# Makefile for GNU tar documentation.
-# Copyright 1994-1997, 1999-2001, 2003, 2006-2007, 2013 Free Software
-# Foundation, Inc.
+# Copyright 1994-1997, 1999-2001, 2003, 2006-2007, 2013-2014 Free
+# Software Foundation, Inc.
# This file is part of GNU tar.
snapshot.texi\
sparse.texi\
value.texi
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# The rendering level is anyone of PUBLISH, DISTRIB or PROOF.
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# Makefile for GNU tar documentation.
-# Copyright 1994-1997, 1999-2001, 2003, 2006-2007, 2013 Free Software
-# Foundation, Inc.
+# Copyright 1994-1997, 1999-2001, 2003, 2006-2007, 2013-2014 Free
+# Software Foundation, Inc.
# This file is part of GNU tar.
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install install-am install-data install-data-am install-dvi \
install-dvi-am install-exec install-exec-am install-html \
install-html-am install-info install-info-am install-man \
- install-pdf install-pdf-am install-ps install-ps-am \
- install-strip installcheck installcheck-am installdirs \
- maintainer-clean maintainer-clean-aminfo \
- maintainer-clean-generic maintainer-clean-vti mostlyclean \
- mostlyclean-aminfo mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-vti pdf \
- pdf-am ps ps-am tags-am uninstall uninstall-am \
- uninstall-dvi-am uninstall-html-am uninstall-info-am \
- uninstall-pdf-am uninstall-ps-am
+ install-man1 install-man8 install-pdf install-pdf-am \
+ install-ps install-ps-am install-strip installcheck \
+ installcheck-am installdirs maintainer-clean \
+ maintainer-clean-aminfo maintainer-clean-generic \
+ maintainer-clean-vti mostlyclean mostlyclean-aminfo \
+ mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-vti pdf pdf-am ps ps-am \
+ tags-am uninstall uninstall-am uninstall-dvi-am \
+ uninstall-html-am uninstall-info-am uninstall-man \
+ uninstall-man1 uninstall-man8 uninstall-pdf-am uninstall-ps-am
header.texi: $(top_srcdir)/src/tar.h
@c This is part of the paxutils manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 2006-2007, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c Written by Sergey Poznyakoff
@c This file is distributed under GFDL 1.1 or any later version
@c published by the Free Software Foundation.
@c hence no sectioning command or @node.
@display
-Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 2000-2002, 2007-2008, 2014 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.
@uref{http://fsf.org/}
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
</p>
<p>
-Copyright 2004, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+Copyright 2004, 2013-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02111, USA
<br />
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
@comment GNU tar Archive Format description.
@comment
-@comment Copyright 1988-1989, 1991-1997, 2000-2001, 2003-2007, 2012-2013
-@comment Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@comment Copyright 1988-1989, 1991-1997, 2000-2001, 2003-2007, 2012-2014 Free
+@comment Software Foundation, Inc.
@comment
@comment This file is part of GNU tar.
@comment
@c This is part of the paxutils manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 2006, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c This file is distributed under GFDL 1.1 or any later version
@c published by the Free Software Foundation.
;;; mastermenu.el --- Redefinition of texinfo-master-menu-list
-;; Copyright 2006-2007, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+;; Copyright 2006-2007, 2013-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
;; Author: Sergey Poznyakoff
;; Maintainer: bug-tar@gnu.org
@c GNU date syntax documentation
-@c Copyright (C) 1994-2006, 2009-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 1994-2006, 2009-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
@c under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
@c This is part of GNU tar manual.
-@c Copyright 1992, 1994-1997, 1999-2004, 2006, 2013 Free Software
+@c Copyright 1992, 1994-1997, 1999-2004, 2006, 2013-2014 Free Software
@c Foundation, Inc.
@c See file tar.texi for copying conditions.
--- /dev/null
+.\" This file is part of GNU tar. -*- nroff -*-
+.\" Copyright 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.\"
+.\" GNU tar is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+.\" (at your option) any later version.
+.\"
+.\" GNU tar is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
+.\"
+.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+.\" along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+.TH RMT 1 "January 27, 2014" "RMT" "GNU TAR Manual"
+.SH NAME
+rmt \- remote magnetic tape server
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B rmt
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.B Rmt
+provides remote access to files and devices for
+.BR tar (1),
+.BR cpio (1),
+and similar backup utilities. It is normally called by running
+.BR rsh (1)
+or
+.BR ssh (1)
+to the remote machine, optionally using a different
+login name if one is supplied.
+.PP
+The calling program communicates with
+.B rmt
+by sending requests on its standard input and reading replies from the
+standard output. A request consists of a request letter followed by
+an argument (if required) and a newline character. Additional data,
+if any, are sent after the newline. On success,
+.B rmt
+returns
+.PP
+.in +4
+.BI A number \en
+.PP
+where \fInumber\fR is an ASCII representation of a decimal return
+code. Additional data are returned after this line. On error, the
+following response is returned:
+.PP
+.in +4
+.BI E errno \en error-message \en
+.PP
+where \fIerrno\fR is one of the system error codes, as described in
+.BR errno (3),
+and \fIerror-message\fR is a one-line human-readable description of
+the error, as printed by
+.BR perror (3).
+.PP
+Available commands and possible responses are discussed in detail in
+the subsequent section.
+.SH COMMANDS
+.TP
+.BI O device \en flags \en
+Opens the \fIdevice\fR with given \fIflags\fR. If a
+device had already been opened, it is closed before opening the new one.
+.sp
+.B Arguments
+.RS
+.TP
+.I device
+The name of the device to open.
+.TP
+.I flags
+Flags for
+.BR open (2):
+a decimal number, or any valid \fBO_*\fR constant from
+.B fcntl.h
+(the initial \fBO_\fR may be omitted), or a bitwise or (using \fB|\fR)
+of any number of these, e.g.:
+.in +4
+.EX
+576
+64|512
+CREAT|TRUNC
+.EE
+.RS
+In addition, a combined form is also allowed, i.e. a decimal mode followed
+by its symbolic representation. In this case the symbolic representation
+is given preference.
+.RE
+.sp
+.B Reply
+.RS
+.B A0\en
+on success.
+.RE
+.sp
+.B Extensions
+.RS
+BSD version allows only decimal number as \fIflags\fR.
+.RE 1
+.TP
+\fBC\fR[\fIdevice\fR]\fB\en\fR
+Close the currently open device.
+.RS
+.TP
+.B Arguments
+.br
+Any arguments are silently ignored.
+.TP
+.B Reply
+.br
+.B A0\en
+on success.
+.RE
+.TP
+.BI L whence \en offset \en
+.RS
+Performs an
+.BR lseek (2)
+on the currently open device with the specified
+parameters.
+.TP
+.B Arguments
+.RS
+.TP
+.I whence
+Where to measure offset from. Valid values are:
+.sp
+.nf
+.ta 1n 20n
+ 0, SET, SEEK_SET seek from the file beginning
+ 1, CUR, SEEK_CUR seek from the current location
+ 2, END, SEEK_END seek from the file end
+.fi
+.RE
+.TP
+.B Reply
+.br
+.BI A offset \en
+on success. The \fIoffset\fR is the new offset in file.
+.TP
+.B Extensions
+BSD version allows only 0,1,2 as \fIwhence\fR.
+.RE
+.TP
+.BI R count \en
+.br
+Read \fIcount\fR bytes of data from the current device.
+.RS
+.TP
+.B Arguments
+.RS
+.TP
+.I count
+number of bytes to read.
+.RE
+.TP
+.B Reply
+.br
+On success:
+.sp
+.in +4
+.BI A rdcount \en
+.in
+.sp
+followed by \fIrdcount\fR bytes of data read from the device.
+.RE
+.TP
+.BI W count \en
+Writes data onto the current device. The command is followed by
+\fIcount\fR bytes of input data.
+.RS
+.TP
+.B Arguments
+.RS
+.TP
+.I count
+Number of bytes to write.
+.RE
+.TP
+.B Reply
+.br
+On success: \fBA\fIwrcount\fB\en\fR, where \fIwrcount\fR is the number of
+bytes actually written.
+.RE
+.TP
+.BI I opcode \en count \en
+Perform a
+.B MTIOCOP
+.BR ioctl (2)
+command with the specified paramedters.
+.RS
+.TP
+.B Arguments
+.RS
+.TP
+.I opcode
+.B MTIOCOP
+operation code.
+.TP
+.I count
+mt_count.
+.RE
+.TP
+.B Reply
+.br
+On success: \fBA0\en\fR.
+.RE
+.TP
+.B S\en
+Returns the status of the currently open device, as obtained from a
+.B MTIOCGET
+.BR ioctl (2)
+call.
+.RS
+.TP
+.B Arguments
+.br
+None
+.TP
+.B Reply
+.br
+On success: \fBA\fIcount\fB\en\fR followed by \fIcount\fR bytes of
+data.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.BR tar (1).
+.SH BUGS
+Using this utility as a general-purpose remote file access tool is
+discouraged.
+.SH "BUG REPORTS"
+Report bugs to <bug\-tar@gnu.org>.
+.SH HISTORY
+The
+.B rmt
+command appeared in 4.2BSD. The GNU
+.BR rmt
+is written from scratch, using the BSD specification.
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+Copyright \(co 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.br
+.na
+License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
+.br
+.ad
+This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
+There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
+.\" Local variables:
+.\" eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
+.\" time-stamp-start: ".TH [A-Z_][A-Z0-9_.\\-]* [0-9] \""
+.\" time-stamp-format: "%:B %:d, %:y"
+.\" time-stamp-end: "\""
+.\" time-stamp-line-limit: 20
+.\" end:
@c This is part of the paxutils manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 2005, 2007, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c Written by Sergey Poznyakoff
@c This file is distributed under GFDL 1.1 or any later version
@c published by the Free Software Foundation.
@c This is part of the paxutils manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 2006, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c This file is distributed under GFDL 1.1 or any later version
@c published by the Free Software Foundation.
-@set UPDATED 24 September 2013
-@set UPDATED-MONTH September 2013
-@set EDITION 1.27.1
-@set VERSION 1.27.1
+@set UPDATED 22 July 2014
+@set UPDATED-MONTH July 2014
+@set EDITION 1.28
+@set VERSION 1.28
@c This is part of the paxutils manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (C) 2007, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c This file is distributed under GFDL 1.1 or any later version
@c published by the Free Software Foundation.
--- /dev/null
+.\" This file is part of GNU tar. -*- nroff -*-
+.\" Copyright 2013-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.\"
+.\" GNU tar is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+.\" (at your option) any later version.
+.\"
+.\" GNU tar is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
+.\"
+.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+.\" along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+.TH TAR 1 "February 22, 2014" "TAR" "GNU TAR Manual"
+.SH NAME
+tar \- an archiving utility
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.SS Traditional usage
+\fBtar\fR {\fBA\fR|\fBc\fR|\fBd\fR|\fBr\fR|\fBt\fR|\fBu\fR|\fBx\fR}\
+[\fBGnSkUWOmpsMBiajJzZhPlRvwo\fR] [\fIARG\fR...]
+.SS UNIX-style usage
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-A\fR [\fIOPTIONS\fR] \fIARCHIVE\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-c\fR [\fB\-f\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIFILE\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-d\fR [\fB\-f\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIFILE\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-t\fR [\fB\-f\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIMEMBER\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-r\fR [\fB\-f\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIFILE\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-u\fR [\fB\-f\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIFILE\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-x\fR [\fB\-f\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIMEMBER\fR...]
+.SS GNU-style usage
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR {\fB\-\-catenate\fR|\fB\-\-concatenate} [\fIOPTIONS\fR] \fIARCHIVE\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-\-create\fR [\fB\-\-file\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIFILE\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR {\fB\-\-diff\fR|\fB\-\-compare\fR} [\fB\-\-file\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIFILE\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-\-delete\fR [\fB\-\-file\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIMEMBER\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-\-append\fR [\fB\-f\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIFILE\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-\-list\fR [\fB\-f\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIMEMBER\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-\-test\-label\fR [\fB\-\-file\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fILABEL\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-\-update\fR [\fB\-\-file\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIFILE\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR \fB\-\-update\fR [\fB\-f\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIFILE\fR...]
+.sp
+\fBtar\fR {\fB\-\-extract\fR|\fB\-\-get\fR} [\fB\-f\fR \fIARCHIVE\fR] [\fIOPTIONS\fR] [\fIMEMBER\fR...]
+.SH NOTE
+This manpage is a short description of GNU \fBtar\fR. For a detailed
+discussion, including examples and usage recommendations, refer to the
+\fBGNU Tar Manual\fR available in texinfo format. If the \fBinfo\fR
+reader and the tar documentation are properly installed on your
+system, the command
+.PP
+.RS +4
+.B info tar
+.RE
+.PP
+should give you access to the complete manual.
+.PP
+You can also view the manual using the info mode in
+.BR emacs (1),
+or find it in various formats online at
+.PP
+.RS +4
+.B http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual
+.RE
+.PP
+If any discrepancies occur between this manpage and the
+\fBGNU Tar Manual\fR, the later shall be considered the authoritative
+source.
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+GNU
+.B tar
+is an archiving program designed to store multiple files in a single
+file (an \fBarchive\fR), and to manipulate such archives. The archive
+can be either a regular file or a device (e.g. a tape drive, hence the name
+of the program, which stands for \fBt\fRape \fBar\fRchiver), which can
+be located either on the local or on a remote machine.
+.PP
+
+.SS Option styles
+Options to GNU \fBtar\fR can be given in three different styles.
+In
+.BR "traditional style" ,
+the first argument is a cluster of option letters and all subsequent
+arguments supply arguments to those options that require them. The
+arguments are read in the same order as the option letters. Any
+command line words that remain after all options has been processed
+are treated as non-optional arguments: file or archive member names.
+.PP
+For example, the \fBc\fR option requires creating the archive, the
+\fBv\fR option requests the verbose operation, and the \fBf\fR option
+takes an argument that sets the name of the archive to operate upon.
+The following command, written in the traditional style, instructs tar
+to store all files from the directory
+.B /etc
+into the archive file
+.B etc.tar
+verbosely listing the files being archived:
+.PP
+.EX
+.B tar cfv a.tar /etc
+.EE
+.PP
+In
+.BR "UNIX " or " short-option style" ,
+each option letter is prefixed with a single dash, as in other command
+line utilities. If an option takes argument, the argument follows it,
+either as a separate command line word, or immediately following the
+option. However, if the option takes an \fBoptional\fR argument, the
+argument must follow the option letter without any intervening
+whitespace, as in \fB\-g/tmp/snar.db\fR.
+.PP
+Any number of options not taking arguments can be
+clustered together after a single dash, e.g. \fB\-vkp\fR. Options
+that take arguments (whether mandatory or optional), can appear at
+the end of such a cluster, e.g. \fB\-vkpf a.tar\fR.
+.PP
+The example command above written in the
+.B short-option style
+could look like:
+.PP
+.EX
+.B tar -cvf a.tar /etc
+or
+.B tar -c -v -f a.tar /etc
+.EE
+.PP
+In
+.BR "GNU " or " long-option style" ,
+each option begins with two dashes and has a meaningful name,
+consisting of lower-case letters and dashes. When used, the long
+option can be abbreviated to its initial letters, provided that
+this does not create ambiguity. Arguments to long options are
+supplied either as a separate command line word, immediately following
+the option, or separated from the option by an equals sign with no
+intervening whitespace. Optional arguments must always use the latter
+method.
+.PP
+Here are several ways of writing the example command in this style:
+.PP
+.EX
+.B tar --create --file a.tar --verbose /etc
+.EE
+or (abbreviating some options):
+.EX
+.B tar --cre --file=a.tar --verb /etc
+.EE
+.PP
+The options in all three styles can be intermixed, although doing so
+with old options is not encouraged.
+.SS Operation mode
+The options listed in the table below tell GNU \fBtar\fR what
+operation it is to perform. Exactly one of them must be given.
+Meaning of non-optional arguments depends on the operation mode
+requested.
+.TP
+\fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-catenate\fR, \fB\-\-concatenate\fR
+Append archive to the end of another archive. The arguments are
+treated as the names of archives to append. All archives must be of
+the same format as the archive they are appended to, otherwise the
+resulting archive might be unusable with non-GNU implementations of
+\fBtar\fR. Notice also that when more than one archive is given, the
+members from archives other than the first one will be accessible in
+the resulting archive only if using the \fB\-i\fR
+(\fB\-\-ignore\-zeros) option.
+
+Compressed archives cannot be concatenated.
+.TP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-create\fR
+Create a new archive. Arguments supply the names of the files to be
+archived. Directories are archived recursively, unless the
+\fB\-\-no\-recursion\fR option is given.
+.TP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-diff\fR, \fB\-\-compare\fR
+Find differences between archive and file system. The arguments are
+optional and specify archive members to compare. If not given, the
+current working directory is assumed.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-delete\fR
+Delete from the archive. The arguments supply names of the archive
+members to be removed. At least one argument must be given.
+
+This option does not operate on compressed archives. There is no
+short option equivalent.
+.TP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-append\fR
+Append files to the end of an archive. Arguments have the same
+meaning as for \fB\-c\fR (\fB\-\-create).
+.TP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+List the contents of an archive. Arguments are optional. When given,
+they specify the names of the members to list.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-test\-label
+Test the archive volume label and exit. When used without arguments,
+it prints the volume label (if any) and exits with status \fB0\fR.
+When one or more command line arguments are given.
+.B tar
+compares the volume label with each argument. It exits with code
+\fB0\fR if a match is found, and with code \fB1\fR otherwise. No
+output is displayed, unless used together with the \fB\-v\fR
+(\fB\-\-verbose\fR) option.
+
+There is no short option equivalent for this option.
+.TP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-update\fR
+Append files which are newer than the corresponding copy in the
+archive. Arguments have the same meaning as with \fB\-c\fR and
+\fB\-r\fR options.
+.TP
+\fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-extract\fR, \fB\-\-get\fR
+Extract files from an archive. Arguments are optional. When given,
+they specify names of the archive members to be extracted.
+.TP
+.TP
+\fB\-\-show\-defaults\fR
+Show built-in defaults for various \fBtar\fR options and exit. No
+arguments are allowed.
+.TP
+\fB\-?\fR, \fB\-\-help
+Display a short option summary and exit. No arguments allowed.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-usage\fR
+Display a list of available options and exit. No arguments allowed.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-version\fR
+Print program version and copyright information and exit.
+.SH OPTIONS
+.SS Operation modifiers
+.TP
+\fB\-\-check\-device\fR
+Check device numbers when creating incremental archives (default).
+.TP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-listed\-incremental\fR=\fIFILE\fR
+Handle new GNU-format incremental backups. \fIFILE\fR is the name of
+a \fBsnapshot file\fR, where tar stores additional information which
+is used to decide which files changed since the previous incremental
+dump and, consequently, must be dumped again. If \fIFILE\fR does not
+exist when creating an archive, it will be created and all files will
+be added to the resulting archive (the \fBlevel 0\fR dump). To create
+incremental archives of non-zero level \fBN\fR, create a copy of the
+snapshot file created during the level \fBN-1\fR, and use it as
+\fIFILE\fR.
+
+When listing or extracting, the actual contents of \fIFILE\fR is not
+inspected, it is needed only due to syntactical requirements. It is
+therefore common practice to use \fB/dev/null\fR in its place.
+.TP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-incremental\fR
+Handle old GNU-format incremental backups.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-ignore\-failed\-read\fR
+Do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-level\fR=\fINUMBER\fR
+Set dump level for created listed-incremental archive. Currently only
+\fB\-\-level=0\fR is meaningful: it instructs \fBtar\fR to truncate
+the snapshot file before dumping, thereby forcing a level 0 dump.
+.TP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-seek\fR
+Assume the archive is seekable. Normally \fBtar\fR determines
+automatically whether the archive can be seeked or not. This option
+is intended for use in cases when such recognition fails. It takes
+effect only if the archive is open for reading (e.g. with
+.B \-\-list
+or
+.B \-\-extract
+options).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-check\-device\fR
+Do not check device numbers when creating incremental archives.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-seek\fR
+Assume the archive is not seekable.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-occurrence\fR[=\fIN\fR]
+Process only the \fIN\fRth occurrence of each file in the
+archive. This option is valid only when used with one of the
+following subcommands: \fB\-\-delete\fR, \fB\-\-diff\fR,
+\fB\-\-extract\fR or \fB\-\-list\fR and when a list of files is given
+either on the command line or via the \fB\-\fRT option. The default
+\fIN\fR is \fB1\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-restrict\fR
+Disable the use of some potentially harmful options.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-sparse\-version\fR=\fIMAJOR\fR[.\fIMINOR\fR]
+Set version of the sparse format to use (implies \fB\-\-sparse\fR).
+This option implies
+.BR \-\-sparse .
+Valid argument values are
+.BR 0.0 ,
+.BR 0.1 ", and"
+.BR 1.0 .
+For a detailed discussion of sparse formats, refer to the \fBGNU Tar
+Manual\fR, appendix \fBD\fR, "\fBSparse Formats\fR". Using \fBinfo\fR
+reader, it can be accessed running the following command:
+.BR "info tar 'Sparse Formats'" .
+.TP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-sparse\fR
+Handle sparse files efficiently. Some files in the file system may
+have segments which were actually never written (quite often these are
+database files created by such systems as \fBDBM\fR). When given this
+option, \fBtar\fR attempts to determine if the file is sparse prior to
+archiving it, and if so, to reduce the resulting archive size by not
+dumping empty parts of the file.
+.SS Overwrite control
+These options control \fBtar\fR actions when extracting a file over
+an existing copy on disk.
+.TP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-old\-files\fR
+Don't replace existing files when extracting.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-keep\-newer\-files\fR
+Don't replace existing files that are newer than their archive copies.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-overwrite\-dir\fR
+Preserve metadata of existing directories.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-one\-top\-level\fR[\fB=\fIDIR\fR]
+Extract all files into \fIDIR\fR, or, if used without argument, into a
+subdirectory named by the base name of the archive (minus standard
+compression suffixes recognizable by \fB\-\-auto\-compress).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-overwrite\fR
+Overwrite existing files when extracting.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-overwrite\-dir\fR
+Overwrite metadata of existing directories when extracting (default).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-recursive\-unlink\fR
+Recursively remove all files in the directory prior to extracting it.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-remove\-files\fR
+Remove files from disk after adding them to the archive.
+.TP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-unlink\-first\fR
+Remove each file prior to extracting over it.
+.TP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-verify\fR
+Verify the archive after writing it.
+.SS Output stream selection
+.TP
+\fB\-\-ignore\-command\-error\fR
+.TP
+Ignore subprocess exit codes.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-ignore\-command\-error\fR
+Treat non-zero exit codes of children as error (default).
+.TP
+\fB\-O\fR, \fB\-\-to\-stdout\fR
+Extract files to standard output.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-to\-command\fR=\fICOMMAND\fR
+Pipe extracted files to \fICOMMAND\fR. The argument is the pathname
+of an external program, optionally with command line arguments. The
+program will be invoked and the contents of the file being extracted
+supplied to it on its standard output. Additional data will be
+supplied via the following environment variables:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B TAR_FILETYPE
+Type of the file. It is a single letter with the following meaning:
+.sp
+.nf
+.ta 8n 20n
+ f Regular file
+ d Directory
+ l Symbolic link
+ h Hard link
+ b Block device
+ c Character device
+.fi
+
+Currently only regular files are supported.
+.TP
+.B TAR_MODE
+File mode, an octal number.
+.TP
+.B TAR_FILENAME
+The name of the file.
+.TP
+.B TAR_REALNAME
+Name of the file as stored in the archive.
+.TP
+.B TAR_UNAME
+Name of the file owner.
+.TP
+.B TAR_GNAME
+Name of the file owner group.
+.TP
+.B TAR_ATIME
+Time of last access. It is a decimal number, representing seconds
+since the Epoch. If the archive provides times with nanosecond
+precision, the nanoseconds are appended to the timestamp after a
+decimal point.
+.TP
+.B TAR_MTIME
+Time of last modification.
+.TP
+.B TAR_CTIME
+Time of last status change.
+.TP
+.B TAR_SIZE
+Size of the file.
+.TP
+.B TAR_UID
+UID of the file owner.
+.TP
+.B TAR_GID
+GID of the file owner.
+.RE
+.RS
+
+Additionally, the following variables contain information about
+\fBtar\fR operation mode and the archive being processed:
+.TP
+.B TAR_VERSION
+GNU \fBtar\fR version number.
+.TP
+.B TAR_ARCHIVE
+The name of the archive \fBtar\fR is processing.
+.TP
+.B TAR_BLOCKING_FACTOR
+Current blocking factor, i.e. number of 512-byte blocks in a record.
+.TP
+.B TAR_VOLUME
+Ordinal number of the volume \fBtar\fR is processing (set if
+reading a multi-volume archive).
+.TP
+.B TAR_FORMAT
+Format of the archive being processed. One of:
+.BR gnu ,
+.BR oldgnu ,
+.BR posix ,
+.BR ustar ,
+.BR v7 .
+.B TAR_SUBCOMMAND
+A short option (with a leading dash) describing the operation \fBtar\fR is
+executing.
+.RE
+.SS Handling of file attributes
+.TP
+\fB\-\-atime\-preserve\fR[=\fIMETHOD\fR]
+Preserve access times on dumped files, either by restoring the times
+after reading (\fIMETHOD\fR=\fBreplace\fR, this is the default) or by
+not setting the times in the first place (\fIMETHOD\fR=\fBsystem\fR)
+.TP
+\fB\-\-delay\-directory\-restore\fR
+Delay setting modification times and permissions of extracted
+directories until the end of extraction. Use this option when
+extracting from an archive which has unusual member ordering.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-group\fR=\fINAME\fR
+Force \fINAME\fR as group for added files.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-mode\fR=\fICHANGES\fR
+Force symbolic mode \fICHANGES\fR for added files.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-mtime\fR=\fIDATE-OR-FILE\fR
+Set mtime for added files. \fIDATE-OR-FILE\fR is either a date/time
+in almost arbitrary formate, or the name of an existing file. In the
+latter case the mtime of that file will be used.
+.TP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-touch\fR
+Don't extract file modified time.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-delay\-directory\-restore\fR
+Cancel the effect of the prior \fB\-\-delay\-directory\-restore\fR option.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-same\-owner\fR
+Extract files as yourself (default for ordinary users).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-same\-permissions\fR
+Apply the user's umask when extracting permissions from the archive
+(default for ordinary users).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-numeric\-owner\fR
+Always use numbers for user/group names.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-owner\fR=\fINAME\fR
+Force \fINAME\fR as owner for added files.
+.TP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-permissions\fR, \fB\-\-same\-permissions\fR
+extract information about file permissions (default for superuser)
+.TP
+\fB\-\-preserve\fR
+Same as both \fB\-p\fR and \fB\-s\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-same\-owner\fR
+Try extracting files with the same ownership as exists in the archive
+(default for superuser).
+.TP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-order\fR, \fB\-\-same\-order\fR
+Sort names to extract to match archive
+.TP
+\fB\-\-sort=\fIORDER\fR
+When creating an archive, sort directory entries according to
+\fIORDER\fR, which is one of
+.BR none ,
+.BR name ", or"
+.BR inode .
+
+The default is \fB\-\-sort=none\fR, which stores archive members in
+the same order as returned by the operating system.
+
+Using \fB\-\-sort=name\fR ensures the member ordering in the created archive
+is uniform and reproducible.
+
+Using \fB\-\-sort=inode\fR reduces the number of disk seeks made when
+creating the archive and thus can considerably speed up archivation.
+This sorting order is supported only if the underlying system provides
+the necessary information.
+.SS Device selection and switching
+.TP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-file\fR=\fIARCHIVE\fR
+Use archive file or device \fIARCHIVE\fR. If this option is not
+given, \fBtar\fR will first examine the environment variable `TAPE'.
+If it is set, its value will be used as the archive name. Otherwise,
+\fBtar\fR will assume the compiled-in default. The default
+value can be inspected either using the
+.B \-\-show\-defaults
+option, or at the end of the \fBtar \-\-help\fR output.
+
+An archive name that has a colon in it specifies a file or device on a
+remote machine. The part before the colon is taken as the machine
+name or IP address, and the part after it as the file or device
+pathname, e.g.:
+
+.EX
+--file=remotehost:/dev/sr0
+.EE
+
+An optional username can be prefixed to the hostname, placing a \fB@\fR
+sign between them.
+
+By default, the remote host is accessed via the
+.BR rsh (1)
+command. Nowadays it is common to use
+.BR ssh (1)
+instead. You can do so by giving the following command line option:
+
+.EX
+--rsh-command=/usr/bin/ssh
+.EE
+
+The remote mashine should have the
+.BR rmt (8)
+command installed. If its pathname does not match \fBtar\fR's
+default, you can inform \fBtar\fR about the correct pathname using the
+.B \-\-rmt\-command
+option.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-force\-local\fR
+Archive file is local even if it has a colon.
+.TP
+\fB\-\fRF, \fB\-\-info\-script\fR=\fICOMMAND\fR, \fB\-\-new\-volume\-script\fR=\fICOMMAND\fR
+Run \fICOMMAND\fR at the end of each tape (implies \fB\-M\fR). The
+command can include arguments. When started, it will inherit \fBtar\fR's
+environment plus the following variables:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B TAR_VERSION
+GNU \fBtar\fR version number.
+.TP
+.B TAR_ARCHIVE
+The name of the archive \fBtar\fR is processing.
+.TP
+.B TAR_BLOCKING_FACTOR
+Current blocking factor, i.e. number of 512-byte blocks in a record.
+.TP
+.B TAR_VOLUME
+Ordinal number of the volume \fBtar\fR is processing (set if
+reading a multi-volume archive).
+.TP
+.B TAR_FORMAT
+Format of the archive being processed. One of:
+.BR gnu ,
+.BR oldgnu ,
+.BR posix ,
+.BR ustar ,
+.BR v7 .
+.TP
+.B TAR_SUBCOMMAND
+A short option (with a leading dash) describing the operation \fBtar\fR is
+executing.
+.TP
+.B TAR_FD
+File descriptor which can be used to communicate the new volume name
+to
+.BR tar .
+.RE
+.RS
+
+If the info script fails, \fBtar\fR exits; otherwise, it begins writing
+the next volume.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-tape\-length\fR=\fN\fR
+Change tape after writing \fIN\fRx1024 bytes. If \fIN\fR is followed
+by a size suffix (see the subsection
+.B Size suffixes
+below), the suffix specifies the multiplicative factor to be used
+instead of 1024.
+
+This option implies
+.BR \-M .
+.TP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-multi\-volume\fR
+Create/list/extract multi-volume archive.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-rmt\-command\fR=\fICOMMAND\fR
+Use \fICOMMAND\fR instead of \fBrmt\fR when accessing remote
+archives. See the description of the
+.B \-f
+option, above.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-rsh\-command\fR=\fICOMMAND\fR
+Use \fICOMMAND\fR instead of \fBrsh\fR when accessing remote
+archives. See the description of the
+.B \-f
+option, above.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-volno\-file\fR=\fIFILE\fR
+When this option is used in conjunction with
+.BR \-\-multi\-volume ,
+.B tar
+will keep track of which volume of a multi-volume archive it is
+working in \fIFILE\fR.
+.SS Device blocking
+.TP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-blocking\-factor\fR=\fIBLOCKS\fR
+Set record size to \fIBLOCKS\fRx\fB512\fR bytes.
+.TP
+\fB\-B\fR, \fB\-\-read\-full\-records\fR
+When listing or extracting, accept incomplete input records after
+end-of-file marker.
+.TP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-zeros\fR
+Ignore zeroed blocks in archive. Normally two consecutive 512-blocks
+filled with zeroes mean EOF and tar stops reading after encountering
+them. This option instructs it to read further and is useful when
+reading archives created with the \fB\-A\fR option.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-record\-size\fR=\fINUMBER\fR
+Set record size. \fINUMBER\fR is the number of bytes per record. It
+must be multiple of \fB512\fR. It can can be suffixed with a \fBsize
+suffix\fR, e.g. \fB\-\-record-size=10K\fR, for 10 Kilobytes. See the
+subsection
+.BR "Size suffixes" ,
+for a list of valid suffixes.
+.SS Archive format selection
+.TP
+\fB\-H\fR, \fB\-\-format\fR=\fIFORMAT\fR
+Create archive of the given format. Valid formats are:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B gnu
+GNU tar 1.13.x format
+.TP
+.B oldgnu
+GNU format as per tar <= 1.12.
+.TP
+\fBpax\fR, \fBposix\fR
+POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format.
+.TP
+.B ustar
+POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format.
+.TP
+.B v7
+Old V7 tar format.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fB\-\-old\-archive\fR, \fB\-\-portability\fR
+Same as \fB\-\-format=v7\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-pax\-option\fR=\fIkeyword\fR[[:]=\fIvalue\fR][,\fIkeyword\fR[[:]=\fIvalue\fR]]...
+Control pax keywords when creating \fBPAX\fR archives (\fB\-H
+pax\fR). This option is equivalent to the \fB\-o\fR option of the
+.BR pax (1) utility.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-posix\fR
+Same as \fB\-\-format=posix\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-label\fR=\fITEXT\fR
+Create archive with volume name \fITEXT\fR. If listing or extracting,
+use \fITEXT\fR as a globbing pattern for volume name.
+.SS Compression options
+.TP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-auto\-compress\fR
+Use archive suffix to determine the compression program.
+.TP
+\fB\-\fRI, \fB\-\-use\-compress\-program\fI=\fICOMMAND\fR
+Filter data through \fICOMMAND\fR. It must accept the \fB\-d\fR
+option, for decompression. The argument can contain command line
+options.
+.TP
+\fB\-j\fR, \fB\-\-bzip2\fR
+Filter the archive through
+.BR bzip2 (1).
+.TP
+\fB\-J\fR, \fB\-\-xz\fR
+Filter the archive through
+.BR xz (1).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-lzip\fR
+Filter the archive through
+.BR lzip (1).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-lzma\fR
+Filter the archive through
+.BR lzma (1).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-lzop\fR
+Filter the archive through
+.BR lzop (1).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-auto\-compress\fR
+Do not use archive suffix to determine the compression program.
+.TP
+\fB\-z\fR, \fB\-\-gzip\fR, \fB\-\-gunzip\fR, \fB\-\-ungzip\fR
+Filter the archive through
+.BR gzip (1).
+.TP
+\fB\-\fRZ, \fB\-\-compress\fR, \fB\-\-uncompress\fR
+Filter the archive through
+.BR compress (1).
+.SS Local file selection
+.TP
+\fB\-\-add\-file\fR=\fIFILE\fR
+Add \fIFILE\fR to the archive (useful if its name starts with a dash).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-backup\fR[=\fICONTROL\fR]
+Backup before removal. The \fICONTROL\fR argument, if supplied,
+controls the backup policy. Its valid values are:
+.RS
+.TP
+.BR none ", " off
+Never make backups.
+.TP
+.BR t ", " numbered
+Make numbered backups.
+.TP
+.BR nil ", " existing
+Make numbered backups if numbered backups exist, simple backups otherwise.
+.TP
+.BR never ", " simple
+Always make simple backups
+.RS
+.RE
+
+If \fICONTROL\fR is not given, the value is taken from the
+.B VERSION_CONTROL
+environment variable. If it is not set, \fBexisting\fR is assumed.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR=\fIDIR\fR
+Change to directory DIR.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\fR=\fIPATTERN\fR
+Exclude files matching \fIPATTERN\fR, a
+.BR glob (3)-style
+wildcard pattern.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\-backups\fR
+Exclude backup and lock files.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\-caches\fR
+Exclude contents of directories containing file \fBCACHEDIR.TAG\fR,
+except for the tag file itself.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\-caches\-all\fR
+Exclude directories containing file \fBCACHEDIR.TAG\fR and the file itself.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\-caches\-under\fR
+Exclude everything under directories containing \fBCACHEDIR.TAG\fR
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\-ignore=\fIFILE\fR
+Before dumping a directory, see if it contains \fIFILE\fR.
+If so, read exclusion patterns from this file. The patterns affect
+only the directory itself.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\-ignore\-recursive=\fIFILE\fR
+Same as \fB\-\-exclude\-ignore\fR, except that patterns from
+\fIFILE\fR affect both the directory and all its subdirectories.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\-tag\fR=\fIFILE\fR
+Exclude contents of directories containing \fIFILE\fR, except for
+\fIFILE\fR itself.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\-tag\-all\fR=\fIFILE\fR
+Exclude directories containing \fIFILE\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\-tag\-under\fR=\fIFILE\fR
+Exclude everything under directories containing \fIFILE\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\-vcs\fR
+Exclude version control system directories.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-exclude\-vcs\-ignores\fR
+Exclude files that match patterns read from VCS-specific ignore
+files. Supported files are:
+.BR .cvsignore ,
+.BR .gitignore ,
+.BR .bzrignore ", and"
+.BR .hgignore .
+.TP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR
+Follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they point to.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-hard\-dereference\fR
+Follow hard links; archive and dump the files they refer to.
+.TP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-starting\-file\fR=\fIMEMBER\fR
+Begin at the given member in the archive.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-newer\-mtime\fR=\fIDATE\fR
+Work on files whose data changed after the \fIDATE\fR. If \fIDATE\fR
+starts with \fB/\fR or \fB.\fR it is taken to be a file name; the
+mtime of that file is used as the date.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-null\fR
+Disable the effect of the previous \fB\-\-null\fR option.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-recursion\fR
+Avoid descending automatically in directories.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-unquote\fR
+Do not unquote input file or member names.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-null\fR
+Instruct subsequent \fB\-T\fR options to read null-terminated names,
+disable handling of the \fB\-C\fR option read from the file.
+.TP
+\fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-newer\fR=\fIDATE\fR, \fB\-\-after\-date\fR=\fIDATE\fR
+Only store files newer than DATE. If \fIDATE\fR starts with \fB/\fR
+or \fB.\fR it is taken to be a file name; the ctime of that file is
+used as the date.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-one\-file\-system\fR
+Stay in local file system when creating archive.
+.TP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-absolute\-names\fR
+Don't strip leading slashes from file names when creating archives.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-recursion\fR
+Recurse into directories (default).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-suffix\fR=\fISTRING\fR
+Backup before removal, override usual suffix. Default suffix is \fB~\fR,
+unless overridden by environment variable \fBSIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-files\-from\fR=\fIFILE\fR
+Get names to extract or create from \fIFILE\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-unquote\fR
+Unquote file or member names (default).
+.TP
+\fB\-X\fR, \fB\-\-exclude\-from\fR=\fIFILE\fR
+Exclude files matching patterns listed in FILE.
+.SS File name transformations
+.TP
+\fB\-\-strip\-components\fR=\fINUMBER\fR
+Strip \fINUMBER\fR leading components from file names on extraction.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-transform\fR=\fIEXPRESSION\dR, \fB\-\-xform\fR=\fIEXPRESSION\fR
+Use sed replace \fIEXPRESSION\fR to transform file names.
+.SS File name matching options
+These options affect both exclude and include patterns.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-anchored\fR
+Patterns match file name start.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-ignore\-case\fR
+Ignore case.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-anchored\fR
+Patterns match after any \fB/\fR (default for exclusion).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-ignore\-case\fR
+Case sensitive matching (default).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-wildcards\fR
+Verbatim string matching.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-wildcards\-match\-slash\fR
+Wildcards do not match \fB/\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-wildcards\fR
+Use wildcards (default for exclusion).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-wildcards\-match\-slash\fR
+Wildcards match \fB/\fR (default for exclusion).
+.SS Informative output
+.TP
+\fB\-\-checkpoint\fR[=\fIN\fR]
+Display progress messages every \fIN\fRth record (default 10).
+.TP
+\fB\-\-checkpoint\-action\fR=\fIACTION\fR
+Run \fIACTION\fR on each checkpoint.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-full\-time\fR
+Print file time to its full resolution.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-index\-file\fR=\fIFILE\fR
+Send verbose output to \fIFILE\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-check\-links\fR
+Print a message if not all links are dumped.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-no\-quote\-chars\fR=\fISTRING\fR
+Disable quoting for characters from \fISTRING\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-quote\-chars\fR=\fISTRING\fR
+Additionally quote characters from \fISTRING\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-quoting\-style\fR=\fISTYLE\fR
+Set quoting style for file and member names. Valid values for
+\fISTYLE\fR are
+.BR literal ,
+.BR shell ,
+.BR shell-always ,
+.BR c ,
+.BR c-maybe ,
+.BR escape ,
+.BR locale ,
+.BR clocale .
+.TP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-block\-number\fR
+Show block number within archive with each message.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-show\-omitted\-dirs\fR
+When listing or extracting, list each directory that does not match
+search criteria.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-show\-transformed\-names\fR, \fB\-\-show\-stored\-names\fR
+Show file or archive names after transformation by \fB\-\-strip\fR and
+\fB\-\-transform\fR options.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-totals\fR[=\fISIGNAL\fR]
+Print total bytes after processing the archive. If \fISIGNAL\fR is
+given, print total bytes when this signal is delivered. Allowed
+signals are:
+.BR SIGHUP ,
+.BR SIGQUIT ,
+.BR SIGINT ,
+.BR SIGUSR1 ", and"
+.BR SIGUSR2 .
+The \fBSIG\fR prefix can be omitted.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-utc\fR
+Print file modification times in UTC.
+.TP
+\fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR
+Verbosely list files processed.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-warning\fR=\fIKEYWORD\fR
+Enable or disable warning messages identified by \fIKEYWORD\fR. The
+messages are suppressed if \fIKEYWORD\fR is prefixed with \fBno\-\fR
+and enabled otherwise.
+
+Multiple \fB\-\-warning\fR messages accumulate.
+
+Keywords controlling general \fBtar\fR operation:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B all
+Enable all warning messages. This is the default.
+.TP
+.B none
+Disable all warning messages.
+.TP
+.B filename-with-nuls
+"%s: file name read contains nul character"
+.TP
+.B alone-zero-block
+"A lone zero block at %s"
+.HP
+Keywords applicable for \fBtar --create\fR:
+.TP
+.B cachedir
+"%s: contains a cache directory tag %s; %s"
+.TP
+.B file-shrank
+"%s: File shrank by %s bytes; padding with zeros"
+.TP
+.B xdev
+"%s: file is on a different filesystem; not dumped"
+.TP
+.B file-ignored
+"%s: Unknown file type; file ignored"
+.br
+"%s: socket ignored"
+.br
+"%s: door ignored"
+.TP
+.B file-unchanged
+"%s: file is unchanged; not dumped"
+.TP
+.B ignore-archive
+"%s: file is the archive; not dumped"
+.TP
+.B file-removed
+"%s: File removed before we read it"
+.TP
+.B file-changed
+"%s: file changed as we read it"
+.HP
+Keywords applicable for \fBtar --extract\fR:
+.TP
+.B timestamp
+"%s: implausibly old time stamp %s"
+.br
+"%s: time stamp %s is %s s in the future"
+.TP
+.B contiguous-cast
+"Extracting contiguous files as regular files"
+.TP
+.B symlink-cast
+"Attempting extraction of symbolic links as hard links"
+.TP
+.B unknown-cast
+"%s: Unknown file type '%c', extracted as normal file"
+.TP
+.B ignore-newer
+"Current %s is newer or same age"
+.TP
+.B unknown-keyword
+"Ignoring unknown extended header keyword '%s'"
+.TP
+.B decompress-program
+Controls verbose description of failures occurring when trying to run
+alternative decompressor programs. This warning is disabled by
+default (unless \fB\-\-verbose\fR is used). A common example of what
+you can get when using this warning is:
+
+.EX
+$ \fBtar --warning=decompress-program -x -f archive.Z
+tar (child): cannot run compress: No such file or directory
+tar (child): trying gzip
+.EE
+
+This means that \fBtar\fR first tried to decompress
+\fBarchive.Z\fR using \fBcompress\fR, and, when that
+failed, switched to \fBgzip\fR.
+.TP
+.B record-size
+"Record size = %lu blocks"
+.HP
+Keywords controlling incremental extraction:
+.TP
+.B rename-directory
+"%s: Directory has been renamed from %s"
+.br
+"%s: Directory has been renamed"
+.TP
+.B new-directory
+"%s: Directory is new"
+.TP
+.B xdev
+"%s: directory is on a different device: not purging"
+.TP
+.B bad-dumpdir
+"Malformed dumpdir: 'X' never used"
+.RE
+.TP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-interactive\fR, \fB\-\-confirmation\fR
+Ask for confirmation for every action.
+.SS Compatibility options
+.TP
+\fB\-o\fR
+When creating, same as \fB\-\-old\-archive\fR. When extracting, same
+as \fB\-\-no\-same\-owner\fR.
+.SS Size suffixes
+.sp
+.nf
+.ta 8n 18n 42n
+.ul
+ Suffix Units Byte Equivalent
+ b Blocks \fISIZE\fR x 512
+ B Kilobytes \fISIZE\fR x 1024
+ c Bytes \fISIZE\fR
+ G Gigabytes \fISIZE\fR x 1024^3
+ K Kilobytes \fISIZE\fR x 1024
+ k Kilobytes \fISIZE\fR x 1024
+ M Megabytes \fISIZE\fR x 1024^2
+ P Petabytes \fISIZE\fR x 1024^5
+ T Terabytes \fISIZE\fR x 1024^4
+ w Words \fISIZE\fR x 2
+.fi
+.PP
+.SH "RETURN VALUE"
+Tar exit code indicates whether it was able to successfully perform
+the requested operation, and if not, what kind of error occurred.
+.TP
+.B 0
+Successful termination.
+.TP
+.B 1
+.I Some files differ.
+If tar was invoked with the \fB\-\-compare\fR (\fB\-\-diff\fR, \fB\-d\fR)
+command line option, this means that some files in the archive differ
+from their disk counterparts. If tar was given one of the \fB\-\-create\fR,
+\fB\-\-append\fR or \fB\-\-update\fR options, this exit code means
+that some files were changed while being archived and so the resulting
+archive does not contain the exact copy of the file set.
+.TP
+.B 2
+.I Fatal error.
+This means that some fatal, unrecoverable error occurred.
+.PP
+If a subprocess that had been invoked by
+.B tar
+exited with a nonzero exit code,
+.B tar
+itself exits with that code as well. This can happen, for example, if
+a compression option (e.g. \fB\-z\fR) was used and the external
+compressor program failed. Another example is
+.B rmt
+failure during backup to a remote device.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.BR bzip2 (1),
+.BR compress (1),
+.BR gzip (1),
+.BR lzma (1),
+.BR lzop (1),
+.BR rmt (8),
+.BR symlink (7),
+.BR tar (5),
+.BR xz (1).
+.PP
+Complete \fBtar\fR manual: run
+.B info tar
+or use
+.BR emacs (1)
+info mode to read it.
+.PP
+Online copies of \fBGNU tar\fR documentation in various formats can be
+found at:
+.PP
+.in +4
+.B http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual
+.SH "BUG REPORTS"
+Report bugs to <bug\-tar@gnu.org>.
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+Copyright \(co 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.br
+.na
+License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
+.br
+.ad
+This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
+There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
+.\" Local variables:
+.\" eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
+.\" time-stamp-start: ".TH [A-Z_][A-Z0-9_.\\-]* [0-9] \""
+.\" time-stamp-format: "%:B %:d, %:y"
+.\" time-stamp-end: "\""
+.\" time-stamp-line-limit: 20
+.\" end:
+
This is tar.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from tar.texi.
-This manual is for GNU `tar' (version 1.27.1, 24 September 2013), which
+This manual is for GNU `tar' (version 1.28, 22 July 2014), which
creates and extracts files from archives.
Copyright (C) 1992, 1994-1997, 1999-2001, 2003-2013 Free Software
\1f
Indirect:
-tar.info-1: 1148
-tar.info-2: 298438
-tar.info-3: 562252
+tar.info-1: 1141
+tar.info-2: 299746
+tar.info-3: 569473
\1f
Tag Table:
(Indirect)
-Node: Top\7f1148
-Node: Introduction\7f10457
-Node: Book Contents\7f11244
-Node: Definitions\7f13416
-Node: What tar Does\7f15219
-Node: Naming tar Archives\7f17985
-Node: Authors\7f18705
-Node: Reports\7f20520
-Node: Tutorial\7f20877
-Node: assumptions\7f21690
-Node: stylistic conventions\7f24165
-Node: basic tar options\7f24608
-Node: frequent operations\7f28246
-Node: Two Frequent Options\7f28898
-Node: file tutorial\7f29529
-Node: verbose tutorial\7f30886
-Ref: verbose member listing\7f33100
-Node: help tutorial\7f35860
-Node: create\7f36214
-Node: prepare for examples\7f37715
-Node: Creating the archive\7f39484
-Node: create verbose\7f42316
-Node: short create\7f43136
-Node: create dir\7f45889
-Node: list\7f48597
-Ref: listing member and file names\7f49876
-Node: list dir\7f52190
-Node: extract\7f53202
-Node: extracting archives\7f54316
-Node: extracting files\7f54821
-Ref: extracting files-Footnote-1\7f57468
-Node: extract dir\7f57848
-Node: extracting untrusted archives\7f60241
-Node: failing commands\7f61120
-Node: going further\7f62214
-Node: tar invocation\7f62427
-Node: Synopsis\7f64207
-Ref: exit status\7f67528
-Node: using tar options\7f69162
-Ref: TAR_OPTIONS\7f70739
-Node: Styles\7f71756
-Ref: Styles-Footnote-1\7f73255
-Node: Long Options\7f73511
-Node: Short Options\7f75683
-Ref: Short Options-Footnote-1\7f77491
-Node: Old Options\7f77708
-Node: Mixing\7f80471
-Ref: Mixing-Footnote-1\7f82837
-Node: All Options\7f82957
-Node: Operation Summary\7f83562
-Ref: --append\7f83682
-Ref: --catenate\7f83762
-Ref: --compare\7f83833
-Ref: --concatenate\7f84036
-Ref: --create\7f84146
-Ref: --delete\7f84214
-Ref: --diff\7f84328
-Ref: --extract\7f84384
-Ref: --get\7f84486
-Ref: --list\7f84544
-Ref: --update\7f84612
-Node: Option Summary\7f84822
-Ref: --absolute-names\7f84977
-Ref: --after-date\7f85267
-Ref: --anchored\7f85319
-Ref: --atime-preserve\7f85452
-Ref: --auto-compress\7f87972
-Ref: --backup\7f88199
-Ref: --block-number\7f88390
-Ref: --blocking-factor\7f88564
-Ref: --bzip2\7f88716
-Ref: --check-device\7f88823
-Ref: --checkpoint\7f89018
-Ref: --checkpoint-action\7f89460
-Ref: --check-links\7f90611
-Ref: --compress\7f90888
-Ref: --uncompress\7f90888
-Ref: --confirmation\7f91092
-Ref: --delay-directory-restore\7f91160
-Ref: --dereference\7f91361
-Ref: --directory\7f91555
-Ref: --exclude\7f91808
-Ref: --exclude-backups\7f91927
-Ref: --exclude-from\7f92017
-Ref: --exclude-caches\7f92163
-Ref: --exclude-caches-under\7f92371
-Ref: --exclude-caches-all\7f92549
-Ref: --exclude-tag\7f92678
-Ref: --exclude-tag-under\7f92849
-Ref: --exclude-tag-all\7f93039
-Ref: --exclude-vcs\7f93168
-Ref: --file\7f93334
-Ref: --files-from\7f93534
-Ref: --force-local\7f93737
-Ref: --format\7f93928
-Ref: --full-time\7f94598
-Ref: --group\7f95278
-Ref: --gzip\7f95574
-Ref: --gunzip\7f95574
-Ref: --ungzip\7f95574
-Ref: --hard-dereference\7f95797
-Ref: --help\7f95984
-Ref: --ignore-case\7f96118
-Ref: --ignore-command-error\7f96245
-Ref: --ignore-failed-read\7f96356
-Ref: --ignore-zeros\7f96497
-Ref: --incremental\7f96642
-Ref: --index-file\7f96907
-Ref: --info-script\7f96992
-Ref: --new-volume-script\7f96992
-Ref: --interactive\7f97289
-Ref: ----keep-directory-symlink\7f97501
-Ref: --keep-newer-files\7f98049
-Ref: --keep-old-files\7f98191
-Ref: --label\7f98403
-Ref: --level\7f98691
-Ref: --listed-incremental\7f99134
-Ref: --lzip\7f99498
-Ref: --lzma\7f99598
-Ref: --mode\7f99798
-Ref: --mtime\7f100089
-Ref: --multi-volume\7f100530
-Ref: --newer\7f100734
-Ref: --newer-mtime\7f101012
-Ref: --no-anchored\7f101236
-Ref: --no-auto-compress\7f101373
-Ref: --no-check-device\7f101524
-Ref: --no-delay-directory-restore\7f101707
-Ref: --no-ignore-case\7f101960
-Ref: --no-ignore-command-error\7f102053
-Ref: --no-null\7f102208
-Ref: --no-overwrite-dir\7f102413
-Ref: --no-quote-chars\7f102556
-Ref: --no-recursion\7f102737
-Ref: --no-same-owner\7f102842
-Ref: --no-same-permissions\7f103025
-Ref: --no-seek\7f103227
-Ref: --no-unquote\7f103445
-Ref: --no-wildcards\7f103583
-Ref: --no-wildcards-match-slash\7f103667
-Ref: --null\7f103769
-Ref: --numeric-owner\7f103997
-Ref: --occurrence\7f104648
-Ref: --old-archive\7f105215
-Ref: --one-file-system\7f105264
-Ref: --overwrite\7f105442
-Ref: --overwrite-dir\7f105584
-Ref: --owner\7f105729
-Ref: --pax-option\7f106054
-Ref: --portability\7f106361
-Ref: --posix\7f106426
-Ref: --preserve\7f106468
-Ref: --preserve-order\7f106606
-Ref: --preserve-permissions\7f106670
-Ref: --same-permissions\7f106670
-Ref: --quote-chars\7f107084
-Ref: --quoting-style\7f107237
-Ref: --read-full-records\7f107558
-Ref: --record-size\7f107723
-Ref: --recursion\7f108067
-Ref: --recursive-unlink\7f108170
-Ref: --remove-files\7f108337
-Ref: --restrict\7f108483
-Ref: --rmt-command\7f108671
-Ref: --rsh-command\7f108812
-Ref: --same-order\7f108934
-Ref: --same-owner\7f109226
-Ref: --seek\7f109603
-Ref: --show-defaults\7f109972
-Ref: --show-omitted-dirs\7f110480
-Ref: --show-snapshot-field-ranges\7f110634
-Ref: --show-transformed-names\7f110830
-Ref: --show-stored-names\7f110830
-Ref: --skip-old-files\7f111219
-Ref: --sparse\7f111669
-Ref: --sparse-version\7f111808
-Ref: --starting-file\7f112032
-Ref: --strip-components\7f112221
-Ref: --suffix\7f112533
-Ref: --tape-length\7f112652
-Ref: --test-label\7f113067
-Ref: --to-command\7f113219
-Ref: --to-stdout\7f113378
-Ref: --totals\7f113531
-Ref: --touch\7f113762
-Ref: --transform\7f113964
-Ref: --xform\7f113964
-Ref: --unlink-first\7f114575
-Ref: --unquote\7f114743
-Ref: --use-compress-program\7f114850
-Ref: --utc\7f115028
-Ref: --verbose\7f115121
-Ref: --verify\7f115373
-Ref: --version\7f115491
-Ref: --volno-file\7f115663
-Ref: --warning\7f115850
-Ref: --wildcards\7f116027
-Ref: --wildcards-match-slash\7f116147
-Ref: --xz\7f116239
-Ref: Option Summary-Footnote-1\7f116370
-Node: Short Option Summary\7f116588
-Node: help\7f118789
-Ref: help-Footnote-1\7f122620
-Node: defaults\7f122831
-Node: verbose\7f123850
-Ref: totals\7f126151
-Ref: Progress information\7f127741
-Ref: show-omitted-dirs\7f128720
-Ref: block-number\7f129139
-Ref: verbose-Footnote-1\7f130166
-Node: checkpoints\7f130273
-Ref: checkpoint exec\7f134148
-Node: warnings\7f136174
-Node: interactive\7f139573
-Node: external\7f141672
-Node: operations\7f143253
-Node: Basic tar\7f143512
-Ref: Basic tar-Footnote-1\7f146619
-Node: Advanced tar\7f146763
-Node: Operations\7f147608
-Node: append\7f149507
-Ref: append-Footnote-1\7f152602
-Node: appending files\7f152789
-Node: multiple\7f154527
-Node: update\7f157249
-Node: how to update\7f158225
-Node: concatenate\7f160009
-Ref: concatenate-Footnote-1\7f163257
-Node: delete\7f163400
-Node: compare\7f165173
-Node: create options\7f166605
-Node: override\7f167063
-Node: Ignore Failed Read\7f171200
-Node: extract options\7f171420
-Node: Reading\7f172253
-Node: read full records\7f173753
-Node: Ignore Zeros\7f174089
-Node: Writing\7f175080
-Node: Dealing with Old Files\7f175637
-Node: Overwrite Old Files\7f178440
-Node: Keep Old Files\7f179897
-Node: Keep Newer Files\7f180704
-Node: Unlink First\7f180994
-Node: Recursive Unlink\7f181398
-Node: Data Modification Times\7f181951
-Node: Setting Access Permissions\7f182761
-Node: Directory Modification Times and Permissions\7f183393
-Node: Writing to Standard Output\7f187005
-Node: Writing to an External Program\7f188540
-Node: remove files\7f192121
-Node: Scarce\7f192314
-Node: Starting File\7f192562
-Node: Same Order\7f193363
-Node: backup\7f194199
-Node: Applications\7f197285
-Node: looking ahead\7f198746
-Node: Backups\7f199572
-Node: Full Dumps\7f201153
-Node: Incremental Dumps\7f202959
-Ref: --level=0\7f205873
-Ref: device numbers\7f206406
-Ref: incremental-op\7f210384
-Ref: Incremental Dumps-Footnote-1\7f210758
-Ref: Incremental Dumps-Footnote-2\7f210908
-Node: Backup Levels\7f211396
-Node: Backup Parameters\7f213783
-Node: General-Purpose Variables\7f214964
-Ref: RSH\7f218125
-Node: Magnetic Tape Control\7f220004
-Node: User Hooks\7f221342
-Node: backup-specs example\7f222671
-Node: Scripted Backups\7f223814
-Ref: Scripted Backups-Footnote-1\7f226677
-Node: Scripted Restoration\7f227061
-Node: Choosing\7f229672
-Node: file\7f230794
-Ref: remote-dev\7f233430
-Ref: local and remote archives\7f233815
-Node: Selecting Archive Members\7f234846
-Ref: input name quoting\7f235527
-Node: files\7f237513
-Ref: files-Footnote-1\7f240009
-Node: nul\7f240167
-Node: exclude\7f242581
-Node: problems with exclude\7f247757
-Node: wildcards\7f249802
-Node: controlling pattern-matching\7f252386
-Ref: controlling pattern-matching-Footnote-1\7f256376
-Node: quoting styles\7f256592
-Ref: escape sequences\7f256938
-Node: transform\7f263069
-Ref: show-transformed-names\7f265060
-Node: after\7f271251
-Node: recurse\7f274853
-Node: one\7f277577
-Node: directory\7f279010
-Node: absolute\7f282072
-Ref: absolute-Footnote-1\7f285400
-Node: Date input formats\7f285751
-Node: General date syntax\7f288149
-Node: Calendar date items\7f291132
-Node: Time of day items\7f293129
-Node: Time zone items\7f295325
-Node: Combined date and time of day items\7f296577
-Node: Day of week items\7f297429
-Node: Relative items in date strings\7f298438
-Node: Pure numbers in date strings\7f301240
-Node: Seconds since the Epoch\7f302221
-Node: Specifying time zone rules\7f303842
-Node: Authors of parse_datetime\7f306214
-Ref: Authors of get_date\7f306393
-Node: Formats\7f307356
-Node: Compression\7f312046
-Node: gzip\7f312338
-Ref: alternative decompression programs\7f314547
-Ref: auto-compress\7f318319
-Ref: use-compress-program\7f319050
-Ref: gzip-Footnote-1\7f320973
-Ref: gzip-Footnote-2\7f321022
-Node: lbzip2\7f321162
-Node: sparse\7f322259
-Node: Attributes\7f325313
-Node: Portability\7f331134
-Node: Portable Names\7f332620
-Node: dereference\7f333325
-Node: hard links\7f334452
-Ref: hard links-Footnote-1\7f337337
-Node: old\7f337393
-Node: ustar\7f338577
-Node: gnu\7f339168
-Node: posix\7f340045
-Node: PAX keywords\7f340526
-Node: Checksumming\7f346136
-Node: Large or Negative Values\7f348062
-Node: Other Tars\7f349662
-Node: Split Recovery\7f350798
-Node: Sparse Recovery\7f354530
-Ref: extracting sparse v.0.x\7f358163
-Ref: Sparse Recovery-Footnote-1\7f361452
-Ref: Sparse Recovery-Footnote-2\7f361475
-Node: cpio\7f361596
-Node: Media\7f366353
-Node: Device\7f368300
-Ref: size-suffixes\7f373089
-Node: Remote Tape Server\7f374209
-Node: Common Problems and Solutions\7f377871
-Node: Blocking\7f378263
-Ref: Blocking-Footnote-1\7f384746
-Node: Format Variations\7f384850
-Node: Blocking Factor\7f385762
-Node: Many\7f397414
-Node: Tape Positioning\7f401208
-Node: mt\7f403081
-Node: Using Multiple Tapes\7f404636
-Node: Multi-Volume Archives\7f406702
-Ref: tape-length\7f408187
-Ref: change volume prompt\7f408747
-Ref: volno-file\7f409618
-Ref: info-script\7f410170
-Ref: Multi-Volume Archives-Footnote-1\7f415754
-Ref: Multi-Volume Archives-Footnote-2\7f415864
-Node: Tape Files\7f415932
-Node: Tarcat\7f417414
-Node: label\7f418459
-Ref: --test-label option\7f420046
-Ref: label-Footnote-1\7f423496
-Ref: label-Footnote-2\7f423605
-Ref: label-Footnote-3\7f423738
-Node: verify\7f423973
-Node: Write Protection\7f427273
-Node: Reliability and security\7f428103
-Node: Reliability\7f428491
-Node: Permissions problems\7f429269
-Node: Data corruption and repair\7f429708
-Node: Race conditions\7f430634
-Node: Security\7f432374
-Node: Privacy\7f432977
-Node: Integrity\7f434226
-Node: Live untrusted data\7f436437
-Node: Security rules of thumb\7f438777
-Node: Changes\7f440306
-Node: Configuring Help Summary\7f443923
-Node: Fixing Snapshot Files\7f450424
-Node: Tar Internals\7f453793
-Node: Standard\7f454125
-Node: Extensions\7f476326
-Node: Sparse Formats\7f478886
-Node: Old GNU Format\7f480176
-Node: PAX 0\7f482577
-Node: PAX 1\7f485708
-Node: Snapshot Files\7f487446
-Node: Dumpdir\7f493022
-Node: Genfile\7f496268
-Node: Generate Mode\7f497361
-Node: Status Mode\7f501658
-Node: Exec Mode\7f503456
-Node: Free Software Needs Free Documentation\7f506201
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f511183
-Node: Index of Command Line Options\7f536396
-Node: Index\7f562252
+Node: Top\7f1141
+Node: Introduction\7f10443
+Node: Book Contents\7f11230
+Node: Definitions\7f13402
+Node: What tar Does\7f15205
+Node: Naming tar Archives\7f17971
+Node: Authors\7f18691
+Node: Reports\7f20504
+Node: Tutorial\7f20861
+Node: assumptions\7f21674
+Node: stylistic conventions\7f24149
+Node: basic tar options\7f24592
+Node: frequent operations\7f28230
+Node: Two Frequent Options\7f28882
+Node: file tutorial\7f29513
+Node: verbose tutorial\7f30870
+Ref: verbose member listing\7f33084
+Node: help tutorial\7f35844
+Node: create\7f36198
+Node: prepare for examples\7f37699
+Node: Creating the archive\7f39468
+Node: create verbose\7f42300
+Node: short create\7f43120
+Node: create dir\7f45873
+Node: list\7f48581
+Ref: listing member and file names\7f49860
+Node: list dir\7f52174
+Node: extract\7f53186
+Node: extracting archives\7f54300
+Node: extracting files\7f54805
+Ref: extracting files-Footnote-1\7f57452
+Node: extract dir\7f57832
+Node: extracting untrusted archives\7f60225
+Node: failing commands\7f61104
+Node: going further\7f62198
+Node: tar invocation\7f62411
+Node: Synopsis\7f64191
+Ref: exit status\7f67512
+Node: using tar options\7f69146
+Ref: TAR_OPTIONS\7f70723
+Node: Styles\7f71740
+Ref: Styles-Footnote-1\7f73239
+Node: Long Options\7f73495
+Node: Short Options\7f75667
+Ref: Short Options-Footnote-1\7f77475
+Node: Old Options\7f77692
+Node: Mixing\7f80455
+Ref: Mixing-Footnote-1\7f82821
+Node: All Options\7f82941
+Node: Operation Summary\7f83546
+Ref: --append\7f83666
+Ref: --catenate\7f83746
+Ref: --compare\7f83817
+Ref: --concatenate\7f84020
+Ref: --create\7f84130
+Ref: --delete\7f84198
+Ref: --diff\7f84312
+Ref: --extract\7f84368
+Ref: --get\7f84470
+Ref: --list\7f84528
+Ref: --update\7f84596
+Node: Option Summary\7f84806
+Ref: --absolute-names\7f84961
+Ref: --after-date\7f85251
+Ref: --anchored\7f85303
+Ref: --atime-preserve\7f85436
+Ref: --auto-compress\7f87956
+Ref: --backup\7f88183
+Ref: --block-number\7f88374
+Ref: --blocking-factor\7f88548
+Ref: --bzip2\7f88700
+Ref: --check-device\7f88807
+Ref: --checkpoint\7f89002
+Ref: --checkpoint-action\7f89444
+Ref: --check-links\7f90595
+Ref: --compress\7f90872
+Ref: --uncompress\7f90872
+Ref: --confirmation\7f91076
+Ref: --delay-directory-restore\7f91144
+Ref: --dereference\7f91345
+Ref: --directory\7f91539
+Ref: --exclude\7f91792
+Ref: --exclude-backups\7f91911
+Ref: --exclude-from\7f92001
+Ref: --exclude-caches\7f92147
+Ref: --exclude-caches-under\7f92355
+Ref: --exclude-caches-all\7f92533
+Ref: --exclude-ignore\7f92662
+Ref: --exclude-ignore-recursive\7f92882
+Ref: --exclude-tag\7f93126
+Ref: --exclude-tag-under\7f93297
+Ref: --exclude-tag-all\7f93487
+Ref: --exclude-vcs\7f93616
+Ref: --exclude-vcs-ignores\7f93775
+Ref: --file\7f94167
+Ref: --files-from\7f94367
+Ref: --force-local\7f94570
+Ref: --format\7f94761
+Ref: --full-time\7f95431
+Ref: --group\7f96111
+Ref: --gzip\7f96407
+Ref: --gunzip\7f96407
+Ref: --ungzip\7f96407
+Ref: --hard-dereference\7f96630
+Ref: --help\7f96817
+Ref: --ignore-case\7f96951
+Ref: --ignore-command-error\7f97078
+Ref: --ignore-failed-read\7f97189
+Ref: --ignore-zeros\7f97330
+Ref: --incremental\7f97475
+Ref: --index-file\7f97740
+Ref: --info-script\7f97825
+Ref: --new-volume-script\7f97825
+Ref: --interactive\7f98122
+Ref: ----keep-directory-symlink\7f98334
+Ref: --keep-newer-files\7f98882
+Ref: --keep-old-files\7f99024
+Ref: --label\7f99236
+Ref: --level\7f99524
+Ref: --listed-incremental\7f99965
+Ref: --lzip\7f100329
+Ref: --lzma\7f100429
+Ref: --mode\7f100629
+Ref: --mtime\7f100920
+Ref: --multi-volume\7f101361
+Ref: --newer\7f101565
+Ref: --newer-mtime\7f101843
+Ref: --no-anchored\7f102067
+Ref: --no-auto-compress\7f102204
+Ref: --no-check-device\7f102355
+Ref: --no-delay-directory-restore\7f102538
+Ref: --no-ignore-case\7f102791
+Ref: --no-ignore-command-error\7f102884
+Ref: --no-null\7f103039
+Ref: --no-overwrite-dir\7f103244
+Ref: --no-quote-chars\7f103387
+Ref: --no-recursion\7f103568
+Ref: --no-same-owner\7f103673
+Ref: --no-same-permissions\7f103856
+Ref: --no-seek\7f104058
+Ref: --no-unquote\7f104276
+Ref: --no-wildcards\7f104414
+Ref: --no-wildcards-match-slash\7f104498
+Ref: --null\7f104600
+Ref: --numeric-owner\7f104828
+Ref: --occurrence\7f105479
+Ref: --old-archive\7f106046
+Ref: --one-file-system\7f106095
+Ref: --one-top-level\7f106273
+Ref: --overwrite\7f106909
+Ref: --overwrite-dir\7f107051
+Ref: --owner\7f107196
+Ref: --pax-option\7f107521
+Ref: --portability\7f107828
+Ref: --posix\7f107893
+Ref: --preserve\7f107935
+Ref: --preserve-order\7f108073
+Ref: --preserve-permissions\7f108137
+Ref: --same-permissions\7f108137
+Ref: --quote-chars\7f108551
+Ref: --quoting-style\7f108704
+Ref: --read-full-records\7f109025
+Ref: --record-size\7f109190
+Ref: --recursion\7f109534
+Ref: --recursive-unlink\7f109637
+Ref: --remove-files\7f109804
+Ref: --restrict\7f109950
+Ref: --rmt-command\7f110138
+Ref: --rsh-command\7f110279
+Ref: --same-order\7f110401
+Ref: --same-owner\7f110693
+Ref: --seek\7f111070
+Ref: --show-defaults\7f111439
+Ref: --show-omitted-dirs\7f111947
+Ref: --show-snapshot-field-ranges\7f112101
+Ref: --show-transformed-names\7f112297
+Ref: --show-stored-names\7f112297
+Ref: --skip-old-files\7f112686
+Ref: --sort\7f113136
+Ref: --sparse\7f113780
+Ref: --sparse-version\7f113919
+Ref: --starting-file\7f114143
+Ref: --strip-components\7f114332
+Ref: --suffix\7f114644
+Ref: --tape-length\7f114763
+Ref: --test-label\7f115178
+Ref: --to-command\7f115330
+Ref: --to-stdout\7f115489
+Ref: --totals\7f115642
+Ref: --touch\7f115873
+Ref: --transform\7f116075
+Ref: --xform\7f116075
+Ref: --unlink-first\7f116686
+Ref: --unquote\7f116854
+Ref: --use-compress-program\7f116961
+Ref: --utc\7f117139
+Ref: --verbose\7f117232
+Ref: --verify\7f117484
+Ref: --version\7f117602
+Ref: --volno-file\7f117774
+Ref: --warning\7f117961
+Ref: --wildcards\7f118138
+Ref: --wildcards-match-slash\7f118258
+Ref: --xz\7f118350
+Ref: Option Summary-Footnote-1\7f118481
+Node: Short Option Summary\7f118699
+Node: help\7f120900
+Ref: help-Footnote-1\7f124734
+Node: defaults\7f124945
+Node: verbose\7f125964
+Ref: totals\7f128265
+Ref: Progress information\7f129855
+Ref: show-omitted-dirs\7f130834
+Ref: block-number\7f131253
+Ref: verbose-Footnote-1\7f132280
+Node: checkpoints\7f132387
+Ref: checkpoint exec\7f138449
+Node: warnings\7f140475
+Node: interactive\7f143874
+Node: external\7f145973
+Node: operations\7f147554
+Node: Basic tar\7f147813
+Ref: Basic tar-Footnote-1\7f150920
+Node: Advanced tar\7f151064
+Node: Operations\7f151909
+Node: append\7f153808
+Ref: append-Footnote-1\7f156903
+Node: appending files\7f157090
+Node: multiple\7f158828
+Node: update\7f161550
+Node: how to update\7f162526
+Node: concatenate\7f164310
+Ref: concatenate-Footnote-1\7f167558
+Node: delete\7f167701
+Node: compare\7f169474
+Node: create options\7f170906
+Node: override\7f171364
+Node: Ignore Failed Read\7f175501
+Node: extract options\7f175721
+Node: Reading\7f176554
+Node: read full records\7f178054
+Node: Ignore Zeros\7f178390
+Node: Writing\7f179381
+Node: Dealing with Old Files\7f179938
+Node: Overwrite Old Files\7f182741
+Node: Keep Old Files\7f184198
+Node: Keep Newer Files\7f185005
+Node: Unlink First\7f185295
+Node: Recursive Unlink\7f185699
+Node: Data Modification Times\7f186252
+Node: Setting Access Permissions\7f187062
+Node: Directory Modification Times and Permissions\7f187694
+Node: Writing to Standard Output\7f191306
+Node: Writing to an External Program\7f192841
+Node: remove files\7f196422
+Node: Scarce\7f196615
+Node: Starting File\7f196863
+Node: Same Order\7f197664
+Node: backup\7f198500
+Node: Applications\7f201586
+Node: looking ahead\7f203047
+Node: Backups\7f203873
+Node: Full Dumps\7f205454
+Node: Incremental Dumps\7f207260
+Ref: --level=0\7f210174
+Ref: device numbers\7f210707
+Ref: incremental-op\7f214685
+Ref: Incremental Dumps-Footnote-1\7f215059
+Ref: Incremental Dumps-Footnote-2\7f215209
+Node: Backup Levels\7f215697
+Node: Backup Parameters\7f218084
+Node: General-Purpose Variables\7f219265
+Ref: RSH\7f222426
+Node: Magnetic Tape Control\7f224305
+Node: User Hooks\7f225643
+Node: backup-specs example\7f226972
+Node: Scripted Backups\7f228115
+Ref: Scripted Backups-Footnote-1\7f230978
+Node: Scripted Restoration\7f231362
+Node: Choosing\7f233973
+Node: file\7f235095
+Ref: remote-dev\7f237731
+Ref: local and remote archives\7f238116
+Node: Selecting Archive Members\7f239147
+Ref: input name quoting\7f239828
+Node: files\7f241814
+Ref: files-Footnote-1\7f244310
+Node: nul\7f244468
+Node: exclude\7f246882
+Ref: exclude-vcs-ignores\7f248437
+Ref: exclude-vcs\7f250146
+Ref: exclude-Footnote-1\7f254048
+Ref: exclude-Footnote-2\7f254303
+Node: problems with exclude\7f254374
+Node: wildcards\7f256419
+Node: controlling pattern-matching\7f259003
+Ref: controlling pattern-matching-Footnote-1\7f262993
+Node: quoting styles\7f263209
+Ref: escape sequences\7f263555
+Node: transform\7f269686
+Ref: show-transformed-names\7f271677
+Node: after\7f277868
+Node: recurse\7f281470
+Node: one\7f284194
+Node: directory\7f285627
+Node: absolute\7f288689
+Ref: absolute-Footnote-1\7f292017
+Node: Date input formats\7f292368
+Node: General date syntax\7f294766
+Node: Calendar date items\7f297749
+Node: Time of day items\7f299746
+Node: Time zone items\7f301942
+Node: Combined date and time of day items\7f303194
+Node: Day of week items\7f304046
+Node: Relative items in date strings\7f305055
+Node: Pure numbers in date strings\7f307857
+Node: Seconds since the Epoch\7f308838
+Node: Specifying time zone rules\7f310459
+Node: Authors of parse_datetime\7f312831
+Ref: Authors of get_date\7f313010
+Node: Formats\7f313973
+Node: Compression\7f318661
+Node: gzip\7f318953
+Ref: alternative decompression programs\7f321162
+Ref: auto-compress\7f324932
+Ref: use-compress-program\7f325663
+Ref: gzip-Footnote-1\7f327586
+Ref: gzip-Footnote-2\7f327635
+Node: lbzip2\7f327775
+Node: sparse\7f328872
+Node: Attributes\7f331926
+Node: Portability\7f337747
+Node: Portable Names\7f339233
+Node: dereference\7f339938
+Node: hard links\7f341065
+Ref: hard links-Footnote-1\7f343950
+Node: old\7f344006
+Node: ustar\7f345190
+Node: gnu\7f345793
+Node: posix\7f346670
+Node: PAX keywords\7f347151
+Node: Checksumming\7f352761
+Node: Large or Negative Values\7f354704
+Node: Other Tars\7f356304
+Node: Split Recovery\7f357440
+Node: Sparse Recovery\7f361172
+Ref: extracting sparse v.0.x\7f364805
+Ref: Sparse Recovery-Footnote-1\7f368094
+Ref: Sparse Recovery-Footnote-2\7f368117
+Node: cpio\7f368238
+Node: Media\7f372995
+Node: Device\7f374942
+Ref: size-suffixes\7f379731
+Node: Remote Tape Server\7f380851
+Node: Common Problems and Solutions\7f384513
+Node: Blocking\7f384905
+Ref: Blocking-Footnote-1\7f391388
+Node: Format Variations\7f391492
+Node: Blocking Factor\7f392404
+Node: Many\7f404056
+Node: Tape Positioning\7f407850
+Node: mt\7f409723
+Node: Using Multiple Tapes\7f411278
+Node: Multi-Volume Archives\7f413344
+Ref: tape-length\7f414829
+Ref: change volume prompt\7f415389
+Ref: volno-file\7f416260
+Ref: info-script\7f416812
+Ref: Multi-Volume Archives-Footnote-1\7f422396
+Ref: Multi-Volume Archives-Footnote-2\7f422506
+Node: Tape Files\7f422574
+Node: Tarcat\7f424056
+Node: label\7f425101
+Ref: --test-label option\7f426688
+Ref: label-Footnote-1\7f430138
+Ref: label-Footnote-2\7f430247
+Ref: label-Footnote-3\7f430380
+Node: verify\7f430615
+Node: Write Protection\7f433915
+Node: Reliability and security\7f434745
+Node: Reliability\7f435133
+Node: Permissions problems\7f435911
+Node: Data corruption and repair\7f436350
+Node: Race conditions\7f437276
+Node: Security\7f439016
+Node: Privacy\7f439619
+Node: Integrity\7f440868
+Node: Live untrusted data\7f443079
+Node: Security rules of thumb\7f445419
+Node: Changes\7f446948
+Node: Configuring Help Summary\7f450563
+Node: Fixing Snapshot Files\7f457064
+Node: Tar Internals\7f460433
+Node: Standard\7f460765
+Node: Extensions\7f482966
+Node: Sparse Formats\7f485526
+Node: Old GNU Format\7f486816
+Node: PAX 0\7f489217
+Node: PAX 1\7f492348
+Node: Snapshot Files\7f494086
+Node: Dumpdir\7f499656
+Node: Genfile\7f502902
+Node: Generate Mode\7f503995
+Node: Status Mode\7f508292
+Node: Exec Mode\7f510090
+Node: Free Software Needs Free Documentation\7f512835
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f517817
+Node: Index of Command Line Options\7f543033
+Node: Index\7f569473
\1f
End Tag Table
This is tar.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from tar.texi.
-This manual is for GNU `tar' (version 1.27.1, 24 September 2013), which
+This manual is for GNU `tar' (version 1.28, 22 July 2014), which
creates and extracts files from archives.
Copyright (C) 1992, 1994-1997, 1999-2001, 2003-2013 Free Software
GNU tar: an archiver tool
*************************
-This manual is for GNU `tar' (version 1.27.1, 24 September 2013), which
+This manual is for GNU `tar' (version 1.28, 22 July 2014), which
creates and extracts files from archives.
Copyright (C) 1992, 1994-1997, 1999-2001, 2003-2013 Free Software
tutorial and manual for GNU `tar'. Franc,ois Pinard put version 1.11.8
of the manual together by taking information from all these sources and
merging them. Melissa Weisshaus finally edited and redesigned the book
-to create version 1.12. The book for versions from 1.14 up to 1.27.1
+to create version 1.12. The book for versions from 1.14 up to 1.28
were edited by the current maintainer, Sergey Poznyakoff.
For version 1.12, Daniel Hagerty contributed a great deal of
Exclude from dump any directory containing a valid cache directory
tag file. *Note exclude::.
+`--exclude-ignore=FILE'
+ Before dumping a directory, `tar' checks if it contains FILE. If
+ so, exclusion patterns are read from this file. The patterns
+ affect only the directory itself. *Note exclude::.
+
+`--exclude-ignore-recursive=FILE'
+ Before dumping a directory, `tar' checks if it contains FILE. If
+ so, exclusion patterns are read from this file. The patterns
+ affect the directory and all itssubdirectories. *Note exclude::.
+
`--exclude-tag=FILE'
Exclude from dump any directory containing file named FILE, but
dump the directory node and FILE itself. *Note exclude-tag:
Exclude from dump directories and files, that are internal for some
widely used version control systems.
- *Note exclude-vcs: exclude.
+ *Note exclude-vcs::.
+
+`--exclude-vcs-ignores'
+ Exclude files that match patterns read from VCS-specific ignore
+ files. Supported files are: `.cvsignore', `.gitignore',
+ `.bzrignore', and `.hgignore'. The semantics of each file is the
+ same as for the corresponding VCS, e.g. patterns read from
+ `.gitignore' affect the directory and all its subdirectories.
+ *Note exclude-vcs-ignores::.
`--file=ARCHIVE'
`-f ARCHIVE'
`--level=N'
Force incremental backup of level N. As of GNU `tar' version
- 1.27.1, the option `--level=0' truncates the snapshot file,
- thereby forcing the level 0 dump. Other values of N are
- effectively ignored. *Note --level=0::, for details and examples.
+ 1.28, the option `--level=0' truncates the snapshot file, thereby
+ forcing the level 0 dump. Other values of N are effectively
+ ignored. *Note --level=0::, for details and examples.
The use of this option is valid only in conjunction with the
`--listed-incremental' option. *Note Incremental Dumps::, for a
directories that are on different file systems from the current
directory.
+`--one-top-level[=DIR]'
+ Tells `tar' to create a new directory beneath the extraction
+ directory (or the one passed to `-C') and use it to guard against
+ tarbombs. In the absence of DIR argument, the name of the new
+ directory will be equal to the base name of the archive (file name
+ minus the archive suffix, if recognized). Any member names that
+ do not begin with that directory name (after transformations from
+ `--transform' and `--strip-components') will be prefixed with it.
+ Recognized file name suffixes are `.tar', and any compression
+ suffixes recognizable by *Note --auto-compress::.
+
`--overwrite'
Overwrite existing files and directory metadata when extracting
files from an archive. *Note Overwrite Old Files::.
this option to produce warning messages about existing old files
(*note warnings::).
+`--sort=ORDER'
+ Specify the directory sorting order when reading directories.
+ ORDER may be one of the following:
+
+ `none'
+ No directory sorting is performed. This is the default.
+
+ `name'
+ Sort the directory entries on name. The operating system may
+ deliver directory entries in a more or less random order, and
+ sorting them makes archive creation reproducible.
+
+ `inode'
+ Sort the directory entries on inode number. Sorting
+ directories on inode number may reduce the amount of disk
+ seek operations when creating an archive for some file
+ systems.
+
+
`--sparse'
`-S'
Invokes a GNU extension when adding files to an archive that
standard output, and then exit successfully. For example,
`tar --version' might print:
- tar (GNU tar) 1.27.1
- Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ tar (GNU tar) 1.28
+ Copyright (C) 2013-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
--checkpoint-action="echo=Hit %s checkpoint #%u"
- The `%s' and `%u' in the above example are "meta-characters". The
-`%s' meta-character is replaced with the "type" of the checkpoint:
-`write' or `read' (or a corresponding translated version in locales
-other than POSIX). The `%u' meta-character is replaced with the
-ordinal number of the checkpoint. Thus, the above example could
-produce the following output when used with the `--create' option:
+ The `%s' and `%u' in the above example are "format specifiers". The
+`%s' specifier is replaced with the "type" of the checkpoint: `write' or
+`read' (or a corresponding translated version in locales other than
+POSIX). The `%u' specifier is replaced with the ordinal number of the
+checkpoint. Thus, the above example could produce the following output
+when used with the `--create' option:
tar: Hit write checkpoint #10
tar: Hit write checkpoint #20
tar: Hit write checkpoint #30
- Aside from meta-character expansion, the message string is subject to
+ The complete list of available format specifiers follows. Some of
+them can take optional arguments. These arguments, if given, are
+supplied in curly braces between the percent sign and the specifier
+letter.
+
+`%s'
+ Print type of the checkpoint (`write' or `read').
+
+`%u'
+ Print number of the checkpoint.
+
+`%{r,w,d}T'
+ Print number of bytes transferred so far and approximate transfer
+ speed. Optional arguments supply prefixes to be used before number
+ of bytes read, written and deleted, correspondingly. If absent,
+ they default to `R'. `W', `D'. Any or all of them can be omitted,
+ so, that e.g. `%{}T' means to print corresponding statistics
+ without any prefixes. Any surplus arguments, if present, are
+ silently ignored.
+
+ $ tar --delete -f f.tar --checkpoint-action=echo="#%u: %T" main.c
+ tar: #1: R: 0 (0B, 0B/s),W: 0 (0B, 0B/s),D: 0
+ tar: #2: R: 10240 (10KiB, 19MiB/s),W: 0 (0B, 0B/s),D: 10240
+
+ See also the `totals' action, described below.
+
+`%{FMT}t'
+ Output current local time using FMT as format for `strftime'
+ (*note strftime: (strftime(3))strftime.). The `{FMT}' part is
+ optional. If not present, the default format is `%c', i.e. the
+ preferred date and time representation for the current locale.
+
+`%{N}*'
+ Pad output with spaces to the Nth column. If the `{N}' part is
+ omitted, the current screen width is assumed.
+
+`%c'
+ This is a shortcut for `%{%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}t: %ds,
+ %{read,wrote}T%*\r', intended mainly for use with `ttyout' action
+ (see below).
+
+ Aside from format expansion, the message string is subject to
"unquoting", during which the backslash "escape sequences" are replaced
with their corresponding ASCII characters (*note escape sequences::).
E.g. the following action will produce an audible bell and the message
following action will print the checkpoint message at the same screen
line, overwriting any previous message:
- --checkpoint-action="ttyout=\rHit %s checkpoint #%u"
+ --checkpoint-action="ttyout=Hit %s checkpoint #%u%*\r"
+
+Notice the use of `%*' specifier to clear out any eventual remains of
+the prior output line. As as more complex example, consider this:
+
+ --checkpoint-action=ttyout='%{%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}t (%d sec): #%u, %T%*\r'
+
+This prints the current local time, number of seconds expired since tar
+was started, the checkpoint ordinal number, transferred bytes and
+average computed I/O speed.
Another available checkpoint action is `dot' (or `.'). It instructs
`tar' to print a single dot on the standard listing stream, e.g.:
be abbreviated by placing a dot in front of the checkpoint frequency,
as shown in the previous section.
+ The `totals' action prints the total number of bytes transferred so
+far. The format of the data is the same as for the `--totals' option
+(*note totals::). See also `%T' format specifier of the `echo' or
+`ttyout' action.
+
Yet another action, `sleep', pauses `tar' for a specified amount of
seconds. The following example will stop for 30 seconds at each
checkpoint:
However, empty lines are OK.
+ When archiving directories that are under some version control
+system (VCS), it is often convenient to read exclusion patterns from
+this VCS' ignore files (e.g. `.cvsignore', `.gitignore', etc.) The
+following options provide such possibilty:
+
+`--exclude-vcs-ignores'
+ Before archiving a directory, see if it contains any of the
+ following files: `cvsignore', `.gitignore', `.bzrignore', or
+ `.hgignore'. If so, read ignore patterns from these files.
+
+ The patterns are treated much as the corresponding VCS would treat
+ them, i.e.:
+
+ `.cvsignore'
+ Contains shell-style globbing patterns that apply only to the
+ directory where this file resides. No comments are allowed
+ in the file. Empty lines are ignored.
+
+ `.gitignore'
+ Contains shell-style globbing patterns. Applies to the
+ directory where `.gitfile' is located and all its
+ subdirectories.
+
+ Any line beginning with a `#' is a comment. Backslash escapes
+ the comment character.
+
+ `.bzrignore'
+ Contains shell globbing-patterns and regular expressions (if
+ prefixed with `RE:'(1). Patterns affect the directory and
+ all its subdirectories.
+
+ Any line beginning with a `#' is a comment.
+
+ `.hgignore'
+ Contains posix regular expressions(2). The line `syntax:
+ glob' switches to shell globbing patterns. The line `syntax:
+ regexp' switches back. Comments begin with a `#'. Patterns
+ affect the directory and all its subdirectories.
+
+`--exclude-ignore=FILE'
+ Before dumping a directory, `tar' checks if it contains FILE. If
+ so, exclusion patterns are read from this file. The patterns
+ affect only the directory itself.
+
+`--exclude-ignore-recursive=FILE'
+ Same as `--exclude-ignore', except that the patterns read affect
+ both the directory where FILE resides and all its subdirectories.
+
`--exclude-vcs'
Exclude files and directories used by following version control
systems: `CVS', `RCS', `SCCS', `SVN', `Arch', `Bazaar',
`Mercurial', and `Darcs'.
- As of version 1.27.1, the following files are excluded:
+ As of version 1.28, the following files are excluded:
* `CVS/', and everything under it
* problems with exclude::
+ ---------- Footnotes ----------
+
+ (1) According to the Bazaar docs, globbing-patterns are Korn-shell
+style and regular expressions are perl-style. As of GNU `tar' version
+1.28, these are treated as shell-style globs and posix extended
+regexps. This will be fixed in future releases.
+
+ (2) Support for perl-style regexps will appear in future releases.
+
\1f
File: tar.info, Node: problems with exclude, Up: exclude
MONTH DAY
-\1f
-File: tar.info, Node: Time of day items, Next: Time zone items, Prev: Calendar date items, Up: Date input formats
-
-7.3 Time of day items
-=====================
-
-A "time of day item" in date strings specifies the time on a given day.
-Here are some examples, all of which represent the same time:
-
- 20:02:00.000000
- 20:02
- 8:02pm
- 20:02-0500 # In EST (U.S. Eastern Standard Time).
-
- More generally, the time of day may be given as
-`HOUR:MINUTE:SECOND', where HOUR is a number between 0 and 23, MINUTE
-is a number between 0 and 59, and SECOND is a number between 0 and 59
-possibly followed by `.' or `,' and a fraction containing one or more
-digits. Alternatively, `:SECOND' can be omitted, in which case it is
-taken to be zero. On the rare hosts that support leap seconds, SECOND
-may be 60.
-
- If the time is followed by `am' or `pm' (or `a.m.' or `p.m.'), HOUR
-is restricted to run from 1 to 12, and `:MINUTE' may be omitted (taken
-to be zero). `am' indicates the first half of the day, `pm' indicates
-the second half of the day. In this notation, 12 is the predecessor of
-1: midnight is `12am' while noon is `12pm'. (This is the zero-oriented
-interpretation of `12am' and `12pm', as opposed to the old tradition
-derived from Latin which uses `12m' for noon and `12pm' for midnight.)
-
- The time may alternatively be followed by a time zone correction,
-expressed as `SHHMM', where S is `+' or `-', HH is a number of zone
-hours and MM is a number of zone minutes. The zone minutes term, MM,
-may be omitted, in which case the one- or two-digit correction is
-interpreted as a number of hours. You can also separate HH from MM
-with a colon. When a time zone correction is given this way, it forces
-interpretation of the time relative to Coordinated Universal Time
-(UTC), overriding any previous specification for the time zone or the
-local time zone. For example, `+0530' and `+05:30' both stand for the
-time zone 5.5 hours ahead of UTC (e.g., India). This is the best way to
-specify a time zone correction by fractional parts of an hour. The
-maximum zone correction is 24 hours.
-
- Either `am'/`pm' or a time zone correction may be specified, but not
-both.
-
-\1f
-File: tar.info, Node: Time zone items, Next: Combined date and time of day items, Prev: Time of day items, Up: Date input formats
-
-7.4 Time zone items
-===================
-
-A "time zone item" specifies an international time zone, indicated by a
-small set of letters, e.g., `UTC' or `Z' for Coordinated Universal
-Time. Any included periods are ignored. By following a
-non-daylight-saving time zone by the string `DST' in a separate word
-(that is, separated by some white space), the corresponding daylight
-saving time zone may be specified. Alternatively, a
-non-daylight-saving time zone can be followed by a time zone
-correction, to add the two values. This is normally done only for
-`UTC'; for example, `UTC+05:30' is equivalent to `+05:30'.
-
- Time zone items other than `UTC' and `Z' are obsolescent and are not
-recommended, because they are ambiguous; for example, `EST' has a
-different meaning in Australia than in the United States. Instead,
-it's better to use unambiguous numeric time zone corrections like
-`-0500', as described in the previous section.
-
- If neither a time zone item nor a time zone correction is supplied,
-time stamps are interpreted using the rules of the default time zone
-(*note Specifying time zone rules::).
-
-\1f
-File: tar.info, Node: Combined date and time of day items, Next: Day of week items, Prev: Time zone items, Up: Date input formats
-
-7.5 Combined date and time of day items
-=======================================
-
-The ISO 8601 date and time of day extended format consists of an ISO
-8601 date, a `T' character separator, and an ISO 8601 time of day.
-This format is also recognized if the `T' is replaced by a space.
-
- In this format, the time of day should use 24-hour notation.
-Fractional seconds are allowed, with either comma or period preceding
-the fraction. ISO 8601 fractional minutes and hours are not supported.
-Typically, hosts support nanosecond timestamp resolution; excess
-precision is silently discarded.
-
- Here are some examples:
-
- 2012-09-24T20:02:00.052-0500
- 2012-12-31T23:59:59,999999999+1100
- 1970-01-01 00:00Z
-
-\1f
-File: tar.info, Node: Day of week items, Next: Relative items in date strings, Prev: Combined date and time of day items, Up: Date input formats
-
-7.6 Day of week items
-=====================
-
-The explicit mention of a day of the week will forward the date (only
-if necessary) to reach that day of the week in the future.
-
- Days of the week may be spelled out in full: `Sunday', `Monday',
-`Tuesday', `Wednesday', `Thursday', `Friday' or `Saturday'. Days may
-be abbreviated to their first three letters, optionally followed by a
-period. The special abbreviations `Tues' for `Tuesday', `Wednes' for
-`Wednesday' and `Thur' or `Thurs' for `Thursday' are also allowed.
-
- A number may precede a day of the week item to move forward
-supplementary weeks. It is best used in expression like `third
-monday'. In this context, `last DAY' or `next DAY' is also acceptable;
-they move one week before or after the day that DAY by itself would
-represent.
-
- A comma following a day of the week item is ignored.
-
This is tar.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from tar.texi.
-This manual is for GNU `tar' (version 1.27.1, 24 September 2013), which
+This manual is for GNU `tar' (version 1.28, 22 July 2014), which
creates and extracts files from archives.
Copyright (C) 1992, 1994-1997, 1999-2001, 2003-2013 Free Software
* tar: (tar)tar invocation. Invoking GNU `tar'.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+\1f
+File: tar.info, Node: Time of day items, Next: Time zone items, Prev: Calendar date items, Up: Date input formats
+
+7.3 Time of day items
+=====================
+
+A "time of day item" in date strings specifies the time on a given day.
+Here are some examples, all of which represent the same time:
+
+ 20:02:00.000000
+ 20:02
+ 8:02pm
+ 20:02-0500 # In EST (U.S. Eastern Standard Time).
+
+ More generally, the time of day may be given as
+`HOUR:MINUTE:SECOND', where HOUR is a number between 0 and 23, MINUTE
+is a number between 0 and 59, and SECOND is a number between 0 and 59
+possibly followed by `.' or `,' and a fraction containing one or more
+digits. Alternatively, `:SECOND' can be omitted, in which case it is
+taken to be zero. On the rare hosts that support leap seconds, SECOND
+may be 60.
+
+ If the time is followed by `am' or `pm' (or `a.m.' or `p.m.'), HOUR
+is restricted to run from 1 to 12, and `:MINUTE' may be omitted (taken
+to be zero). `am' indicates the first half of the day, `pm' indicates
+the second half of the day. In this notation, 12 is the predecessor of
+1: midnight is `12am' while noon is `12pm'. (This is the zero-oriented
+interpretation of `12am' and `12pm', as opposed to the old tradition
+derived from Latin which uses `12m' for noon and `12pm' for midnight.)
+
+ The time may alternatively be followed by a time zone correction,
+expressed as `SHHMM', where S is `+' or `-', HH is a number of zone
+hours and MM is a number of zone minutes. The zone minutes term, MM,
+may be omitted, in which case the one- or two-digit correction is
+interpreted as a number of hours. You can also separate HH from MM
+with a colon. When a time zone correction is given this way, it forces
+interpretation of the time relative to Coordinated Universal Time
+(UTC), overriding any previous specification for the time zone or the
+local time zone. For example, `+0530' and `+05:30' both stand for the
+time zone 5.5 hours ahead of UTC (e.g., India). This is the best way to
+specify a time zone correction by fractional parts of an hour. The
+maximum zone correction is 24 hours.
+
+ Either `am'/`pm' or a time zone correction may be specified, but not
+both.
+
+\1f
+File: tar.info, Node: Time zone items, Next: Combined date and time of day items, Prev: Time of day items, Up: Date input formats
+
+7.4 Time zone items
+===================
+
+A "time zone item" specifies an international time zone, indicated by a
+small set of letters, e.g., `UTC' or `Z' for Coordinated Universal
+Time. Any included periods are ignored. By following a
+non-daylight-saving time zone by the string `DST' in a separate word
+(that is, separated by some white space), the corresponding daylight
+saving time zone may be specified. Alternatively, a
+non-daylight-saving time zone can be followed by a time zone
+correction, to add the two values. This is normally done only for
+`UTC'; for example, `UTC+05:30' is equivalent to `+05:30'.
+
+ Time zone items other than `UTC' and `Z' are obsolescent and are not
+recommended, because they are ambiguous; for example, `EST' has a
+different meaning in Australia than in the United States. Instead,
+it's better to use unambiguous numeric time zone corrections like
+`-0500', as described in the previous section.
+
+ If neither a time zone item nor a time zone correction is supplied,
+time stamps are interpreted using the rules of the default time zone
+(*note Specifying time zone rules::).
+
+\1f
+File: tar.info, Node: Combined date and time of day items, Next: Day of week items, Prev: Time zone items, Up: Date input formats
+
+7.5 Combined date and time of day items
+=======================================
+
+The ISO 8601 date and time of day extended format consists of an ISO
+8601 date, a `T' character separator, and an ISO 8601 time of day.
+This format is also recognized if the `T' is replaced by a space.
+
+ In this format, the time of day should use 24-hour notation.
+Fractional seconds are allowed, with either comma or period preceding
+the fraction. ISO 8601 fractional minutes and hours are not supported.
+Typically, hosts support nanosecond timestamp resolution; excess
+precision is silently discarded.
+
+ Here are some examples:
+
+ 2012-09-24T20:02:00.052-0500
+ 2012-12-31T23:59:59,999999999+1100
+ 1970-01-01 00:00Z
+
+\1f
+File: tar.info, Node: Day of week items, Next: Relative items in date strings, Prev: Combined date and time of day items, Up: Date input formats
+
+7.6 Day of week items
+=====================
+
+The explicit mention of a day of the week will forward the date (only
+if necessary) to reach that day of the week in the future.
+
+ Days of the week may be spelled out in full: `Sunday', `Monday',
+`Tuesday', `Wednesday', `Thursday', `Friday' or `Saturday'. Days may
+be abbreviated to their first three letters, optionally followed by a
+period. The special abbreviations `Tues' for `Tuesday', `Wednes' for
+`Wednesday' and `Thur' or `Thurs' for `Thursday' are also allowed.
+
+ A number may precede a day of the week item to move forward
+supplementary weeks. It is best used in expression like `third
+monday'. In this context, `last DAY' or `next DAY' is also acceptable;
+they move one week before or after the day that DAY by itself would
+represent.
+
+ A comma following a day of the week item is ignored.
+
\1f
File: tar.info, Node: Relative items in date strings, Next: Pure numbers in date strings, Prev: Day of week items, Up: Date input formats
Makefiles. This practice will change in the future, in the
meantime, however this means that projects containing file names
more than 99 characters long will not be able to use GNU `tar'
- 1.27.1 and Automake prior to 1.9.
+ 1.28 and Automake prior to 1.9.
ustar
Archive format defined by POSIX.1-1988 specification. It stores
Some compression programs are able to handle different compression
formats. GNU `tar' uses this, if the principal decompressor for the
given format is not available. For example, if `compress' is not
-installed, `tar' will try to use `gzip'. As of version 1.27.1 the
+installed, `tar' will try to use `gzip'. As of version 1.28 the
following alternatives are tried(2):
Format Main decompressor Alternatives
8.3.5 Ustar Archive Format
--------------------------
-Archive format defined by POSIX.1-1988 specification is called `ustar'.
-Although it is more flexible than the V7 format, it still has many
-restrictions (*note ustar: Formats, for the detailed description of
-`ustar' format). Along with V7 format, `ustar' format is a good choice
-for archives intended to be read with other implementations of `tar'.
+The archive format defined by the POSIX.1-1988 specification is called
+`ustar'. Although it is more flexible than the V7 format, it still has
+many restrictions (*note ustar: Formats, for the detailed description
+of `ustar' format). Along with V7 format, `ustar' format is a good
+choice for archives intended to be read with other implementations of
+`tar'.
- To create archive in `ustar' format, use `--format=ustar' option in
-conjunction with the `--create' (`-c').
+ To create an archive in `ustar' format, use the `--format=ustar'
+option in conjunction with `--create' (`-c').
\1f
File: tar.info, Node: gnu, Next: posix, Prev: ustar, Up: Portability
SunOS and HP-UX `tar' fail to accept archives created using GNU `tar'
and containing non-ASCII file names, that is, file names having
-characters with the eight bit set, because they use signed checksums,
+characters with the eighth bit set, because they use signed checksums,
while GNU `tar' uses unsigned checksums while creating archives, as per
POSIX standards. On reading, GNU `tar' computes both checksums and
-accepts any. It is somewhat worrying that a lot of people may go
-around doing backup of their files using faulty (or at least
+accepts either of them. It is somewhat worrying that a lot of people
+may go around doing backup of their files using faulty (or at least
non-standard) software, not learning about it until it's time to
restore their missing files with an incompatible file extractor, or
vice versa.
- GNU `tar' computes checksums both ways, and accept any on read, so
-GNU tar can read Sun tapes even with their wrong checksums. GNU `tar'
-produces the standard checksum, however, raising incompatibilities with
-Sun. That is to say, GNU `tar' has not been modified to _produce_
-incorrect archives to be read by buggy `tar''s. I've been told that
-more recent Sun `tar' now read standard archives, so maybe Sun did a
-similar patch, after all?
+ GNU `tar' computes checksums both ways, and accepts either of them
+on read, so GNU tar can read Sun tapes even with their wrong checksums.
+GNU `tar' produces the standard checksum, however, raising
+incompatibilities with Sun. That is to say, GNU `tar' has not been
+modified to _produce_ incorrect archives to be read by buggy `tar''s.
+I've been told that more recent Sun `tar' now read standard archives,
+so maybe Sun did a similar patch, after all?
The story seems to be that when Sun first imported `tar' sources on
their system, they recompiled it without realizing that the checksums
of `char''s in their compiler. So they started computing checksums
wrongly. When they later realized their mistake, they merely decided
to stay compatible with it, and with themselves afterwards.
-Presumably, but I do not really know, HP-UX has chosen that their `tar'
+Presumably, but I do not really know, HP-UX has chosen their `tar'
archives to be compatible with Sun's. The current standards do not
favor Sun `tar' format. In any case, it now falls on the shoulders of
SunOS and HP-UX users to get a `tar' able to read the good archives
******************
This appendix lists some important user-visible changes between version
-GNU `tar' 1.27.1 and previous versions. An up-to-date version of this
+GNU `tar' 1.28 and previous versions. An up-to-date version of this
document is available at the GNU `tar' documentation page
(http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/changes.html).
file system at the time of the dump and is used to determine which
files were modified since the last backup.
- GNU `tar' version 1.27.1 supports three snapshot file formats. The
+ GNU `tar' version 1.28 supports three snapshot file formats. The
first format, called "format 0", is the one used by GNU `tar' versions
up to and including 1.15.1. The second format, called "format 1" is an
extended version of this format, that contains more metadata and allows
for further extensions. It was used by alpha release version 1.15.90.
For alpha version 1.15.91 and stable releases version 1.16 up through
-1.27.1, the "format 2" is used.
+1.28, the "format 2" is used.
GNU `tar' is able to read all three formats, but will create
snapshots only in format 2.
2. `Format 2' snapshot file begins with a format identifier, as
described for version 1, e.g.:
- GNU tar-1.27.1-2
+ GNU tar-1.28-2
This line is followed by newline. Rest of file consists of
records, separated by null (ASCII 0) characters. Thus, in contrast
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
- Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Copyright (C) 2000-2002, 2007-2008, 2014 Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc.
`http://fsf.org/'
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
\0\b[index\0\b]
* Menu:
-* --keep-directory-symlink, summary: Option Summary. (line 359)
+* --keep-directory-symlink, summary: Option Summary. (line 377)
* absolute-names: absolute. (line 10)
* absolute-names, summary: Option Summary. (line 6)
* add-file: files. (line 60)
* exclude, potential problems with: problems with exclude.
(line 6)
* exclude, summary: Option Summary. (line 181)
-* exclude-backups: exclude. (line 82)
+* exclude-backups: exclude. (line 130)
* exclude-backups, summary: Option Summary. (line 185)
-* exclude-caches: exclude. (line 105)
+* exclude-caches: exclude. (line 153)
* exclude-caches, summary: Option Summary. (line 193)
-* exclude-caches-all: exclude. (line 113)
+* exclude-caches-all: exclude. (line 161)
* exclude-caches-all, summary: Option Summary. (line 206)
-* exclude-caches-under: exclude. (line 109)
+* exclude-caches-under: exclude. (line 157)
* exclude-caches-under, summary: Option Summary. (line 200)
* exclude-from: exclude. (line 6)
* exclude-from, summary: Option Summary. (line 188)
-* exclude-tag: exclude. (line 122)
-* exclude-tag, summary: Option Summary. (line 210)
-* exclude-tag-all: exclude. (line 130)
-* exclude-tag-all, summary: Option Summary. (line 220)
-* exclude-tag-under: exclude. (line 126)
-* exclude-tag-under, summary: Option Summary. (line 215)
-* exclude-vcs: exclude. (line 37)
-* exclude-vcs, summary: Option Summary. (line 224)
+* exclude-ignore: exclude. (line 76)
+* exclude-ignore, summary: Option Summary. (line 210)
+* exclude-ignore-recursive: exclude. (line 81)
+* exclude-ignore-recursive, summary: Option Summary. (line 215)
+* exclude-tag: exclude. (line 170)
+* exclude-tag, summary: Option Summary. (line 220)
+* exclude-tag-all: exclude. (line 178)
+* exclude-tag-all, summary: Option Summary. (line 230)
+* exclude-tag-under: exclude. (line 174)
+* exclude-tag-under, summary: Option Summary. (line 225)
+* exclude-vcs: exclude. (line 85)
+* exclude-vcs, summary: Option Summary. (line 234)
+* exclude-vcs-ignores: exclude. (line 42)
+* exclude-vcs-ignores, summary: Option Summary. (line 240)
* extract: extract. (line 6)
* extract, additional options: extract options. (line 6)
* extract, complementary notes: Basic tar. (line 48)
(line 121)
* file: file. (line 6)
* file, short description: file. (line 15)
-* file, summary: Option Summary. (line 230)
+* file, summary: Option Summary. (line 248)
* file, tutorial: file tutorial. (line 6)
* files-from: files. (line 14)
-* files-from, summary: Option Summary. (line 236)
+* files-from, summary: Option Summary. (line 254)
* force-local, short description: Device. (line 70)
-* force-local, summary: Option Summary. (line 242)
-* format, summary: Option Summary. (line 247)
-* full-time, summary: Option Summary. (line 272)
+* force-local, summary: Option Summary. (line 260)
+* format, summary: Option Summary. (line 265)
+* full-time, summary: Option Summary. (line 290)
* get, summary: Operation Summary. (line 42)
* group: override. (line 88)
-* group, summary: Option Summary. (line 290)
-* gunzip, summary: Option Summary. (line 298)
+* group, summary: Option Summary. (line 308)
+* gunzip, summary: Option Summary. (line 316)
* gzip: gzip. (line 91)
-* gzip, summary: Option Summary. (line 298)
+* gzip, summary: Option Summary. (line 316)
* hard-dereference, described: hard links. (line 59)
-* hard-dereference, summary: Option Summary. (line 306)
+* hard-dereference, summary: Option Summary. (line 324)
* help: help tutorial. (line 6)
* help, introduction: help. (line 26)
-* help, summary: Option Summary. (line 312)
+* help, summary: Option Summary. (line 330)
* ignore-case: controlling pattern-matching.
(line 86)
-* ignore-case, summary: Option Summary. (line 317)
+* ignore-case, summary: Option Summary. (line 335)
* ignore-command-error: Writing to an External Program.
(line 110)
-* ignore-command-error, summary: Option Summary. (line 321)
+* ignore-command-error, summary: Option Summary. (line 339)
* ignore-failed-read: Ignore Failed Read. (line 7)
-* ignore-failed-read, summary: Option Summary. (line 325)
+* ignore-failed-read, summary: Option Summary. (line 343)
* ignore-zeros: Ignore Zeros. (line 6)
* ignore-zeros, short description: Blocking Factor. (line 156)
-* ignore-zeros, summary: Option Summary. (line 329)
-* incremental, summary: Option Summary. (line 334)
+* ignore-zeros, summary: Option Summary. (line 347)
+* incremental, summary: Option Summary. (line 352)
* incremental, using with --list: Incremental Dumps. (line 186)
-* index-file, summary: Option Summary. (line 341)
+* index-file, summary: Option Summary. (line 359)
* info-script: Multi-Volume Archives.
(line 88)
* info-script, short description: Device. (line 122)
-* info-script, summary: Option Summary. (line 344)
+* info-script, summary: Option Summary. (line 362)
* interactive: interactive. (line 14)
-* interactive, summary: Option Summary. (line 352)
+* interactive, summary: Option Summary. (line 370)
* keep-newer-files: Keep Newer Files. (line 6)
-* keep-newer-files, summary: Option Summary. (line 372)
+* keep-newer-files, summary: Option Summary. (line 390)
* keep-old-files: Keep Old Files. (line 9)
* keep-old-files, introduced: Dealing with Old Files.
(line 16)
-* keep-old-files, summary: Option Summary. (line 376)
+* keep-old-files, summary: Option Summary. (line 394)
* label <1>: label. (line 6)
* label: Tape Files. (line 6)
-* label, summary: Option Summary. (line 384)
+* label, summary: Option Summary. (line 402)
* level, described: Incremental Dumps. (line 76)
-* level, summary: Option Summary. (line 391)
+* level, summary: Option Summary. (line 409)
* list: list. (line 6)
* list, summary: Operation Summary. (line 46)
* list, using with --incremental: Incremental Dumps. (line 186)
* list, using with --verbose: list. (line 30)
* list, using with file name arguments: list. (line 68)
* listed-incremental, described: Incremental Dumps. (line 14)
-* listed-incremental, summary: Option Summary. (line 401)
+* listed-incremental, summary: Option Summary. (line 419)
* listed-incremental, using with --extract: Incremental Dumps.
(line 121)
* listed-incremental, using with --list: Incremental Dumps. (line 186)
* lzip: gzip. (line 104)
-* lzip, summary: Option Summary. (line 409)
+* lzip, summary: Option Summary. (line 427)
* lzma: gzip. (line 107)
-* lzma, summary: Option Summary. (line 413)
+* lzma, summary: Option Summary. (line 431)
* lzop: gzip. (line 110)
* mode: override. (line 14)
-* mode, summary: Option Summary. (line 421)
+* mode, summary: Option Summary. (line 439)
* mtime: override. (line 29)
-* mtime, summary: Option Summary. (line 427)
+* mtime, summary: Option Summary. (line 445)
* multi-volume: Multi-Volume Archives.
(line 6)
* multi-volume, short description: Device. (line 88)
-* multi-volume, summary: Option Summary. (line 436)
+* multi-volume, summary: Option Summary. (line 454)
* new-volume-script: Multi-Volume Archives.
(line 88)
* new-volume-script, short description: Device. (line 122)
-* new-volume-script, summary: Option Summary. (line 344)
+* new-volume-script, summary: Option Summary. (line 362)
* newer: after. (line 24)
-* newer, summary: Option Summary. (line 444)
+* newer, summary: Option Summary. (line 462)
* newer-mtime: after. (line 35)
-* newer-mtime, summary: Option Summary. (line 452)
+* newer-mtime, summary: Option Summary. (line 470)
* no-anchored: controlling pattern-matching.
(line 79)
-* no-anchored, summary: Option Summary. (line 457)
-* no-auto-compress, summary: Option Summary. (line 461)
+* no-anchored, summary: Option Summary. (line 475)
+* no-auto-compress, summary: Option Summary. (line 479)
* no-check-device, described: Incremental Dumps. (line 104)
-* no-check-device, summary: Option Summary. (line 465)
+* no-check-device, summary: Option Summary. (line 483)
* no-delay-directory-restore: Directory Modification Times and Permissions.
(line 68)
-* no-delay-directory-restore, summary: Option Summary. (line 470)
+* no-delay-directory-restore, summary: Option Summary. (line 488)
* no-ignore-case: controlling pattern-matching.
(line 86)
-* no-ignore-case, summary: Option Summary. (line 476)
+* no-ignore-case, summary: Option Summary. (line 494)
* no-ignore-command-error: Writing to an External Program.
(line 115)
-* no-ignore-command-error, summary: Option Summary. (line 479)
+* no-ignore-command-error, summary: Option Summary. (line 497)
* no-null, described: nul. (line 15)
-* no-null, summary: Option Summary. (line 483)
-* no-overwrite-dir, summary: Option Summary. (line 488)
-* no-quote-chars, summary: Option Summary. (line 492)
+* no-null, summary: Option Summary. (line 501)
+* no-overwrite-dir, summary: Option Summary. (line 506)
+* no-quote-chars, summary: Option Summary. (line 510)
* no-recursion: recurse. (line 11)
-* no-recursion, summary: Option Summary. (line 497)
+* no-recursion, summary: Option Summary. (line 515)
* no-same-owner: Attributes. (line 63)
-* no-same-owner, summary: Option Summary. (line 501)
-* no-same-permissions, summary: Option Summary. (line 507)
-* no-seek, summary: Option Summary. (line 512)
+* no-same-owner, summary: Option Summary. (line 519)
+* no-same-permissions, summary: Option Summary. (line 525)
+* no-seek, summary: Option Summary. (line 530)
* no-unquote: Selecting Archive Members.
(line 42)
-* no-unquote, summary: Option Summary. (line 517)
+* no-unquote, summary: Option Summary. (line 535)
* no-wildcards: controlling pattern-matching.
(line 41)
-* no-wildcards, summary: Option Summary. (line 521)
+* no-wildcards, summary: Option Summary. (line 539)
* no-wildcards-match-slash: controlling pattern-matching.
(line 92)
-* no-wildcards-match-slash, summary: Option Summary. (line 524)
+* no-wildcards-match-slash, summary: Option Summary. (line 542)
* null, described: nul. (line 11)
-* null, summary: Option Summary. (line 527)
+* null, summary: Option Summary. (line 545)
* numeric-owner: Attributes. (line 69)
-* numeric-owner, summary: Option Summary. (line 533)
+* numeric-owner, summary: Option Summary. (line 551)
* occurrence, described: append. (line 34)
-* occurrence, summary: Option Summary. (line 550)
-* old-archive, summary: Option Summary. (line 564)
+* occurrence, summary: Option Summary. (line 568)
+* old-archive, summary: Option Summary. (line 582)
* one-file-system: one. (line 14)
-* one-file-system, summary: Option Summary. (line 567)
+* one-file-system, summary: Option Summary. (line 585)
+* one-top-level, summary: Option Summary. (line 590)
* overwrite: Overwrite Old Files. (line 6)
* overwrite, introduced: Dealing with Old Files.
(line 32)
-* overwrite, summary: Option Summary. (line 572)
+* overwrite, summary: Option Summary. (line 601)
* overwrite-dir: Overwrite Old Files. (line 28)
* overwrite-dir, introduced: Dealing with Old Files.
(line 6)
-* overwrite-dir, summary: Option Summary. (line 576)
+* overwrite-dir, summary: Option Summary. (line 605)
* owner: override. (line 57)
-* owner, summary: Option Summary. (line 580)
+* owner, summary: Option Summary. (line 609)
* pax-option: PAX keywords. (line 6)
-* pax-option, summary: Option Summary. (line 588)
-* portability, summary: Option Summary. (line 594)
-* posix, summary: Option Summary. (line 598)
+* pax-option, summary: Option Summary. (line 617)
+* portability, summary: Option Summary. (line 623)
+* posix, summary: Option Summary. (line 627)
* preserve: Attributes. (line 122)
-* preserve, summary: Option Summary. (line 601)
+* preserve, summary: Option Summary. (line 630)
* preserve-order: Same Order. (line 6)
-* preserve-order, summary: Option Summary. (line 605)
+* preserve-order, summary: Option Summary. (line 634)
* preserve-permissions: Setting Access Permissions.
(line 10)
* preserve-permissions, short description: Attributes. (line 109)
-* preserve-permissions, summary: Option Summary. (line 608)
-* quote-chars, summary: Option Summary. (line 618)
+* preserve-permissions, summary: Option Summary. (line 637)
+* quote-chars, summary: Option Summary. (line 647)
* quoting-style: quoting styles. (line 38)
-* quoting-style, summary: Option Summary. (line 622)
+* quoting-style, summary: Option Summary. (line 651)
* read-full-records <1>: read full records. (line 6)
* read-full-records: Reading. (line 6)
* read-full-records, short description: Blocking Factor. (line 172)
-* read-full-records, summary: Option Summary. (line 629)
-* record-size, summary: Option Summary. (line 634)
+* read-full-records, summary: Option Summary. (line 658)
+* record-size, summary: Option Summary. (line 663)
* recursion: recurse. (line 22)
-* recursion, summary: Option Summary. (line 641)
+* recursion, summary: Option Summary. (line 670)
* recursive-unlink: Recursive Unlink. (line 6)
-* recursive-unlink, summary: Option Summary. (line 645)
+* recursive-unlink, summary: Option Summary. (line 674)
* remove-files: remove files. (line 6)
-* remove-files, summary: Option Summary. (line 650)
-* restrict, summary: Option Summary. (line 654)
-* rmt-command, summary: Option Summary. (line 659)
+* remove-files, summary: Option Summary. (line 679)
+* restrict, summary: Option Summary. (line 683)
+* rmt-command, summary: Option Summary. (line 688)
* rsh-command: Device. (line 73)
-* rsh-command, summary: Option Summary. (line 663)
+* rsh-command, summary: Option Summary. (line 692)
* same-order: Same Order. (line 6)
-* same-order, summary: Option Summary. (line 667)
+* same-order, summary: Option Summary. (line 696)
* same-owner: Attributes. (line 44)
-* same-owner, summary: Option Summary. (line 675)
+* same-owner, summary: Option Summary. (line 704)
* same-permissions: Setting Access Permissions.
(line 10)
* same-permissions, short description: Attributes. (line 109)
-* same-permissions, summary: Option Summary. (line 608)
-* seek, summary: Option Summary. (line 684)
+* same-permissions, summary: Option Summary. (line 637)
+* seek, summary: Option Summary. (line 713)
* show-defaults: defaults. (line 6)
-* show-defaults, summary: Option Summary. (line 693)
+* show-defaults, summary: Option Summary. (line 722)
* show-omitted-dirs: verbose. (line 107)
-* show-omitted-dirs, summary: Option Summary. (line 705)
+* show-omitted-dirs, summary: Option Summary. (line 734)
* show-snapshot-field-ranges: Snapshot Files. (line 113)
-* show-snapshot-field-ranges, summary: Option Summary. (line 709)
+* show-snapshot-field-ranges, summary: Option Summary. (line 738)
* show-stored-names: list. (line 60)
-* show-stored-names, summary: Option Summary. (line 714)
+* show-stored-names, summary: Option Summary. (line 743)
* show-transformed-names: transform. (line 45)
-* show-transformed-names, summary: Option Summary. (line 714)
+* show-transformed-names, summary: Option Summary. (line 743)
* skip-old-files, introduced: Dealing with Old Files.
(line 28)
-* skip-old-files, summary: Option Summary. (line 722)
+* skip-old-files, summary: Option Summary. (line 751)
+* sort, summary: Option Summary. (line 763)
* sparse: sparse. (line 22)
-* sparse, summary: Option Summary. (line 734)
+* sparse, summary: Option Summary. (line 782)
* sparse-version: sparse. (line 57)
-* sparse-version, summary: Option Summary. (line 739)
+* sparse-version, summary: Option Summary. (line 787)
* starting-file: Starting File. (line 6)
-* starting-file, summary: Option Summary. (line 744)
+* starting-file, summary: Option Summary. (line 792)
* strip-components: transform. (line 25)
-* strip-components, summary: Option Summary. (line 750)
+* strip-components, summary: Option Summary. (line 798)
* suffix: backup. (line 68)
-* suffix, summary: Option Summary. (line 759)
+* suffix, summary: Option Summary. (line 807)
* tape-length: Multi-Volume Archives.
(line 33)
* tape-length, short description: Device. (line 96)
-* tape-length, summary: Option Summary. (line 763)
+* tape-length, summary: Option Summary. (line 811)
* test-label: label. (line 35)
-* test-label, summary: Option Summary. (line 772)
+* test-label, summary: Option Summary. (line 820)
* to-command: Writing to an External Program.
(line 9)
-* to-command, summary: Option Summary. (line 776)
+* to-command, summary: Option Summary. (line 824)
* to-stdout: Writing to Standard Output.
(line 14)
-* to-stdout, summary: Option Summary. (line 780)
+* to-stdout, summary: Option Summary. (line 828)
* totals: verbose. (line 46)
-* totals, summary: Option Summary. (line 785)
+* totals, summary: Option Summary. (line 833)
* touch <1>: Attributes. (line 33)
* touch: Data Modification Times.
(line 15)
-* touch, summary: Option Summary. (line 790)
+* touch, summary: Option Summary. (line 838)
* transform: transform. (line 74)
-* transform, summary: Option Summary. (line 796)
+* transform, summary: Option Summary. (line 844)
* uncompress: gzip. (line 113)
* uncompress, summary: Option Summary. (line 153)
* ungzip: gzip. (line 91)
-* ungzip, summary: Option Summary. (line 298)
+* ungzip, summary: Option Summary. (line 316)
* unlink-first: Unlink First. (line 6)
* unlink-first, introduced: Dealing with Old Files.
(line 52)
-* unlink-first, summary: Option Summary. (line 816)
+* unlink-first, summary: Option Summary. (line 864)
* unquote: Selecting Archive Members.
(line 39)
-* unquote, summary: Option Summary. (line 822)
+* unquote, summary: Option Summary. (line 870)
* update <1>: how to update. (line 6)
* update: update. (line 6)
* update, summary: Operation Summary. (line 50)
* usage: help. (line 53)
* use-compress-program: gzip. (line 177)
-* use-compress-program, summary: Option Summary. (line 826)
-* utc, summary: Option Summary. (line 831)
+* use-compress-program, summary: Option Summary. (line 874)
+* utc, summary: Option Summary. (line 879)
* verbose: verbose. (line 18)
* verbose, introduced: verbose tutorial. (line 6)
-* verbose, summary: Option Summary. (line 835)
+* verbose, summary: Option Summary. (line 883)
* verbose, using with --create: create verbose. (line 6)
* verbose, using with --list: list. (line 30)
* verify, short description: verify. (line 8)
-* verify, summary: Option Summary. (line 842)
+* verify, summary: Option Summary. (line 890)
* verify, using with --create: verify. (line 24)
* version: help. (line 6)
-* version, summary: Option Summary. (line 847)
+* version, summary: Option Summary. (line 895)
* volno-file: Multi-Volume Archives.
(line 79)
-* volno-file, summary: Option Summary. (line 852)
+* volno-file, summary: Option Summary. (line 900)
* warning, explained: warnings. (line 12)
-* warning, summary: Option Summary. (line 857)
+* warning, summary: Option Summary. (line 905)
* wildcards: controlling pattern-matching.
(line 38)
-* wildcards, summary: Option Summary. (line 862)
+* wildcards, summary: Option Summary. (line 910)
* wildcards-match-slash: controlling pattern-matching.
(line 92)
-* wildcards-match-slash, summary: Option Summary. (line 866)
+* wildcards-match-slash, summary: Option Summary. (line 914)
* xform: transform. (line 74)
-* xform, summary: Option Summary. (line 796)
+* xform, summary: Option Summary. (line 844)
* xz: gzip. (line 96)
-* xz, summary: Option Summary. (line 869)
+* xz, summary: Option Summary. (line 917)
Exclude from dump any directory containing a valid cache directory
tag file. @xref{exclude}.
+@opsummary{exclude-ignore}
+@item --exclude-ignore=@var{file}
+Before dumping a directory, @command{tar} checks if it contains
+@var{file}. If so, exclusion patterns are read from this file.
+The patterns affect only the directory itself. @xref{exclude}.
+
+@opsummary{exclude-ignore-recursive}
+@item --exclude-ignore-recursive=@var{file}
+Before dumping a directory, @command{tar} checks if it contains
+@var{file}. If so, exclusion patterns are read from this file.
+The patterns affect the directory and all itssubdirectories.
+@xref{exclude}.
+
@opsummary{exclude-tag}
@item --exclude-tag=@var{file}
Exclude from dump directories and files, that are internal for some
widely used version control systems.
-@xref{exclude,,exclude-vcs}.
+@xref{exclude-vcs}.
+
+@opsummary{exclude-vcs-ignores}
+@item --exclude-vcs-ignores
+Exclude files that match patterns read from VCS-specific ignore
+files. Supported files are: @file{.cvsignore}, @file{.gitignore},
+@file{.bzrignore}, and @file{.hgignore}. The semantics of each file
+is the same as for the corresponding VCS, e.g. patterns read from
+@file{.gitignore} affect the directory and all its subdirectories.
+@xref{exclude-vcs-ignores}.
@opsummary{file}
@item --file=@var{archive}
directories that are on different file systems from the current
directory.
+@opsummary{one-top-level}
+@item --one-top-level[=@var{dir}]
+Tells @command{tar} to create a new directory beneath the extraction directory
+(or the one passed to @option{-C}) and use it to guard against
+tarbombs. In the absence of @var{dir} argument, the name of the new directory
+will be equal to the base name of the archive (file name minus the
+archive suffix, if recognized). Any member names that do not begin
+with that directory name (after
+transformations from @option{--transform} and
+@option{--strip-components}) will be prefixed with it. Recognized
+file name suffixes are @samp{.tar}, and any compression suffixes
+recognizable by @xref{--auto-compress}.
+
@opsummary{overwrite}
@item --overwrite
this option to produce warning messages about existing old files
(@pxref{warnings}).
+@opsummary{sort}
+@item --sort=@var{order}
+Specify the directory sorting order when reading directories.
+@var{Order} may be one of the following:
+
+@table @samp
+@item none
+No directory sorting is performed. This is the default.
+
+@item name
+Sort the directory entries on name. The operating system may deliver
+directory entries in a more or less random order, and sorting them
+makes archive creation reproducible.
+
+@item inode
+Sort the directory entries on inode number. Sorting directories on
+inode number may reduce the amount of disk seek operations when
+creating an archive for some file systems.
+
+@end table
+
@opsummary{sparse}
@item --sparse
@itemx -S
@smallexample
tar (GNU tar) @value{VERSION}
-Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 2013-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
@end smallexample
The @samp{%s} and @samp{%u} in the above example are
-@dfn{meta-characters}. The @samp{%s} meta-character is replaced with
+@dfn{format specifiers}. The @samp{%s} specifier is replaced with
the @dfn{type} of the checkpoint: @samp{write} or
@samp{read} (or a corresponding translated version in locales other
-than @acronym{POSIX}). The @samp{%u} meta-character is replaced with
+than @acronym{POSIX}). The @samp{%u} specifier is replaced with
the ordinal number of the checkpoint. Thus, the above example could
produce the following output when used with the @option{--create}
option:
tar: Hit write checkpoint #30
@end smallexample
-Aside from meta-character expansion, the message string is subject to
+The complete list of available format specifiers follows. Some of
+them can take optional arguments. These arguments, if given, are
+supplied in curly braces between the percent sign and the specifier
+letter.
+
+@table @samp
+@item %s
+Print type of the checkpoint (@samp{write} or @samp{read}).
+
+@item %u
+Print number of the checkpoint.
+
+@item %@{r,w,d@}T
+Print number of bytes transferred so far and approximate transfer
+speed. Optional arguments supply prefixes to be used before number
+of bytes read, written and deleted, correspondingly. If absent,
+they default to @samp{R}. @samp{W}, @samp{D}. Any or all of them can
+be omitted, so, that e.g. @samp{%@{@}T} means to print corresponding
+statistics without any prefixes. Any surplus arguments, if present,
+are silently ignored.
+
+@example
+$ @kbd{tar --delete -f f.tar --checkpoint-action=echo="#%u: %T" main.c}
+tar: #1: R: 0 (0B, 0B/s),W: 0 (0B, 0B/s),D: 0
+tar: #2: R: 10240 (10KiB, 19MiB/s),W: 0 (0B, 0B/s),D: 10240
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+See also the @samp{totals} action, described below.
+
+@item %@{@var{fmt}@}t
+Output current local time using @var{fmt} as format for @command{strftime}
+(@pxref{strftime, strftime,,strftime(3), strftime(3) man page}). The
+@samp{@{@var{fmt}@}} part is optional. If not present, the default
+format is @samp{%c}, i.e. the preferred date and time representation
+for the current locale.
+
+@item %@{@var{n}@}*
+Pad output with spaces to the @var{n}th column. If the
+@samp{@{@var{n}@}} part is omitted, the current screen width
+is assumed.
+
+@item %c
+This is a shortcut for @samp{%@{%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S@}t: %ds, %@{read,wrote@}T%*\r},
+intended mainly for use with @samp{ttyout} action (see below).
+@end table
+
+Aside from format expansion, the message string is subject to
@dfn{unquoting}, during which the backslash @dfn{escape sequences} are
replaced with their corresponding @acronym{ASCII} characters
(@pxref{escape sequences}). E.g. the following action will produce an
line, overwriting any previous message:
@smallexample
---checkpoint-action="ttyout=\rHit %s checkpoint #%u"
+--checkpoint-action="ttyout=Hit %s checkpoint #%u%*\r"
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Notice the use of @samp{%*} specifier to clear out any eventual
+remains of the prior output line. As as more complex example,
+consider this:
+
+@smallexample
+--checkpoint-action=ttyout='%@{%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S@}t (%d sec): #%u, %T%*\r'
@end smallexample
+@noindent
+This prints the current local time, number of seconds expired since
+tar was started, the checkpoint ordinal number, transferred bytes and
+average computed I/O speed.
+
@cindex @code{dot}, checkpoint action
Another available checkpoint action is @samp{dot} (or @samp{.}). It
instructs @command{tar} to print a single dot on the standard listing
be abbreviated by placing a dot in front of the checkpoint frequency,
as shown in the previous section.
+@cindex @code{totals}, checkpoint action
+The @samp{totals} action prints the total number of bytes transferred
+so far. The format of the data is the same as for the
+@option{--totals} option (@pxref{totals}). See also @samp{%T} format
+specifier of the @samp{echo} or @samp{ttyout} action.
+
@cindex @code{sleep}, checkpoint action
Yet another action, @samp{sleep}, pauses @command{tar} for a specified
amount of seconds. The following example will stop for 30 seconds at each
However, empty lines are OK.
+@cindex VCS, excluding patterns from ignore files
+@cindex VCS, ignore files
+@cindex CVS, ignore files
+@cindex Git, ignore files
+@cindex Bazaar, ignore files
+@cindex Mercurial, ignore files
+When archiving directories that are under some version control system (VCS),
+it is often convenient to read exclusion patterns from this VCS'
+ignore files (e.g. @file{.cvsignore}, @file{.gitignore}, etc.) The
+following options provide such possibilty:
+
+@table @option
+@anchor{exclude-vcs-ignores}
+@opindex exclude-vcs-ignores
+@item --exclude-vcs-ignores
+Before archiving a directory, see if it contains any of the following
+files: @file{cvsignore}, @file{.gitignore}, @file{.bzrignore}, or
+@file{.hgignore}. If so, read ignore patterns from these files.
+
+The patterns are treated much as the corresponding VCS would treat
+them, i.e.:
+
+@table @file
+@findex .cvsignore
+@item .cvsignore
+Contains shell-style globbing patterns that apply only to the
+directory where this file resides. No comments are allowed in the
+file. Empty lines are ignored.
+
+@findex .gitignore
+@item .gitignore
+Contains shell-style globbing patterns. Applies to the directory
+where @file{.gitfile} is located and all its subdirectories.
+
+Any line beginning with a @samp{#} is a comment. Backslash escapes
+the comment character.
+
+@findex .bzrignore
+@item .bzrignore
+Contains shell globbing-patterns and regular expressions (if prefixed
+with @samp{RE:}@footnote{According to the Bazaar docs,
+globbing-patterns are Korn-shell style and regular expressions are
+perl-style. As of @GNUTAR{} version @value{VERSION}, these are
+treated as shell-style globs and posix extended regexps. This will be
+fixed in future releases.}. Patterns affect the directory and all its
+subdirectories.
+
+Any line beginning with a @samp{#} is a comment.
+
+@findex .hgignore
+@item .hgignore
+Contains posix regular expressions@footnote{Support for perl-style
+regexps will appear in future releases.}. The line @samp{syntax:
+glob} switches to shell globbing patterns. The line @samp{syntax:
+regexp} switches back. Comments begin with a @samp{#}. Patterns
+affect the directory and all its subdirectories.
+@end table
+
+@opindex exclude-ignore
+@item --exclude-ignore=@var{file}
+Before dumping a directory, @command{tar} checks if it contains
+@var{file}. If so, exclusion patterns are read from this file.
+The patterns affect only the directory itself.
+
+@opindex exclude-ignore-recursive
+@item --exclude-ignore-recursive=@var{file}
+Same as @option{--exclude-ignore}, except that the patterns read
+affect both the directory where @var{file} resides and all its
+subdirectories.
+@end table
+
@table @option
@cindex version control system, excluding files
@cindex VCS, excluding files
@cindex Arch, excluding files
@cindex Mercurial, excluding files
@cindex Darcs, excluding files
+@anchor{exclude-vcs}
@opindex exclude-vcs
@item --exclude-vcs
Exclude files and directories used by following version control
@subsection Ustar Archive Format
@cindex ustar archive format
-Archive format defined by @acronym{POSIX}.1-1988 specification is called
-@code{ustar}. Although it is more flexible than the V7 format, it
+The archive format defined by the @acronym{POSIX}.1-1988 specification is
+called @code{ustar}. Although it is more flexible than the V7 format, it
still has many restrictions (@pxref{Formats,ustar}, for the detailed
description of @code{ustar} format). Along with V7 format,
@code{ustar} format is a good choice for archives intended to be read
with other implementations of @command{tar}.
-To create archive in @code{ustar} format, use @option{--format=ustar}
-option in conjunction with the @option{--create} (@option{-c}).
+To create an archive in @code{ustar} format, use the @option{--format=ustar}
+option in conjunction with @option{--create} (@option{-c}).
@node gnu
@subsection @acronym{GNU} and old @GNUTAR{} format
SunOS and HP-UX @command{tar} fail to accept archives created using
@GNUTAR{} and containing non-@acronym{ASCII} file names, that
-is, file names having characters with the eight bit set, because they
+is, file names having characters with the eighth bit set, because they
use signed checksums, while @GNUTAR{} uses unsigned
checksums while creating archives, as per @acronym{POSIX} standards. On
-reading, @GNUTAR{} computes both checksums and
-accepts any. It is somewhat worrying that a lot of people may go
+reading, @GNUTAR{} computes both checksums and accepts either of them.
+It is somewhat worrying that a lot of people may go
around doing backup of their files using faulty (or at least
non-standard) software, not learning about it until it's time to
restore their missing files with an incompatible file extractor, or
vice versa.
-@GNUTAR{} computes checksums both ways, and accept
-any on read, so @acronym{GNU} tar can read Sun tapes even with their
+@GNUTAR{} computes checksums both ways, and accepts either of them
+on read, so @acronym{GNU} tar can read Sun tapes even with their
wrong checksums. @GNUTAR{} produces the standard
checksum, however, raising incompatibilities with Sun. That is to
say, @GNUTAR{} has not been modified to
started computing checksums wrongly. When they later realized their
mistake, they merely decided to stay compatible with it, and with
themselves afterwards. Presumably, but I do not really know, HP-UX
-has chosen that their @command{tar} archives to be compatible with Sun's.
+has chosen their @command{tar} archives to be compatible with Sun's.
The current standards do not favor Sun @command{tar} format. In any
case, it now falls on the shoulders of SunOS and HP-UX users to get
a @command{tar} able to read the good archives they receive.
-# Copyright 2006-2007, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# Copyright 2006-2007, 2013-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This file is part of GNU tar.
@c This is part of GNU tar manual.
-@c Copyright 1992, 1994-1997, 1999-2006, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright 1992, 1994-1997, 1999-2006, 2013-2014 Free Software
+@c Foundation, Inc.
@c See file tar.texi for copying conditions.
@macro GNUTAR
-@set UPDATED 24 September 2013
-@set UPDATED-MONTH September 2013
-@set EDITION 1.27.1
-@set VERSION 1.27.1
+@set UPDATED 22 July 2014
+@set UPDATED-MONTH July 2014
+@set EDITION 1.28
+@set VERSION 1.28
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