) and do not restore the original time stamp
+ if present (copy it from the compressed file). This
+ option is the default when decompressing.
+
+ -N --name
+ When compressing, always save the original file name
+ and time stamp; this is the default. When decompress-
+ ing, restore the original file name and time stamp if
+ present. This option is useful on systems which have a
+ limit on file name length or when the time stamp has
+ been lost after a file transfer.
+
+ -q --quiet
+ Suppress all warnings.
+
+ -r --recursive
+ Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of
+ the file names specified on the command line are direc-
+ tories, gzip will descend into the directory and com-
+ press all the files it finds there (or decompress them
+ in the case of gunzip ).
+
+ -S .suf --suffix .suf
+ Use suffix .suf instead of .gz. Any suffix can be
+ given, but suffixes other than .z and .gz should be
+ avoided to avoid confusion when files are transferred
+ to other systems. A null suffix forces gunzip to try
+ decompression on all given files regardless of suffix,
+ as in:
+
+SunOS 5.8 Last change: local 4
+
+User Commands GZIP(1)
+
+ gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
+
+ Previous versions of gzip used the .z suffix. This was
+ changed to avoid a conflict with pack(1).
+
+ -t --test
+ Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
+
+ -v --verbose
+ Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for
+ each file compressed or decompressed.
+
+ -V --version
+ Version. Display the version number and compilation
+ options then quit.
+
+ -# --fast --best
+ Regulate the speed of compression using the specified
+ digit #, where -1 or --fast indicates the fastest com-
+ pression method (less compression) and -9 or --best
+ indicates the slowest compression method (best compres-
+ sion). The default compression level is -6 (that is,
+ biased towards high compression at expense of speed).
+
+ADVANCED USAGE
+ Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case,
+ gunzip will extract all members at once. For example:
+
+ gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
+ gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
+
+ Then
+
+ gunzip -c foo
+
+ is equivalent to
+
+ cat file1 file2
+
+ In case of damage to one member of a .gz file, other members
+ can still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed).
+ However, you can get better compression by compressing all
+ members at once:
+
+ cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
+
+ compresses better than
+
+ gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
+
+ If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better
+ compression, do:
+
+SunOS 5.8 Last change: local 5
+
+User Commands GZIP(1)
+
+ gzip -cd old.gz | gzip > new.gz
+
+ If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncom-
+ pressed size and CRC reported by the --list option applies
+ to the last member only. If you need the uncompressed size
+ for all members, you can use:
+
+ gzip -cd file.gz | wc -c
+
+ If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple
+ members so that members can later be extracted indepen-
+ dently, use an archiver such as tar or zip. GNU tar supports
+ the -z option to invoke gzip transparently. gzip is designed
+ as a complement to tar, not as a replacement.
+
+ENVIRONMENT
+ The environment variable GZIP can hold a set of default
+ options for gzip. These options are interpreted first and
+ can be overwritten by explicit command line parameters. For
+ example:
+ for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP
+ for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
+ for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name
+
+ On Vax/VMS, the name of the environment variable is
+ GZIP_OPT, to avoid a conflict with the symbol set for invo-
+ cation of the program.
+
+SEE ALSO
+ znew(1), zcmp(1), zmore(1), zforce(1), gzexe(1), zip(1),
+ unzip(1), compress(1), pack(1), compact(1)
+
+ The gzip file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file
+ format specification version 4.3, <ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-
+ notes/rfc1952.txt>, Internet RFC 1952 (May 1996). The zip
+ deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Com-
+ pressed Data Format Specification version 1.3,
+ <ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1951.txt>, Internet RFC 1951
+ (May 1996).
+
+DIAGNOSTICS
+ Exit status is normally 0; if an error occurs, exit status
+ is 1. If a warning occurs, exit status is 2.
+
+ Usage: gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...]
+ Invalid options were specified on the command line.
+
+ file: not in gzip format
+ The file specified to gunzip has not been compressed.
+
+ file: Corrupt input. Use zcat to recover some data.
+ The compressed file has been damaged. The data up to
+
+SunOS 5.8 Last change: local 6
+
+User Commands GZIP(1)
+
+ the point of failure can be recovered using
+
+ zcat file > recover
+
+ file: compressed with xx bits, can only handle yy bits
+ File was compressed (using LZW) by a program that could
+ deal with more bits than the decompress code on this
+ machine. Recompress the file with gzip, which com-
+ presses better and uses less memory.
+
+ file: already has .gz suffix -- no change
+ The file is assumed to be already compressed. Rename
+ the file and try again.
+
+ file already exists; do you wish to overwrite (y or n)?
+ Respond "y" if you want the output file to be replaced;
+ "n" if not.
+
+ gunzip: corrupt input
+ A SIGSEGV violation was detected which usually means
+ that the input file has been corrupted.
+
+ xx.x% Percentage of the input saved by compression.
+ (Relevant only for -v and -l.)
+
+ -- not a regular file or directory: ignored
+ When the input file is not a regular file or directory,
+ (e.g. a symbolic link, socket, FIFO, device file), it
+ is left unaltered.
+
+ -- has xx other links: unchanged
+ The input file has links; it is left unchanged. See
+ ln(1) for more information. Use the -f flag to force
+ compression of multiply-linked files.
+
+CAVEATS
+ When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally nec-
+ essary to pad the output with zeroes up to a block boundary.
+ When the data is read and the whole block is passed to gun-
+ zip for decompression, gunzip detects that there is extra
+ trailing garbage after the compressed data and emits a warn-
+ ing by default. You have to use the --quiet option to sup-
+ press the warning. This option can be set in the GZIP envi-
+ ronment variable as in:
+ for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
+ for csh: (setenv GZIP -q; tar -xfz --block-compr /dev/rst0
+
+ In the above example, gzip is invoked implicitly by the -z
+ option of GNU tar. Make sure that the same block size (-b
+ option of tar) is used for reading and writing compressed
+ data on tapes. (This example assumes you are using the GNU
+ version of tar.)
+
+SunOS 5.8 Last change: local 7
+
+User Commands GZIP(1)
+
+BUGS
+ The gzip format represents the the input size modulo 2^32,
+ so the --list option reports incorrect uncompressed sizes
+ and compression ratios for uncompressed files 4 GB and
+ larger. To work around this problem, you can use the fol-
+ lowing command to discover a large uncompressed file's true
+ size:
+
+ zcat file.gz | wc -c
+
+ The --list option reports sizes as -1 and crc as ffffffff if
+ the compressed file is on a non seekable media.
+
+ In some rare cases, the --best option gives worse compres-
+ sion than the default compression level (-6). On some highly
+ redundant files, compress compresses better than gzip.
+
+COPYRIGHT NOTICE
+ Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Founda-
+ tion, Inc.
+ Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
+
+ Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this manual provided the copyright notice and this per-
+ mission notice are preserved on all copies.
+
+ Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified ver-
+ sions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copy-
+ ing, provided that the entire resulting derived work is dis-
+ tributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to
+ this one.
+
+ Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of
+ this manual into another language, under the above condi-
+ tions for modified versions, except that this permission
+ notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Foun-
+ dation.
+
+SunOS 5.8 Last change: local 8
+
--- /dev/null
+This is gzip.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.2 from gzip.texi.
+
+This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.5, 29 September 2002), and
+documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
+
+ Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
+
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+ document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
+ Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
+ Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
+ being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
+ below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
+ "GNU Free Documentation License."
+
+ (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
+ modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
+ the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
+
+INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* gzip: (gzip)Invoking gzip. Compress files.
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+
+INFO-DIR-SECTION Utilities
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* Gzip: (gzip). The gzip command for compressing files.
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+
+\1f
+File: gzip.info, Node: Top, Up: (dir)
+
+Compressing Files
+*****************
+
+This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.5, 29 September 2002), and
+documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
+
+ Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
+
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+ document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
+ Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
+ Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
+ being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
+ below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
+ "GNU Free Documentation License."
+
+ (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
+ modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
+ the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Overview:: Preliminary information.
+* Sample:: Sample output from `gzip'.
+* Invoking gzip:: How to run `gzip'.
+* Advanced usage:: Concatenated files.
+* Environment:: The `GZIP' environment variable
+* Tapes:: Using `gzip' on tapes.
+* Problems:: Reporting bugs.
+* Copying This Manual:: How to make copies of this manual.
+* Concept Index:: Index of concepts.
+
+\1f
+File: gzip.info, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Up: Top
+
+Overview
+********
+
+ `gzip' reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding
+(LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the
+extension `.gz', while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
+modification times. (The default extension is `-gz' for VMS, `z' for
+MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file
+name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output.
+`gzip' will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it
+will ignore symbolic links.
+
+ If the new file name is too long for its file system, `gzip'
+truncates it. `gzip' attempts to truncate only the parts of the file
+name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the
+name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
+For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
+is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems
+which do not have a limit on file name length.
+
+ By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and timestamp in the
+compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the
+`-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was truncated
+or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file transfer.
+
+ Compressed files can be restored to their original form using `gzip
+-d' or `gunzip' or `zcat'. If the original name saved in the
+compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is
+constructed from the original one to make it legal.
+
+ `gunzip' takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each
+file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z', `.Z', `-gz', `-z' or `_z' and
+which begins with the correct magic number with an uncompressed file
+without the original extension. `gunzip' also recognizes the special
+extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for `.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z'
+respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the `.tgz' extension if
+necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar' extension.
+
+ `gunzip' can currently decompress files created by `gzip', `zip',
+`compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic.
+When using the first two formats, `gunzip' checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic
+redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed length.
+The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency checks.
+However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file. If you
+get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that the
+`.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does not
+complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does not
+check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
+`compress -H' format (`lzh' compression method) does not include a CRC
+but also allows some consistency checks.
+
+ Files created by `zip' can be uncompressed by `gzip' only if they
+have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
+feature is only intended to help conversion of `tar.zip' files to the
+`tar.gz' format. To extract a `zip' file with a single member, use a
+command like `gunzip <foo.zip' or `gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'. To extract
+`zip' files with several members, use `unzip' instead of `gunzip'.
+
+ `zcat' is identical to `gunzip -c'. `zcat' uncompresses either a
+list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the
+uncompressed data on standard output. `zcat' will uncompress files
+that have the correct magic number whether they have a `.gz' suffix or
+not.
+
+ `gzip' uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in `zip' and PKZIP. The
+amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the
+distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code
+or English is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally much better
+than that achieved by LZW (as used in `compress'), Huffman coding (as
+used in `pack'), or adaptive Huffman coding (`compact').
+
+ Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
+slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few
+bytes for the `gzip' file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an
+expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
+of used disk blocks almost never increases. `gzip' preserves the mode,
+ownership and timestamps of files when compressing or decompressing.
+
+ The `gzip' file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format
+specification version 4.3, Internet RFC 1952
+(ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The `zip'
+deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data
+Format Specification version 1.3, Internet RFC 1951
+(ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1951.txt) (May 1996).
+
+\1f
+File: gzip.info, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking gzip, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
+
+Sample Output
+*************
+
+ Here are some realistic examples of running `gzip'.
+
+ This is the output of the command `gzip -h':
+
+ gzip 1.3
+ (1999-12-21)
+ usage: gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...]
+ -c --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
+ -d --decompress decompress
+ -f --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
+ -h --help give this help
+ -l --list list compressed file contents
+ -L --license display software license
+ -n --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
+ -N --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
+ -q --quiet suppress all warnings
+ -r --recursive operate recursively on directories
+ -S .suf --suffix .suf use suffix .suf on compressed files
+ -t --test test compressed file integrity
+ -v --verbose verbose mode
+ -V --version display version number
+ -1 --fast compress faster
+ -9 --best compress better
+ file... files to (de)compress. If none given, use standard input.
+ Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.
+
+ This is the output of the command `gzip -v texinfo.tex':
+
+ texinfo.tex: 69.7% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
+
+ The following command will find all `gzip' files in the current
+directory and subdirectories, and extract them in place without
+destroying the original:
+
+ find . -name '*.gz' -print | sed 's/^\(.*\)[.]gz$/gunzip < "&" > "\1"/' | sh
+
+\1f
+File: gzip.info, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top
+
+Invoking `gzip'
+***************
+
+ The format for running the `gzip' program is:
+
+ gzip OPTION ...
+
+ `gzip' supports the following options:
+
+`--stdout'
+`--to-stdout'
+`-c'
+ Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
+ If there are several input files, the output consists of a
+ sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better
+ compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.
+
+`--decompress'
+`--uncompress'
+`-d'
+ Decompress.
+
+`--force'
+`-f'
+ Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
+ links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the
+ compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the
+ input data is not in a format recognized by `gzip', and if the
+ option `--stdout' is also given, copy the input data without
+ change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If `-f'
+ is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip'
+ prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
+
+`--help'
+`-h'
+ Print an informative help message describing the options then quit.
+
+`--list'
+`-l'
+ For each compressed file, list the following fields:
+
+ compressed size: size of the compressed file
+ uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
+ ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
+ uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
+
+ The uncompressed size is given as `-1' for files not in `gzip'
+ format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed
+ size for such a file, you can use:
+
+ zcat file.Z | wc -c
+
+ In combination with the `--verbose' option, the following fields
+ are also displayed:
+
+ method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack)
+ crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
+ date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file
+
+ The crc is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
+
+ With `--verbose', the size totals and compression ratio for all
+ files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With
+ `--quiet', the title and totals lines are not displayed.
+
+ The `gzip' format represents the the input size modulo 2^32, so
+ the uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly
+ for uncompressed files 4 GB and larger. To work around this
+ problem, you can use the following command to discover a large
+ uncompressed file's true size:
+
+ zcat file.gz | wc -c
+
+`--license'
+`-L'
+ Display the `gzip' license then quit.
+
+`--no-name'
+`-n'
+ When compressing, do not save the original file name and time
+ stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
+ had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the
+ original file name if present (remove only the `gzip' suffix from
+ the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time
+ stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
+ is the default when decompressing.
+
+`--name'
+`-N'
+ When compressing, always save the original file name and time
+ stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the
+ original file name and time stamp if present. This option is
+ useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when
+ the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.
+
+`--quiet'
+`-q'
+ Suppress all warning messages.
+
+`--recursive'
+`-r'
+ Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file
+ names specified on the command line are directories, `gzip' will
+ descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds
+ there (or decompress them in the case of `gunzip').
+
+`--suffix SUF'
+`-S SUF'
+ Use suffix `SUF' instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but
+ suffixes other than `.z' and `.gz' should be avoided to avoid
+ confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null
+ suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files
+ regardless of suffix, as in:
+
+ gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
+
+ Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed to
+ avoid a conflict with `pack'.
+
+`--test'
+`-t'
+ Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
+
+`--verbose'
+`-v'
+ Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
+ compressed.
+
+`--version'
+`-V'
+ Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then
+ quit.
+
+`--fast'
+`--best'
+`-N'
+ Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit N,
+ where `-1' or `--fast' indicates the fastest compression method
+ (less compression) and `--best' or `-9' indicates the slowest
+ compression method (optimal compression). The default compression
+ level is `-6' (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
+ of speed).
+
+\1f
+File: gzip.info, Node: Advanced usage, Next: Environment, Prev: Invoking gzip, Up: Top
+
+Advanced usage
+**************
+
+ Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case,
+`gunzip' will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged,
+other members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged
+member. Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are
+decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.
+
+ This is an example of concatenating `gzip' files:
+
+ gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
+ gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
+
+ Then
+
+ gunzip -c foo
+
+ is equivalent to
+
+ cat file1 file2
+
+ In case of damage to one member of a `.gz' file, other members can
+still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you can
+get better compression by compressing all members at once:
+
+ cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
+
+ compresses better than
+
+ gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
+
+ If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better
+compression, do:
+
+ zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz
+
+ If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed
+size and CRC reported by the `--list' option applies to the last member
+only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
+
+ zcat file.gz | wc -c
+
+ If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so
+that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
+as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip'
+transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a
+replacement.
+
+\1f
+File: gzip.info, Node: Environment, Next: Tapes, Prev: Advanced usage, Up: Top
+
+Environment
+***********
+
+ The environment variable `GZIP' can hold a set of default options for
+`gzip'. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by
+explicit command line parameters. For example:
+
+ for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP
+ for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
+ for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name
+
+ On Vax/VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to
+avoid a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.
+
+\1f
+File: gzip.info, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top
+
+Using `gzip' on tapes
+*********************
+
+ When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to
+pad the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is
+read and the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression,
+`gunzip' detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the
+compressed data and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains
+nonzero bytes. You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the
+warning. This option can be set in the `GZIP' environment variable, as
+in:
+
+ for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
+ for csh: (setenv GZIP "-q"; tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0)
+
+ In the above example, `gzip' is invoked implicitly by the `-z'
+option of GNU `tar'. Make sure that the same block size (`-b' option
+of `tar') is used for reading and writing compressed data on tapes.
+(This example assumes you are using the GNU version of `tar'.)
+
+\1f
+File: gzip.info, Node: Problems, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top
+
+Reporting Bugs
+**************
+
+ If you find a bug in `gzip', please send electronic mail to
+<bug-gzip@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can find by
+running `gzip -V'. Also include in your message the hardware and
+operating system, the compiler used to compile `gzip', a description of
+the bug behavior, and the input to `gzip' that triggered the bug.
+
+\1f
+File: gzip.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
+
+Copying This Manual
+*******************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
+
+\1f
+File: gzip.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
+
+GNU Free Documentation License
+==============================
+
+ Version 1.1, March 2000
+ Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
+
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+ 0. PREAMBLE
+
+ The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+ written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
+ the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
+ modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
+ this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
+ credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
+ modifications made by others.
+
+ This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
+ works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
+ It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
+ license designed for free software.
+
+ We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
+ free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
+ free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
+ that the software does. But this License is not limited to
+ software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
+ of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
+ We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
+ instruction or reference.
+
+ 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
+
+ This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
+ notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
+ under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to
+ any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee,
+ and is addressed as "you".
+
+ A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
+ Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
+ modifications and/or translated into another language.
+
+ A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
+ section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
+ relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
+ Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
+ nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
+ (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
+ mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
+ The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
+ the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
+ philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
+
+ The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
+ titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
+ the notice that says that the Document is released under this
+ License.
+
+ The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
+ listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
+ that says that the Document is released under this License.
+
+ A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+ represented in a format whose specification is available to the
+ general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly
+ and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
+ composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
+ widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
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+ formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
+ otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed
+ to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
+ Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
+
+ Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
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+ SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
+ standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification.
+ Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
+ can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML
+ or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
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+ processors for output purposes only.
+
+ The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+ plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
+ material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
+ works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
+ Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
+ work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+
+ 2. VERBATIM COPYING
+
+ You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+ commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
+ copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
+ applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
+ add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
+ may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
+ or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
+ you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
+ distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
+ the conditions in section 3.
+
+ You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
+ and you may publicly display copies.
+
+ 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
+
+ If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than
+ 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you
+ must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly,
+ all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
+ Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
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+ front cover must present the full title with all words of the
+ title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
+ on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
+ covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
+ satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
+ other respects.
+
+ If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+ legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+ reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
+ adjacent pages.
+
+ If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
+ numbering more than 100, you must either include a
+ machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
+ state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
+ computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy
+ of the Document, free of added material, which the general
+ network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
+ charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the
+ latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
+ begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
+ this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
+ location until at least one year after the last time you
+ distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
+ retailers) of that edition to the public.
+
+ It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
+ the Document well before redistributing any large number of
+ copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
+ version of the Document.
+
+ 4. MODIFICATIONS
+
+ You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
+ under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
+ release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
+ the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
+ licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
+ whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
+ things in the Modified Version:
+
+ A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
+ distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
+ previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
+ in the History section of the Document). You may use the
+ same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
+ that version gives permission.
+
+ B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
+ entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
+ the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
+ principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
+ authors, if it has less than five).
+
+ C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+ Modified Version, as the publisher.
+
+ D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+
+ E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+ adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+
+ F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
+ notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
+ Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
+ the Addendum below.
+
+ G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
+ Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
+ license notice.
+
+ H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+
+ I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and
+ add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
+ authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
+ the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in
+ the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
+ and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
+ then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
+ the previous sentence.
+
+ J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
+ for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
+ likewise the network locations given in the Document for
+ previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
+ the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
+ work that was published at least four years before the
+ Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
+ it refers to gives permission.
+
+ K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgments" or "Dedications",
+ preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all
+ the substance and tone of each of the contributor
+ acknowledgments and/or dedications given therein.
+
+ L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
+ unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
+ or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
+ titles.
+
+ M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
+ may not be included in the Modified Version.
+
+ N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
+ conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
+
+ If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+ appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
+ material copied from the Document, you may at your option
+ designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
+ add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
+ Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
+ other section titles.
+
+ You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
+ nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
+ parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
+ has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
+ definition of a standard.
+
+ You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
+ and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
+ of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
+ passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
+ added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
+ Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
+ previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
+ you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
+ replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
+ publisher that added the old one.
+
+ The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
+ License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
+ assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+
+ 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+ You may combine the Document with other documents released under
+ this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
+ modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
+ all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
+ unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
+ combined work in its license notice.
+
+ The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+ multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
+ copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
+ but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
+ by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
+ original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
+ unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
+ the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
+ combined work.
+
+ In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
+ "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
+ entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled
+ "Acknowledgments", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You
+ must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."
+
+ 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+ You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
+ documents released under this License, and replace the individual
+ copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
+ that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
+ rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
+ documents in all other respects.
+
+ You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
+ distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
+ a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
+ this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
+ that document.
+
+ 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+ A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
+ separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
+ a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
+ Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
+ copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
+ called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
+ other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
+ account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
+ derivative works of the Document.
+
+ If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+ copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
+ quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be
+ placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
+ aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
+ aggregate.
+
+ 8. TRANSLATION
+
+ Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+ distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
+ 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
+ permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+ translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+ original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
+ translation of this License provided that you also include the
+ original English version of this License. In case of a
+ disagreement between the translation and the original English
+ version of this License, the original English version will prevail.
+
+ 9. TERMINATION
+
+ You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+ except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
+ attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
+ void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
+ License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
+ from you under this License will not have their licenses
+ terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
+
+ 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+ The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
+ the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
+ versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
+ differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
+ `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
+
+ Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
+ number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
+ version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
+ have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
+ that specified version or of any later version that has been
+ published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
+ the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
+ you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
+ Free Software Foundation.
+
+ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+ To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
+notices just after the title page:
+
+ Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+ or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+ with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
+ Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
+ A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+ Free Documentation License''.
+
+ If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
+instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
+Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
+LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
+
+ If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
+free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
+permit their use in free software.
+
+\1f
+File: gzip.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
+
+Concept Index
+*************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* bugs: Problems.
+* concatenated files: Advanced usage.
+* Environment: Environment.
+* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
+* invoking: Invoking gzip.
+* options: Invoking gzip.
+* overview: Overview.
+* sample: Sample.
+* tapes: Tapes.
+
+
+\1f
+Tag Table:
+Node: Top\7f1258
+Node: Overview\7f2630
+Node: Sample\7f7390
+Node: Invoking gzip\7f9051
+Node: Advanced usage\7f14032
+Node: Environment\7f15621
+Node: Tapes\7f16189
+Node: Problems\7f17203
+Node: Copying This Manual\7f17661
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f17877
+Node: Concept Index\7f37741
+\1f
+End Tag Table
projects / debian / gzip / commitdiff