X-Git-Url: https://git.gag.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=doc%2Fsdccman.lyx;h=86817c15dfbaaa6884ab018ba571741d414e4eb1;hb=48f3534d77a08a1a8307a51ccb3e65c3bb656a08;hp=22df670dd1190325b5c300d7db82f1ac34e9d581;hpb=10be04765bad3e76e16891f974b98c7b44af3a6a;p=fw%2Fsdcc diff --git a/doc/sdccman.lyx b/doc/sdccman.lyx index 22df670d..86817c15 100644 --- a/doc/sdccman.lyx +++ b/doc/sdccman.lyx @@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ pdftitle={SDCC Compiler User Guide}, pdfauthor={SDCC development team}, pdfsubject={installation, user manual}, - pdfkeywords={8032 8051 ansi c compiler CPU DS390 - embedded GPL HC08 manual mcs51 microcontroller PIC Z80}, + pdfkeywords={68hc08 8032 8051 ansi c compiler assembler CPU DS390 embedded development free Floating Point Arithmetic Freescale GPL HC08 inline Intel ISO/IEC 9899:1990 Linux MAC OS X manual Maxim mcs51 Microchip microcontroller open source PIC Unix Windows Z80 Zilog}, + pdfpagemode=UseOutlines, colorlinks=true, linkcolor=blue] {hyperref} % @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ SDCC Compiler User Guide \size normal -SDCC 2.5.4 +SDCC 2.6.2 \size footnotesize \newline @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ $Date$ $Revision$ \layout Comment -The above strings enclosed in $ are automatically updated by cvs +The above strings enclosed in $ are automatically updated by Subversion \layout Standard @@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ Sandeep Dutta , etc.), Dallas DS80C390 variants, Freescale (formerly Motorola) HC08 and Zilog Z80 based MCUs. - It can be retargetted for other microprocessors, support for Microchip - PIC, Atmel AVR is under development. + It can be retargeted for other microprocessors, support for Microchip PIC, + Atmel AVR is under development. The entire source code for the compiler is distributed under GPL. SDCC uses ASXXXX \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ Sandeep Dutta \end_inset -, an open source retargettable assembler & linker. +, an open source retargetable assembler & linker. SDCC has extensive language extensions suitable for utilizing various microcont rollers and underlying hardware effectively. @@ -202,578 +202,572 @@ The peep hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which is \newline Supported data-types are: -\layout Itemize - -char (8 bits, 1 byte), -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -short and int (16 bits, 2 bytes), -\layout Itemize -long (32 bit, 4 bytes) -\layout Itemize +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text -float (4 byte IEEE). - \layout Standard -The compiler also allows -\emph on -inline assembler code -\emph default - to be embedded anywhere in a function. - In addition, routines developed in assembly can also be called. -\newline - -\newline -SDCC also provides an option (- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +type +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +width \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text --cyclomatic) to report the relative complexity of a function. - These functions can then be further optimized, or hand coded in assembly - if needed. - -\newline +\layout Standard -\newline -SDCC also comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB, the debugger - currently uses ucSim a freeware simulator for 8051 and other micro-controllers. - SDCDB and ucSim are currently not available on Win32 platforms. - -\newline +default +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -The latest version can be downloaded from -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} +\layout Standard +signed range \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -. +\layout Standard -\series bold - -\series default -\emph on -Please note: the compiler will probably always be some steps ahead of this - documentation -\series bold -\emph default +unsigned range +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation} +\layout Standard +bool \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false +1 bit +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Obviously this has pros and cons +unsigned \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -. -\layout Section - -Open Source \layout Standard -All packages used in this compiler system are -\emph on -open source -\emph default - and -\emph on -freeware -\emph default -; source code for all the sub-packages (pre-processor, assemblers, linkers - etc) is distributed with the package. - This documentation is maintained using a freeware word processor (LyX). -\newline -This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it - under the terms of the GNU General Public License -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU General Public License, GPL} - +- \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at - your option) any later version. - This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT - ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{warranty} +\layout Standard +0, 1 \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. - See the GNU General Public License for more details. - You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along - with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple - Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. - In other words, you are welcome to use, share and improve this program. - You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve what - you give them. - Help stamp out software-hoarding! -\layout Section - -Typographic conventions -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Typographic conventions} +\layout Standard +char \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention. - Commands you have to type in are printed in -\family sans -\series bold -"sans serif" -\series default -. +8 bits, 1 byte +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family default - Code samples are printed in -\family typewriter -typewriter font. +\layout Standard -\family default - Interesting items and new terms are printed in -\emph on -italic. -\layout Section +signed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Compatibility with previous versions -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compatibility with previous versions} +\layout Standard +-128, +127 \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version. - But we also introduced some incompatibilities with older versions. - Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable, efficient - and ANSI compliant -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance} - +0, +255 \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - (see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:ANSI-Compliance} +\layout Standard +short \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - for ANSI-Compliance). - -\newline +\layout Standard -\layout Itemize +16 bits, 2 bytes +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char - (8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation - files are stored is now in /usr/local/share. -\layout Itemize +signed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -char type parameters to vararg functions are casted to int unless explicitly - casted, e.g.: -\newline +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -char a=3; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -printf ("%d %c -\backslash -n", a, (char)a); -\family default +-32.768, +32.767 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline - will push a as an int and as a char resp. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -option - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +0, +65.535 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +int \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text --regextend has been removed. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -option - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +16 bits, 2 bytes +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +signed \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text --noregparms has been removed. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -option - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +-32.768, +32.767 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +0, +65.535 \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text --stack-after-data has been removed. -\layout Itemize - -bit -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} +\layout Standard +long \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - and sbit -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit} +\layout Standard +32 bits, 4 bytes \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit} - +signed \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - types now consistently behave like the C99 _Bool type with respect to type - conversion -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type conversion} +\layout Standard +-2.147.483.648, +2.147.483.647 \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} - +0, +4.294.967.295 \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -. - The most common incompatibility resulting from this change is related to - bit toggling -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit toggling} +\layout Standard +float \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - idioms, e.g.: -\newline +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -bit b; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -b = ~b; /* equivalent to b=1 instead of toggling b */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -b = !b; /* toggles b */ -\newline +4 bytes IEEE 754 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family default -In previous versions, both forms would have toggled the bit. \layout Standard +signed +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\emph on - -\layout Section - -System Requirements \layout Standard -What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and - a desire to compute. - The preferred method of installation is to compile SDCC from source using - GNU gcc and make. - For Windows some pre-compiled binary distributions are available for your - convenience. - You should have some experience with command line tools and compiler use. -\layout Section +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Other Resources \layout Standard -The SDCC home page at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/} - +1.175494351E-38, +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +3.402823466E+38 \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - is a great place to find distribution sets. - You can also find links to the user mailing lists that offer help or discuss - SDCC with other SDCC users. - Web links to other SDCC related sites can also be found here. - This document can be found in the DOC directory of the source package as - a text or HTML file. - A pdf version of this document is available at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf} +\layout Standard +pointer \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -. - Some of the other tools (simulator and assembler) included with SDCC contain - their own documentation and can be found in the source distribution. - If you want the latest unreleased software, the complete source package - is available directly by anonymous CVS on cvs.sdcc.sourceforge.net. -\layout Section - -Wishes for the future \layout Standard -There are (and always will be) some things that could be done. - Here are some I can think of: -\newline +1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\family typewriter -char KernelFunction3(char p) at 0x340; -\newline +generic +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -better code banking -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code banking (limited support)} +\layout Standard \end_inset + + + - support for mcs51 +\end_inset + + +\newline +The compiler also allows +\emph on +inline assembler code +\emph default + to be embedded anywhere in a function. + In addition, routines developed in assembly can also be called. \newline \newline +SDCC also provides an option (- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\family default -If you can think of some more, please see the section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Requesting-Features} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - about filing feature requests -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features} - -\end_inset +-cyclomatic) to report the relative complexity of a function. + These functions can then be further optimized, or hand coded in assembly + if needed. + +\newline +\newline +SDCC also comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB, the debugger + currently uses ucSim a freeware simulator for 8051 and other micro-controllers.< +\newline -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request} +\newline +The latest version can be downloaded from +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} \end_inset . -\newline -\layout Chapter +\series bold + +\series default +\emph on +Please note: the compiler will probably always be some steps ahead of this + documentation +\series bold +\emph default -Installing SDCC -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Installation} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation} \end_inset -\layout Standard - -For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux} - -\end_inset +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false - or section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Windows-Install} +\layout Standard +Obviously this has pros and cons \end_inset . - More detailled instructions follow below. \layout Section -Configure Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options SDCC configuration} - -\end_inset - - +Open Source \layout Standard -The install paths, search paths and other options are defined when running - 'configure'. - The defaults can be overridden by: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +All packages used in this compiler system are +\emph on +open source +\emph default + and +\emph on +freeware +\emph default +; source code for all the sub-packages (pre-processor, assemblers, linkers + etc) is distributed with the package. + This documentation is maintained using a freeware word processor (LyX). +\newline +This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU General Public License, GPL} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --prefix see table below -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard + as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at + your option) any later version. + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT + ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{warranty} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --exec_prefix see table below -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + See the GNU General Public License for more details. + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along + with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple + Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. + In other words, you are welcome to use, share and improve this program. + You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve what + you give them. + Help stamp out software-hoarding! +\layout Section -\layout Standard +Typographic conventions +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Typographic conventions} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --bindir see table below -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention. + Commands you have to type in are printed in +\family sans +\series bold +"sans serif" +\series default +. --datadir see table below -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\family default + Code samples are printed in +\family typewriter +typewriter font. -docdir environment variable, see table below -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\family default + Interesting items and new terms are printed in +\emph on +italic. +\layout Section -include_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +Compatibility +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Compatibility-with-previous} -lib_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_inset -sdccconf_h_dir_separator environment variable, either / or -\backslash + with previous versions +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compatibility with previous versions} -\backslash - makes sense here. - This character will only be used in sdccconf.h; don't forget it's a C-header, - therefore a double-backslash is needed there. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_inset -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version. + But we also introduced some incompatibilities with older versions. + Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable, efficient + and ANSI compliant +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance} + \end_inset --disable-mcs51-port Excludes the Intel mcs51 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + (see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:ANSI-Compliance} -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\end_inset -\layout Standard + for ANSI-Compliance). + +\newline -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +\layout Itemize --disable-gbz80-port Excludes the Gameboy gbz80 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char + (8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant. +\layout Itemize -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation + files are stored is now in /usr/local/share. +\layout Itemize -\layout Standard +char type parameters to vararg +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --disable-z80-port Excludes the z80 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + functions are casted to int unless explicitly casted +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --disable-avr-port Excludes the AVR port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\series bold +\SpecialChar ~ +! +\end_inset -\layout Standard +, e.g.: +\newline +\family typewriter +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +char a=3; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +printf ("%d %c \backslash -/ -\end_inset +n", a, (char)a); +\family default --disable-ds390-port Excludes the DS390 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\newline + will push a as an int and as a char resp. +\layout Itemize -- +option - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -783,11 +777,10 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --disable-hc08-port Excludes the HC08 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +-regextend has been removed. +\layout Itemize -- +option - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -797,11 +790,10 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --disable-pic-port Excludes the PIC port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +-noregparms has been removed. +\layout Itemize -- +option - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -811,543 +803,384 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --disable-xa51-port Excludes the XA51 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +-stack-after-data has been removed. +\layout Itemize -\layout Standard +bit +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --disable-ucsim Disables configuring and building of ucsim -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard + and sbit +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --disable-device-lib-build Disables automatically building device libraries -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --disable-packihx Disables building packihx -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + types now consistently behave like the C99 _Bool type with respect to type + conversion +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type conversion} -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\end_inset -\layout Standard -\backslash -/ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} + \end_inset --enable-libgc Use the Bohem memory allocator. - Lower runtime footprint. -\layout Standard - -Furthermore the environment variables CC, CFLAGS, ... - the tools and their arguments can be influenced. - Please see `configure - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +. + The most common incompatibility resulting from this change is related to + bit toggling +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit toggling} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --help` and the man/info pages of `configure` for details. -\newline - -\newline -The names of the standard libraries STD_LIB, STD_INT_LIB, STD_LONG_LIB, - STD_FP_LIB, STD_DS390_LIB, STD_XA51_LIB and the environment variables SDCC_DIR_ -NAME, SDCC_INCLUDE_NAME, SDCC_LIB_NAME are defined by `configure` too. - At the moment it's not possible to change the default settings (it was - simply never required). -\newline - -\newline -These configure options are compiled into the binaries, and can only be - changed by rerunning 'configure' and recompiling SDCC. - The configure options are written in -\emph on -italics -\emph default - to distinguish them from run time environment variables (see section search - paths). + idioms, e.g.: \newline +\family typewriter +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +bit b; \newline -The settings for -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +b = ~ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator} -Win32 builds -\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - are used by the SDCC team to build the official Win32 binaries. - The SDCC team uses Mingw32 to build the official Windows binaries, because - it's -\layout Enumerate +b; /* equivalent to b=1 instead of toggling b */ +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true -open source, -\layout Enumerate +\layout Standard -a gcc compiler and last but not least -\layout Enumerate -the binaries can be built by cross compiling on Sourceforge's compile farm. -\layout Standard +\series bold +\SpecialChar ~ +! +\end_inset -See the examples, how to pass the Win32 settings to 'configure'. - The other Win32 builds using Borland, VC or whatever don't use 'configure', - but a header file sdcc_vc_in.h is the same as sdccconf.h built by 'configure' - for Win32. -\newline \newline -These defaults are: +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +b = !b; /* toggles b */ \newline +\family default +In previous versions, both forms would have toggled the bit. \layout Standard -\align center - -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -Variable -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -default -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\emph on + +\layout Section +System Requirements \layout Standard -Win32 builds -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and + a desire to compute. + The preferred method of installation is to compile SDCC from source using + GNU gcc and make. + For Windows some pre-compiled binary distributions are available for your + convenience. + You should have some experience with command line tools and compiler use. +\layout Section +Other Resources \layout Standard +The SDCC home page at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/} -\emph on -PREFIX \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + is a great place to find distribution sets. + You can also find links to the user mailing lists that offer help or discuss + SDCC with other SDCC users. + Web links to other SDCC related sites can also be found here. + This document can be found in the DOC directory of the source package as + a text or HTML file. + A pdf version of this document is available at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf} -/usr/local \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. + Some of the other tools (simulator and assembler) included with SDCC contain + their own documentation and can be found in the source distribution. + If you want the latest unreleased software, the complete source package + is available directly from Subversion on https://svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/sdcc +/trunk/sdcc. +\layout Section +Wishes for the future +\layout Standard -\backslash -sdcc -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +There are (and always will be) some things that could be done. + Here are some I can think of: +\newline \layout Standard -\emph on -EXEC_PREFIX -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\family typewriter +char KernelFunction3(char p) at 0x340; +\newline \layout Standard -\emph on -$PREFIX +\family typewriter +better code banking +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code banking (limited support)} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + support for mcs51 +\newline +\newline -\emph on -$PREFIX -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\family default +If you can think of some more, please see the section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Requesting-Features} -\layout Standard +\end_inset + about filing feature requests +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features} -\emph on -BINDIR \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request} -\emph on -$EXECPREFIX -\emph default -/bin \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. +\newline +\layout Chapter -\emph on -$EXECPREFIX -\emph default +Installing SDCC +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Installation} -\backslash -bin \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard +For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux} -\emph on -DATADIR \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard + (Unix) or section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Windows-Install} -\emph on -$PREFIX -\emph default -/share \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + (Windows). + More detailed instructions follow below. +\layout Section +Configure Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options SDCC configuration} -\emph on -$PREFIX \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\layout Standard -\emph on -DOCDIR -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +The install paths, search paths and other options are defined when running + 'configure'. + The defaults can be overridden by: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\layout Standard +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed +\layout Standard -\emph on -$DATADIR -\emph default -/sdcc/doc +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-prefix see table below +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\emph on -$DATADIR -\emph default +\layout Standard \backslash -doc +/ \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard +-exec_prefix see table below +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\emph on -INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -sdcc/include +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-bindir see table below +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -include -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\emph on -LIB_DIR_SUFFIX +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-datadir see table below +\newline -sdcc/lib -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\layout Standard +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +docdir environment variable, see table below +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -lib -\end_inset - - - +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +include_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\end_inset +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +lib_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdccconf_h_dir_separator environment variable, either / or +\backslash +\backslash + makes sense here. + This character will only be used in sdccconf.h; don't forget it's a C-header, + therefore a double-backslash is needed there. \newline -\layout Standard -\noindent -'configure' also computes relative paths. - This is needed for full relocatability of a binary package and to complete - search paths (see section search paths below): -\newline - -\layout Standard -\align center +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Variable (computed) +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-disable-mcs51-port Excludes the Intel mcs51 port +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -default -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Win32 builds +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard +-disable-gbz80-port Excludes the Gameboy gbz80 port +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\emph on -BIN2DATA_DIR -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -../share +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-disable-z80-port Excludes the z80 port +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -.. -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\emph on -PREFIX2BIN_DIR +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-disable-avr-port Excludes the AVR port +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -bin -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -bin +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard +-disable-ds390-port Excludes the DS390 port +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\emph on -PREFIX2DATA_DIR -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -share/sdcc +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - -\end_inset - - - - -\end_inset - - -\newline - -\layout Standard -\noindent -Examples: -\layout LyX-Code +-disable-hc08-port Excludes the HC08 port +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -./configure -\newline -./configure - +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -1357,15 +1190,11 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --prefix= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -/usr/bin -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +-disable-pic-port Excludes the PIC port +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -1375,17 +1204,11 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --datadir= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -/usr/share -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - +-disable-xa51-port Excludes the XA51 port +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\newline -./configure - +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -1395,7 +1218,11 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --disable-avr-port - +-disable-ucsim Disables configuring and building of ucsim +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -1405,61 +1232,26 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --disable-xa51-port -\layout Standard - -To cross compile on linux for Mingw32 (see also 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_mingw -32'): -\layout LyX-Code - -./configure -\backslash - -\newline -CC= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -i586-mingw32msvc-gcc -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +-disable-device-lib Disables automatically building device libraries +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - CXX= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -i586-mingw32msvc-g++ -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\layout Standard - \backslash - -\newline -RANLIB= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -i586-mingw32msvc-ranlib -\begin_inset Quotes srd +/ \end_inset - -\backslash - +-disable-packihx Disables building packihx \newline -STRIP= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -i586-mingw32msvc-strip -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -\backslash +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\newline - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -1470,18 +1262,10 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --prefix= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -/sdcc -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\backslash +-enable-doc Build pdf, html and txt files from the lyx sources +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\newline - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -1492,334 +1276,221 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --datadir= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +-enable-libgc Use the Bohem memory allocator. + Lower runtime footprint. +\layout Standard -/sdcc -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +Furthermore the environment variables CC, CFLAGS, ... + the tools and their arguments can be influenced. + Please see `configure - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard - \backslash +/ +\end_inset +-help` and the man/info pages of `configure` for details. \newline -docdir= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset -/sdcc/doc -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\newline +The names of the standard libraries STD_LIB, STD_INT_LIB, STD_LONG_LIB, + STD_FP_LIB, STD_DS390_LIB, STD_XA51_LIB and the environment variables SDCC_DIR_ +NAME, SDCC_INCLUDE_NAME, SDCC_LIB_NAME are defined by `configure` too. + At the moment it's not possible to change the default settings (it was + simply never required). +\newline - -\backslash +\newline +These configure options are compiled into the binaries, and can only be + changed by rerunning 'configure' and recompiling SDCC. + The configure options are written in +\emph on +italics +\emph default + to distinguish them from run time environment variables (see section search + paths). +\newline \newline -include_dir_suffix= -\begin_inset Quotes srd +The settings for +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset -include +Win32 builds \begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - -\backslash + are used by the SDCC team to build the official Win32 binaries. + The SDCC team uses Mingw32 to build the official Windows binaries, because + it's +\layout Enumerate -\newline -lib_dir_suffix= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +open source, +\layout Enumerate -lib -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +a gcc compiler and last but not least +\layout Enumerate - -\backslash +the binaries can be built by cross compiling on Sourceforge's compile farm. +\layout Standard +See the examples, how to pass the Win32 settings to 'configure'. + The other Win32 builds using Borland, VC or whatever don't use 'configure', + but a header file sdcc_vc_in.h is the same as sdccconf.h built by 'configure' + for Win32. \newline -sdccconf_h_dir_separator= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -\backslash +\newline +These defaults are: +\newline -\backslash +\layout Standard +\align center -\backslash +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\backslash +\layout Standard -\begin_inset Quotes srd +Variable \end_inset - - -\backslash - -\newline -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +default \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text --disable-device-lib-build -\backslash +\layout Standard -\newline -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +Win32 builds +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --disable-ucsim -\backslash - -\newline -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard -\backslash -/ +\emph on +PREFIX \end_inset - --host=i586-mingw32msvc - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +/usr/local \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text --build=unknown-unknown-linux-gnu \layout Standard -To -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset - -cross -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -compile on Cygwin for Mingw32 (see also sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32 -): -\layout LyX-Code - -./configure -C -\backslash - -\newline -CFLAGS= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - --mno-cygwin -O2 -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - \backslash - -\newline -LDFLAGS= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - --mno-cygwin -\begin_inset Quotes srd +sdcc \end_inset - - -\backslash - -\newline -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --prefix= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset -/sdcc -\begin_inset Quotes srd +\emph on +EXEC_PREFIX \end_inset - - -\backslash - -\newline -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --datadir= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -/sdcc -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\backslash - -\newline -docdir= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -/sdcc/doc -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\backslash - -\newline -include_dir_suffix= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -include -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\backslash - -\newline -lib_dir_suffix= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -lib -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\backslash - -\newline -sdccconf_h_dir_separator= -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\backslash - -\backslash - -\backslash - -\backslash - -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\backslash - -\newline -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard -\backslash -/ +\emph on +$PREFIX \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text --disable-ucsim \layout Standard -'configure' is quite slow on Cygwin (at least on windows before Win2000/XP). - The option '- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ +\emph on +$PREFIX \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text --C' turns on caching, which gives a little bit extra speed. - However if options are changed, it can be necessary to delete the config.cache - file. -\layout Section +\layout Standard -Install paths -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-paths} +\emph on +BINDIR \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install paths} +\emph on +$EXECPREFIX +\emph default +/bin \end_inset - - -\layout Standard -\added_space_top medskip \align center - -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Description +\emph on +$EXECPREFIX +\emph default + +\backslash +bin \end_inset + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Path +\emph on +DATADIR \end_inset @@ -1828,8 +1499,10 @@ Path \layout Standard -\series bold -Default +\emph on +$PREFIX +\emph default +/share \end_inset @@ -1838,8 +1511,8 @@ Default \layout Standard -\series bold -Win32 builds +\emph on +$PREFIX \end_inset @@ -1849,7 +1522,9 @@ Win32 builds \layout Standard -Binary files* + +\emph on +DOCDIR \end_inset @@ -1859,15 +1534,9 @@ Binary files* \emph on -$EXEC_PREFIX -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -/usr/local/bin +$DATADIR +\emph default +/sdcc/doc \end_inset @@ -1876,50 +1545,12 @@ $EXEC_PREFIX \layout Standard -\backslash -sdcc -\backslash -bin -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -Include files -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - - \emph on -$DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -/usr/local/share/sdcc/include -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - +$DATADIR +\emph default \backslash -sdcc -\backslash -include +doc \end_inset @@ -1929,17 +1560,9 @@ include \layout Standard -Library file** -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - \emph on -$DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX +INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX \end_inset @@ -1947,7 +1570,7 @@ $DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX \layout Standard -/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib +sdcc/include \end_inset @@ -1955,11 +1578,7 @@ $DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX \layout Standard - -\backslash -sdcc -\backslash -lib +include \end_inset @@ -1969,17 +1588,9 @@ lib \layout Standard -Documentation -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - \emph on -$DOCDIR +LIB_DIR_SUFFIX \end_inset @@ -1987,7 +1598,7 @@ $DOCDIR \layout Standard -/usr/local/share/sdcc/doc +sdcc/lib \end_inset @@ -1995,11 +1606,7 @@ $DOCDIR \layout Standard - -\backslash -sdcc -\backslash -doc +lib \end_inset @@ -2008,75 +1615,15 @@ doc \end_inset -\layout Verse - - -\size footnotesize -*compiler, preprocessor, assembler, and linker \newline -**the -\shape italic -model -\shape default - is auto-appended by the compiler, e.g. - small, large, z80, ds390 etc -\layout Standard -\noindent -The install paths can still be changed during `make install` with e.g.: -\layout LyX-Code -make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc \layout Standard - -Of course this doesn't change the search paths compiled into the binaries. -\newline - +\noindent +'configure' also computes relative paths. + This is needed for full relocatability of a binary package and to complete + search paths (see section search paths below): \newline -Moreover the install path can be changed by defining DESTDIR -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DESTDIR} - -\end_inset - -: -\layout LyX-Code - -make install DESTDIR=$(HOME)/sdcc.rpm/ -\layout Standard - -Please note that DESTDIR must have a trailing slash! -\layout Section - -Search Paths -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Search-Paths} - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Search path} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard - -Some search paths or parts of them are determined by configure variables - (in -\emph on -italics -\emph default -, see section above). - Further search paths are determined by environment variables during runtime. -\newline -The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first catch - wins): -\newline - -\newline -1. - Binary files (preprocessor, assembler and linker) -\newline - \layout Standard \align center @@ -2092,7 +1639,7 @@ The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first catch \layout Standard -Search path +Variable (computed) \end_inset @@ -2112,15 +1659,15 @@ Win32 builds \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$SDCC_HOME/ + \emph on -$PPREFIX2BIN_DIR +BIN2DATA_DIR \end_inset @@ -2128,7 +1675,7 @@ $PPREFIX2BIN_DIR \layout Standard -$SDCC_HOME/bin +../share \end_inset @@ -2136,19 +1683,19 @@ $SDCC_HOME/bin \layout Standard -$SDCC_HOME -\backslash -bin +.. \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Path of argv[0] (if available) + +\emph on +PREFIX2BIN_DIR \end_inset @@ -2156,7 +1703,7 @@ Path of argv[0] (if available) \layout Standard -Path of argv[0] +bin \end_inset @@ -2164,17 +1711,19 @@ Path of argv[0] \layout Standard -Path of argv[0] +bin \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$PATH + +\emph on +PREFIX2DATA_DIR \end_inset @@ -2182,7 +1731,7 @@ $PATH \layout Standard -$PATH +share/sdcc \end_inset @@ -2190,7 +1739,6 @@ $PATH \layout Standard -$PATH \end_inset @@ -2198,57 +1746,35 @@ $PATH \end_inset - -\newline -\layout Standard -\noindent -2. - Include files \newline \layout Standard -\align center +\noindent +Examples: +\layout LyX-Code -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text +./configure +\newline +./configure - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Search path +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - -default +-prefix= +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - -Win32 builds +/usr/bin +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -- + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -2258,15 +1784,17 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --I dir +-datadir= +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +/usr/share +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -- + +\newline +./configure - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -2276,15 +1804,7 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --I dir -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -- +-disable-avr-port - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -2294,202 +1814,162 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --I dir -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - +-disable-xa51-port \layout Standard -$SDCC_INCLUDE -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +To cross compile on linux for Mingw32 (see also 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_mingw +32'): +\layout LyX-Code -\layout Standard +./configure +\backslash -$SDCC_INCLUDE +\newline +CC= +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +i586-mingw32msvc-gcc +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -$SDCC_INCLUDE + CXX= +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +i586-mingw32msvc-g++ +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -$SDCC_HOME/ + +\backslash + \newline +RANLIB= +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\emph on -$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/ -\newline -$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX +i586-mingw32msvc-ranlib +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + +\backslash -$SDCC_ HOME/ -\newline -share/sdcc/ \newline -include +STRIP= +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -$SDCC_HOME -\backslash -include +i586-mingw32msvc-strip +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + +\backslash -path(argv[0])/ \newline +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\emph on -$BIN2DATADIR/ -\emph default +\layout Standard -\newline +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\emph on -$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX +-prefix= +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +/sdcc +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -path(argv[0])/ -\newline -../sdcc/include -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ + +\backslash -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\newline +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -path(argv[0]) \backslash -.. -\backslash -include +/ \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-datadir= +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset +/sdcc +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\emph on -$DATADIR/ -\emph default + +\backslash \newline +docdir= +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\emph on -$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX +/sdcc/doc +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + +\backslash -/usr/local/share/sdcc/ \newline +include_dir_suffix= +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + include +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + +\backslash -(not on Win32) +\newline +lib_dir_suffix= +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - - +lib +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset +\backslash + \newline +sdccconf_h_dir_separator= +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\layout Standard -\noindent -The option - + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\backslash + +\newline +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -2499,20 +1979,53 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --nostdinc disables the last two search paths. -\newline +-disable-device-lib +\backslash \newline -3. - Library files +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-host=i586-mingw32msvc +\backslash + \newline +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -With the exception of +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-build=unknown-unknown-linux-gnu +\layout Standard + +To \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset +cross +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +compile on Cygwin for Mingw32 (see also sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32 +): +\layout LyX-Code + +./configure -C +\backslash + +\newline - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -2523,97 +2036,121 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --L dir +-prefix= +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +/sdcc \begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - the -\shape italic -model -\shape default - is auto-appended by the compiler (e.g. - small, large, z80, ds390 etc.). +\backslash + \newline +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\layout Standard +-datadir= +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -Search path +/sdcc +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + +\backslash -default +\newline +docdir= +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +/sdcc/doc +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -Win32 builds + +\backslash + +\newline +include_dir_suffix= +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +include +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + +\backslash -\layout Standard +\newline +lib_dir_suffix= +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +lib +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + \backslash -/ + +\newline +sdccconf_h_dir_separator= +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset --L dir + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\backslash + +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + +\backslash -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\newline +CC= +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\layout Standard +gcc -mno-cygwin +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + \backslash -/ + +\newline +CXX= +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset --L dir +g++ -mno-cygwin +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -- +'configure' is quite slow on Cygwin (at least on windows before Win2000/XP). + The option '- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -2623,33 +2160,61 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --L dir +-C' turns on caching, which gives a little bit extra speed. + However if options are changed, it can be necessary to delete the config.cache + file. +\layout Section + +Install paths +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-paths} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install paths} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\added_space_top medskip \align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Description \end_inset - - \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$SDCC_LIB/ -\newline -\emph on - +\series bold +Path \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$SDCC_LIB/ -\newline -\emph on - +\series bold +Default \end_inset @@ -2657,132 +2222,77 @@ $SDCC_LIB/ \layout Standard -$SDCC_LIB -\backslash - -\newline -\emph on - +\series bold +Win32 builds \end_inset - + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Binary files* +\end_inset + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$SDCC_HOME/ -\newline \emph on -$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/ -\newline -$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ +$EXEC_PREFIX \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$SDCC_HOME/ -\newline -share/sdcc/ -\newline -lib/ -\emph on - +/usr/local/bin \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$SDCC_HOME + \backslash -lib +sdcc \backslash - -\emph on - -\newline - +bin \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -path(argv[0])/ -\newline +Include files +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\emph on -$BIN2DATADIR/ -\emph default +\layout Standard -\newline \emph on -$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ +$DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -path(argv[0])/ -\newline -../sdcc/lib/ -\emph on - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - +/usr/local/share/sdcc/include \end_inset @@ -2790,58 +2300,23 @@ path(argv[0])/ \layout Standard -path(argv[0]) -\backslash -\newline -.. \backslash -lib +sdcc \backslash +include +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\emph on - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\layout Standard +Library file** \end_inset - - \begin_inset Text @@ -2849,9 +2324,7 @@ lib \emph on -$DATADIR/ -\newline -$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ +$DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX \end_inset @@ -2859,11 +2332,7 @@ $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ \layout Standard -/usr/local/share/sdcc/ -\newline -lib/ -\emph on - +/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib \end_inset @@ -2871,295 +2340,300 @@ lib/ \layout Standard -(not on Win32) + +\backslash +sdcc +\backslash +lib \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard +Documentation \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\newline -\layout Comment +\emph on +$DOCDIR +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking - the HTML output (last line)! \layout Standard -\SpecialChar ~ - -\newline -The option - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +/usr/local/share/sdcc/doc +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard + \backslash -/ +sdcc +\backslash +doc \end_inset + + + --nostdlib disables the last two search paths. -\layout Section +\end_inset -Building SDCC -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Building SDCC} -\end_inset +\layout Verse -\layout Subsection +\size footnotesize +*compiler, preprocessor, assembler, and linker +\newline +**the +\shape italic +model +\shape default + is auto-appended by the compiler, e.g. + small, large, z80, ds390 etc +\layout Standard +\noindent +The install paths can still be changed during `make install` with e.g.: +\layout LyX-Code -Building SDCC on Linux -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux} +make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc +\layout Standard + +Of course this doesn't change the search paths compiled into the binaries. +\newline + +\newline +Moreover the install path can be changed by defining DESTDIR +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DESTDIR} \end_inset +: +\layout LyX-Code -\layout Enumerate +make install DESTDIR=$(HOME)/sdcc.rpm/ +\layout Standard +Please note that DESTDIR must have a trailing slash! +\layout Section -\series medium -Download the source package -\series default - either from the SDCC CVS repository or from the nightly snapshots -\series medium -, it will be named something like sdcc -\series default -.src -\series medium -.t -\series default -ar. -\series medium -gz -\series default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} +Search Paths +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Search-Paths} \end_inset -. -\layout Enumerate +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Search path} -\series medium -Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm. -\layout Enumerate +\end_inset -\series medium -Unpack the file using a command like: -\family sans -\series bold -"tar -xvzf sdcc.src.tar.gz -\family default -\series default -" -\series medium -, this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources. -\layout Enumerate +\layout Standard -Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type: -\family sans -\series bold -"cd sdcc -\series default -". -\layout Enumerate +Some search paths or parts of them are determined by configure variables + (in +\emph on +italics +\emph default +, see section above). + Further search paths are determined by environment variables during runtime. + +\newline +The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first catch + wins): +\newline +\newline +1. + Binary files (preprocessor, assembler and linker) +\newline -\series medium -Type -\family sans -\series bold -"./configure -\family default -\series default -". - This configures the package for compilation on your system. -\layout Enumerate +\layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\series medium -Type -\family sans -\series bold -"make -\family default -\series default -" -\series medium -. +\layout Standard -\series default - All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while. -\layout Enumerate +Search path +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\series medium -Type -\family sans -\series bold -"make install" -\family default -\series default - as root -\series medium -. +default +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\series default - This copies the binary executables, the include files, the libraries and - the documentation to the install directories. - Proceed with section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Testing-the-SDCC} +\layout Standard +Win32 builds \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -. -\layout Subsection - -Building SDCC on OSX 2.x \layout Standard -Follow the instruction for Linux. -\newline +$SDCC_HOME/ +\emph on +$PPREFIX2BIN_DIR +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease -)) fails to compile SDCC. - Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine. - This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with: -\layout LyX-Code +\layout Standard -./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2 -\layout Subsection +$SDCC_HOME/bin +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows \layout Standard -With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32. - See section 'Configure Options'. -\layout Subsection +$SDCC_HOME +\backslash +bin +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Building SDCC on Windows \layout Standard -With the exception of Cygwin the SDCC binaries uCsim and sdcdb can't be - built on Windows. - They use Unix-sockets, which are not available on Win32. -\layout Subsection +Path of argv[0] (if available) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32 \layout Standard -For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions - for Linux. -\newline - -\newline -On Cygwin a -\begin_inset Quotes sld +Path of argv[0] \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -native -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\layout Standard - Win32-binary can be built, which will not need the Cygwin-DLL. - For the necessary 'configure' options see section 'configure options' or - the script 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32'. -\newline +Path of argv[0] +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -In order to install Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[www.cygwin.com]{http://www.cygwin.com/} +\layout Standard +$PATH \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -. - Run it, set the -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\layout Standard -default text file type -\begin_inset Quotes srd +$PATH \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - to -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\layout Standard -unix -\begin_inset Quotes srd +$PATH \end_inset + + + - and download/install at least the following packages. - Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected - because of dependencies with the manually selected packages. - Never deselect these packages! -\layout Itemize +\end_inset -flex -\layout Itemize + +\newline -bison -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard +\noindent +2. + Include files +\newline -gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard +\align center -binutils ; selected with gcc -\layout Itemize +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text -make -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below) -\layout Itemize +Search path +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or - later -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or - later -\layout Itemize +default +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -cvs ; only if you use CVS access \layout Standard -If you want to develop something you'll need: -\layout Itemize - -python ; for the regression tests -\layout Itemize - -gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset - -insight -\begin_inset Quotes srd +Win32 builds \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - -\layout Itemize - -openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes -\layout Itemize - -autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't - use autoconf-stable! \layout Standard -rxvt is a nice console with history. - Replace in your cygwin.bat the line -\layout LyX-Code - -bash - +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -3169,16 +2643,15 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --login -i -\layout Standard - -with (one line): -\layout LyX-Code +-I dir +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red -\layout LyX-Code +\layout Standard - -bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash - +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -3188,532 +2661,344 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --login -\layout Standard - -Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting - works with shift-insert. -\newline - -\newline -The other good tip is to make sure you have no //c/-style paths anywhere, - use /cygdrive/c/ instead. - Using // invokes a network lookup which is very slow. - If you think -\begin_inset Quotes sld +-I dir \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -cygdrive -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\layout Standard - is too long, you can change it with e.g. -\layout LyX-Code +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -mount -s -u -c /mnt \layout Standard -SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF. - Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted - in binary mode. - And use an editor which can handle LF-only line endings. - Make sure not to commit files with windows line endings. - The tabulator spacing -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tabulator spacing (8 columns)} - +\backslash +/ \end_inset - used in the project is 8. - Although a tabulator spacing of 8 is a sensible choice for programmers - (it's a power of 2 and allows to display 8/16 bit signed variables without - loosing columns) the plan is to move towards using only spaces in the source. -\layout Subsection +-I dir +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC) \layout Standard - -\series medium -Download the source package -\series default - either from the SDCC CVS repository or from the -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[nightly snapshots]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} - +$SDCC_INCLUDE \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\series medium -, it will be named something like sdcc -\series default -.src -\series medium -.tgz. - -\series default - SDCC is distributed with all the projects, workspaces, and files you need - to build it using Visual C++ 6.0/NET (except for sdcdb.exe which currently - doesn't build under MSVC). - The workspace name is 'sdcc.dsw'. - Please note that as it is now, all the executables are created in a folder - called sdcc -\backslash -bin_vc. - Once built you need to copy the executables from sdcc -\backslash -bin_vc to sdcc -\backslash -bin before running SDCC. - -\newline - -\newline -WARNING: Visual studio is very picky with line terminations; it expects - the 0x0d, 0x0a DOS style line endings, not the 0x0a Unix style line endings. - When using the CVS repository it's easiest to configure the cvs client - to convert automatically for you. - If however you are getting a message such as "This makefile was not generated - by Developer Studio etc. - etc. -\begin_inset Quotes srd +$SDCC_INCLUDE \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - when opening the sdcc.dsw workspace or any of the *.dsp projects, then you - need to convert the Unix style line endings to DOS style line endings. - To do so you can use the -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\layout Standard -unix2dos -\begin_inset Quotes srd +$SDCC_INCLUDE \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - utility freely available on the internet. - Doug Hawkins reported in the sdcc-user list that this works: -\newline +\layout Standard -\newline -C: -\backslash -Programming -\backslash -SDCC> unix2dos sdcc.dsw -\newline -C: -\backslash -Programming -\backslash -SDCC> for /R %I in (*.dsp) do @unix2dos "%I" +$SDCC_HOME/ \newline +\emph on +$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/ \newline -In order to build SDCC with MSVC you need win32 executables of bison.exe, - flex.exe, and gawk.exe. - One good place to get them is -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[here]{http://unxutils.sourceforge.net} - +$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard +$SDCC_ HOME/ \newline - +share/sdcc/ \newline -Download the file UnxUtils -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{UnxUtils} - +include \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -.zip. - Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the - required programs. - Here there are two alternatives (choose one!): -\layout Enumerate - -The easy way: -\newline +\layout Standard -\newline -a) Extract UnxUtils.zip to your C: +$SDCC_HOME \backslash - hard disk PRESERVING the original paths, otherwise bison won't work. - (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is selected) -\newline +include +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -b) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, - in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories - window add a new path: 'C: -\backslash -user -\backslash -local -\backslash -wbin', click ok. -\newline +\layout Standard +path(argv[0])/ \newline -(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that could be useful, - such as diff and patch.) -\layout Enumerate -A more compact way: -\newline +\emph on +$BIN2DATADIR/ +\emph default \newline -This one avoids extracting a bunch of files you may not use, but requires - some extra work: -\newline -\newline -a) Create a directory were to put the tools needed, or use a directory already - present. - Say for example 'C: -\backslash -util'. -\newline +\emph on +$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -b) Extract 'bison.exe', 'bison.hairy', 'bison.simple', 'flex.exe', and gawk.exe - to such directory WITHOUT preserving the original paths. - (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is not selected) -\newline - -\newline -c) Rename bison.exe to '_bison.exe'. -\newline +\layout Standard +path(argv[0])/ \newline -d) Create a batch file 'bison.bat' in 'C: -\backslash -util -\backslash -' and add these lines: +../sdcc/include \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -set BISON_SIMPLE=C: -\backslash -util -\backslash -bison.simple -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -set BISON_HAIRY=C: -\backslash -util -\backslash -bison.hairy -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -_bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9 -\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ -\newline -Steps 'c' and 'd' are needed because bison requires by default that the - files 'bison.simple' and 'bison.hairy' reside in some weird Unix directory, - '/usr/local/share/' I think. - So it is necessary to tell bison where those files are located if they - are not in such directory. - That is the function of the environment variables BISON_SIMPLE and BISON_HAIRY. -\newline +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -e) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, - in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories - window add a new path: 'c: -\backslash -util', click ok. - Note that you can use any other path instead of 'c: -\backslash -util', even the path where the Visual C++ tools are, probably: 'C: -\backslash -Program Files -\backslash -Microsoft Visual Studio -\backslash -Common -\backslash -Tools'. - So you don't have to execute step 'e' :) \layout Standard -That is it. - Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy - the executables from sdcc +path(argv[0]) \backslash -bin_vc to sdcc +.. \backslash -bin, and you can compile using SDCC. -\layout Subsection - -Building SDCC Using Borland -\layout Enumerate - -From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc". - This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for - sdcdb.exe (which currently doesn't build under Borland C++). -\layout Enumerate +include +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci -es may not be correctly calculated. - The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again. - From a Cygwin BASH prompt, this can easily be done with the command (be - sure you are in the sdcc directory): -\newline +\layout Standard -\newline -\family sans -\series bold -find . - -\backslash -( -name '*.obj' -o -name '*.lib' -o -name '*.rul' -\backslash -) -print -exec rm {} -\backslash -; -\family default -\series default +\emph on +$DATADIR/ +\emph default \newline -\newline -or on Windows NT/2000/XP from the command prompt with the command: -\newline +\emph on +$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family sans -\series bold +\layout Standard +/usr/local/share/sdcc/ \newline -del /s *.obj *.lib *.rul -\family default -\series default - from the sdcc directory. -\layout Subsection +include +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Windows Install Using a ZIP Package -\layout Enumerate +\layout Standard -Download the binary zip package from -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} +(not on Win32) +\end_inset + + + \end_inset - and unpack it using your favorite unpacking tool (gunzip, WinZip, etc). - This should unpack to a group of sub-directories. - An example directory structure after unpacking the mingw32 package is: - c: -\backslash -sdcc -\backslash -bin for the executables, c: -\backslash -sdcc -\backslash -include and c: -\backslash -sdcc -\backslash -lib for the include and libraries. -\layout Enumerate + +\newline -Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin - directory or start sdcc using the full path. -\layout Subsection +\layout Standard +\noindent +The option - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -Windows Install Using the Setup Program -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Windows-Install} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\layout Standard - -Download the setup program -\emph on -sdcc-x.y.z-setup.exe -\emph default - for an official release from +-nostdinc disables the last two search paths. \newline -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=599} - -\end_inset +\newline +3. + Library files +\newline - or a setup program for one of the snapshots -\emph on -sdcc_yyyymmdd_setup.exe -\emph default - from -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} +\layout Standard +With the exception of +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - and execute it. - A windows typical installer will guide you through the installation process. -\layout Section +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -Building the Documentation \layout Standard -If the necessary tools (LyX, LaTeX, LaTeX2HTML) are installed it is as easy - as changing into the doc directory and typing -\family sans -\series bold - -\begin_inset Quotes srd +\backslash +/ \end_inset -make +-L dir \begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset + the +\shape italic +model +\shape default + is auto-appended by the compiler (e.g. + small, large, z80, ds390 etc.). + +\newline -\family default -\series default - there. - You're invited to make changes and additions to this manual (sdcc/doc/sdccman.ly -x). - Using LyX -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org} - -\end_inset +\layout Standard +\align center - as editor this is straightforward. - Prebuilt documentation in html and pdf format is available from -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} - -\end_inset - -. -\layout Section - -Reading the Documentation -\layout Standard - -Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown - reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they - are not -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -If you should know why please drop us a note -\end_inset - -. - -\newline -You'll find the pdf version -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PDF version of this document} - -\end_inset - - at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.pdf} - +Search path \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -. - -\newline -A html version -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HTML version of this document} +\layout Standard +default \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - should be online at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.html/index.html} +\layout Standard +Win32 builds \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -. -\newline -This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation: - -\layout Itemize - -It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document - (commercially these probably would be separate documents/products). - This document -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation} - -\end_inset +\layout Standard - currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati -on about f.e. - Z80, PIC14, PIC16 and HC08. -\layout Itemize +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -There are many references pointing away from this documentation. - Don't let this distract you. - If there f.e. - was a reference like -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.opencores.org} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - together with a statement -\begin_inset Quotes sld +-L dir \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -some processors which are targetted by SDCC can be implemented in a -\emph on -f -\emph default -ield -\emph on -p -\emph default -rogrammable -\emph on -g -\emph default -ate -\emph on -a -\emph default -rray -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{fpga (field programmable gate array)} +\layout Standard -\end_inset +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed +\layout Standard -\begin_inset Quotes srd +\backslash +/ \end_inset - we expect you to have a quick look there and come back. - If you read this you are on the right track. -\layout Itemize - -Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings - than to the solution. -\layout Itemize - -The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating. -\layout Itemize - -There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles - than pictures. -\layout Section - -Testing the SDCC Compiler -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Testing-the-SDCC} - +-L dir \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to - see if it runs. - Type -\family sans -\series bold -"sdcc - +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -3723,788 +3008,1044 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --version" -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version} - +-L dir \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\family default -\series default - at the prompt, and the program should run and tell you the version. - If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then - you need to check over your installation. - Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path - defined by the PATH environment setting ( -\series medium -see -\series default -section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} +$SDCC_LIB/ +\newline +\emph on + \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\SpecialChar ~ - -\series medium -Install trouble-shooting for suggestions -\series default -). - Make sure that the sdcc program is in the bin folder, if not perhaps something - did not install correctly. -\newline +\layout Standard +$SDCC_LIB/ \newline -\series medium -SDCC -\series default -is commonly installed as described in section -\begin_inset Quotes sld +\emph on + \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Install and search paths -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\layout Standard -. -\newline +$SDCC_LIB +\backslash \newline -\series medium -Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example. - Type in the following test.c program using your favorite -\series default -ASCII -\series medium -editor: -\layout Verse +\emph on + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -char test; +$SDCC_HOME/ \newline +\emph on +$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/ \newline -void main(void) { +$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +$SDCC_HOME/ \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -test=0; +share/sdcc/ \newline -} -\layout Standard +lib/ +\emph on + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\series medium -Compile this using the following command: -\family sans -\series bold -"sdcc -c test.c". +$SDCC_HOME +\backslash +lib +\backslash -\family default -\series default - -\series medium -If all goes well, the compiler will generate a test.asm and test.rel file. - Congratulations, you've just compiled your first program with SDCC. - We used the -c option to tell SDCC not to link the generated code, just - to keep things simple for this step. -\series default +\emph on \newline + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard +path(argv[0])/ \newline -\series medium -The next step is to try it with the linker. - Type in -\family sans -\series bold -"sdcc test.c -\family default -\series default -" -\series medium -. - If all goes well the compiler will link with the libraries and produce - a test.ihx output file. - If this step fails -\series default - -\series medium -(no test.ihx, and the linker generates warnings), then the problem is most - likely that -\series default -SDCC -\series medium - cannot find the -\series default -/ -\series medium -usr/local/share/sdcc/lib directory -\series default - -\series medium -(see -\series default -section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} +\emph on +$BIN2DATADIR/ +\emph default -\end_inset +\newline -\SpecialChar ~ +\emph on +$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\series medium -Install trouble-shooting for suggestions). -\series default +\layout Standard +path(argv[0])/ \newline - +../sdcc/lib/ +\emph on + \newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ -\series medium -The final test is to ensure -\series default -SDCC -\series medium - can use the -\series default -standard -\series medium - header files and libraries. - Edit test.c and change it to the following: -\layout Verse +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -#include -\newline +path(argv[0]) +\backslash \newline -char str1[10]; -\newline +.. +\backslash +lib +\backslash -\newline -void main(void) { +\emph on + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -strcpy(str1, "testing"); -\newline -} -\layout Standard - - -\series medium -Compile this by typing -\family sans -\series bold -"sdcc test.c" -\family default -\series medium -. - This should generate a test.ihx output file, and it should give no warnings - such as not finding the string.h file. - If it cannot find the string.h file, then the problem is that -\series default -SDCC -\series medium - cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include directory -\series default - -\series medium -(see the -\series default -section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\SpecialChar ~ +\layout Standard -\series medium -Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions). -\series default - Use option -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\emph on +$DATADIR/ +\newline +$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +/usr/local/share/sdcc/ +\newline +lib/ +\emph on + \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text --print-search-dirs -\series default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs} +\layout Standard +(not on Win32) \end_inset + + + - to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files. -\layout Section - -Install Trouble-shooting -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\layout Comment + +Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking + the HTML output (last line)! +\layout Standard +\SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +The option - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-nostdlib disables the last two search paths. +\layout Section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install trouble-shooting} +Building SDCC +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Building SDCC} \end_inset \layout Subsection -If SDCC does not build correctly -\layout Standard +Building SDCC on Linux +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux} -A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package - again in an empty directory. - Configure it like: -\newline +\end_inset -\newline +\layout Enumerate + + +\series medium +Download the source package +\series default + either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the nightly snapshots +\series medium +, it will be named something like sdcc +\series default +.src +\series medium +.t +\series default +ar. +\series medium +gz +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Enumerate + + +\series medium +Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm. +\layout Enumerate + + +\series medium +Unpack the file using a command like: \family sans \series bold -./configure 2>&1 | tee configure.log +"tar -xvzf sdcc.src.tar.gz \family default \series default +" +\series medium +, this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources. +\layout Enumerate -\newline +Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type: +\family sans +\series bold +"cd sdcc +\series default +". +\layout Enumerate -\newline -and build it like: -\newline -\newline +\series medium +Type +\family sans +\series bold +"./configure +\family default +\series default +". + This configures the package for compilation on your system. +\layout Enumerate + +\series medium +Type \family sans \series bold -make 2>&1 | tee make.log +"make \family default \series default +" +\series medium +. -\newline +\series default + All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while. +\layout Enumerate -\newline -If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem. - Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful - when requesting help from the mailing list. -\layout Subsection -What the -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\series medium +Type +\family sans +\series bold +"make install" +\family default +\series default + as root +\series medium +. + +\series default + This copies the binary executables, the include files, the libraries and + the documentation to the install directories. + Proceed with section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Testing-the-SDCC} -./configure -\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - does +. +\layout Subsection + +Building SDCC on OSX 2.x \layout Standard -The -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +Follow the instruction for Linux. +\newline -./configure -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\newline +On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease +)) fails to compile SDCC. + Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine. + This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with: +\layout LyX-Code - command is a script that analyzes your system and performs some configuration - to ensure the source package compiles on your system. - It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine - what compiler features are installed. +./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2 \layout Subsection -What the -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows +\layout Standard -make -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32. + See section 'Configure Options'. +\layout Subsection - does +Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32 \layout Standard -This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source - packages into the final installed binary executables. -\layout Subsection +For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions + for Linux. +\newline -What the +\newline +On Cygwin a \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset -make install -\begin_inset Quotes erd +native +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - command does. -\layout Standard + Win32-binary can be built, which will not need the Cygwin-DLL. + For the necessary 'configure' options see section 'configure options' or + the script 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32'. +\newline -This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include - files into the appropriate directories. - See sections -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths} +\newline +In order to install Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[www.cygwin.com]{http://www.cygwin.com/} \end_inset -,\SpecialChar ~ +. + Run it, set the +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} +default text file type +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + to +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ -about install and search paths. -\newline -On most systems you will need super-user privileges to do this. -\layout Section +unix +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -Components of SDCC -\layout Standard + and download/install at least the following packages. + Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected + because of dependencies with the manually selected packages. + Never deselect these packages! +\layout Itemize -SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers. - These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components. - Here is a summary of some of the components. - Note that the included simulator and assembler have separate documentation - which you can find in the source package in their respective directories. - As SDCC grows to include support for other processors, other packages from - various developers are included and may have their own sets of documentation. -\newline +flex +\layout Itemize -\newline -You might want to look at the files which are installed in . - At the time of this writing, we find the following programs for gcc-builds: -\newline - -\newline -In /bin: +bison \layout Itemize -sdcc - The compiler. +gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x \layout Itemize -sdcpp - The C preprocessor. +binutils ; selected with gcc \layout Itemize -asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors. +make \layout Itemize -as-z80 -\series bold -, -\series default -as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers. +rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below) \layout Itemize -aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors. +man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or + later \layout Itemize -link-z80 -\series bold -, -\series default -link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers. +less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or + later \layout Itemize -s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator. - Not available on Win32 platforms. +svn ; only if you use Subversion access +\layout Standard + +If you want to develop something you'll need: \layout Itemize -sdcdb - The source debugger. - Not available on Win32 platforms. +python ; for the regression tests \layout Itemize -packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files. -\layout Standard +gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset -In /share/sdcc/include -\layout Itemize +insight +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -the include files -\layout Standard -In /share/sdcc/lib \layout Itemize -the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled - relocatables. -\layout Standard - -In /share/sdcc/doc +openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes \layout Itemize -the documentation +autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't + use autoconf-stable! \layout Standard -As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include - executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc. -\layout Subsection - -sdcc - The Compiler -\layout Standard +rxvt is a nice console with history. + Replace in your cygwin.bat the line +\layout LyX-Code -This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes - the assembler and linkage editor. -\layout Subsection +bash - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor \layout Standard -The preprocessor -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} - +\backslash +/ \end_inset - is a modified version of the GNU preprocessor. - The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef - statements, #defines and so on. -\layout Subsection - -as -\emph on -xxxx -\emph default -, aslink, link- -\emph on -xxx -\emph default - - The Assemblers and Linkage Editors +-login -i \layout Standard -This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan - Baldwin. - John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some - enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC. -\layout Subsection - -s51 - The Simulator -\layout Standard +with (one line): +\layout LyX-Code -S51 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51} +rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red +\layout LyX-Code -\end_inset + -bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed - is a freeware, opensource simulator developed by Daniel Drotos. - The simulator is built as part of the build process. - For more information visit Daniel's web site at: -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset -. - It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips - XA51 family. - S51 is currently not available on Win32 platfors. -\layout Subsection - -sdcdb - Source Level Debugger +-login \layout Standard -Sdcdb -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcdb (debugger)} +Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting + works with shift-insert. +\newline +\newline +The other good tip is to make sure you have no //c/-style paths anywhere, + use /cygdrive/c/ instead. + Using // invokes a network lookup which is very slow. + If you think +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - is the companion source level debugger. - More about sdcdb in section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} - +cygdrive +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset -. - The current version of the debugger uses Daniel's Simulator S51 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51} + is too long, you can change it with e.g. +\layout LyX-Code -\end_inset +mount -s -u -c /mnt +\layout Standard -, but can be easily changed to use other simulators. - Sdcdb is currently not available on Win32 platfors. -\layout Chapter +SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF. + Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted + in binary mode. + And use an editor which can handle LF-only line endings. + Make sure not to commit files with windows line endings. + The tabulator spacing +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tabulator spacing (8 columns)} -Using SDCC -\layout Section +\end_inset -Compiling + used in the project is 8. + Although a tabulator spacing of 8 is a sensible choice for programmers + (it's a power of 2 and allows to display 8/16 bit signed variables without + loosing columns) the plan is to move towards using only spaces in the source. \layout Subsection -Single Source File Projects +Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC) \layout Standard -For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple. - Compile your programs with the following command -\family sans -\series bold -"sdcc sourcefile.c". -\family default +\series medium +Download the source package \series default - This will compile, assemble and link your source file. - Output files are as follows: -\layout Itemize - -sourcefile.asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.asm} + either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[nightly snapshots]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} \end_inset - - Assembler source -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler source} - -\end_inset - file created by the compiler -\layout Itemize +\series medium +, it will be named something like sdcc +\series default +.src +\series medium +.tgz. -sourcefile.lst -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lst} +\series default + SDCC is distributed with all the projects, workspaces, and files you need + to build it using Visual C++ 6.0/NET (except for SDCDB and ucSim). + The workspace name is 'sdcc.dsw'. + Please note that as it is now, all the executables are created in a folder + called sdcc +\backslash +bin_vc. + Once built you need to copy the executables from sdcc +\backslash +bin_vc to sdcc +\backslash +bin before running SDCC. + +\newline +\newline +WARNING: Visual studio is very picky with line terminations; it expects + the 0x0d, 0x0a DOS style line endings, not the 0x0a Unix style line endings. + When using the Subversion repository it's easiest to configure the svn + client to convert automatically for you. + If however you are getting a message such as "This makefile was not generated + by Developer Studio etc. + etc. +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - Assembler listing -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing} - + when opening the sdcc.dsw workspace or any of the *.dsp projects, then you + need to convert the Unix style line endings to DOS style line endings. + To do so you can use the +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - file created by the Assembler -\layout Itemize - -sourcefile.rst -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rst} - +unix2dos +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - - Assembler listing -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing} - -\end_inset + utility freely available on the internet. + Doug Hawkins reported in the sdcc-user list that this works: +\newline - file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor -\layout Itemize +\newline +C: +\backslash +Programming +\backslash +SDCC> unix2dos sdcc.dsw +\newline +C: +\backslash +Programming +\backslash +SDCC> for /R %I in (*.dsp) do @unix2dos "%I" +\newline -sourcefile.sym -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.sym} +\newline +In order to build SDCC with MSVC you need win32 executables of bison.exe, + flex.exe, and gawk.exe. + One good place to get them is +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[here]{http://unxutils.sourceforge.net} \end_inset - - symbol listing -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Symbol listing} - -\end_inset - for the sourcefile, created by the assembler -\layout Itemize +\newline -sourcefile.rel -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} +\newline +Download the file UnxUtils +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{UnxUtils} \end_inset - or sourcefile.o -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.o} - -\end_inset - - - Object file -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Object file} - -\end_inset - - created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor -\layout Itemize - -sourcefile.map -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} - -\end_inset - - - The memory map -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map} - -\end_inset +.zip. + Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the + required programs. + Here there are two alternatives (choose one!): +\layout Enumerate - for the load module, created by the Linker -\layout Itemize +The easy way: +\newline -sourcefile.mem -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.mem} +\newline +a) Extract UnxUtils.zip to your C: +\backslash + hard disk PRESERVING the original paths, otherwise bison won't work. + (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is selected) +\newline -\end_inset +\newline +b) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, + in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories + window add a new path: 'C: +\backslash +user +\backslash +local +\backslash +wbin', click ok. +\newline - - A file with a summary of the memory usage -\layout Itemize +\newline +(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that could be useful, + such as diff and patch.) +\layout Enumerate -sourcefile.ihx -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.ihx} +A more compact way: +\newline -\end_inset +\newline +This one avoids extracting a bunch of files you may not use, but requires + some extra work: +\newline - - The load module in Intel hex format -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} +\newline +a) Create a directory were to put the tools needed, or use a directory already + present. + Say for example 'C: +\backslash +util'. +\newline -\end_inset +\newline +b) Extract 'bison.exe', 'bison.hairy', 'bison.simple', 'flex.exe', and gawk.exe + to such directory WITHOUT preserving the original paths. + (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is not selected) +\newline - (you can select the Motorola S19 format -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format} +\newline +c) Rename bison.exe to '_bison.exe'. +\newline -\end_inset +\newline +d) Create a batch file 'bison.bat' in 'C: +\backslash +util +\backslash +' and add these lines: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +set BISON_SIMPLE=C: +\backslash +util +\backslash +bison.simple +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +set BISON_HAIRY=C: +\backslash +util +\backslash +bison.hairy +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9 +\newline - with - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\newline +Steps 'c' and 'd' are needed because bison requires by default that the + files 'bison.simple' and 'bison.hairy' reside in some weird Unix directory, + '/usr/local/share/' I think. + So it is necessary to tell bison where those files are located if they + are not in such directory. + That is the function of the environment variables BISON_SIMPLE and BISON_HAIRY. +\newline +\newline +e) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, + in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories + window add a new path: 'c: +\backslash +util', click ok. + Note that you can use any other path instead of 'c: +\backslash +util', even the path where the Visual C++ tools are, probably: 'C: +\backslash +Program Files +\backslash +Microsoft Visual Studio +\backslash +Common +\backslash +Tools'. + So you don't have to execute step 'e' :) \layout Standard +That is it. + Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy + the executables from sdcc \backslash -/ -\end_inset +bin_vc to sdcc +\backslash +bin, and you can compile using SDCC. +\layout Subsection --out-fmt-s19 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} +Building SDCC Using Borland +\layout Enumerate -\end_inset +From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc". + This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for + SDCDB and ucSim. +\layout Enumerate + +If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci +es may not be correctly calculated. + The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again. + From a Cygwin BASH prompt, this can easily be done with the command (be + sure you are in the sdcc directory): +\newline + +\newline -. - If you need another format you might want to use \family sans -\shape italic -objdump +\series bold +find . + +\backslash +( -name '*.obj' -o -name '*.lib' -o -name '*.rul' +\backslash +) -print -exec rm {} +\backslash +; \family default -\shape default +\series default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)} +\newline -\end_inset +\newline +or on Windows NT/2000/XP from the command prompt with the command: +\newline - or \family sans -\shape italic - srecord -\family default -\shape default +\series bold -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} +\newline +del /s *.obj *.lib *.rul +\family default +\series default + from the sdcc directory. +\layout Subsection -\end_inset +Windows Install Using a ZIP Package +\layout Enumerate -). - Both formats are documented in the documentation of srecord -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} +Download the binary zip package from +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} \end_inset + and unpack it using your favorite unpacking tool (gunzip, WinZip, etc). + This should unpack to a group of sub-directories. + An example directory structure after unpacking the mingw32 package is: + c: +\backslash +sdcc +\backslash +bin for the executables, c: +\backslash +sdcc +\backslash +include and c: +\backslash +sdcc +\backslash +lib for the include and libraries. +\layout Enumerate -\layout Itemize +Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin + directory or start sdcc using the full path. +\layout Subsection -sourcefile.adb -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.adb} +Windows Install Using the Setup Program +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Windows-Install} \end_inset - - An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the - .cdb file (with - -\begin_inset ERT -status Open \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +Download the setup program +\emph on +sdcc-x.y.z-setup.exe +\emph default + for an official release from +\newline --debug -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=599} \end_inset -) -\layout Itemize - -sourcefile.cdb -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.cdb} + or a setup program for one of the snapshots +\emph on +sdcc-yyyymmdd-xxxx-setup.exe +\emph default + from +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} \end_inset - - An optional file (with - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + and execute it. + A windows typical installer will guide you through the installation process. +\layout Subsection -\layout Standard +VPATH +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{VPATH} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --debug) containing debug information. - The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf -\layout Itemize + feature +\layout Standard -sourcefile. - - (no extension) -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ (no extension)} +SDCC supports the VPATH feature provided by configure and make. + It allows to separate the source and build trees. + Here's an example: +\layout Standard -\end_inset - An optional AOMF or AOMF51 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} +\family typewriter +cd ~\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +# cd $HOME +\layout Standard -\end_inset - file containing debug information (generated with option - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family typewriter +tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\SpecialChar ~ +# extract source to directory sdcc +\layout Standard + +\family typewriter +mkdir sdcc.build\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +# put output in sdcc.build \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset --debug). - The (Intel) -\emph on - a -\emph default -bsolute -\emph on -o -\emph default -bject -\emph on -m -\emph default -odule -\emph on -f -\emph default -ormat is commonly used by third party tools (debuggers -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger} +\family typewriter +cd sdcc.build +\layout Standard -\end_inset -, simulators, emulators) -\layout Itemize +\family typewriter +../sdcc/configure\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +# configure is doing all the magic! +\layout Standard -sourcefile.dump* -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.dump*} -\end_inset +\family typewriter +make +\layout Standard +\noindent +That's it! +\series bold +configure +\series default + will create the directory tree will all the necessary Makefiles in ~/sdcc.build. + It automagically computes the variables srcdir, top_srcdir and top_buildir + for each directory. + After running +\series bold +make +\series default + the generated files will be in ~/sdcc.build, while the source files stay + in ~/sdcc. +\newline +This is not only usefull for building different binaries, e.g. + when cross compiling. + It also gives you a much better overview in the source tree when all the + generated files are not scattered between the source files. + And the best thing is: if you want to change a file you can leave the original + file untouched in the source directory. + Simply copy it to the build directory, edit it, enter `make clean`, `rm + Makefile.dep` and `make`. + +\series bold +make +\series default + will do the rest for you! +\layout Section - - Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option - +Building the Documentation +\layout Standard + +Add - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -4514,1513 +4055,1612 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --dumpall) (see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options} +-enable-doc to the configure arguments to build the documentation together + with all the other stuff. + You will need several tools (LyX, LaTeX, LaTeX2HTML, pdflatex, dvipdf, + dvips and makeindex) to get the job done. + Another possibility is to change to the doc directory and to type +\family sans +\series bold +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ - and section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of} - +make +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ -\begin_inset Quotes sld +\family default +\series default + there. + You're invited to make changes and additions to this manual (sdcc/doc/sdccman.ly +x). + Using LyX +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org} + \end_inset -Anatomy of the compiler -\begin_inset Quotes srd + as editor is straightforward. + Prebuilt documentation in html and pdf format is available from +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} + \end_inset -). -\layout Subsection +. +\layout Section -Projects with Multiple Source Files -\layout Standard +Reading the Documentation +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation} -SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time. - Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following - files: -\newline +\end_inset -\newline -foo1.c (contains some functions) -\newline -foo2.c (contains some more functions) -\newline -foomain.c (contains more functions and the function main) -\newline -\size footnotesize +\layout Standard -\newline +Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown + reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they + are not +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false -\size default -The first two files will need to be compiled separately with the commands: -\size footnotesize - -\size default +\layout Standard -\newline +If you should know why please drop us a note +\end_inset +. + \newline +You'll find the pdf version +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PDF version of this document} -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc\SpecialChar ~ --c\SpecialChar ~ -foo1.c -\family default -\series default -\size footnotesize +\end_inset -\newline + at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.pdf} -\family sans -\series bold -\size default -sdcc\SpecialChar ~ --c\SpecialChar ~ -foo2.c -\family default -\series default +\end_inset +. + \newline +A html version +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HTML version of this document} -\newline -Then compile the source file containing the -\emph on -main() -\emph default - function and link -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker} +\end_inset + + should be online at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.html/index.html} \end_inset - the files together with the following command: +. \newline +This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation: + +\layout Itemize -\newline +It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document + (commercially these probably would be separate documents/products). + This document +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation} -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc\SpecialChar ~ -foomain.c\SpecialChar ~ -foo1.rel\SpecialChar ~ -foo2.rel -\family default -\series default +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} + currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati +on about f.e. + Z80, PIC14, PIC16 and HC08. +\layout Itemize + +There are many references pointing away from this documentation. + Don't let this distract you. + If there f.e. + was a reference like +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.opencores.org} \end_inset + together with a statement +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset -\newline - -\newline -Alternatively, +some processors which are targetted by SDCC can be implemented in a \emph on -foomain.c +f \emph default -can be separately compiled as well: -\family sans -\series bold - -\newline - -\newline -sdcc\SpecialChar ~ --c\SpecialChar ~ -foomain.c -\newline -sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel -\newline - -\newline - -\family default -\series default -The file containing the +ield \emph on -main() +p \emph default - function +rogrammable \emph on - +g \emph default -\noun on -must -\noun default - be the -\noun on -first -\noun default - file specified in the command line, since the linkage editor processes - file in the order they are presented to it. - The linker is invoked from SDCC using a script file with extension .lnk -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lnk} +ate +\emph on +a +\emph default +rray +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FPGA (field programmable gate array)} \end_inset -. - You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising - from missing libraries. -\layout Subsection - -Projects with Additional Libraries -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - -\layout Standard - -Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation - for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in /share/sdcc/doc) - for how to create a -\emph on -.lib -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lib} + or +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac} \end_inset -\emph default - library file. - Libraries created in this manner can be included in the command line. - Make sure you include the -L option to tell the linker where - to look for these files if they are not in the current directory. - Here is an example, assuming you have the source file -\emph on -foomain.c -\emph default - and a library -\emph on - foolib.lib -\emph default - in the directory -\emph on -mylib -\emph default - (if that is not the same as your current project): -\newline +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FpgaC ((subset of) C to FPGA compiler)} -\newline +\end_inset -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc foomain.c foolib.lib -L mylib -\newline + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset -\newline +have you ever heard of an open source compiler that compiles a subset of + C for an FPGA? +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\family default -\series default -Note here that -\emph on - mylib -\emph default - must be an absolute path name. -\newline + we expect you to have a quick look there and come back. + If you read this you are on the right track. +\layout Itemize -\newline -The most efficient way to use libraries is to keep separate modules in separate - source files. - The lib file now should name all the modules.rel -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} +Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings + than to the solution. +\layout Itemize -\end_inset +The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating. +\layout Itemize - files. - For an example see the standard library file -\emph on -libsdcc.lib -\emph default - in the directory /share/lib/small. -\layout Subsection +There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles + than pictures. +\layout Section -Using sdcclib to Create and Manage Libraries -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} +Testing the SDCC Compiler +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Testing-the-SDCC} \end_inset \layout Standard -Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library - file as described in the preceding section, sdcclib can be used to embed - all the modules belonging to such library in the library file itself. - This results in a larger library file, but it greatly reduces the number - of disk files accessed by the linker. - Additionally, the packed library file contains an index of all include - modules and symbols that significantly speeds up the linking process. - To display a list of options supported by sdcclib type: -\newline - -\layout Standard - - +The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to + see if it runs. + Type \family sans \series bold -sdcclib -? -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} +"sdcc - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-version" +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version} -\newline +\end_inset -\newline \family default \series default -To create a new library file, start by compiling all the required modules. - For example: + at the prompt, and the program should run and output its version like: + \newline +\family typewriter +SDCC : mcs51/z80/avr/ds390/pic16/pic14/ds400/hc08 2.5.6 #4169 (May 8 2006) + (UNIX) \layout Standard +If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then + you need to check over your installation. + Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path + defined by the PATH environment setting ( +\series medium +see +\series default +section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc -c _divsint.c -\layout Standard - +\end_inset -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc -c _divuint.c -\layout Standard +\SpecialChar ~ +\series medium +Install trouble-shooting for suggestions +\series default +). + Make sure that the sdcc program is in the bin folder, if not perhaps something + did not install correctly. +\newline -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc -c _modsint.c -\layout Standard +\newline +\series medium +SDCC +\series default +is commonly installed as described in section +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc -c _moduint.c -\layout Standard +Install and search paths +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset +. +\newline -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc -c _mulint.c \newline -\layout Standard +\series medium +Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example. + Type in the following test.c program using your favorite +\series default +ASCII +\series medium +editor: +\layout Verse -This will create files _divsint.rel, _divuint.rel, _modsint.rel, _moduint.rel, - and _mulint.rel. - The next step is to add the .rel files to the library file: + +\family typewriter +char test; \newline +\newline +void main(void) { +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +test=0; +\newline +} \layout Standard +\series medium +Compile this using the following command: \family sans \series bold -sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel +"sdcc -c test.c". + \family default +\series default + +\series medium +If all goes well, the compiler will generate a test.asm and test.rel file. + Congratulations, you've just compiled your first program with SDCC. + We used the -c option to tell SDCC not to link the generated code, just + to keep things simple for this step. +\series default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard +\newline +\newline +\series medium +The next step is to try it with the linker. + Type in \family sans \series bold -sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel -\layout Standard +"sdcc test.c +\family default +\series default +" +\series medium +. + If all goes well the compiler will link with the libraries and produce + a test.ihx output file. + If this step fails +\series default + +\series medium +(no test.ihx, and the linker generates warnings), then the problem is most + likely that +\series default +SDCC +\series medium + cannot find the +\series default +/ +\series medium +usr/local/share/sdcc/lib directory +\series default + +\series medium +(see +\series default +section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} +\end_inset -\family sans -\series bold -sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel -\layout Standard +\SpecialChar ~ +\series medium +Install trouble-shooting for suggestions). +\series default -\family sans -\series bold -sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel -\layout Standard +\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold -sdcclib libint.lib _mulint.rel +\series medium +The final test is to ensure +\series default +SDCC +\series medium + can use the \series default +standard +\series medium + header files and libraries. + Edit test.c and change it to the following: +\layout Verse -\newline -\layout Standard +\family typewriter +#include +\newline -If the file already exists in the library, it will be replaced. - To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s - and -m are available. - For example: +\newline +char str1[10]; \newline \newline +void main(void) { +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +strcpy(str1, "testing"); +\newline +} +\layout Standard + +\series medium +Compile this by typing \family sans \series bold -sdcclib -s libint.lib +"sdcc test.c" \family default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} +\series medium +. + This should generate a test.ihx output file, and it should give no warnings + such as not finding the string.h file. + If it cannot find the string.h file, then the problem is that +\series default +SDCC +\series medium + cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include directory +\series default + +\series medium +(see the +\series default +section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} \end_inset +\SpecialChar ~ -\newline +\series medium +Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions). -\family typewriter \series default -_divsint.rel: -\layout Standard - + Use option +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\family typewriter -__divsint_a_1_1 \layout Standard +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-print-search-dirs +\series default -\family typewriter -__divsint_PARM_2 -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs} +\end_inset -\family typewriter -__divsint -\newline -_divuint.rel: -\layout Standard + to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files. +\layout Section +Install Trouble-shooting +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} -\family typewriter -__divuint_a_1_1 -\layout Standard +\end_inset -\family typewriter -__divuint_PARM_2 -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install trouble-shooting} +\end_inset -\family typewriter -__divuint_reste_1_1 -\layout Standard +\layout Subsection -\family typewriter -__divuint_count_1_1 +If SDCC does not build correctly \layout Standard +A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package + again in an empty directory. + Configure it like: +\newline -\family typewriter -__divuint \newline -_modsint.rel: -\layout Standard +\family sans +\series bold +./configure 2>&1 | tee configure.log +\family default +\series default -\family typewriter -__modsint_a_1_1 -\layout Standard +\newline +\newline +and build it like: +\newline -\family typewriter -__modsint_PARM_2 -\layout Standard +\newline +\family sans +\series bold +make 2>&1 | tee make.log +\family default +\series default -\family typewriter -__modsint \newline -_moduint.rel: -\layout Standard +\newline +If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem. + Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful + when requesting help from the mailing list. +\layout Subsection -\family typewriter -__moduint_a_1_1 -\layout Standard +What the +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset +./configure +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\family typewriter -__moduint_PARM_2 + does \layout Standard +The +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset -\family typewriter -__moduint_count_1_1 -\layout Standard +./configure +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + command is a script that analyzes your system and performs some configuration + to ensure the source package compiles on your system. + It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine + what compiler features are installed. +\layout Subsection -\family typewriter -__moduint -\newline -_mulint.rel: -\layout Standard +What the +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset +make +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\family typewriter -__mulint_PARM_2 + does \layout Standard +This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source + packages into the final installed binary executables. +\layout Subsection -\family typewriter -__mulint -\family default -\series bold +What the +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset -\newline +make install +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + command does. \layout Standard -If the source files are compiled using - -\begin_inset ERT -status Open - -\layout Standard +This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include + files into the appropriate directories. + See sections +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --debug -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} +,\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} \end_inset -, the corresponding debug information file .adb will be include in the library - file as well. - The library files created with sdcclib are plain text files, so they can - be viewed with a text editor. - It is not recomended to modify a library file created with sdcclib using - a text editor, as there are file indexes numbers located accross the file - used by the linker to quickly locate the required module to link. - Once a .rel file (as well as a .adb file) is added to a library using sdcclib, - it can be safely deleted, since all the information required for linking - is embedded in the library file itself. - Library files created using sdcclib are used as described in the preceding - sections. +\SpecialChar ~ +about install and search paths. +\newline +On most systems you will need super-user privileges to do this. \layout Section -Command Line Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Command Line Options} +Components of SDCC +\layout Standard -\end_inset +SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers. + These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components. + Here is a summary of some of the components. + Note that the included simulator and assembler have separate documentation + which you can find in the source package in their respective directories. + As SDCC grows to include support for other processors, other packages from + various developers are included and may have their own sets of documentation. +\newline +\newline +You might want to look at the files which are installed in . + At the time of this writing, we find the following programs for gcc-builds: +\newline + +\newline +In /bin: +\layout Itemize -\layout Subsection +sdcc - The compiler. +\layout Itemize -Processor Selection Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options processor selection} +sdcpp - The C preprocessor. +\layout Itemize -\end_inset +asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors. +\layout Itemize +as-z80 +\series bold +, +\series default +as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers. +\layout Itemize -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Processor selection options} +aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors. +\layout Itemize -\end_inset +link-z80 +\series bold +, +\series default +link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers. +\layout Itemize +s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator. +\layout Itemize -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +sdcdb - The source debugger. +\layout Itemize +packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files. +\layout Standard -\series bold --mmcs51 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mmcs51} +In /share/sdcc/include +\layout Itemize -\end_inset +the include files +\layout Standard +In /share/sdcc/lib +\layout Itemize -\series default - Generate code for the Intel MCS51 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51} +the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled + relocatables. +\layout Standard -\end_inset +In /share/sdcc/doc +\layout Itemize - family of processors. - This is the default processor target. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +the documentation +\layout Standard +As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include + executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc. +\layout Subsection -\series bold --mds390 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds390} +sdcc - The Compiler +\layout Standard -\end_inset +This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes + the assembler and linkage editor. +\layout Subsection +sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor +\layout Standard -\series default - Generate code for the Dallas DS80C390 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C390} +The preprocessor +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} \end_inset - processor. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + is a modified version of the GNU cpp +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cpp|see{sdcpp}} +\end_inset -\series bold --mds400 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds400} + preprocessor +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/} \end_inset +. + The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef + statements, #defines and so on. +\layout Subsection -\series default - Generate code for the Dallas DS80C400 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400} - -\end_inset +as +\emph on +xxxx +\emph default +, aslink, link- +\emph on +xxx +\emph default + - The Assemblers and Linkage Editors +\layout Standard - processor. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan + Baldwin. + John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some + enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC. +\layout Subsection +s51 - The Simulator +\layout Standard -\series bold --mhc08 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mhc08} +S51 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51} \end_inset - -\series default - Generate code for the Freescale/Motorola HC08 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} + is a freeware, opensource simulator developed by Daniel Drotos. + The simulator is built as part of the build process. + For more information visit Daniel's web site at: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51} \end_inset - family of processors. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +. + It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips + XA51 family. +\layout Subsection +sdcdb - Source Level Debugger +\layout Standard -\series bold --mz80 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mz80} +SDCDB +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} \end_inset + is the companion source level debugger. + More about SDCDB in section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} + +\end_inset -\series default - Generate code for the Zilog Z80 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} +. + The current version of the debugger uses Daniel's Simulator S51 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51} \end_inset - family of processors. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +, but can be easily changed to use other simulators. +\layout Chapter +Using SDCC +\layout Section -\series bold --mgbz80 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mgbz80} +Compiling +\layout Subsection -\end_inset +Single Source File Projects +\layout Standard +For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple. + Compile your programs with the following command +\family sans +\series bold +"sdcc sourcefile.c". +\family default \series default - Generate code for the GameBoy Z80 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)} - -\end_inset + This will compile, assemble and link your source file. + Output files are as follows: +\layout Itemize - processor (Not actively maintained). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +sourcefile.asm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.asm} +\end_inset -\series bold --mavr -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mavr} + - Assembler source +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler source} \end_inset + file created by the compiler +\layout Itemize -\series default - Generate code for the Atmel AVR -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AVR} +sourcefile.lst +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lst} \end_inset - processor (In development, not complete). - AVR users should probably have a look at winavr -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr} + - Assembler listing +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing} \end_inset - or -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=index} - -\end_inset + file created by the Assembler +\layout Itemize -. -\layout Comment - -I think it is fair to direct users there for now. - Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work . - But I didn't find the 'official' link. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - -\series bold --mpic14 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic14} +sourcefile.rst +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rst} \end_inset - -\series default - Generate code for the Microchip PIC 14 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} + - Assembler listing +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing} \end_inset --bit processors (p16f84 and variants. - In development, not complete). -\layout Comment + file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor +\layout Itemize -p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877? -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +sourcefile.sym +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.sym} +\end_inset -\series bold --mpic16 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic16} + - symbol listing +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Symbol listing} \end_inset + for the sourcefile, created by the assembler +\layout Itemize -\series default - Generate code for the Microchip PIC 16 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} +sourcefile.rel +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} \end_inset --bit processors (p18f452 and variants. - In development, not complete). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + or sourcefile.o +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.o} +\end_inset -\series bold --mtlcs900h -\series default - Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TLCS-900H} + - Object file +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Object file} \end_inset - processor (Not maintained, not complete). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - + created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor +\layout Itemize -\series bold --mxa51 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mxa51} +sourcefile.map +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} \end_inset - -\series default - Generate code for the Phillips XA51 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XA51} + - The memory map +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map} \end_inset - processor (Not maintained, not complete). -\layout Subsection + for the load module, created by the Linker +\layout Itemize -Preprocessor Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options preprocessor} +sourcefile.mem +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.mem} \end_inset + - A file with a summary of the memory usage +\layout Itemize -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Preprocessor options} +sourcefile.ihx +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.ihx} \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} + - The load module in Intel hex format +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} \end_inset + (you can select the Motorola S19 format +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format} -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_inset + with - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\series bold --I -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-I} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-out-fmt-s19 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} -\series default - The additional location where the pre processor will look for <..h> or -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -..h -\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - files. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - +. + If you need another format you might want to use +\family sans +\shape italic +objdump +\family default +\shape default -\series bold --D -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-D} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)} \end_inset + or +\family sans +\shape italic + srecord +\family default +\shape default -\series default - Command line definition of macros. - Passed to the preprocessor. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - -\series bold --M -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-M} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} \end_inset - -\series default - Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make describing the - dependencies of each object file. - For each source file, the preprocessor outputs one make-rule whose target - is the object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are - all the files `#include'd in it. - This rule may be a single line or may be continued with ` -\backslash -'-newline if it is long. - The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed - C program. - `-M' implies `-E -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E} +). + Both formats are documented in the documentation of srecord +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} \end_inset -'. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\layout Itemize -\series bold --C -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-C} +sourcefile.adb +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.adb} \end_inset + - An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the + .cdb file (with - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\series default - Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments. - Used with the `-E' option. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\series bold --MM -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-MM} +-debug +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} \end_inset +) +\layout Itemize + +sourcefile.cdb +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.cdb} -\size large -\bar under - -\series default -\size default -\bar default -Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with - `#include -\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -file"'. - System header files included with `#include ' are omitted. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - + - An optional file (with - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\series bold --Aquestion(answer) -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Aquestion(answer)} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-debug) containing debug information. + The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf +\layout Itemize -\series default - Assert the answer answer for question, in case it is tested with a preprocessor - conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'. - `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target - machine. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +sourcefile. + - (no extension) +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ (no extension)} +\end_inset -\series bold --Umacro -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Umacro} + An optional AOMF or AOMF51 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} \end_inset + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{OMF file} -\series default - Undefine macro macro. - `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include' - and `-imacros' options. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_inset +file containing debug information (generated with option - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\series bold --dM -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dM} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\series default - Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that - are in effect at the end of preprocessing. - Used with the `-E' option. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - -\series bold --dD -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dD} +-debug). + The (Intel) +\emph on + a +\emph default +bsolute +\emph on +o +\emph default +bject +\emph on +m +\emph default +odule +\emph on +f +\emph default +ormat is commonly used by third party tools (debuggers +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger} \end_inset +, simulators, emulators) +\layout Itemize -\series default - Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in - their proper sequence in the rest of the output. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - -\series bold --dN -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dN} +sourcefile.dump* +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.dump*} \end_inset + - Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\size large -\bar under - -\series default -\size default -\bar default -Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted. - Only `#define name' is included in the output. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - -\series bold --Wp\SpecialChar ~ -preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption] -\series default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wp preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset -... - Pass the preprocessorOption to the preprocessor -\family typewriter -sdcpp -\family default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} +-dumpall) (see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options} \end_inset -. - SDCC uses an adapted version of the preprocessor cpp of the GNU Compiler - Collection (gcc), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the - documentation at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/} +\SpecialChar ~ + and section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of} \end_inset -. -\layout Subsection +\SpecialChar ~ -Linker Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options linker} +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset +Anatomy of the compiler +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset +). +\layout Subsection -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker options} +Postprocessing the Intel Hex +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} \end_inset + file +\layout Standard -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - +In most cases this won't be needed but the Intel Hex file +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.ihx} -\series bold --L\SpecialChar ~ -- -\series default +\end_inset -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + which is generated by SDCC might include lines of varying length and the + addresses within the file are not guaranteed to be strictly ascending. + If your toolchain or a bootloader does not like this you can use the tool + +\family typewriter +packihx +\family default -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)} -\backslash -/ \end_inset + which is part of the SDCC distribution: +\newline + +\newline +\family sans \series bold --lib-path -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-lib-path } + packihx sourcefile.ihx >sourcefile.hex +\family default +\series default -\end_inset +\newline +\newline +The separately available +\emph on + srecord +\emph default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-L -\/-lib-path} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} \end_inset - -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ - This option is passed to the linkage - editor's additional libraries -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} + package additionally allows to set undefined locations to a predefined + value, to insert checksums +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{checksum} \end_inset - search path. - The path name must be absolute. - Additional library files may be specified in the command line. - See section Compiling programs for more details. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + of various flavours (crc, add, xor) and to perform other manipulations + (convert, split, crop, offset, ...). + +\newline +\newline +\family sans \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +srec_cat\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +-o sourcefile.hex -intel +\newline + +\newline + +\family default +\series default +An example for a more complex command line +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +the command backfills +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{backfill unused memory} + \end_inset --xram-loc -\series default + unused memory with 0x12 and the overall 16 bit sum of the complete 64 kByte + block is zero. + If the program counter on an mcs51 runs wild the backfill pattern 0x12 + will be interpreted as an +\family typewriter +lcall +\family default + to address +\family typewriter +0x1212 +\family default + (where an emergency routine could sit). +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-loc } + could look like: +\newline -\end_inset +\newline +\family sans +\series bold +\size footnotesize +srec_cat\SpecialChar ~ +sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - The start location of the external ram -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +-fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\SpecialChar ~ +-little-endian-checksum-nega +tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +-o sourcefile.hex -intel +\size default -\end_inset +\newline -, default value is 0. - The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\newline -\layout Standard +\family default +\series default +The srecord package is available at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/srecord} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --xram-loc 0x8000 or - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + . +\layout Subsection +Projects with Multiple Source Files \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time. + Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following + files: +\newline --xram-loc 32768. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\newline +foo1.c (contains some functions) +\newline +foo2.c (contains some more functions) +\newline +foomain.c (contains more functions and the function main) +\newline +\size footnotesize -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\newline -\layout Standard +\size default +The first two files will need to be compiled separately with the commands: +\size footnotesize + +\size default -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +\newline --code-loc +\newline + +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc\SpecialChar ~ +-c\SpecialChar ~ +foo1.c +\family default \series default +\size footnotesize -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc } +\newline -\end_inset +\family sans +\series bold +\size default +sdcc\SpecialChar ~ +-c\SpecialChar ~ +foo2.c +\family default +\series default -\SpecialChar ~ - The start location of the code -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} +\newline -\end_inset +\newline +Then compile the source file containing the +\emph on +main() +\emph default + function and link +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker} - segment, default value 0. - Note when this option is used the interrupt vector table is also relocated - to the given address. - The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\end_inset -\layout Standard + the files together with the following command: +\newline -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +\newline --code-loc 0x8000 or - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc\SpecialChar ~ +foomain.c\SpecialChar ~ +foo1.rel\SpecialChar ~ +foo2.rel +\family default +\series default -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --code-loc 32768. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\newline +\newline +Alternatively, +\emph on +foomain.c +\emph default +can be separately compiled as well: +\family sans \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\newline -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +\newline +sdcc\SpecialChar ~ +-c\SpecialChar ~ +foomain.c +\newline +sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel +\newline --stack-loc -\series default +\newline -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc } +\family default +\series default +The file containing the +\emph on +main() +\emph default + function +\emph on + +\emph default +\noun on +must +\noun default + be the +\noun on +first +\noun default + file specified in the command line, since the linkage editor processes + file in the order they are presented to it. + The linker is invoked from SDCC using a script file with extension .lnk +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lnk} \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ - By default the stack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} +. + You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising + from missing libraries. +\layout Subsection + +Projects with Additional Libraries +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} \end_inset - is placed after the data segment. - Using this option the stack can be placed anywhere in the internal memory - space of the 8051. - The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g. - - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation + for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in /share/sdcc/doc) + for how to create a +\emph on +.lib +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lib} + \end_inset --stack-loc 0x20 or - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\emph default + library file. + Libraries created in this manner can be included in the command line. + Make sure you include the -L option to tell the linker where + to look for these files if they are not in the current directory. + Here is an example, assuming you have the source file +\emph on +foomain.c +\emph default + and a library +\emph on + foolib.lib +\emph default + in the directory +\emph on +mylib +\emph default + (if that is not the same as your current project): +\newline -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +\newline --stack-loc 32. - Since the sp register is incremented before a push or call, the initial - sp will be set to one byte prior the provided value. - The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as used - register banks or the data segment and with enough space for the current - application. - The +\family sans \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +sdcc foomain.c foolib.lib -L mylib +\newline -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +\newline --pack-iram +\family default \series default -\SpecialChar ~ +Note here that +\emph on + mylib +\emph default + must be an absolute path name. +\newline -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram} +\newline +The most efficient way to use libraries is to keep separate modules in separate + source files. + The lib file now should name all the modules.rel +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} \end_inset - option (which is now a default setting) will override this setting, so - you should also specify the -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + files. + For an example see the standard library file +\emph on +libsdcc.lib +\emph default + in the directory /share/lib/small. +\layout Subsection -\layout Standard +Using sdcclib to Create and Manage Libraries +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --no-pack-iram -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram} +\layout Standard -\end_inset +Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library + file as described in the preceding section, sdcclib can be used to embed + all the modules belonging to such library in the library file itself. + This results in a larger library file, but it greatly reduces the number + of disk files accessed by the linker. + Additionally, the packed library file contains an index of all include + modules and symbols that significantly speeds up the linking process. + To display a list of options supported by sdcclib type: +\newline - option if you need to manually place the stack. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\layout Standard +\family sans \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +sdcclib -? +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --data-loc -\series default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc } +\newline -\end_inset +\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - The start location of the internal ram data -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\family default +\series default +To create a new library file, start by compiling all the required modules. + For example: +\newline -\end_inset +\layout Standard - segment. - The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. - - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc -c _divsint.c \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --data-loc 0x20 or - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc -c _divuint.c \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --data-loc 32. - (By default, the start location of the internal ram data segment is set - as low as possible in memory, taking into account the used register banks - and the bit segment at address 0x20. - For example if register banks 0 and 1 are used without bit variables, the - data segment will be set, if - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc -c _modsint.c \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset --data-loc is not used, to location 0x10.) -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc -c _moduint.c +\layout Standard +\family sans \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +sdcc -c _mulint.c +\newline \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +This will create files _divsint.rel, _divuint.rel, _modsint.rel, _moduint.rel, + and _mulint.rel. + The next step is to add the .rel files to the library file: +\newline --idata-loc -\series default +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-idata-loc } -\end_inset +\family sans +\series bold +sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel +\family default -\SpecialChar ~ - The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} \end_inset - of the 8051, default value is 0x80. - The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. - - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --idata-loc 0x88 or - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family sans +\series bold +sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset --idata-loc 136. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\family sans +\series bold +sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel +\layout Standard +\family sans \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - +sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset --bit-loc +\family sans +\series bold +sdcclib libint.lib _mulint.rel \series default -\SpecialChar ~ - The start location of the bit -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\newline - addressable internal ram of the 8051. - This is -\emph on -not -\emph default - implemented yet. - Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\SpecialChar ~ --bBSEG=. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\layout Standard + +If the file already exists in the library, it will be replaced. + To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s + and -m are available. + For example: +\newline +\newline +\family sans \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +sdcclib -s libint.lib +\family default -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --out-fmt-ihx -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-ihx} - -\end_inset +\newline -\bar under - +\family typewriter \series default -\bar default -The linker output (final object code) is in Intel Hex format. -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} - -\end_inset +_divsint.rel: +\layout Standard - This is the default option. - The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} -\end_inset +\family typewriter +__divsint_a_1_1 +\layout Standard -. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\family typewriter +__divsint_PARM_2 +\layout Standard -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family typewriter +__divsint +\newline +_divuint.rel: \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset --out-fmt-s19 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} +\family typewriter +__divuint_a_1_1 +\layout Standard -\end_inset +\family typewriter +__divuint_PARM_2 +\layout Standard -\bar under - -\series default -\bar default -The linker output (final object code) is in Motorola S19 format -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format} -\end_inset +\family typewriter +__divuint_reste_1_1 +\layout Standard -. - The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\family typewriter +__divuint_count_1_1 +\layout Standard -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family typewriter +__divuint +\newline +_modsint.rel: \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset --out-fmt-elf -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} +\family typewriter +__modsint_a_1_1 +\layout Standard -\end_inset +\family typewriter +__modsint_PARM_2 +\layout Standard -\bar under - -\series default -\bar default -The linker output (final object code) is in ELF format -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ELF format} -\end_inset +\family typewriter +__modsint +\newline +_moduint.rel: +\layout Standard -. - (Currently only supported for the HC08 processors) -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\family typewriter +__moduint_a_1_1 +\layout Standard -\series bold --Wl\SpecialChar ~ -linkOption[,linkOption] -\series default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wl linkOption[,linkOption]} +\family typewriter +__moduint_PARM_2 +\layout Standard -\end_inset -... - Pass the linkOption to the linker. - See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for more on linker options. -\layout Subsection +\family typewriter +__moduint_count_1_1 +\layout Standard -MCS51 Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options MCS51} -\end_inset +\family typewriter +__moduint +\newline +_mulint.rel: +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 options} +\family typewriter +__mulint_PARM_2 +\layout Standard -\end_inset +\family typewriter +__mulint +\family default +\series bold -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - +\newline -\series bold -- +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +If the source files are compiled using - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -6030,671 +5670,559 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --model-small -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-small} +-debug +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} \end_inset +, the corresponding debug information file .adb will be include in the library + file as well. + The library files created with sdcclib are plain text files, so they can + be viewed with a text editor. + It is not recomended to modify a library file created with sdcclib using + a text editor, as there are file indexes numbers located accross the file + used by the linker to quickly locate the required module to link. + Once a .rel file (as well as a .adb file) is added to a library using sdcclib, + it can be safely deleted, since all the information required for linking + is embedded in the library file itself. + Library files created using sdcclib are used as described in the preceding + sections. +\layout Section -\series default -\size large -\emph on - -\size default -\emph default -Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more - details. - This is the default model. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +Command Line Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Command Line Options} +\end_inset -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\layout Subsection + +Processor Selection Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options processor selection} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --model-medium -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-medium} + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Processor selection options} \end_inset -\series default - Generate code for Medium model programs, see section Memory Models for - more details. - If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled - with this option. - It must also be used when invoking the linker. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +-mmcs51 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mmcs51} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --model-large -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large} -\end_inset +\series default + Generate code for the Intel MCS51 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51} +\end_inset -\series default - Generate code for Large model programs, see section Memory Models for more - details. - If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled - with this option. - It must also be used when invoking the linker. + family of processors. + This is the default processor target. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --xstack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} +-mds390 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds390} \end_inset \series default - Uses a pseudo stack in the first 256 bytes in the external ram for allocating - variables and passing parameters. - See section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:External-Stack} + Generate code for the Dallas DS80C390 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C390} \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ - External Stack for more details. + processor. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +-mds400 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds400} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --iram-size + \series default -\SpecialChar ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } + Generate code for the Dallas DS80C400 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400} \end_inset - Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of - the given value. + processor. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +-mhc08 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mhc08} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --xram-size + \series default -\SpecialChar ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size } + Generate code for the Freescale/Motorola HC08 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} \end_inset - Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of - the given value. + family of processors. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +-mz80 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mz80} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --code-size + \series default -\SpecialChar ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size } + Generate code for the Zilog Z80 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} \end_inset - Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of - the given value. + family of processors. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +-mgbz80 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mgbz80} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --stack-size + \series default -\SpecialChar ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-size } + Generate code for the GameBoy Z80 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)} \end_inset - Causes the linker to check if there is at minimum bytes for stack. + processor (Not actively maintained). \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +-mavr +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mavr} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --pack-iram -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram} +\series default + Generate code for the Atmel AVR +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AVR} \end_inset - Causes the linker to use unused register banks for data variables and pack - data, idata and stack together. - This is the default now. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - + processor (Not maintained, not complete). + AVR users should probably have a look at winavr +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr} -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\end_inset -\layout Standard + or +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=index} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --no-pack-iram -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram} +. +\layout Comment -\end_inset +I think it is fair to direct users there for now. + Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work . + But I didn't find the 'official' link. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - Causes the linker to use old style for allocating memory areas. -\layout Subsection -DS390 / DS400 Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options DS390} +\series bold +-mpic14 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic14} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390 options} +\series default + Generate code for the Microchip PIC 14 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} \end_inset +-bit processors (p16f84 and variants. + In development, not complete). +\layout Comment +p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877? \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +-mpic16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic16} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --model-flat24 -\series default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-flat24} +\series default + Generate code for the Microchip PIC 16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} \end_inset - -\size large -\emph on - -\size default -\emph default -Generate 24-bit flat mode code. - This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now - and is default when using -\emph on --mds390 -\emph default -. - See section Memory Models for more details. +-bit processors (p18f452 and variants. + In development, not complete). \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +-mtlcs900h +\series default + Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TLCS-900H} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --protect-sp-update -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-protect-sp-update} + processor (Not maintained, not complete). +\layout List +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +-mxa51 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mxa51} \end_inset \series default - disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + Generate code for the Phillips XA51 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XA51} +\end_inset -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + processor (Not maintained, not complete). +\layout Subsection -\layout Standard +Preprocessor Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options preprocessor} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --stack-10bit -\series default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-10bit} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Preprocessor options} \end_inset - Generate code for the 10 bit stack mode of the Dallas DS80C390 part. - This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now - and is default when using -\emph on --mds390 -\emph default -. - In this mode, the stack is located in the lower 1K of the internal RAM, - which is mapped to 0x400000. - Note that the support is incomplete, since it still uses a single byte - as the stack pointer. - This means that only the lower 256 bytes of the potential 1K stack space - will actually be used. - However, this does allow you to reclaim the precious 256 bytes of low RAM - for use for the DATA and IDATA segments. - The compiler will not generate any code to put the processor into 10 bit - stack mode. - It is important to ensure that the processor is in this mode before calling - any re-entrant functions compiled with this option. - In principle, this should work with the -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --stack-auto -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} - -\end_inset +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\emph default - option, but that has not been tested. - It is incompatible with the -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\series bold +-I +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-I} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --xstack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} +\series default + The additional location where the pre processor will look for <..h> or +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset - -\emph default - option. - It also only makes sense if the processor is in 24 bit contiguous addressing - mode (see the -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ +..h +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset --model-flat24 option -\emph default -). + files. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --stack-probe -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-probe} +-D +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-D} \end_inset \series default - insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue. + Command line definition of macros. + Passed to the preprocessor. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +-M +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-M} + +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\series default + Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make describing the + dependencies of each object file. + For each source file, the preprocessor outputs one make-rule whose target + is the object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are + all the files `#include'd in it. + This rule may be a single line or may be continued with ` \backslash -/ +'-newline if it is long. + The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed + C program. + `-M' implies `-E +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E} + \end_inset --tini-libid -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-tini-libid} +'. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +-C +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-C} \end_inset \series default - LibraryID used in -mTININative. - + Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments. + Used with the `-E' option. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +-MM +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-MM} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --use-accelerator -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-accelerator} +\size large +\bar under + +\series default +\size default +\bar default +Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with + `#include +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset +file"'. + System header files included with `#include ' are omitted. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series default - generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator. - -\layout Subsection -Z80 Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options Z80} +\series bold +-Aquestion(answer) +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Aquestion(answer)} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80 options} +\series default + Assert the answer answer for question, in case it is tested with a preprocessor + conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'. + `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target + machine. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +-Umacro +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Umacro} \end_inset +\series default + Undefine macro macro. + `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include' + and `-imacros' options. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +-dM +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dM} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --callee-saves-bc + \series default + Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that + are in effect at the end of preprocessing. + Used with the `-E' option. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-callee-saves-bc} +\series bold +-dD +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dD} \end_inset -\size large -\emph on - -\size default -\emph default -Force a called function to always save BC. +\series default + Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in + their proper sequence in the rest of the output. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +-dN +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dN} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --no-std-crt0 -\series default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-std-crt0} - -\end_inset - When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file. - You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking. +\size large +\bar under -\layout Subsection +\series default +\size default +\bar default +Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted. + Only `#define name' is included in the output. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -Optimization Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options optimization} + +\series bold +-pedantic-parse-number +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-pedantic-parse-number} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimization options} +\size large +\bar under + +\series default +\size default +\bar default +Pedentic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed properly + and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded. + See also #pragma pedantic_parse_number in section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas} \end_inset + +\emph on +Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard! \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +-Wp\SpecialChar ~ +preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption] +\series default -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wp preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --nogcse -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nogcse} +... + Pass the preprocessorOption to the preprocessor +\family typewriter +sdcpp +\family default -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} +\end_inset -\series default - Will not do global subexpression elimination, this option may be used when - the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data spaces to store compiler - temporaries ( -\emph on -s -\emph default -pill +. + SDCC uses an adapted version of the preprocessor \emph on -loc +cpp \emph default -ations, sloc -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sloc (spill location)} + of the GNU Compiler Collection +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gcc (GNU Compiler Collection)} \end_inset -). - A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler - will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated. - It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -nogcse -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} + ( +\emph on +gcc +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/} \end_inset - can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination} +), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\SpecialChar ~ +3.3.6\SpecialChar ~ +CPP\SpecialChar ~ +Manual + at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/} \end_inset - for a given function only. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +. +\layout Subsection --noinvariant -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinvariant} +Linker Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options linker} \end_inset -\series default - Will not do loop invariant optimizations, this may be turned off for reasons - explained for the previous option. - For more details of loop optimizations performed see Loop Invariants in - section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker options} \end_inset -. - It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -noinvariant -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant} -\end_inset - - can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold +-L\SpecialChar ~ - +\series default + \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -6704,22 +6232,31 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --noinduction -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinduction} + +\series bold +-lib-path +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-lib-path } + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-L -\/-lib-path} \end_inset \series default - Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction - for more details. - It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -noinduction -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} +\SpecialChar ~ + This option is passed to the linkage + editor's additional libraries +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} \end_inset - can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only. + search path. + The path name must be absolute. + Additional library files may be specified in the command line. + See section Compiling programs for more details. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -6735,45 +6272,21 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --nojtbound -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nojtbound} - -\end_inset - - -\size large -\bar under - +-xram-loc \series default -\size default -\bar default - Will not generate boundary condition check when switch statements -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} - -\end_inset - are implemented using jump-tables. - See section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-loc } \end_inset \SpecialChar ~ -Switch Statements for more details. - It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -nojtbound -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} + The start location of the external ram +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} \end_inset - can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function - only. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - -\series bold -- +, default value is 0. + The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -6783,26 +6296,7 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --noloopreverse -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noloopreverse} - -\end_inset - - -\series default -\size large - -\size default -Will not do loop reversal -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing} - -\end_inset - -optimization. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- +-xram-loc 0x8000 or - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -6812,16 +6306,7 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset -- -\series bold -nolabelopt -\series default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nolabelopt } - -\end_inset - -Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable). +-xram-loc 32768. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -6837,26 +6322,27 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --no-xinit-opt -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt} +-code-loc +\series default -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc } +\end_inset -\series default - Will not memcpy initialized data from code space into xdata space. - This saves a few bytes in code space if you don't have initialized data -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} +\SpecialChar ~ + The start location of the code +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} \end_inset -. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + segment, default value 0. + Note when this option is used the interrupt vector table +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} +\end_inset -\series bold -- + is also relocated to the given address. + The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -6866,15 +6352,17 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --nooverlay -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nooverlay} +-code-loc 0x8000 or - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\end_inset +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\series default - The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function, - see section Parameters and local variables for more details. +-code-loc 32768. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -6890,18 +6378,50 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --no-peep -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep} +-stack-loc +\series default -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc } +\end_inset -\series default - Disable peep-hole optimization. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\SpecialChar ~ + By default the stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} + +\end_inset + + is placed after the data segment. + Using this option the stack can be placed anywhere in the internal memory + space of the 8051. + The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g. + - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset +-stack-loc 0x20 or - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset +-stack-loc 32. + Since the sp register is incremented before a push or call, the initial + sp will be set to one byte prior the provided value. + The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as used + register banks or the data segment and with enough space for the current + application. + The \series bold - \begin_inset ERT @@ -6913,23 +6433,36 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --peep-file +-pack-iram \series default +\SpecialChar ~ -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram} \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ - This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by - the peep hole optimizer. - See section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Peephole-Optimizer} + option (which is now a default setting) will override this setting, so + you should also specify the +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-no-pack-iram +\series default \SpecialChar ~ -Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram} + +\end_inset + + option if you need to manually place the stack. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -6945,28 +6478,29 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --peep-asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm} +-xstack-loc +\series default -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack-loc } +\end_inset -\series default - Pass the inline assembler code through the peep hole optimizer. - This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler code, please go through - the peephole optimizer -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} +\SpecialChar ~ + By default the external stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xstack} \end_inset - rules defined in the source file tree '/peeph.def' before using - this option. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + is placed after the pdata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\end_inset -\series bold -- + segment. + Using this option the xstack can be placed anywhere in the external memory + space of the 8051. + The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g. + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -6976,15 +6510,19 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --opt-code-speed -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-speed} +-xstack-loc 0x8000 or - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\end_inset +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\series default - The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly - at the expense of code size. +-stack-loc 32768. + The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as the + pdata or xdata segment and with enough space for the current application. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7000,30 +6538,22 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --opt-code-size -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-size} - -\end_inset - - +-data-loc \series default - The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly - at the expense of code speed. -\layout Subsection -Other Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options other} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc } \end_inset +\SpecialChar ~ + The start location of the internal ram data +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - +\end_inset -\series bold --c\SpecialChar ~ -- + segment. + The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -7033,27 +6563,38 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --compile-only -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-compile-only} +-data-loc 0x20 or - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-data-loc 32. + (By default, the start location of the internal ram data segment is set + as low as possible in memory, taking into account the used register banks + and the bit segment at address 0x20. + For example if register banks 0 and 1 are used without bit variables, the + data segment will be set, if - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-c -\/-compile-only} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\series default - will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor. +-data-loc is not used, to location 0x10.) \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - -\series default - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -7063,50 +6604,42 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset +-idata-loc +\series default -\series bold --c1mode -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-c1mode} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-idata-loc } \end_inset +\SpecialChar ~ + The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\series default - reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it. - The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_inset + of the 8051, default value is 0x80. + The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. + - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\series bold --E -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-idata-loc 0x88 or - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\series default - Run only the C preprocessor. - Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard - output. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - -\series bold --o\SpecialChar ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-o } +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\series default -The output path resp. - file where everything will be placed. - If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash - for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path. - +-idata-loc 136. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7122,44 +6655,22 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --stack-auto -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} +-bit-loc +\series default +\SpecialChar ~ + The start location of the bit +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} \end_inset - -\series default -\size large -\emph on - -\size default -\emph default -All functions in the source file will be compiled as + addressable internal ram of the 8051. + This is \emph on -reentrant +not \emph default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} - -\end_inset - -, i.e. - the parameters and local variables will be allocated on the stack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} - -\end_inset - -. - See section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} - -\end_inset - - Parameters and Local Variables for more details. - If this option is used all source files in the project should be compiled - with this option. - It automatically implies --int-long-reent and --float-reent. - + implemented yet. + Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\SpecialChar ~ +-bBSEG=. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7175,48 +6686,34 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --callee-saves -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-callee-saves} - +-out-fmt-ihx +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-ihx} + \end_inset - function1[,function2][,function3].... +\bar under + \series default - The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving - across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing - & popping when calling small functions from larger functions. - This option can be used to switch the register saving convention for the - function names specified. - The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, no extra - code will be generated at the entry & exit (function prologue -\series bold - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} +\bar default +The linker output (final object code) is in Intel Hex format. +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} \end_inset - -\series default - & epilogue -\series bold - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue} + This is the default option. + The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} \end_inset +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series default -) for these functions to save & restore the registers used by these functions, - this can SUBSTANTIALLY reduce code & improve run time performance of the - generated code. - In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) will be able - to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call. - DO NOT use this option for built-in functions such as _mulint..., if this - option is used for a library function the appropriate library function - needs to be recompiled with the same option. - If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file - should be compiled with the same - + +\series bold +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -7226,14 +6723,23 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --callee-saves option string. - Also see #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -callee_saves -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} +-out-fmt-s19 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} + +\end_inset + + +\bar under + +\series default +\bar default +The linker output (final object code) is in Motorola S19 format +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format} \end_inset . + The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7249,8 +6755,13 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --debug -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} +-out-fmt-elf +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Options!-\/-out-fmt-elf} \end_inset @@ -7259,60 +6770,63 @@ status Collapsed \series default \bar default -When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information. - The debug information collected in a file with .cdb extension can be used - with the SDCDB. - For more information see documentation for SDCDB. - Another file with no extension contains debug information in AOMF or AOMF51 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} +The linker output (final object code) is in ELF format +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ELF format} \end_inset - format which is commonly used by third party tools. +. + (Currently only supported for the HC08 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} + +\end_inset + + processors) \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold --S -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-S} +-Wl\SpecialChar ~ +linkOption[,linkOption] +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wl linkOption[,linkOption]} \end_inset +... + Pass the linkOption to the linker. + If a bootloader is used an option like +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +-Wl\SpecialChar ~ +-bCSEG=0x1000 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under - -\series default -\size default -\bar default -Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. - The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + would be typical to set the start of the code segment. + See also #pragma constseg and #pragma codeseg in section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas} +\end_inset -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + . + File sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html has more on linker options. +\layout Subsection -\layout Standard +MCS51 Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options MCS51} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --int-long-reent -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 options} \end_inset -\series default - Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant. - Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant. - See section Installation for more details. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7328,34 +6842,21 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --cyclomatic -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-cyclomatic} +-model-small +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-small} \end_inset -\bar under - \series default -\bar default -This option will cause the compiler to generate an information message for - each function in the source file. - The message contains some -\emph on -important -\emph default - information about the function. - The number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow - graph of the function, and most importantly the +\size large \emph on -cyclomatic complexity -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity} - -\end_inset - - + +\size default \emph default - see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details. +Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more + details. + This is the default model. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7371,20 +6872,18 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --float-reent -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-float-reent} +-model-medium +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-medium} \end_inset \series default - Floating point library is compiled as reentrant -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} - -\end_inset - -. - See section Installation for more details. + Generate code for Medium model programs, see section Memory Models for + more details. + If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled + with this option. + It must also be used when invoking the linker. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7400,29 +6899,18 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --main-return -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return} +-model-large +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large} \end_inset \series default - This option can be used if the code generated is called by a monitor program - or if the main routine includes an endless loop. - This option might result in slightly smaller code and save two bytes of - stack space. - The return from the 'main' -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{main return} - -\end_inset - - function will return to the function calling main. - The default setting is to lock up i.e. - generate a ' -\family typewriter -sjmp . -\family default -'. + Generate code for Large model programs, see section Memory Models for more + details. + If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled + with this option. + It must also be used when invoking the linker. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7438,15 +6926,27 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --nostdinc -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdinc} +-xstack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} \end_inset \series default - This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path - to the preprocessor. + Uses a pseudo stack in the pdata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + area (usually the first 256 bytes in the external ram) for allocating variables + and passing parameters. + See section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:External-Stack} + +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar ~ + External Stack for more details. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7462,19 +6962,16 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --nostdlib -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdlib} - -\end_inset - - +-iram-size \series default - This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default library -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} +\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } \end_inset - path to the linker. + Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of + the given value. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7490,27 +6987,16 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --verbose -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-verbose} - -\end_inset - - +-xram-size \series default - Shows the various actions the compiler is performing. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - -\series bold --V -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-V} +\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size } \end_inset - -\series default - Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing. + Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of + the given value. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7526,15 +7012,16 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --no-c-code-in-asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-c-code-in-asm} - -\end_inset +-code-size +\series default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size } +\end_inset -\series default - Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always - blame the compiler :) + Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of + the given value. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7550,14 +7037,15 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --no-peep-comments -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep-comments} +-stack-size +\series default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-size } \end_inset - -\series default - Will not include peep-hole comments in the generated files. + Causes the linker to check if there is at minimum bytes for stack. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7573,17 +7061,19 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --i-code-in-asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-i-code-in-asm} +-pack-iram +\series default +\SpecialChar ~ -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram} +\end_inset -\series default - Include i-codes in the asm file. - Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself. + Causes the linker to use unused register banks for data variables and pack + data, idata and stack together. + This is the default now. \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -7597,19 +7087,28 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --less-pedantic -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-less-pedantic} +-no-pack-iram +\series default +\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram} \end_inset + Causes the linker to use old style for allocating memory areas. +\layout Subsection -\series default - Disable some of the more pedantic warnings -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Warnings} +DS390 / DS400 Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options DS390} \end_inset - (jwk burps: please be more specific here, please!). + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390} + +\end_inset + + \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7625,15 +7124,27 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --disable-warning\SpecialChar ~ - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-disable-warning} +-model-flat24 +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-model-flat24} \end_inset -\series default - Disable specific warning with number . +\size large +\emph on + +\size default +\emph default +Generate 24-bit flat mode code. + This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now + and is default when using +\emph on +-mds390 +\emph default +. + See section Memory Models for more details. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7649,14 +7160,14 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --print-search-dirs -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs} +-protect-sp-update +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-protect-sp-update} \end_inset \series default - Display the directories in the compiler's search path + disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7672,20 +7183,34 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --vc -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc} - -\end_inset - - +-stack-10bit \series default - Display errors and warnings using MSVC style, so you can use SDCC with - visual studio. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-10bit} -\series bold +\end_inset + + Generate code for the 10 bit stack mode of the Dallas DS80C390 part. + This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now + and is default when using +\emph on +-mds390 +\emph default +. + In this mode, the stack is located in the lower 1K of the internal RAM, + which is mapped to 0x400000. + Note that the support is incomplete, since it still uses a single byte + as the stack pointer. + This means that only the lower 256 bytes of the potential 1K stack space + will actually be used. + However, this does allow you to reclaim the precious 256 bytes of low RAM + for use for the DATA and IDATA segments. + The compiler will not generate any code to put the processor into 10 bit + stack mode. + It is important to ensure that the processor is in this mode before calling + any re-entrant functions compiled with this option. + In principle, this should work with the +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -7696,40 +7221,50 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --use-stdout -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout} +-stack-auto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} \end_inset -\series default - Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - -\series bold --Wa\SpecialChar ~ -asmOption[,asmOption] -\series default +\emph default + option, but that has not been tested. + It is incompatible with the +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wa asmOption[,asmOption]} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset -... - Pass the asmOption to the assembler -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options assembler} +-xstack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler options} +\emph default + option. + It also only makes sense if the processor is in 24 bit contiguous addressing + mode (see the +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset -. - See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd +-model-flat24 option +\emph default +). \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7745,15 +7280,14 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --std-sdcc89 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc89} +-stack-probe +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-probe} \end_inset \series default - Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict - with the standard (default). + insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7769,17 +7303,17 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --std-c89 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89} +-tini-libid +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-tini-libid} \end_inset \series default - Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the - standard. + LibraryID used in -mTININative. + \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -7793,15 +7327,28 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --std-sdcc99 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99} +-use-accelerator +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-use-accelerator} \end_inset \series default - Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict - with the standard (incomplete support). + generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator. + +\layout Subsection + +Z80 Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options Z80} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} + +\end_inset + + \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7817,17 +7364,22 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --std-c99 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99} +-callee-saves-bc +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-callee-saves-bc} \end_inset -\series default - Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the - standard (incomplete support). +\size large +\emph on + +\size default +\emph default +Force a called function to always save BC. \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -7841,25 +7393,29 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --codeseg +-no-std-crt0 \series default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-codeseg } +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-no-std-crt0} \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ - The name to be used for the code -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} + When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file. + You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking. + +\layout Subsection + +Optimization Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options optimization} \end_inset - segment, default CSEG. - This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the code in a special - segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment in a special - place in memory. - Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a - bank. + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimization options} + +\end_inset + + \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -7875,165 +7431,81 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --constseg -\series default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-constseg } +-nogcse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nogcse} \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ - The name to be used for the const -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} - -\end_inset - segment, default CONST. - This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the const data in - a special segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment - in a special place in memory. - Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data - in a bank. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - - -\series bold -more-pedantic \series default - Actually this is -\series bold + Will not do global subexpression elimination, this option may be used when + the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data spaces to store compiler + temporaries ( \emph on -not -\series default +s \emph default - a SDCC compiler option but if you want +pill \emph on -more +loc \emph default - warnings you can use a separate tool dedicated to syntax checking like - splint -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)} +ations, sloc +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sloc (spill location)} \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org} +). + A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler + will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated. + It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +nogcse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} \end_inset -. - To make your source files parseable by splint you will have to include - -\family sans -lint.h -\family default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} + can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination} \end_inset - in your source file and add brackets around extended keywords (like -\family sans - -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset + for a given function only. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -__at\SpecialChar ~ \series bold -( -\series default -0xab -\series bold -) -\series default - -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\family default - and -\family sans - -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset - -__interrupt\SpecialChar ~ -(2) -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\family default -). - -\newline -Splint has an excellent on line manual at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org/manual/} - -\end_inset - - and it's capabilities go beyond pure syntax checking. - You'll need to tell splint the location of SDCC's include files so a typical - command line could look like this: -\newline - -\family sans -splint\SpecialChar ~ --I\SpecialChar ~ -/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -myprogram.c -\layout Subsection - -Intermediate Dump Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options} - -\end_inset - +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options intermediate dump} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intermediate dump options} +-noinvariant +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinvariant} \end_inset -\layout Standard - -The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging - the compiler. - They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} - -\end_inset - -) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various stages of - the compilation process. - More on iCodes see chapter -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of} +\series default + Will not do loop invariant optimizations, this may be turned off for reasons + explained for the previous option. + For more details of loop optimizations performed see Loop Invariants in + section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations} \end_inset - -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +. + It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +noinvariant +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant} -The anatomy of the compiler -\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset -. + can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -8049,27 +7521,22 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --dumpraw -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpraw} +-noinduction +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinduction} \end_inset \series default - This option will cause the compiler to dump the intermediate code into - a file of named -\emph on -.dumpraw -\emph default - just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function, i.e. - before any optimizations are done. - The basic blocks -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks} + Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction + for more details. + It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +noinduction +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} \end_inset - at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in - sequence of execution. + can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -8085,21 +7552,39 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --dumpgcse -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpgcse} +-nojtbound +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nojtbound} \end_inset +\size large +\bar under + \series default - Will create a dump of iCode's, after global subexpression elimination -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Global subexpression elimination} +\size default +\bar default + Will not generate boundary condition check when switch statements +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} \end_inset -, into a file named -\emph on -.dumpgcse. + are implemented using jump-tables. + See section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements} + +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar ~ +Switch Statements for more details. + It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +nojtbound +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} + +\end_inset + + can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function + only. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -8115,26 +7600,25 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --dumpdeadcode -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpdeadcode} +-noloopreverse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noloopreverse} \end_inset \series default - Will create a dump of iCode's, after deadcode elimination -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination} +\size large + +\size default +Will not do loop reversal +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing} \end_inset -, into a file named -\emph on -.dumpdeadcode. +optimization. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -8145,24 +7629,16 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --dumploop -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumploop} - -\end_inset - - +- +\series bold +nolabelopt \series default -\size large -\size default -Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nolabelopt } \end_inset -, into a file named -\emph on -.dumploop. +Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable). \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -8178,24 +7654,20 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --dumprange -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumprange} +-no-xinit-opt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt} \end_inset \series default -\size large - -\size default -Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range analysis -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} + Will not memcpy initialized data from code space into xdata space. + This saves a few bytes in code space if you don't have initialized data +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} \end_inset -, into a file named -\emph on -.dumprange. +. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -8211,19 +7683,15 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --dumlrange -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumlrange} +-nooverlay +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nooverlay} \end_inset \series default - Will dump the life ranges -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} - -\end_inset - - for all symbols. + The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function, + see section Parameters and local variables for more details. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -8239,24 +7707,14 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --dumpregassign -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpregassign} +-no-peep +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep} \end_inset -\bar under - \series default -\bar default -Will create a dump of iCode's, after register assignment -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register assignment} - -\end_inset - -, into a file named -\emph on -.dumprassgn. + Disable peep-hole optimization with built-in rules. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -8272,14 +7730,23 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --dumplrange -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumplrange} +-peep-file +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file} \end_inset +\SpecialChar ~ + This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by + the peep hole optimizer. + See section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Peephole-Optimizer} + +\end_inset -\series default - Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's +\SpecialChar ~ +Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 @@ -8295,47 +7762,28 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --dumpall -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall} +-peep-asm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm} \end_inset -\size large -\bar under - \series default -\size default -\bar default -Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created. -\layout Subsection - -Redirecting output on Windows Shells -\layout Standard - -By default SDCC writes it's error messages to -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset + Pass the inline assembler code through the peep hole optimizer. + This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler code, please go through + the peephole optimizer +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} -standard error -\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset -. - To force all messages to -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset + rules defined in the source file tree '/peeph.def' before using + this option. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -standard output -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - use \series bold - -\series default -\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -8345,22 +7793,21 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset - -\series bold -\emph default -- -\series default -use-stdout -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout} +-opt-code-speed +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-speed} \end_inset -. - Additionally, if you happen to have visual studio installed in your windows - machine, you can use it to compile your sources using a custom build and - the SDCC - -\emph on +\series default + The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly + at the expense of code size. +\layout List +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -8370,30 +7817,30 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset +-opt-code-size +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-size} -\emph default --vc -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc} +\end_inset + + +\series default + The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly + at the expense of code speed. +\layout Subsection + +Other Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options other} \end_inset - option. - Something like this should work: -\newline -\newline +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold -c: -\backslash -sdcc -\backslash -bin -\backslash -sdcc.exe - -\series default -\emph on +\series bold +-c\SpecialChar ~ +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -8403,12 +7850,26 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset +-compile-only +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-compile-only} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-c -\/-compile-only} + +\end_inset + + +\series default + will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + \series bold -\emph default --vc - +- \series default -\emph on \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -8421,109 +7882,172 @@ status Collapsed \series bold -\emph default --model-large -c $(InputPath) -\layout Section - -Environment variables -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Environment variables} +-c1mode +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-c1mode} \end_inset -\layout Standard - -SDCC recognizes the following environment variables: +\series default + reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it. + The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -SDCC_LEAVE_SIGNALS -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LEAVE\_SIGNALS} +-E +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E} \end_inset \series default - SDCC installs a signal handler -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{signal handler} - -\end_inset - - to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception. - If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler - in order to be able to debug SDCC. + Run only the C preprocessor. + Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard + output. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -TMP,\SpecialChar ~ -TEMP,\SpecialChar ~ -TMPDIR -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR} +-o\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-o } \end_inset - + \series default - Path, where temporary files will be created. - The order of the variables is the search order. - In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's - no need to set them. - On Windows it's recommended to set one of them. +The output path resp. + file where everything will be placed. + If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash + for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path. + \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -SDCC_HOME -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_HOME} +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-stack-auto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} \end_inset \series default - Path, see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths} +\size large +\emph on + +\size default +\emph default +All functions in the source file will be compiled as +\emph on +reentrant +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +, i.e. + the parameters and local variables will be allocated on the stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - Install Paths -\begin_inset Quotes srd +. + See section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} + \end_inset -. + Parameters and Local Variables for more details. + If this option is used all source files in the project should be compiled + with this option. + It automatically implies --int-long-reent and --float-reent. + \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -SDCC_INCLUDE -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_INCLUDE} +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-callee-saves +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-callee-saves} + +\end_inset + + function1[,function2][,function3].... \series default - Path, see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} + The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving + across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing + & popping when calling small functions from larger functions. + This option can be used to switch the register saving convention for the + function names specified. + The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, no extra + code will be generated at the entry & exit (function prologue +\series bold + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ -\begin_inset Quotes sld +\series default + & epilogue +\series bold + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue} + \end_inset -Search Paths -\begin_inset Quotes srd + +\series default +) for these functions to save & restore the registers used by these functions, + this can SUBSTANTIALLY reduce code & improve run time performance of the + generated code. + In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) will be able + to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call. + DO NOT use this option for built-in functions such as _mulint..., if this + option is used for a library function the appropriate library function + needs to be recompiled with the same option. + If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file + should be compiled with the same - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-callee-saves option string. + Also see #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +callee_saves +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} + \end_inset . @@ -8532,321 +8056,331 @@ Search Paths \series bold -SDCC_LIB -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LIB} +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-debug +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} \end_inset +\bar under + \series default - Path, see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} +\bar default +When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information. + The debug information collected in a file with .cdb extension can be used + with the SDCDB. + For more information see documentation for SDCDB. + Another file with no extension contains debug information in AOMF or AOMF51 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ + format which is commonly used by third party tools. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset -Search Paths -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\series bold +-S +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-S} -.. -\layout Standard +\end_inset -There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these - are solely used for debugging purposes. - They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented. -\layout Section -Storage Class Language Extensions -\layout Subsection +\size large +\bar under + +\series default +\size default +\bar default +Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. + The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -MCS51/DS390 Storage Class -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} -\end_inset +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed - Language Extensions \layout Standard -In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51 - specific storage classes: -\layout Subsubsection +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -data -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +-int-long-reent +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\series default + Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant. + Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant. + See section Installation for more details. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\end_inset - / near -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{near (storage class)} +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\end_inset +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_near (storage class)} +-cyclomatic +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-cyclomatic} \end_inset -\layout Standard - -This is the -\series bold -default +\bar under + \series default - storage class for the Small Memory model ( +\bar default +This option will cause the compiler to generate an information message for + each function in the source file. + The message contains some \emph on -data +important \emph default - and + information about the function. + The number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow + graph of the function, and most importantly the \emph on -near +cyclomatic complexity +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity} + +\end_inset + + \emph default - can be used synonymously). - Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly - addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.: -\layout Verse + see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family typewriter -data unsigned char test_data; +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + \layout Standard -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\backslash +/ +\end_inset +-float-reent +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-float-reent} -\family typewriter -75*00 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_test_data,#0x01 -\layout Subsubsection +\end_inset -xdata -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\series default + Floating point library is compiled as reentrant +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} \end_inset +. + See section Installation for more details. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - / far -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)} +-main-return +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)} +\series default + This option can be used if the code generated is called by a monitor program + or if the main routine includes an endless loop. + This option results in slightly smaller code and saves two bytes of stack + space. + The return from the 'main' +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{main return} \end_inset + function will return to the function calling main. + The default setting is to lock up i.e. + generate a ' +\family typewriter +sjmp . +\family default +'. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\layout Standard -Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external - RAM. - This is the \series bold -default -\series default - storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.: -\layout Verse - +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\family typewriter -xdata unsigned char test_xdata; \layout Standard -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\backslash +/ +\end_inset +-nostdinc +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdinc} -\family typewriter -90s00r00\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -dptr,#_test_xdata -\newline -74\SpecialChar ~ -01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -a,#0x01 -\newline -F0\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -movx\SpecialChar ~ -@dptr,a -\layout Subsubsection +\end_inset -idata -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\series default + This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path + to the preprocessor. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-nostdlib +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdlib} + +\end_inset -\layout Standard -Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly - addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\series default + This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default library +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} +\end_inset -\family typewriter -idata unsigned char test_idata; -\layout Standard + path to the linker. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\family typewriter -78r00\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -r0,#_test_idata -\newline -76\SpecialChar ~ -01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -@r0,#0x01 \layout Standard -Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM - as the data memory. - The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have - 256 byte idata memory. - The stack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-verbose +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-verbose} \end_inset - is located in idata memory. -\layout Subsubsection -pdata -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\series default + Shows the various actions the compiler is performing. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +-V +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-V} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\series default + Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\end_inset +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing - modes of a 8051. - It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of - 256 bytes. - The following example writes 0x01 to the pdata variable. - Please note, pdata access physically accesses xdata memory. - The high byte of the address is determined by port P2 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} - +\backslash +/ \end_inset -(or in case of some 8051 variants by a separate Special Function Register, - see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} +-no-c-code-in-asm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-c-code-in-asm} \end_inset -). - This is the -\series bold -default + \series default - storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.: -\layout Verse + Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always + blame the compiler :) +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family typewriter -pdata unsigned char test_pdata; +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + \layout Standard -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\backslash +/ +\end_inset +-no-peep-comments +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep-comments} -\family typewriter -78r00\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov r0,#_test_pdata -\newline -74 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov a,#0x01 -\newline -F2\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -movx @r0,a -\layout Standard +\end_inset -If the - + +\series default + Will not include peep-hole comments in the generated files. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -8856,616 +8390,485 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --xstack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} +-i-code-in-asm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-i-code-in-asm} \end_inset - option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area - and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes. -\layout Subsubsection -code -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} +\series default + Include i-codes in the asm file. + Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\end_inset +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_code} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-less-pedantic +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-less-pedantic} -\layout Standard +\end_inset -'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code - memory: -\layout Verse +\series default + Disable some of the more pedantic warnings +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Warnings} -\family typewriter -code unsigned char test_code; -\layout Standard +\end_inset -Read access to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse + (jwk burps: please be more specific here, please!). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family typewriter -90s00r6F\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov dptr,#_test_code -\newline -E4\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -clr a -\newline -93\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -movc a,@a+dptr -\layout Standard - - -\family typewriter -char -\family default - indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently: -\layout Verse - +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\family typewriter -code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'}; \layout Standard -Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly - code: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -E5*00\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov a,_index -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -90s00r41\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov dptr,#_test_array -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -93\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -movc a,@a+dptr -\layout Subsubsection - -bit -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} - +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_bit} +-disable-warning\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-disable-warning} \end_inset -\layout Standard +\series default + Disable specific warning with number . +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -This is a data-type and a storage class specifier. - When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable - memory of 8051, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\family typewriter -bit test_bit; \layout Standard -Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\backslash +/ +\end_inset +-print-search-dirs +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs} -\family typewriter -D2*00\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -setb\SpecialChar ~ -_test_bit -\layout Standard +\end_inset -The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20 - to 0x2f in data memory. - -\newline -Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support ANSI-C - bitfields -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bitfields} -\end_inset +\series default + Display the directories in the compiler's search path +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are - about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c +\backslash +/ \end_inset -. - In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit - signed modifier are implemented as unsigned. -\layout Subsubsection - -sfr -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} +-vc +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} +\series default + Display errors and warnings using MSVC style, so you can use SDCC with + the visual studio IDE +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE} \end_inset - / sfr16 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr16} +. + With SDCC both offering a GCC-like (the default) and a MSVC-like +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MSVC output style} \end_inset + output style, integration into most programming editors should be straightforwa +rd. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr16} -\end_inset +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed - / sfr32 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr32} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr32} +-use-stdout +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout} \end_inset - / sbit -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit} -\end_inset +\series default + Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\layout Standard +\series bold +-Wa\SpecialChar ~ +asmOption[,asmOption] +\series default -Like the bit keyword, -\emph on -sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit -\emph default -signify both a data-type and storage class, they are used to describe the - -\emph on -s -\emph default -pecial -\emph on -f -\emph default -unction -\emph on -r -\emph default -egisters and -\emph on -s -\emph default -pecial -\emph on -bit -\emph default - variables of a 8051, eg: -\layout Verse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wa asmOption[,asmOption]} +\end_inset -\family typewriter -sfr at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} +... + Pass the asmOption to the assembler +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options assembler} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler options} \end_inset - 0x80 P0;\SpecialChar ~ - /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */ -\newline -/* 16 bit special function register combination for timer 0 */ -\newline -/* with the high byte at location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A - */ -\newline -sfr16 at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} +. + See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\end_inset +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - 0x8C8A TMR0; -\newline -sbit at 0xd7 CY; /* CY (Carry Flag -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flags} +-std-sdcc89 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc89} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Carry flag} - -\end_inset +\series default + Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict + with the standard (default). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -) */ -\layout Standard -Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by - 8 are bit-addressable, an -\emph on - sbit -\emph default - addresses a specific bit within these sfr. -\newline -16 Bit and 32 bit special function register combinations which require a - certain access order are better not declared using -\emph on -sfr16 -\emph default - or -\emph on -sfr32. - -\emph default - Allthough SDCC usually accesses them Least Significant Byte (LSB) first, - this is not guaranteed. -\layout Subsubsection +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -Pointers -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces -\layout Standard - -SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any - of the memory spaces -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} +-std-c89 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89} \end_inset - of the 8051. - In addition to the explicit pointers, the compiler uses (by default) generic - pointers which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces. -\newline - -\newline -Pointer declaration examples: -\layout Verse +\series default + Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the + standard. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family typewriter -/* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram - */ -\newline -xdata unsigned char * data p; -\newline -\newline -/* pointer physically in external ram pointing to object in internal ram - */ -\newline -data unsigned char * xdata p; -\newline +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\newline -/* pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */ -\newline -xdata unsigned char * code p; -\newline +\layout Standard -\newline -/* pointer physically in code space pointing to data in code space */ -\newline -code unsigned char * code p; -\newline +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\newline -/* the following is a generic pointer physically located in xdata space - */ -\newline -char * xdata p; -\newline +-std-sdcc99 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99} -\newline -/* the following is a function pointer physically located in data space - */ -\newline -char (* data fp)(void); -\layout Standard +\end_inset -Well you get the idea. - -\newline -\newline -All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390) -\emph on -generic -\emph default - pointers. - -\size small +\series default + Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict + with the standard (incomplete support). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\newline -\newline +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\size default -The highest order byte of the -\emph on -generic -\emph default - pointers contains the data space information. - Assembler support routines are called whenever data is stored or retrieved - using -\emph on -generic -\emph default - pointers. - These are useful for developing reusable library -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - routines. - Explicitly specifying the pointer type will generate the most efficient - code. -\layout Subsubsection - -Notes on MCS51 memory -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory} +-std-c99 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99} \end_inset - layout -\layout Standard - -The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal - RAM memory which is structured as follows: -\newline -\newline -- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7, - -\newline -- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold 128 bit -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} +\series default + Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the + standard (incomplete support). +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\end_inset - variables and, -\newline -- Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use. -\newline +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of - additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory ( -\emph on -idata -\emph default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} - +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-codeseg +\series default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-codeseg } \end_inset -). - Furthermore, some chips may have some built in external memory ( -\emph on -xdata -\emph default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\SpecialChar ~ + The name to be used for the code +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} \end_inset + segment, default CSEG. + This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the code in a special + segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment in a special + place in memory. + Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a + bank. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} - -\end_inset -) which should not be confused with the internal, directly addressable RAM - memory ( -\emph on -data -\emph default +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-constseg +\series default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-constseg } \end_inset -). - Sometimes this built in -\emph on -xdata -\emph default - memory has to be activated before using it (you can probably find this - information on the datasheet of the microcontroller your are using, see - also section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} +\SpecialChar ~ + The name to be used for the const +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ -Startup-Code). -\layout Standard - -Normally SDCC will only use the first bank -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} + segment, default CONST. + This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the const data in + a special segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment + in a special place in memory. + Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data + in a bank. +\layout List +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\end_inset - of registers (register bank 0), but it is possible to specify that other - banks of registers (keyword +\series bold +more-pedantic +\series default + Actually this is +\series bold \emph on -using +not +\series default \emph default - + a SDCC compiler option but if you want \emph on - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} +more +\emph default + warnings you can use a separate tool dedicated to syntax checking like + splint +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)} \end_inset + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org} -\emph default -) should be used in interrupt -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} +\end_inset + +. + To make your source files parseable by splint you will have to include + +\family sans +lint.h +\family default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} \end_inset + in your source file and add brackets around extended keywords (like +\family sans -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +__at\SpecialChar ~ + +\series bold +( +\series default +0xab +\series bold +) +\series default +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - routines. - By default, the compiler will place the stack after the last byte of allocated - memory for variables. - For example, if the first 2 banks of registers are used, and only four - bytes are used for -\emph on -data -\emph default - variables, it will position the base of the internal stack at address 20 - (0x14). - This implies that as the stack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} +\family default + and +\family sans + +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - grows, it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used - by the 128 bit variables, and 80 bytes for general purpose use. - If any bit variables are used, the data variables will be placed in unused - register banks and after the byte holding the last bit variable. - For example, if register banks 0 and 1 are used, and there are 9 bit variables - (two bytes used), -\emph on -data -\emph default - variables will be placed starting from address 0x10 to 0x20 and continue - at address 0x22. - You can also use - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +__interrupt\SpecialChar ~ +(2) +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\layout Standard -\backslash -/ +\family default +). + +\newline +Splint has an excellent on line manual at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org/manual/} + \end_inset --data-loc -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc } + and it's capabilities go beyond pure syntax checking. + You'll need to tell splint the location of SDCC's include files so a typical + command line could look like this: +\newline + +\family sans +splint\SpecialChar ~ +-I\SpecialChar ~ +/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +myprogram.c +\layout Subsection + +Intermediate Dump Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options intermediate dump} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intermediate dump options} \end_inset - to specify the start address of the -\emph on -data -\emph default - and - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging + the compiler. + They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} + \end_inset --iram-size -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } +) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various stages of + the compilation process. + More on iCodes see chapter +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of} \end_inset - to specify the size of the total internal RAM ( -\emph on -data -\emph default -+ -\emph on -idata -\emph default -). -\layout Standard +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data - variables. - Option - +The anatomy of the compiler +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -9475,20 +8878,33 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --stack-loc -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc } +-dumpraw +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpraw} \end_inset - allows you to specify the start of the stack, i.e. - you could start it after any data in the general purpose area. - If your microcontroller has additional indirectly addressable internal - RAM ( + +\series default + This option will cause the compiler to dump the intermediate code into + a file of named \emph on -idata +.dumpraw \emph default -) you can place the stack on it. - You may also need to use - + just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function, i.e. + before any optimizations are done. + The basic blocks +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks} + +\end_inset + + at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in + sequence of execution. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -9498,16 +8914,27 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --xdata-loc -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xdata-loc} +-dumpgcse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpgcse} \end_inset - to set the start address of the external RAM ( + +\series default + Will create a dump of iCode's, after global subexpression elimination +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Global subexpression elimination} + +\end_inset + +, into a file named \emph on -xdata -\emph default -) and - +.dumpgcse. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -9517,28 +8944,27 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --xram-size -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size } +-dumpdeadcode +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpdeadcode} \end_inset - to specify its size. - Same goes for the code memory, using - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\series default + Will create a dump of iCode's, after deadcode elimination +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --code-loc -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc } +, into a file named +\emph on +.dumpdeadcode. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\end_inset - and - +\series bold +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -9548,196 +8974,147 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --code-size -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size } +-dumploop +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumploop} \end_inset -. - If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory - layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it. -\layout Standard -The linker generates two files with memory allocation information. - The first, with extension .map -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} +\series default +\size large + +\size default +Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization} \end_inset - shows all the variables and segments. - The second with extension .mem -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.mem} +, into a file named +\emph on +.dumploop. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\end_inset - shows the final memory layout. - The linker will complain either if memory segments overlap, there is not - enough memory, or there is not enough space for stack. - If you get any linking warnings and/or errors related to stack or segments - allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what - the problem is. - The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem. -\layout Subsection - -Z80/Z180 Storage Class -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} - -\end_inset - - Language Extensions -\layout Subsubsection +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -sfr -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} +-dumprange +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumprange} \end_inset - (in/out to 8-bit addresses) -\layout Standard -The Z80 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} +\series default +\size large + +\size default +Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range analysis +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} \end_inset - family has separate address spaces for memory and -\emph on -i -\emph default -nput/ +, into a file named \emph on -o -\emph default -utput memory. - I/O memory -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{I/O memory (Z80, Z180)} - -\end_inset +.dumprange. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - is accessed with special instructions, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\family typewriter -sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */ - \layout Standard -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -3E 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -ld a,#0x01 -\newline -D3 78\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -out (_IoPort),a -\layout Subsubsection +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -banked sfr -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} +-dumlrange +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumlrange} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} +\series default + Will dump the life ranges +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} \end_inset - (in/out to 16-bit addresses) -\layout Standard + for all symbols. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -The keyword -\emph on -banked -\emph default - is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.: -\layout Verse +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\family typewriter -sfr banked at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} +-dumpregassign +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpregassign} \end_inset - 0x123 IoPort; -\layout Standard - -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\bar under + +\series default +\bar default +Will create a dump of iCode's, after register assignment +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register assignment} -\family typewriter -01 23 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -ld bc,#_IoPort -\newline -3E 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -ld a,#0x01 -\newline -ED 79\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -out (c),a -\layout Subsubsection +\end_inset -sfr -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} +, into a file named +\emph on +.dumprassgn. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\end_inset +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - (in0/out0 to 8 bit addresses on Z180 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180} +-dumplrange +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumplrange} \end_inset -/HD64180 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HD64180} -\end_inset +\series default + Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's +\layout List +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -) -\layout Standard -The compiler option - +\series bold +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -9747,302 +9124,414 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --portmode=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -portmode -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma portmode} +-dumpall +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall} \end_inset -=z180 (z80) is used to turn on (off) the Z180/HD64180 port addressing instructio -ns -\family typewriter -in0/out0 -\family default - instead of -\family typewriter -in/out -\family default -. - If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically. -\layout Subsection -HC08 Storage Class -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} +\size large +\bar under + +\series default +\size default +\bar default +Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created. +\layout Subsection +Redirecting output on Windows Shells +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +By default SDCC writes it's error messages to +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - Language Extensions -\layout Subsubsection - -data -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (hc08 storage class)} - +standard error +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset +. + To force all messages to +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (hc08 storage class)} - +standard output +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - -\layout Standard + use +\series bold +- +\series default +\emph on -The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256 - bytes of memory (the direct page). - The HC08 is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) - stored here. -\layout Subsubsection +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -xdata -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (hc08 storage class)} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (hc08 storage class)} +\series bold +\emph default +- +\series default +use-stdout +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout} \end_inset - +. + Additionally, if you happen to have visual studio installed in your windows + machine, you can use it to compile your sources using a custom build and + the SDCC - +\emph on + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + \layout Standard -The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in - memory. - This is the default if no storage class is specified. - -\layout Section +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -Absolute Addressing -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing} + +\emph default +-vc +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc} \end_inset + option. + Something like this should work: +\newline -\layout Standard +\newline -Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the +\series bold +c: +\backslash +sdcc +\backslash +bin +\backslash +sdcc.exe - +\series default \emph on -at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} - -\end_inset +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset -
+ +\series bold \emph default - keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.: -\layout Verse +-vc - +\series default +\emph on +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\family typewriter -xdata -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\series bold +\emph default +-model-large -c $(InputPath) +\layout Section + +Environment variables +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Environment variables} \end_inset - at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} + +\layout Standard + +SDCC recognizes the following environment variables: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +SDCC_LEAVE_SIGNALS +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LEAVE\_SIGNALS} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} +\series default + SDCC installs a signal handler +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{signal handler} \end_inset - 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum; -\layout Standard + to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception. + If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler + in order to be able to debug SDCC. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff - of the external ram. - The compiler does -\emph on -not -\emph default - reserve any space for variables declared in this way (they are implemented - with an equate in the assembler). - Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure there are no overlaps with - other variables that are declared without the absolute address. - The assembler listing file (.lst -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lst} + +\series bold +TMP,\SpecialChar ~ +TEMP,\SpecialChar ~ +TMPDIR +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR} \end_inset -) and the linker output files (.rst -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rst} + +\series default + Path, where temporary files will be created. + The order of the variables is the search order. + In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's + no need to set them. + On Windows it's recommended to set one of them. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series bold +SDCC_HOME +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_HOME} \end_inset -) and (.map -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} + +\series default + Path, see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths} \end_inset -) are good places to look for such overlaps. - Variables with an absolute address are -\emph on -not -\emph default - initialized -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} +\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset -. -\layout Standard + Install Paths +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword -\emph on -volatile -\emph default - has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed: -\layout Verse +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family typewriter -volatile -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} +\series bold +SDCC_INCLUDE +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_INCLUDE} \end_inset - xdata -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\series default + Path, see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} \end_inset - at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} +\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - 0x8000 unsigned char PORTA_8255; -\layout Standard +Search Paths +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa -r) array -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize +. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} + +\series bold +SDCC_LIB +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LIB} \end_inset -\family default -\size default - starts at a block (256 byte) boundary -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{block boundary} +\series default + Path, see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} \end_inset - (section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} +\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - has an example). -\newline -Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all storage classes, - e.g.: -\layout Verse +Search Paths +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +.. +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these + are solely used for debugging purposes. + They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented. +\layout Section +Storage Class Language Extensions +\layout Subsection -\family typewriter -bit -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} +MCS51/DS390 Storage Class +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} \end_inset - at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} + Language Extensions +\layout Standard + +In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51 + specific storage classes: +\layout Subsubsection + +data +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} \end_inset - 0x02 bvar; -\layout Standard -The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab -le space. - There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables - in this manner, unless you want strict control over all the variables allocated. - One possible use would be to write hardware portable code. - For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller - I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you - can declare the I/O pins in your routine using: -\layout Verse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\end_inset -\family typewriter -extern volatile -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} + / near +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{near (storage class)} \end_inset - bit MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* master out, slave in */ -\newline -extern volatile bit MISO;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* master in, slave out */ -\newline -extern volatile bit MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* master clock */ -\newline -\newline -/* Input and Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus. -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -If needed adapt polarity of clock, polarity of data and bit order -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -*/ -\newline -unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte) -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_near (storage class)} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +This is the +\series bold +default +\series default + storage class for the Small Memory model ( +\emph on +data +\emph default + and +\emph on +near +\emph default + or the more ANSI-C compliant forms +\emph on +__data +\emph default + and +\emph on +__near +\emph default + can be used synonymously). + Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly + addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +__data unsigned char test_data; +\layout Standard + +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +75*00 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -unsigned char i=8; -\newline +mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +_test_data,#0x01 +\layout Subsubsection + +xdata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + / far +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external + RAM. + This is the +\series bold +default +\series default + storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +__xdata unsigned char test_xdata; +\layout Standard + +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +90s00r00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -do { +dptr,#_test_xdata \newline +74\SpecialChar ~ +01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -MOSI = out_byte & 0x80; +a,#0x01 \newline +F0\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10051,60 +9540,138 @@ MOSI = out_byte & 0x80; \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -out_byte <<= 1; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ +movx\SpecialChar ~ +@dptr,a +\layout Subsubsection + +idata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly + addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +__idata unsigned char test_idata; +\layout Standard + +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +78r00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -MCLK = 1; +r0,#_test_idata \newline +76\SpecialChar ~ +01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* _asm nop _endasm; */\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* for slow peripherals */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +@r0,#0x01 +\layout Standard + +Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM + as the data memory. + The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have + 256 byte idata memory. + The stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} + +\end_inset + + is located in idata memory. +\layout Subsubsection + +pdata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing + modes of a 8051. + It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of + 256 bytes. + The following example writes 0x01 to the pdata variable. + Please note, pdata access physically accesses xdata memory. + The high byte of the address is determined by port P2 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} + +\end_inset + +(or in case of some 8051 variants by a separate Special Function Register, + see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} + +\end_inset + +). + This is the +\series bold +default +\series default + storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +__pdata unsigned char test_pdata; +\layout Standard + +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +78r00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -if(MISO) +mov r0,#_test_pdata \newline +74 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -out_byte += 1; +mov a,#0x01 \newline +F2\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10113,730 +9680,660 @@ out_byte += 1; \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -MCLK = 0; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -} while(--i); -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -return out_byte; -\newline -} +movx @r0,a \layout Standard -Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use -\layout Verse +If the - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -bit at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-xstack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} \end_inset + option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area + and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes. +\layout Subsubsection -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} +code +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} \end_inset - 0x80 MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_code} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code + memory: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +__code unsigned char test_code; +\layout Standard + +Read access to this variable generates the assembly code: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +90s00r6F\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* I/O port 0, bit 0 */ +mov dptr,#_test_code \newline -bit at 0x81 MISO;\SpecialChar ~ +E4\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* I/O port 0, bit 1 */ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +clr a \newline -bit at 0x82 MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ +93\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* I/O port 0, bit 2 */ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +movc a,@a+dptr \layout Standard -Similarly, for the second hardware you would use + +\family typewriter +char +\family default + indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +__code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'}; +\layout Standard + +Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly + code: \layout Verse \family typewriter -bit at 0x83 MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ +E5*00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* I/O port 0, bit 3 */ -\newline -bit at 0x91 MISO;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +mov a,_index +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +90s00r41\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* I/O port 1, bit 1 */ -\newline -bit -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} +mov dptr,#_test_array +\layout Verse -\end_inset - at 0x92 MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +93\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* I/O port 1, bit 2 */ -\layout Standard - -and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as - for example in a library. - This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be - specified in the whole project. -\layout Section +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +movc a,@a+dptr +\layout Subsubsection -Parameters -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameters} +bit +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_bit} \end_inset - & Local Variables -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\end_inset +\layout Standard +This is a data-type and a storage class specifier. + When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable + memory of 8051, e.g.: +\layout Verse -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} -\end_inset +\family typewriter +__bit test_bit; +\layout Standard + +Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code: +\layout Verse +\family typewriter +D2*00\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +setb\SpecialChar ~ +_test_bit \layout Standard -Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed - on the stack or in data-space. - The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal - RAM (for small model) or external RAM (for large model). - This in fact makes them similar to -\emph on -static -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{static} +The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20 + to 0x2f in data memory. + +\newline +Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support ANSI-C + bitfields +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bitfields} \end_inset -\emph default - so by default functions are non-reentrant -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false +\layout Standard + +Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are + about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c \end_inset . - -\newline + In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit + signed modifier are implemented as unsigned. +\layout Subsubsection -\newline -They can be placed on the stack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} +sfr +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} \end_inset - by using the -\emph on - - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --stack-auto -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} + / sfr16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr16} \end_inset -\emph default - option, by using -\emph on -#pragma\SpecialChar ~ -stackauto -\emph default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr16} \end_inset - or by using the -\emph on -reentrant -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} + / sfr32 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr32} \end_inset -\emph default - keyword in the function declaration, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr32} +\end_inset -\family typewriter -unsigned char foo(char i) reentrant -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... - -\newline -} -\layout Standard + / sbit +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit} -Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the -\emph on -reentrant -\emph default -keyword or the -\emph on - - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\end_inset -\layout Standard -\backslash -/ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit} + \end_inset --stack-auto + +\layout Standard + +Like the bit keyword, +\emph on +sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit \emph default - option should be used sparingly. - Note that the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local - variables will be allocated to the stack, it +signify both a data-type and storage class, they are used to describe the + \emph on -does not +s \emph default - mean that the function is register bank -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} - -\end_inset +pecial +\emph on +f +\emph default +unction +\emph on +r +\emph default +egisters and +\emph on +s +\emph default +pecial +\emph on +bit +\emph default + variables of a 8051, eg: +\layout Verse - independent. -\newline -\newline -Local variables -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} +\family typewriter +__sfr __at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} \end_inset - can be assigned storage classes and absolute -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} - addresses, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_inset + (0x80) P0;\SpecialChar ~ + /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */ +\newline -\family typewriter -unsigned char foo() \newline -{ +/* 16 bit special function register combination for timer 0 \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -xdata unsigned char i; + with the high byte at location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */ \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -bit bvar; +__sfr16 __at (0x8C8A) TMR0; \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -data at + +\newline +__sbit __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} \end_inset - 0x31 unsigned char j; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... - -\newline -} -\layout Standard - -In the above example the variable -\emph on -i -\emph default - will be allocated in the external ram, -\emph on -bvar -\emph default - in bit addressable space and -\emph on - j -\emph default - in internal ram. - When compiled with -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --stack-auto -\emph default - or when a function is declared as -\emph on -reentrant -\emph default - this should only be done for static variables. -\layout Standard - -Parameters -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} + (0xd7) CY;\SpecialChar ~ + /* CY (Carry Flag +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flags} \end_inset - however are not allowed any storage class -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Carry flag} \end_inset -, (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is - governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options. +) */ \layout Standard -It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also - non-static local bit variables are supported. - Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space. - They are pushed and popped to stack as a single byte just like the normal - registers. -\layout Section - -Overlaying -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Overlaying} +Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by + 8 are bit-addressable, an +\emph on + sbit +\emph default + addresses a specific bit within these sfr. +\newline +16 Bit and 32 bit special function register combinations which require a + certain access order are better not declared using +\emph on +sfr16 +\emph default + or +\emph on +sfr32. -\end_inset +\emph default + Allthough SDCC usually accesses them Least Significant Byte (LSB) first, + this is not guaranteed. +\newline +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Overlaying} +Please note, if you use a header file which was written for another compiler + then the sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit Storage Class extensions will most + likely be +\emph on +not +\emph default +compatible. + Specifically the syntax +\family typewriter +\SpecialChar ~ +sfr P0 = 0x80;\SpecialChar ~ -\end_inset +\family default + is compiled +\emph on +without warning +\emph default + by SDCC to an assignment of 0x80 to a variable called P0 +\family typewriter +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true \layout Standard -For non-reentrant -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} +\series bold +\SpecialChar ~ +! \end_inset - functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space usage by overlaying - parameters and local variables of a function (if possible). - Parameters and local variables -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} +. + +\family default +Nevertheless it is possible to write header files +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files} \end_inset - of a function will be allocated to an overlayable segment if the function - has -\emph on -no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory - model -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files} - is small. +\end_inset -\emph default - If an explicit storage class -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} + which can be shared among different compilers (see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers} \end_inset - is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlayed. -\layout Standard +). + +\layout Subsubsection -Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin -g the data items. - Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine should be preceded - by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -nooverlay -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} +Pointers +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer} \end_inset - if they are not reentrant. -\layout Standard - -Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler - code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters - of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls - other c-functions that might use the overlay. - In that case the #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -nooverlay should be used. + to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces \layout Standard -Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica -tion -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} +SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any + of the memory spaces +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} \end_inset - or division -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division} - -\end_inset + of the 8051. + In addition to the explicit pointers, the compiler uses (by default) generic + pointers which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces. +\newline - will NOT be overlayed since these are implemented using external functions, - e.g.: +\newline +Pointer declaration examples: \layout Verse \family typewriter -#pragma save +/* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram + */ +\newline +__xdata unsigned char * __data p; \newline -#pragma nooverlay -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} - -\end_inset - \newline -void set_error(unsigned char errcd) +/* pointer physically in external ram pointing to object in internal ram + */ \newline -{ +__data unsigned char * __xdata p; \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -P3 = errcd; + \newline -} +/* pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */ \newline -#pragma restore +__xdata unsigned char * __code p; \newline \newline -void some_isr () interrupt -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} +/* pointer physically in code space pointing to data in code space */ +\newline +__code unsigned char * __code p; +\newline -\end_inset +\newline +/* generic pointer physically located in xdata space */ +\newline +unsigned char * __xdata p; +\newline - 2 \newline -{ +/* generic pointer physically located in default memory space */ \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... +unsigned char * p; \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -set_error(10); + \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... - -\newline -} -\layout Standard - -In the above example the parameter -\emph on -errcd -\emph default - for the function -\emph on -set_error -\emph default - would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -nooverlay was - not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called - from an interrupt service routine. - The #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for - the function are NOT overlayed. -\layout Section - -Interrupt Service Routines -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines} +/* the following is a function pointer +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function pointer} \end_inset - -\layout Subsection - -General Information + physically located in data space */ +\newline +char (* __data fp)(void); \layout Standard -SDCC allows -\emph on -i -\emph default -nterrupt -\emph on -s -\emph default -ervice +Well you get the idea. + +\newline + +\newline +All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390) \emph on -r +generic \emph default -outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords. -\layout Verse - + pointers. + +\size small -\family typewriter -void timer_isr (void) interrupt 1 using 1 -\newline -{ \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... - + \newline -} -\layout Standard -The optional number following the +\size default +The highest order byte of the \emph on -interrupt -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} +generic +\emph default + pointers contains the data space information. + Assembler support routines are called whenever data is stored or retrieved + using +\emph on +generic +\emph default + pointers. + These are useful for developing reusable library +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} + routines. + Explicitly specifying the pointer +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pointer} \end_inset + type will generate the most efficient code. +\layout Subsubsection -\emph default - keyword is the interrupt number this routine will service. - When present, the compiler will insert a call to this routine in the interrupt - vector table for the interrupt number specified. - If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service routines - can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr MUST be present - or included in the file that contains the function -\emph on -main -\emph default -. - The optional -\emph on -using -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} +Notes on MCS51 memory +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory} \end_inset + layout +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} +The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal + RAM memory which is structured as follows: +\newline -\end_inset +\newline +- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7, + +\newline +- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold 128 bit +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} +\end_inset -\emph default - keyword can be used to tell the compiler to use the specified register - bank (8051 specific) when generating code for this function. - + variables and, +\newline +- Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use. \newline \layout Standard -Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs: -\newline -If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by - other functions these variables have to be declared +Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of + additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory ( \emph on -volatile +idata \emph default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} \end_inset -. - -\layout Standard -If the access to these variables is not -\emph on -atomic -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} \end_inset - +). + Furthermore, some chips may have some built in external memory ( +\emph on +xdata \emph default - (i.e. - the processor needs more than one instruction for the access and could - be interrupted while accessing the variable) the interrupt must be disabled - during the access to avoid inconsistent data. - Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs - and should be protected by disabling interrupts. - You're not automatically on the safe side if you use 8 bit variables though. - We need an example here: f.e. - on the 8051 the harmless looking -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\family typewriter -flags\SpecialChar ~ -|=\SpecialChar ~ -0x80; -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - is not atomic if -\family typewriter -flags -\family default - resides in xdata. - Setting -\begin_inset Quotes srd + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + \end_inset +) which should not be confused with the internal, directly addressable RAM + memory ( +\emph on +data +\emph default -\family typewriter -flags\SpecialChar ~ -|=\SpecialChar ~ -0x40; -\family default +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - from within an interrupt routine might get lost if the interrupt occurs - at the wrong time. - -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\family typewriter -counter\SpecialChar ~ -+=\SpecialChar ~ -8; -\family default +\end_inset + +). + Sometimes this built in +\emph on +xdata +\emph default + memory has to be activated before using it (you can probably find this + information on the datasheet of the microcontroller your are using, see + also section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} -\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - is not atomic on the 8051 even if -\family typewriter -counter -\family default - is located in data memory. - Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can cause a lot of trouble. - +\SpecialChar ~ +Startup-Code). \layout Standard -The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine - are saved on the stack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} +Normally SDCC will only use the first bank +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} \end_inset - so there must be sufficient stack space. - If there isn't variables or registers (or even the return address itself) - will be corrupted. - This + of registers (register bank 0), but it is possible to specify that other + banks of registers (keyword \emph on -stack overflow +using \emph default + +\emph on -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack overflow} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} \end_inset - is most likely to happen if the interrupt occurs during the -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset -deepest -\begin_inset Quotes srd +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} + \end_inset - subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e. - many return addresses. -\layout Standard -A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division} +\emph default +) should be used in interrupt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} \end_inset -, multiplication -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} - -\end_inset - & modulus -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Modulus} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} \end_inset - and floating-point -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} + routines. + By default, the compiler will place the stack after the last byte of allocated + memory for variables. + For example, if the first 2 banks of registers are used, and only four + bytes are used for +\emph on +data +\emph default + variables, it will position the base of the internal stack at address 20 + (0x14). + This implies that as the stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} \end_inset - operations are implemented using external support routines developed in - ANSI-C. - If an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then - the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have to - be recompiled using the + grows, it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used + by the 128 bit variables, and 80 bytes for general purpose use. + If any bit variables are used, the data variables will be placed in unused + register banks and after the byte holding the last bit variable. + For example, if register banks 0 and 1 are used, and there are 9 bit variables + (two bytes used), \emph on - - +data +\emph default + variables will be placed starting from address 0x10 to 0x20 and continue + at address 0x22. + You can also use - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -10846,16 +10343,16 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --stack-auto -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} +-data-loc +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc } \end_inset - -\emph default - option and the source file will need to be compiled using the + to specify the start address of the \emph on -- +data +\emph default + and - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -10865,470 +10362,645 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --int-long-reent +-iram-size +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } + +\end_inset + + to specify the size of the total internal RAM ( +\emph on +data \emph default ++ +\emph on +idata +\emph default +). + +\newline -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} +\layout Standard -\end_inset +By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data + variables. + Option - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed - compiler option. \layout Standard -Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended, - avoid it if possible. - Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine - it should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -nooverlay -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-stack-loc +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc } \end_inset - if it is not reentrant. - Furthermore nonreentrant functions should not be called from the main program - while the interrupt service routine might be active. - -\newline + allows you to specify the start of the stack, i.e. + you could start it after any data in the general purpose area. + If your microcontroller has additional indirectly addressable internal + RAM ( +\emph on +idata +\emph default +) you can place the stack on it. + You may also need to use - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\newline -Also see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Overlaying} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ -about Overlaying and section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Functions-using-private-banks} +-xdata-loc +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xdata-loc} \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ -about Functions using private register banks. -\layout Subsection + to set the start address of the external RAM ( +\emph on +xdata +\emph default +) and - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines \layout Standard -Interrupt numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for the Standard - 8051/8052 are listed below. - SDCC will automatically adjust the interrupt vector table to the maximum - interrupt number specified. -\newline +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\layout Standard -\align center +-xram-size +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size } -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\end_inset + + to specify its size. + Same goes for the code memory, using - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Interrupt # +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-code-loc +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc } -Description \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + + and - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Vector Address +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-code-size +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size } -0 \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +. + If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory + layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it. \layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +The linker generates two files with memory allocation information. + The first, with extension .map +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} -External 0 \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + shows all the variables and segments. + The second with extension .mem +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.mem} -0x0003 \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + shows the final memory layout. + The linker will complain either if memory segments overlap, there is not + enough memory, or there is not enough space for stack. + If you get any linking warnings and/or errors related to stack or segments + allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what + the problem is. + The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem. +\layout Subsection + +Z80/Z180 Storage Class +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Storage class} -1 \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + Language Extensions +\layout Subsubsection + +sfr +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -Timer 0 \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -0x000B +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} + \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + (in/out to 8-bit addresses) \layout Standard -2 +The Z80 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + family has separate address spaces for memory and +\emph on +i +\emph default +nput/ +\emph on +o +\emph default +utput memory. + I/O memory +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{I/O memory (Z80, Z180)} -External 1 \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -0x0013 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!I/O memory} + \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -3 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!I/O memory} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + is accessed with special instructions, e.g.: +\layout Verse -Timer 1 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\family typewriter +sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */ + \layout Standard -0x001B -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +\layout Verse -\layout Standard -4 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\family typewriter +3E 01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ld a,#0x01 +\newline +D3 78\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +out (_IoPort),a +\layout Subsubsection -\layout Standard +banked sfr +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -Serial \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -0x0023 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} + \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + (in/out to 16-bit addresses) \layout Standard -5 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +The keyword +\emph on +banked +\emph default + is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.: +\layout Verse -\layout Standard -Timer 2 (8052) +\family typewriter +sfr banked at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -0x002B -\end_inset - - - +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} \end_inset + 0x123 IoPort; +\layout Standard -\newline +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +\layout Verse -\layout Standard -If the interrupt service routine is defined without -\emph on -using -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} +\family typewriter +01 23 01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ld bc,#_IoPort +\newline +3E 01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ld a,#0x01 +\newline +ED 79\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +out (c),a +\layout Subsubsection + +sfr +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} \end_inset + (in0/out0 to 8 bit addresses on Z180 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180} + +\end_inset -\emph default - a register bank or with register bank 0 ( -\emph on -using -\emph default - 0), the compiler will save the registers used by itself on the stack upon - entry and restore them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine - calls another function then the entire register bank will be saved on the - stack. - This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which - have low register usage. -\layout Standard +/HD64180 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HD64180 (see Z180)} -If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register - bank then only -\emph on -a, b, dptr -\emph default - & psw are saved and restored, if such an interrupt service routine calls - another function (using another register bank) then the entire register - bank of the called function will be saved on the stack. - This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines. -\layout Subsection +\end_inset -HC08 Interrupt Service Routines +) \layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +The compiler option - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -Since the number of interrupts available is chip specific and the interrupt - vector table always ends at the last byte of memory, the interrupt numbers - corresponds to the interrupt vectors in reverse order of address. - For example, interrupt 1 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffc, interrupt - 2 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffa, and so on. - However, interrupt 0 (the reset vector at 0xfffe) is not redefinable in - this way; instead see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - for details on customizing startup. -\layout Subsection - -Z80 Interrupt Service Routines -\layout Standard +-portmode +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Options!-\/-portmode} -The Z80 uses several different methods for determining the correct interrupt - vector depending on the hardware implementation. - Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt - to generate an interrupt vector table. -\layout Standard +\end_inset -By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses an - RETI instruction to return from the interrupt. - To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs - an RETN instruction instead, add the -\emph on -critical -\emph default - keyword: -\layout Verse +=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +portmode +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Pragmas!\#pragma portmode} +\end_inset + z180 (z80) is used to turn on (off) the Z180/HD64180 port addressing instructio +ns \family typewriter -void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... - -\newline -} -\layout Section - -Enabling and Disabling Interrupts +in0/out0 +\family default + instead of +\family typewriter +in/out +\family default +. + If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically. \layout Subsection -Critical Functions and Critical Statements -\layout Standard +HC08 Storage Class +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Storage class} -A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring - it as -\emph on -critical -\emph default -. - SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} +\end_inset + + Language Extensions +\layout Subsubsection + +data +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (hc08 storage class)} \end_inset - upon entry to a critical function and restore the interrupt enable to the - previous state before returning. - Nesting critical functions will need one additional byte on the stack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (hc08 storage class)} \end_inset - for each call. -\layout Verse + +\layout Standard +The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256 + bytes of memory (the direct page). + The HC08 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\family typewriter -int foo () critical -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{critical} +\end_inset + + is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) stored here. +\layout Subsubsection + +xdata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (hc08 storage class)} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_critical} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (hc08 storage class)} \end_inset -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in + memory. + This is the default if no storage class is specified. -\newline -} +\layout Section + +Absolute Addressing +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing} + +\end_inset + + \layout Standard -The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like +Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the \emph on -reentrant. +at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} + +\end_inset + +
\emph default + keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.: +\layout Verse -\newline -The keyword + +\family typewriter +xdata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} + +\end_inset + + 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum; +\layout Standard + +or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +__xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum; +\layout Standard + +In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff + of the external ram. + The compiler does \emph on -critical +not \emph default - may also be used to disable interrupts more locally: + reserve any space for variables declared in this way +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +\SpecialChar ~ +! +\end_inset + + (they are implemented with an equate in the assembler). + Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure there are no overlaps with + other variables that are declared without the absolute address. + The assembler listing file (.lst +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lst} + +\end_inset + +) and the linker output files (.rst +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rst} + +\end_inset + +) and (.map +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} + +\end_inset + +) are good places to look for such overlaps. + Variables with an absolute address are +\emph on +not +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +\SpecialChar ~ +! +\end_inset + + +\emph default + initialized +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword +\emph on +volatile +\emph default + has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed: \layout Verse \family typewriter -critical{ i++; } -\layout Standard +volatile +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} -More than one statement could have been included in the block. -\layout Subsection +\end_inset -Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly + __xdata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + __at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} + +\end_inset + + (0x8000) unsigned char PORTA_8255; \layout Standard -Interrupts -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} +For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa +r) array +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} \end_inset - can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051): + +\family default +\size default + starts at a block (256 byte) boundary +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{block boundary} + +\end_inset + + (section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} + +\end_inset + + has an example). +\newline +Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all storage classes, + e.g.: \layout Verse \family typewriter -EA = 0;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +__bit +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} + +\end_inset + + __at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} + +\end_inset + + (0x02) bvar; +\layout Standard + +The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab +le space. + There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables + in this manner, unless you want strict control over all the variables allocated. + One possible use would be to write hardware portable code. + For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller + I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you + can declare the I/O pins in your routine using: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +extern volatile +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} + +\end_inset + + __bit MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +/* master out, slave in */ +\newline +extern volatile __bit MISO;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +/* master in, slave out */ +\newline +extern volatile __bit MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -or:\SpecialChar ~ +/* master clock */ +\newline + +\newline +/* Input and Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus. +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +If needed adapt polarity of clock, polarity of data and bit order +\newline \SpecialChar ~ +*/ +\newline +unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte) +\newline +{ +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +unsigned char i=8; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -EA_SAVE = EA; -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +do { +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11337,6 +11009,8 @@ EA_SAVE = EA; \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +MOSI = out_byte & 0x80; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11345,6 +11019,8 @@ EA_SAVE = EA; \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +out_byte <<= 1; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11353,20 +11029,17 @@ EA_SAVE = EA; \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +MCLK = 1; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -EA = 0; -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +/* _asm nop _endasm; */\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11374,6 +11047,8 @@ EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +/* for slow peripherals */ +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11382,17 +11057,13 @@ EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +if(MISO) +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -... -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11400,6 +11071,8 @@ EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +out_byte += 1; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11408,1857 +11081,1453 @@ EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +MCLK = 0; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +} while(--i); +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +return out_byte; +\newline +} +\layout Standard + +Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +__bit __at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} + +\end_inset + + (0x80) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +/* I/O port 0, bit 0 */ +\newline +__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +/* I/O port 0, bit 1 */ +\newline +__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -EA = EA_SAVE; +/* I/O port 0, bit 2 */ \layout Standard -On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling - interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} - -\end_inset - - (HC08): +Similarly, for the second hardware you would use \layout Verse \family typewriter -#define CLI _asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} +__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* I/O port 0, bit 3 */ +\newline +__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* I/O port 1, bit 1 */ +\newline +__bit +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} \end_inset + __at (0x92) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -cli\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -_endasm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} +/* I/O port 1, bit 2 */ +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as + for example in a library. + This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be + specified in the whole project. +\layout Section + +Parameters +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameters} \end_inset -; -\layout Verse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} -\family typewriter -#define SEI _asm\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sei\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_endasm; -\layout Verse +\end_inset + & Local Variables +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\family typewriter -... -\layout Standard +\end_inset -Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source - like f.e. - a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an -\emph on -interrupt mask -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt mask} + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} \end_inset -\emph default - register. - \layout Standard -Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as - short as possible. - This minimizes both +Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed + on the stack or in data-space. + The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal + RAM (for small model) or external RAM (for large model). + This in fact makes them similar to \emph on -interrupt latency +static +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{static} + +\end_inset + + \emph default + so by default functions are non-reentrant +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt latency} +\end_inset + +. + +\newline + +\newline +They can be placed on the stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} \end_inset - (the time between the occurrence of the interrupt and the execution of - the first code in the interrupt routine) and + by using the \emph on -interrupt jitter -\emph default + - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt jitter} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - (the difference between the shortest and the longest interrupt latency). - These really are something different, f.e. - a serial interrupt has to be served before its buffer overruns so it cares - for the maximum interrupt latency, whereas it does not care about jitter. - On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed - by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas - a much smaller jitter will be very audible. -\layout Standard +-stack-auto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture -s you can make use of two (or more) levels of +\end_inset + + +\emph default + option, by using \emph on -interrupt priorities +#pragma\SpecialChar ~ +stackauto \emph default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto} \end_inset -. - On some architectures which don't support interrupt priorities these can - be implemented by manipulating the interrupt mask and reenabling interrupts - within the interrupt routine. - Check there is sufficient space on the stack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} + or by using the +\emph on +reentrant +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} \end_inset - and don't add complexity unless you have to. - -\layout Subsection -Semaphore -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{semaphore} +\emph default + keyword in the function declaration, e.g.: +\layout Verse -\end_inset - locking (mcs51/ds390) +\family typewriter +unsigned char foo(char i) __reentrant +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +... + +\newline +} \layout Standard -Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} +Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the +\emph on +reentrant +\emph default +keyword or the +\emph on + - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - bit test and -\emph on - +-stack-auto \emph default -clear + option should be used sparingly. + Note that the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local + variables will be allocated to the stack, it \emph on - +does not \emph default -instruction. - These type of instructions are typically used in preemptive multitasking - systems, where a routine f.e. - claims the use of a data structure ('acquires a lock -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lock} + mean that the function is register bank +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} \end_inset - on it'), makes some modifications and then releases the lock when the data - structure is consistent again. - The instruction may also be used if interrupt and non-interrupt code have - to compete for a resource. - With the atomic bit test and clear instruction interrupts -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} + independent. +\newline + +\newline +Local variables +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} \end_inset - don't have to be disabled for the locking operation. - -\layout Standard + can be assigned storage classes and absolute +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing} -SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern: +\end_inset + + addresses, e.g.: \layout Verse \family typewriter -volatile -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} - -\end_inset - - bit resource_is_free; -\newline - -\newline -if (resource_is_free) +unsigned char foo() \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -{ +{ \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -resource_is_free=0; +__xdata unsigned char i; \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -... - +__bit bvar; \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -resource_is_free=1; +__data __at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} + +\end_inset + + (0x31) unsigned char j; \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -} +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +... + +\newline +} \layout Standard -Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} - -\end_inset - - bit test and +In the above example the variable \emph on -clear +i \emph default - instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and + will be allocated in the external ram, \emph on -set). -\layout Section +bvar +\emph default + in bit addressable space and +\emph on + j +\emph default + in internal ram. + When compiled with +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -Functions using private register banks -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Functions-using-private-banks} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - (mcs51/ds390) +-stack-auto +\emph default + or when a function is declared as +\emph on +reentrant +\emph default + this should only be done for static variables. \layout Standard -Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets. - SDCC supports this feature with the -\emph on -using -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} +Parameters +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} + however are not allowed any storage class +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} \end_inset +, (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is + governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options. +\layout Standard -\emph default - attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register bank -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} +It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also + non-static local bit variables are supported. + Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space. + They are pushed and popped to stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} \end_inset - other than the default bank zero). - It should only be applied to -\emph on -interrupt -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} - -\end_inset + as a single byte just like the normal registers. +\layout Section +Overlaying +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Overlaying} -\emph default - functions (see footnote below). - This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient - since it will not have to save registers on the stack. -\layout Standard +\end_inset -The -\emph on -using -\emph default - attribute will have no effect on the generated code for a -\emph on -non-interrupt -\emph default - function (but may occasionally be useful anyway -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Overlaying} -possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions - using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute - as the calling 'interrupt' functions. - For instance, if you have several ISRs using bank one, and all of them - call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy() - 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero - to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function \end_inset -). -\newline -\emph on -(pending: I don't think this has been done yet) \layout Standard -An -\emph on -interrupt -\emph default - function using a non-zero bank will assume that it can trash that register - bank, and will not save it. - Since high-priority interrupts -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupts} +For non-reentrant +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority} + functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space usage by overlaying + parameters and local variables of a function (if possible). + Parameters and local variables +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} \end_inset - can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends, this means that - if a high-priority ISR -\emph on -using -\emph default - a particular bank occurs while processing a low-priority ISR -\emph on -using -\emph default - the same bank, terrible and bad things can happen. - To prevent this, no single register bank should be + of a function will be allocated to an overlayable segment if the function + has \emph on -used -\emph default - by both a high priority and a low priority ISR. - This is probably most easily done by having all high priority ISRs use - one bank and all low priority ISRs use another. - If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your - own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance - hit. -\layout Standard - -It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions. - If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions - use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the - called functions use bank zero. - It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank - from an ISR. - -\layout Section - -Startup Code -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Startup-Code} +no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory + model +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} \end_inset + is small. -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Startup code} +\emph default + If an explicit storage class +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} \end_inset - -\layout Subsection - -MCS51/DS390 Startup Code + is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlayed. \layout Standard -The compiler inserts a call to the C routine -\emph on -_sdcc_external_startup() -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_sdcc\_external\_startup()} +Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin +g the data items. + Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true -\end_inset +\layout Standard \series bold -\emph default - -\series default -at the start of the CODE area. - This routine is in the runtime library -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library} - -\end_inset - -. - By default this routine returns 0, if this routine returns a non-zero value, - the static & global variable initialization will be skipped and the function - main will be invoked. - Otherwise static & global variables will be initialized before the function - main is invoked. - You could add a -\emph on -_sdcc_external_startup() -\emph default - routine to your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware - or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global variable - initialization -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} - +! \end_inset -. - On some mcs51 variants xdata -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +nooverlay +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} \end_inset - memory has to be explicitly enabled before it can be accessed or if the - watchdog needs to be disabled, this is the place to do it. - The startup code clears all internal data memory, 256 bytes by default, - but from 0 to n-1 if -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + if they are not reentrant. +\layout Standard +Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler + code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters + of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls + other c-functions that might use the overlay. + In that case the #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +nooverlay should be used. \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica +tion +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} + \end_inset --iram-size -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } + or division +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division} \end_inset -n -\emph default - is used. - (recommended for Chipcon CC1010). -\layout Standard + will NOT be overlayed since these are implemented using external functions, + e.g.: +\layout Verse -See also the compiler option -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\family typewriter +#pragma save +\newline +#pragma nooverlay +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --no-xinit -\emph default -- -\emph on -opt -\emph default + +\newline +void set_error(unsigned char errcd) +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +P3 = errcd; +\newline +} +\newline +#pragma restore +\newline -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt} +\newline +void some_isr () __interrupt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} \end_inset - and section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} + (2) +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +... +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +set_error(10); +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +... + +\newline +} +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +In the above example the parameter +\emph on +errcd +\emph default + for the function +\emph on +set_error +\emph default + would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +nooverlay was + not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called + from an interrupt service routine. + The #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for + the function are NOT overlayed. +\layout Section -\end_inset +Interrupt Service Routines +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines} -\SpecialChar ~ -about MCS51-variants. -\layout Subsection +\end_inset -HC08 Startup Code -\layout Standard -The HC08 startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code. \layout Subsection -Z80 Startup Code +General Information \layout Standard -On the Z80 the startup code is inserted by linking with crt0.o which is generated - from sdcc/device/lib/z80/crt0.s. - If you need a different startup code you can use the compiler option +SDCC allows \emph on -- -\series bold +i +\emph default +nterrupt +\emph on +s \emph default +ervice +\emph on +r +\emph default +outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords. +\layout Verse -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family typewriter +void timer_isr (void) __interrupt (1) __using (1) +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +... + +\newline +} \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +The optional number following the +\emph on +interrupt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} +\end_inset -\series default -\emph on --no-std-crt0 -\emph default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-std-crt0} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} \end_inset - and provide your own crt0.o. - -\layout Section -Inline Assembler Code -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} +\emph default + keyword is the interrupt number this routine will service. + When present, the compiler will insert a call to this routine in the interrupt + vector table +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} \end_inset + for the interrupt number specified. + If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service routines + can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr MUST be present + or included in the file that contains the function +\emph on +main +\emph default +. + The optional (8051 specific) keyword +\emph on +using +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} + +\end_inset -\layout Subsection -A Step by Step Introduction -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} \end_inset -\layout Standard - -Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51 - how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and - an array in xdata memory. - The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures. - This is a buffer routine which should be optimized: -\layout Verse +\emph default + can be used to tell the compiler to use the specified register bank when + generating code for this function. + +\newline +Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs: +\layout Subsubsection -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize -unsigned char far -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile} \end_inset +Common interrupt pitfall: variable not declared +\emph on +volatile +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)} +If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by + other functions these variables have to be declared +\emph on +volatile +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} \end_inset - at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} +. + See +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_variable} \end_inset + . +\layout Subsubsection -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-atomic} \end_inset - 0x7f00 buf[0x100]; -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} +Common interrupt pitfall: +\emph on +non-atomic access +\layout Standard + +If the access to these variables is not +\emph on +atomic +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} \end_inset +\emph default + (i.e. + the processor needs more than one instruction for the access and could + be interrupted while accessing the variable) the interrupt must be disabled + during the access to avoid inconsistent data. + \newline -unsigned char head,tail; -\newline +Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs and + should be protected by disabling interrupts. + You're not automatically on the safe side if you use 8 bit variables though. + We need an example here: f.e. + on the 8051 the harmless looking +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\newline -void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -if( head != tail-1 ) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -buf[ head++ ] = c;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* access to a 256 byte aligned array */ -\newline -} -\layout Standard -If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC - then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated. - We define a new function \family typewriter -to_buffer_asm() +flags\SpecialChar ~ +|=\SpecialChar ~ +0x80; \family default - in file buffer.c in which we cut and paste the generated code, removing - unwanted comments and some ':'. - Then add + \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset -_asm + is not atomic if +\family typewriter +flags +\family default + resides in xdata. + Setting \begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - and + +\family typewriter +flags\SpecialChar ~ +|=\SpecialChar ~ +0x40; +\family default + \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset -_endasm; -\begin_inset Quotes srd + from within an interrupt routine might get lost if the interrupt occurs + at the wrong time. + +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - to the beginning and the end of the function body: -\layout Verse - \family typewriter -\size footnotesize -/* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with. -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -The function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */ -\newline -void to_buffer_asm( unsigned char c ) -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} +counter\SpecialChar ~ ++=\SpecialChar ~ +8; +\family default +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset + is not atomic on the 8051 even if +\family typewriter +counter +\family default + is located in data memory. +\newline +Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can cause a lot of trouble. + +\layout Subsubsection + -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-stack-overflow} \end_inset +Common interrupt pitfall: +\emph on +stack overflow +\layout Standard -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -r2,dpl -\newline -;buffer.c if( head != tail-1 ) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -a,_tail -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -dec\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -r3,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -a,_head -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -cjne a,ar3,00106$ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -ret -\newline -00106$: -\newline -;buffer.c buf[ head++ ] = c; /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */ -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} +The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine + are saved on the stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} \end_inset + so there must be sufficient stack space. + If there isn't variables or registers (or even the return address itself) + will be corrupted. + This +\emph on +stack overflow +\emph default -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -r3,_head -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -inc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_head -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -dpl,r3 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -dph,#(_buf >> 8) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -a,r2 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -movx @dptr,a -\newline -00103$: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -ret -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_endasm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack overflow} \end_inset + is most likely to happen if the interrupt occurs during the +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} - +deepest +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset -; -\newline -} -\layout Standard + subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e. + many return addresses. +\layout Subsubsection -The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced - function argument 'c'. - Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY - (1) and finally have: -\layout Verse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-reentrant} -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize -unsigned char far at 0x7f00 buf[0x100]; -\newline -unsigned char head,tail; -\newline -#define USE_ASSEMBLY (1) -\newline +\end_inset -\newline -#if !USE_ASSEMBLY -\newline +Common interrupt pitfall: +\emph on +use of non-reentrant functions +\layout Standard -\newline -void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -if( head != tail-1 ) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -buf[ head++ ] = c; -\newline -} -\newline +A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division} -\newline -#else -\newline +\end_inset -\newline -void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} +, multiplication +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} \end_inset + & modulus +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Modulus} -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} +\end_inset + + and floating-point +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} \end_inset + operations are implemented using external support routines. + If an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then + the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have to + be recompiled using the +\emph on + - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; save used registers here. - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here. - -\newline -; if( head != tail-1 ) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ - a,_tail -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -dec\SpecialChar ~ - a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -xrl\SpecialChar ~ - a,_head -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; we could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -jz\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - t_b_end$ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; -\newline -; buf[ head++ ] = c; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ - a,dpl \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; dpl holds lower byte of function argument -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ - dpl,_head \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ - dph,#(_buf>>8) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -movx @dptr,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -inc \SpecialChar ~ -_head -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see above) -\newline -t_b_end$: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; restore used registers here -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_endasm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} +-stack-auto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} \end_inset -; -\newline -} -\newline -#endif -\layout Standard -The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler -, this includes any assembler directives and comment lines -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false +\emph default + option and the source file will need to be compiled using the +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments. - You'll find an 100+ pages assembler manual in sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} - +\backslash +/ \end_inset +-int-long-reent +\emph default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} \end_inset + compiler option. + +\newline +Note, the type promotion +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} \end_inset -. - The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the -\family typewriter -_asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} - -\end_inset + required by ANSI C can cause 16 bit routines to be used +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} +\series bold +\SpecialChar ~ +! \end_inset - ... - _endasm -\size footnotesize - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} + without the programmer being aware of it. + See f.e. + the cast +\family typewriter +(unsigned char)(tail-1) +\family default + within the if clause in section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} \end_inset +. +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended, + avoid it if possible. + Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine + it should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +nooverlay +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} + +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} + if it is not reentrant. + Furthermore nonreentrant functions should not be called from the main program + while the interrupt service routine might be active. + They also must not be called from low priority interrupt service routines + while a high priority interrupt service routine might be active. + You could use semaphores or make the function +\emph on + critical +\emph default + if all parameters are passed in registers. +\newline + Also see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Overlaying} \end_inset - -\size default -; -\family default - keyword pair. - Specifically it will not know which registers are used and thus register - pushing/popping -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} +\SpecialChar ~ +about Overlaying and section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Functions-using-private-banks} \end_inset - has to be done manually. - -\layout Standard - -It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed - in a separate line (as the example shows). - When the - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\SpecialChar ~ +about Functions using private register banks. +\layout Subsection +MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +Interrupt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} + \end_inset -- -\emph on -peep-asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm} + numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for the Standard 8051/8052 + are listed below. + SDCC will automatically adjust the +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} \end_inset + to the maximum interrupt number specified. +\newline -\emph default - command line option is used, the inline assembler code will be passed through - the peephole optimizer -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} - -\end_inset +\layout Standard +\align center -. - There are only a few (if any) cases where this option makes sense, it might - cause some unexpected changes in the inline assembler code. - Please go through the peephole optimizer rules defined in file -\emph on -SDCCpeeph.def -\emph default - before using this option. -\layout Subsection +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Naked Functions -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Naked-Functions} +\layout Standard +Interrupt # \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Naked functions} - +Description \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as -\emph on -_naked -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked} - +Vector Address \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked} - +0 \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -. - -\emph default -The -\emph on -_naked -\emph default - function modifier attribute prevents the compiler from generating prologue -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} +\layout Standard +External 0 \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - and epilogue -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue} +\layout Standard +0x0003 \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - code for that function. - This means that the user is entirely responsible for such things as saving - any registers that may need to be preserved, selecting the proper register - bank, generating the -\emph on -return -\emph default - instruction at the end, etc. - Practically, this means that the contents of the function must be written - in inline assembler. - This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large - (and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue. - For example, compare the code generated by these two functions: -\layout Verse +\layout Standard +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -volatile -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} +\layout Standard +Timer 0 \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - data unsigned char counter; -\newline - -\newline -void simpleInterrupt(void) interrupt -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} +\layout Standard +0x000b \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} - +2 \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - 1 -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -counter++; -\newline -} -\newline - -\newline -void nakedInterrupt(void) interrupt 2 _naked -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} +\layout Standard +External 1 \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} - +0x0013 \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -inc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -reti\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function. -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_endasm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} - +3 \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} +Timer 1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard + +0x001b \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -; -\newline -} \layout Standard -For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like: -\layout Verse +4 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -_simpleInterrupt: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -acc -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -b -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -dpl -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -dph -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -psw -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -psw,#0x00 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -inc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_counter -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -pop\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -psw -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -pop\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -dph -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -pop\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -dpl -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -pop\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -b -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -pop\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -acc -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -reti -\layout Standard +Serial +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -whereas nakedInterrupt looks like: -\layout Verse +\layout Standard +0x0023 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -_nakedInterrupt: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -inc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -reti\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function \layout Standard -The related directive #pragma exclude -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} - +5 \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - allows a more fine grained control over pushing & popping -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} +\layout Standard +Timer 2 (8052) \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - the registers. \layout Standard -While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a -\family typewriter -_naked -\family default - function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this, - and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler. -\layout Subsection +0x002b +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Use of Labels within Inline Assembler \layout Standard -SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding - labels. - In older versions of the compiler all labels defined within inline assembler - code -\emph on -had to be -\emph default - of the form -\emph on -nnnnn$ -\emph default - where nnnn is a number less than 100 (which implies a limit of utmost 100 - inline assembler labels -\emph on -per function -\emph default -\noun on -) -\noun default -. - -\layout Verse - +... +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -_asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} +\layout Standard \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} - +... \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ +\layout Standard + +n +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0x0003 + 8*n +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\layout Standard + +If the interrupt service routine is defined without +\emph on +using +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} + +\end_inset + + +\emph default + a register bank or with register bank 0 ( +\emph on +using +\emph default + 0), the compiler will save the registers used by itself on the stack upon + entry and restore them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine + calls another function then the entire register bank will be saved on the + stack. + This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which + have low register usage. +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register + bank then only +\emph on +a, b, dptr +\emph default + & psw are saved and restored, if such an interrupt service routine calls + another function (using another register bank) then the entire register + bank of the called function will be saved on the stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} + +\end_inset + +. + This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines. +\layout Subsection + +HC08 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} + +\end_inset + + Interrupt Service Routines +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +Since the number of interrupts +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt} + +\end_inset + + available is chip specific and the interrupt vector table always ends at + the last byte of memory, the interrupt numbers corresponds to the interrupt + vectors in reverse order of address. + For example, interrupt 1 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffc, interrupt + 2 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffa, and so on. + However, interrupt 0 (the reset vector at 0xfffe) is not redefinable in + this way; instead see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} + +\end_inset + + for details on customizing startup. +\layout Subsection + +Z80 Interrupt Service Routines +\layout Standard + +The Z80 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} + +\end_inset + + uses several different methods for determining the correct interrupt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!interrupt} + +\end_inset + + vector depending on the hardware implementation. + Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt + to generate an interrupt vector table. +\layout Standard + +By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI + instruction to return from the interrupt. + To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs + a RETN instruction instead, add the +\emph on +critical +\emph default + keyword: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt +\newline +{ +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -b,#10 +... + \newline -00001$: +} +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +However if you need to create a non-interruptable interrupt service routine + you would also require the +\emph on +critical +\emph default + keyword. + To distinguish between this and an nmi_isr you must provide an interrupt + number. +\layout Section + +Enabling and Disabling Interrupts +\layout Subsection + +Critical Functions and Critical Statements +\layout Standard + +A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring + it as +\emph on +critical +\emph default +. + SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} + +\end_inset + + upon entry to a critical function and restore the interrupt enable to the + previous state before returning. + Nesting critical functions will need one additional byte on the stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} + +\end_inset + + for each call. +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +int foo () __critical +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{critical} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_critical} + +\end_inset + + +\newline +{ \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -djnz\SpecialChar ~ +... + +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -b,00001$ +\SpecialChar ~ +... + \newline -_endasm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} +} +\layout Standard -\end_inset +The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like +\emph on +reentrant. +\emph default + +\newline +The keyword +\emph on +critical +\emph default + may also be used to disable interrupts more locally: +\layout Verse -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} +\family typewriter +__critical{ i++; } +\layout Standard -\end_inset +More than one statement could have been included in the block. +\layout Subsection - ; +Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly \layout Standard -Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference - labels -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Labels} +Interrupts +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} \end_inset - defined by the inline assembler, e.g.: + can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051): \layout Verse \family typewriter -foo() { -\newline +EA = 0;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* some c code */ -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -_asm -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +or:\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -; some assembler code -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -ljmp $0003 -\newline \SpecialChar ~ +EA_SAVE = EA; +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -_endasm; -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* some more c code */ -\newline -clabel:\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* inline assembler cannot reference this label */ -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -_asm -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -$0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only) -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -_endasm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} - -\end_inset - - ; -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* some more c code */ -\newline -} -\layout Standard - -In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline - assembly within the scope of the function. - The same goes the other way, i.e. - labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements. -\layout Section - -Interfacing with Assembler Code -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Subsection - -Global Registers used for Parameter Passing -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameter passing} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard - -The compiler always uses the global registers -\emph on -DPL, DPH -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL} - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} - -\end_inset - -, B -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{B (mcs51, ds390 register)} - -\end_inset - - -\emph default -and -\emph on - ACC -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ACC (mcs51, ds390 register)} - -\end_inset - - -\emph default - to pass the first parameter to a routine. - The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant - routines or if - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --stack-auto is used) or in data / xdata memory (depending on the memory - model). - -\layout Subsection - -Assembler Routine (non-reentrant) -\layout Standard - -In the following example -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (non-reentrant)} - -\end_inset - - the function c_func calls an assembler routine asm_func, which takes two - parameters -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} - -\end_inset - -. -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char); -\newline - -\newline -int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -return asm_func(i,j); -\newline -} -\newline - -\newline -int main() -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -return c_func(10,9); -\newline -} -\layout Standard - -The corresponding assembler function is: +EA = 0; \layout Verse \family typewriter -.globl _asm_func_PARM_2 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -.globl _asm_func -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -.area OSEG -\newline -_asm_func_PARM_2: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -.ds 1 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -.area CSEG -\newline -_asm_func: -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13267,12 +12536,9 @@ _asm_func: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -a,dpl -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13281,12 +12547,14 @@ a,dpl \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -add\SpecialChar ~ +... +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -a,_asm_func_PARM_2 -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13295,12 +12563,9 @@ a,_asm_func_PARM_2 \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -dpl,a -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13309,17 +12574,9 @@ dpl,a \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -dph -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL} - -\end_inset - -,#0x00 -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13328,526 +12585,525 @@ dph \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -ret +EA = EA_SAVE; \layout Standard -Note here that the return values -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value} +On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling + interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} \end_inset - are placed in 'dpl' - One byte return value, 'dpl' LSB & 'dph' MSB for - two byte values. - 'dpl', 'dph' and 'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph',' -b' & 'acc' for four byte values. -\layout Standard - -The parameter naming convention is __PARM_, where n is - the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left. - The first parameter is passed in -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset + (HC08 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt} -dpl -\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - for a one byte parameter, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +): +\layout Verse -dptr -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - for two bytes, -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\family typewriter +#define CLI _asm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -b,dptr -\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - for three bytes and -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +cli\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_endasm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -acc,b,dptr -\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - for a four bytes parameter. - The variable name for the second parameter will be __PARM_2. -\newline +; +\layout Verse -\newline -Assemble the assembler routine with the following command: -\newline -\newline +\family typewriter +#define SEI _asm\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sei\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_endasm; +\layout Verse -\family sans -\series bold -asx8051 -losg asmfunc.asm -\newline -\newline +\family typewriter +... +\layout Standard -\family default -\series default -Then compile and link the assembler routine to the C source file with the - following command: -\newline +Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source + like f.e. + a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an +\emph on +interrupt mask +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt mask} -\newline +\end_inset -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel -\layout Subsection -Assembler Routine (reentrant) +\emph default + register. + \layout Standard -In this case -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} +Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as + short as possible. + This minimizes both +\emph on +interrupt latency +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt latency} \end_inset + (the time between the occurrence of the interrupt and the execution of + the first code in the interrupt routine) and +\emph on +interrupt jitter +\emph default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (reentrant)} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt jitter} \end_inset - the second parameter -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} + (the difference between the shortest and the longest interrupt latency). + These really are something different, f.e. + a serial interrupt has to be served before its buffer overruns so it cares + for the maximum interrupt latency, whereas it does not care about jitter. + On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed + by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas + a much smaller jitter will be very audible. +\layout Standard + +You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture +s you can make use of two (or more) levels of +\emph on +interrupt priorities +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority} \end_inset - onwards will be passed on the stack, the parameters are pushed from right - to left i.e. - after the call the leftmost parameter will be on the top of the stack. - Here is an example: -\layout Verse +. + On some architectures which don't support interrupt priorities these can + be implemented by manipulating the interrupt mask and reenabling interrupts + within the interrupt routine. + Check there is sufficient space on the stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} +\end_inset -\family typewriter -extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char); -\newline + and don't add complexity unless you have to. + +\layout Subsection -\newline -int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) reentrant -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -return asm_func(i,j); -\newline -} -\newline +Semaphore +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{semaphore} -\newline -int main() -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -return c_func(10,9); -\newline -} +\end_inset + + locking (mcs51/ds390) \layout Standard -The corresponding assembler routine is: +Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} + +\end_inset + + bit test and +\emph on + +\emph default +clear +\emph on + +\emph default +instruction. + These type of instructions are typically used in preemptive multitasking + systems, where a routine f.e. + claims the use of a data structure ('acquires a lock +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lock} + +\end_inset + + on it'), makes some modifications and then releases the lock when the data + structure is consistent again. + The instruction may also be used if interrupt and non-interrupt code have + to compete for a resource. + With the atomic bit test and clear instruction interrupts +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} + +\end_inset + + don't have to be disabled for the locking operation. + +\layout Standard + +SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern: \layout Verse \family typewriter -.globl _asm_func -\newline -_asm_func: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push _bp -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov _bp,sp -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov r2,dpl -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov a,_bp -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -add a,#0xfd -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov r0,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -add a,#0xfc ;? -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov r1,a +volatile +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} + +\end_inset + + bit resource_is_free; \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov a,@r0 + \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -add a,r2 ;? +if (resource_is_free) \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov dpl,a +{ \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -mov dph,#0x00 +resource_is_free=0; \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -mov sp,_bp +... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -pop _bp +resource_is_free=1; \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -ret +} \layout Standard -The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra - entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp is the stack - frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters - and local variables. +Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} + +\end_inset + + bit test and +\emph on +clear +\emph default + instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and +\emph on +set). \layout Section -int (16 bit) -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (16 bit)} +Functions using private register banks +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Functions-using-private-banks} \end_inset - and long (32 bit) -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long (32 bit)} + (mcs51/ds390) +\layout Standard + +Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets. + SDCC supports this feature with the +\emph on +using +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} \end_inset - Support -\layout Standard - -For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division, - multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines. - These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting - to other MCUs, although some model specific assembler optimizations are - used. - The following files contain the described routines, all of them can be - found in /share/sdcc/lib. -\newline - -\layout Standard -\align center - -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\series bold -Function \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\emph default + attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register bank +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} -\series bold -Description \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + other than the default bank zero). + It should only be applied to +\emph on +interrupt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -_mulint.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + +\emph default + functions (see footnote below). + This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient + since it will not have to save registers on the stack. \layout Standard -16 bit multiplication -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +The +\emph on +using +\emph default + attribute will have no effect on the generated code for a +\emph on +non-interrupt +\emph default + function (but may occasionally be useful anyway +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false \layout Standard -_divsint.c +possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions + using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute + as the calling 'interrupt' functions. + For instance, if you have several ISRs using bank one, and all of them + call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy() + 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero + to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +). +\newline + +\emph on +(pending: Note, nowadays the +\emph default +using +\emph on + attribute has an effect on +\emph default + +\emph on +the generated code for a +\emph default +non-interrupt +\emph on + function +\emph default +. +\emph on +) \layout Standard - signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint) +An +\emph on +interrupt +\emph default + function using a non-zero bank will assume that it can trash that register + bank, and will not save it. + Since high-priority interrupts +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupts} + \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -_divuint.c +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends, this means that + if a high-priority ISR +\emph on +using +\emph default + a particular bank occurs while processing a low-priority ISR +\emph on +using +\emph default + the same bank, terrible and bad things can happen. + To prevent this, no single register bank should be +\emph on +used +\emph default + by both a high priority and a low priority ISR. + This is probably most easily done by having all high priority ISRs use + one bank and all low priority ISRs use another. + If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your + own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance + hit. \layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions. + If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions + use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the + called functions use bank zero. + It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank + from an ISR. + +\layout Section + +Startup Code +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Startup-Code} - unsigned 16 bit division \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -_modsint.c +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Startup code} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint) -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\layout Subsection +MCS51/DS390 Startup Code \layout Standard -_moduint.c +The compiler inserts a call to the C routine +\emph on +_sdcc_external_startup() +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_sdcc\_external\_startup()} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -unsigned 16 bit modulus +\series bold +\emph default + +\series default +at the start of the CODE area. + This routine is in the runtime library +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library} + \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. + By default this routine returns 0, if this routine returns a non-zero value, + the static & global variable initialization will be skipped and the function + main will be invoked. + Otherwise static & global variables will be initialized before the function + main is invoked. + You could add a +\emph on +_sdcc_external_startup() +\emph default + routine to your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware + or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global variable + initialization +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} -_mullong.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. + On some mcs51 variants xdata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -32 bit multiplication \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + memory has to be explicitly enabled before it can be accessed or if the + watchdog +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{watchdog} -_divslong.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + + needs to be disabled, this is the place to do it. + The startup code clears all internal data memory, 256 bytes by default, + but from 0 to n-1 if +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard - signed 32 division (calls _divulong) +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-iram-size +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } -_divulong.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +n +\emph default + is used. + (recommended for Chipcon CC1010). \layout Standard - -unsigned 32 division -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\added_space_bottom bigskip +See also the compiler options +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -_modslong.c +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong) -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +-no-xinit +\emph default +- +\emph on +opt +\emph default -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt} -_modulong.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +, +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -unsigned 32 bit modulus -\end_inset - - - +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\newline - -\layout Standard - -Since they are compiled as -\emph on -non-reentrant +-main-return \emph default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return} \end_inset -, interrupt -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} + and section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} \end_inset - service routines should not do any of the above operations. - If this is unavoidable then the above routines will need to be compiled - with the -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + about MCS51-variants. +\layout Subsection +HC08 Startup Code \layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +The HC08 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --stack-auto -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} + startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code. +\layout Subsection -\end_inset +Z80 Startup Code +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +On the Z80 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} +\end_inset -\emph default - option, after which the source program will have to be compiled with + the startup code is inserted by linking with crt0.o which is generated from + sdcc/device/lib/z80/crt0.s. + If you need a different startup code you can use the compiler option \emph on - +\series bold +\emph default + \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -13857,774 +13113,767 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --int-long-reent -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} - -\end_inset - +\series default +\emph on +-no-std-crt0 \emph default - option. - Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly. - The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation - is required. -\layout Section -Floating Point Support -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-std-crt0} \end_inset + and provide your own crt0.o. + +\layout Section -\layout Standard - -SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers.The - floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and consist - of the following routines: -\newline - -\layout Standard -\align center +Inline Assembler Code +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} -\size footnotesize +\end_inset -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\layout Subsection +A Step by Step Introduction +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -Function \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -Description -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51 + how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and + an array in xdata memory. + The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures. + This is a buffer routine which should be optimized: +\layout Verse -\layout Standard +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +unsigned char __far +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_fsadd.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -add floating point numbers \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard + __at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_fssub.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -subtract floating point numbers \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard +(0x7f00) buf[0x100]; +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_fsdiv.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -divide floating point numbers -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - +\newline +unsigned char head, tail;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* if interrupts +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_fsmul.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard + are involved see +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -multiply floating point numbers \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + about +\series bold + volatile +\series default + */ +\newline +\newline +void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )\SpecialChar ~ +/* cast +\series bold +needed +\series default + to avoid promotion +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_fs2uchar.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert floating point to unsigned char \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + + to integer */ +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_fs2char.c +\series bold +\SpecialChar ~ +! \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +buf[ head++ ] = c;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* access to a 256 byte aligned array */ +\newline +} +\layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert floating point to signed char +If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC + then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated. + We define a new function +\family typewriter +to_buffer_asm() +\family default + in file buffer.c in which we cut and paste the generated code, removing + unwanted comments and some ':'. + Then add +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard +_asm +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_fs2uint.c + and +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +_endasm; +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + to the beginning and the end of the function body: +\layout Verse -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert floating point to unsigned int -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +/* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with. +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +The function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */ +\newline +void to_buffer_asm( unsigned char c ) +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_asm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_fs2int.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert floating point to signed int \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_fs2ulong. -\family default +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +r2,dpl +\newline +;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \SpecialChar ~ +/* cast +\series bold +needed \series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default -\color default -c + to avoid promotion +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert floating point to unsigned long \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard + to integer */ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +a,_tail +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dec\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +r3,a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +a,_head +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +cjne a,ar3,00106$ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ret +\newline +00106$: +\newline +;buffer.c buf[ head++ ] = c; /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_fs2long.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +r3,_head +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_head +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dpl,r3 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dph,#(_buf >> 8) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +a,r2 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +movx @dptr,a +\newline +00103$: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ret +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_endasm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert floating point to signed long \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_uchar2fs.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert unsigned char to floating point -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_char2fs.c -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert char to floating point number -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_uint2fs.c -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert unsigned int to floating point -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_int2fs.c -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert int to floating point numbers -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +; +\newline +} \layout Standard +The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced + function argument 'c'. + Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY + (1) and finally have: +\layout Verse -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_ulong2fs.c -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +unsigned char __far __at(0x7f00) buf[0x100]; +\newline +unsigned char head, tail; +\newline +#define USE_ASSEMBLY (1) +\newline +\newline +#if !USE_ASSEMBLY +\newline -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert unsigned long to floating point number -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\newline +void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +buf[ head++ ] = c; +\newline +} +\newline -\layout Standard +\newline +#else +\newline +\newline +void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_asm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -_long2fs.c \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -convert long to floating point number -\end_inset - - - +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} \end_inset \newline - -\layout Standard - -These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space - and speed improvement -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard - -The floating point routines for the mcs51 are implemented in assembler -\end_inset - -. - Note if all these routines are used simultaneously the data space might - overflow. - For serious floating point usage the large model might be needed. - Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly. - The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation - is required. -\layout Section - -Library Routines -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +; save used registers here. + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here. + +\newline +; if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ + a,_tail +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dec\SpecialChar ~ + a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +xrl\SpecialChar ~ + a,_head +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +; we could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +jz\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + t_b_end$ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +; +\newline +; buf[ head++ ] = c; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ + a,dpl \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +; dpl holds lower byte of function argument +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ + dpl,_head \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ + dph,#(_buf>>8) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +movx @dptr,a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc \SpecialChar ~ +_head +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see above) +\newline +t_b_end$: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +; restore used registers here +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_endasm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} \end_inset -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} +\end_inset -\emph on - -\layout Subsection +; +\newline +} +\newline +#endif +\layout Standard -Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.) -\layout Subsection +The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler +, this includes any assembler directives and comment lines. + The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments. + You'll find an 100+ pages assembler manual in sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} -Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.) -\layout Subsubsection +\end_inset - -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation} -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{} +\end_inset + + or online at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html} \end_inset -As usual on embedded systems you have to provide your own +\SpecialChar ~ +. +\layout Standard + +The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the \family typewriter -getchar() -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{getchar()} +_asm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} \end_inset - -\family default -and -\family typewriter -putchar() -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{putchar()} + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} \end_inset + ... + _endasm +\size footnotesize -\family default - routines. - SDCC does not know whether the system connects to a serial line with or - without handshake, LCD, keyboard or other device. - You'll find examples for serial routines f.e. - in sdcc/device/lib. -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -The default -\family typewriter - printf() -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf()} +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} \end_inset +\size default +; \family default -implementation in -\family typewriter - printf_large.c -\family default - does not support float (except on ds390). - To enable this recompile it with the option -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - -DUSE_FLOATS=1 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{USE\_FLOATS} + keyword pair. + Specifically it will not know which registers are used and thus register + pushing/popping +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} \end_inset + has to be done manually. + +\layout Standard -\emph default - on the command line. - Use -\emph on -- +It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed + in a separate line (as the example shows). + When the - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -14634,617 +13883,622 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --model-large -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large} +- +\emph on +peep-asm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm} \end_inset \emph default - for the mcs51 port, since this uses a lot of memory. -\layout Standard - -If you're short on memory you might want to use -\family typewriter -printf_small() -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_small()} + command line option is used, the inline assembler code will be passed through + the peephole optimizer +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} \end_inset - -\family default - +. + There are only a few (if any) cases where this option makes sense, it might + cause some unexpected changes in the inline assembler code. + Please go through the peephole optimizer rules defined in file \emph on -instead +SDCCpeeph.def \emph default - of -\family typewriter - printf(). + before using this option. +\layout Subsection -\family default - For the mcs51 there additionally are assembly versions -\family typewriter -printf_tiny() -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_tiny() (mcs51)} +Naked Functions +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Naked-Functions} \end_inset -\family default - and -\family typewriter -printf_fast() -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast() (mcs51)} - -\end_inset - - -\family default -and -\family typewriter - printf_fast_f() -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast\_f() (mcs51)} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Naked functions} \end_inset -\family default - which should fit the requirements of many embedded systems (printf_fast() - can be customized by unsetting #defines to -\emph on -not -\emph default - support long variables and field widths). -\layout Subsection - -Math functions (sin, pow, sqrt etc.) -\layout Subsection - -Other libraries \layout Standard -Libraries -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} +A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as +\emph on +_naked +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked} \end_inset - included in SDCC should have a license at least as liberal as the GNU Lesser - General Public License -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL} + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked} \end_inset +. +\emph default +The \emph on -LGPL +_naked \emph default -. -\layout Comment - -license statements for the libraries are missing. - sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c -\layout Comment - -or _decdptr f.e. - come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal - enough for many embedded programmers. -\layout Standard - -If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code - which f.e. - falls into any of these categories Busses (I -\begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{2}}$ -\end_inset - -C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory - cards, eeprom, flash...), En-/Decryption, Remote debugging, Realtime kernel, - Keyboard, LCD, RTC, FPGA, PID then the sdcc-user mailing list -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599} - -\end_inset - -\SpecialChar ~ -would certainly like to hear about it. - Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being - enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl -e these references are very valuable. - Let's help to create a climate where information is shared. -\layout Section - -Memory Models -\layout Subsection - -MCS51 Memory Models -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} + function modifier attribute prevents the compiler from generating prologue +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} \end_inset - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory model} + and epilogue +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue} \end_inset - -\layout Subsubsection - -Small, Medium and Large -\layout Standard - -SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code, -\shape slanted -small, medium -\shape default - and -\shape slanted -large -\shape default -. - Modules compiled with different memory models should + code for that function. + This means that the user is entirely responsible for such things as saving + any registers that may need to be preserved, selecting the proper register + bank, generating the \emph on -never +return \emph default - be combined together or the results would be unpredictable. - The library routines supplied with the compiler are compiled as small, - medium and large. - The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small, - medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set. -\layout Standard - -When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a - storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all - parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} - -\end_inset + instruction at the end, etc. + Practically, this means that the contents of the function must be written + in inline assembler. + This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large + (and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue. + For example, compare the code generated by these two functions: +\layout Verse - functions). - When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated - in the internal ram. -\layout Standard -Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} +\family typewriter +volatile +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} \end_inset - and the 'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code, - than using the large model. - Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the - large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless - absolutely required. -\layout Subsubsection + data unsigned char counter; +\newline -External Stack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:External-Stack} +\newline +void simpleInterrupt(void) __interrupt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} \end_inset + (1) +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +counter++; +\newline +} +\newline -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{External stack (mcs51)} +\newline +void nakedInterrupt(void) __interrupt (2) __naked +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_asm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} \end_inset -\layout Standard - -The external stack (- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --xstack option -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} - -\end_inset -) is located in pdata -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} - -\end_inset - - memory (usually at the start of the external ram segment) and uses all - unused space in pdata (max. - 256 bytes). - When - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --xstack option is used to compile the program, the parameters and local - variables -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +reti\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function. +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_endasm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} \end_inset - of all reentrant functions are allocated in this area. - This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements. - When used with the - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset --stack-auto -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} \end_inset - option, all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external - stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same - options. - There is a predefined target in the library makefile). +; +\newline +} \layout Standard -The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment - into port P2 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} - -\end_inset - - (see also section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} +For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like: +\layout Verse -\end_inset -), therefore when using the External Stack option, this port +\family typewriter +Note, this is an \emph on -may not +outdated \emph default - be used by the application program. -\layout Subsection - -DS390 Memory Model -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390 memory model} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard - -The only model supported is Flat 24 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)} - -\end_inset - -. - This generates code for the 24 bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas - DS80C390 part. - In this mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly - addressed. - See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information on this part. -\newline - + example, recent versions of SDCC generate \newline -Note that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor - into 24 bitmode (although -\emph on -tinibios -\emph default - in the ds390 libraries will do that for you). - If you don't use +the \emph on -tinibios +same \emph default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tinibios (DS390)} - -\end_inset - -, the boot loader or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24 - bit contiguous addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code. + code for simpleInterrupt() and nakedInterrupt()! \newline \newline -Like the -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --model-large -\emph default - option, variables will by default be placed into the XDATA segment. - +_simpleInterrupt: \newline - +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +push\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +acc \newline -Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual - - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --*-loc options. - Note that if any segments are located above 64K, the -r flag must be passed - to the linker to generate the proper segment relocations, and the Intel - HEX output format must be used. - The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option -\emph on --Wl-r -\emph default - on the SDCC command line. - However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k. -\layout Section - -Pragmas -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pragmas} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard - -SDCC supports the following #pragma directives: -\layout Itemize - -save -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save} - -\end_inset - - - this will save all current options to the save/restore stack. - See #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -restore. -\layout Itemize - -restore -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore} - -\end_inset - - - will restore saved options from the last save. - saves & restores can be nested. - SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack, - restore pulls current options from the stack. - See #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -save. +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +push\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +b \newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +push\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dpl +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +push\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dph +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +push\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +psw +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +psw,#0x00 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_counter +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +pop\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +psw +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +pop\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dph +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +pop\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dpl +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +pop\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +b +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +pop\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +acc +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +reti +\layout Standard -\layout Itemize - -callee_saves -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} - -\end_inset - - function1[,function2[,function3...]] - The compiler by default uses a caller - saves convention for register saving across function calls, however this - can cause unnecessary register pushing & popping -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} - -\end_inset - - when calling small functions from larger functions. - This option can be used to switch off the register saving convention for - the function names specified. - The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, extra - code need to be manually inserted at the entry & exit for these functions - to save & restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIALLY - reduce code & improve run time performance of the generated code. - In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) may be able - to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call. - If - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --callee-saves command line option is used, the function names specified - in #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -callee_saves -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} +whereas nakedInterrupt looks like: +\layout Verse -\end_inset - is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line. -\layout Itemize +\family typewriter +_nakedInterrupt: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +reti\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function +\layout Standard -exclude +The related directive #pragma exclude \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} \end_inset - none | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma disables the generation - of pairs of push/pop + allows a more fine grained control over pushing & popping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} \end_inset - instructions in -\emph on -I -\emph default -nterrupt -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} + the registers. +\layout Standard -\end_inset +While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a +\family typewriter +_naked +\family default + function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this, + and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler. +\layout Subsection - +Use of Labels within Inline Assembler +\layout Standard + +SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding + labels. + In older versions of the compiler all labels defined within inline assembler + code \emph on -S +had to be \emph default -ervice + of the form \emph on -R +nnnnn$ \emph default -outines. - The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition - and it affects ALL ISR functions following it. - To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -exclude\SpecialChar ~ -none -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} + where nnnn is a number less than 100 (which implies a limit of utmost 100 + inline assembler labels +\emph on +per function +\emph default +\noun on +) +\noun default +. + +\layout Verse -\end_inset -. - See also the related keyword _naked -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked} +\family typewriter +_asm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} \end_inset -. -\layout Itemize - -less_pedantic -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma less\_pedantic} + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +b,#10 +\newline +00001$: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +djnz\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +b,00001$ +\newline +_endasm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} \end_inset - - the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you'r on - your own now ;-( -\layout Itemize -disable_warning -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma disable\_warning} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} \end_inset - - the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number . -\layout Itemize + ; +\layout Standard -nogcse -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} +Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference + labels +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Labels} \end_inset - - will stop global common subexpression elimination. -\layout Itemize + defined by the inline assembler, e.g.: +\layout Verse -noinduction -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} + +\family typewriter +foo() { +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* some c code */ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_asm +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +; some assembler code +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ljmp $0003 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_endasm; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* some more c code */ +\newline +clabel:\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* inline assembler cannot reference this label */ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_asm +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +$0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +_endasm +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} \end_inset - - will stop loop induction optimizations. -\layout Itemize -noinvariant -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} \end_inset - - will not do loop invariant optimizations. - For more details see Loop Invariants in section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations} - -\end_inset + ; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* some more c code */ +\newline +} +\layout Standard -. -\layout Itemize +In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline + assembly within the scope of the function. + The same goes the other way, i.e. + labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements. +\layout Section -noiv -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noiv} +Interfacing with Assembler Code +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} \end_inset - - Do not generate interrupt -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\layout Subsection - vector table entries for all ISR functions defined after the pragma. - This is useful in cases where the interrupt vector table must be defined - manually, or when there is a secondary, manually defined interrupt vector - table (e.g. - for the autovector feature of the Cypress EZ-USB FX2). - More elegantly this can be achieved by obmitting the optional interrupt - number after the interrupt keyword, see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines} +Global Registers used for Parameter Passing +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameter passing} \end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ -about interrupts. -\layout Itemize - -nojtbound -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} -\end_inset +\layout Standard - - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when switch statements - are turned into jump-tables (dangerous). - For more details see section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements} +The compiler always uses the global registers +\emph on +DPL, DPH +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL} \end_inset -. -\layout Itemize -noloopreverse -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noloopreverse} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} \end_inset - - Will not do loop reversal optimization -\layout Itemize - -nooverlay -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} +, B +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{B (mcs51, ds390 register)} \end_inset - - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a - function. -\layout Itemize - -stackauto -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto} + +\emph default +and +\emph on + ACC +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ACC (mcs51, ds390 register)} \end_inset -- See option - + +\emph default + to pass the first parameter to a routine. + The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant + routines or if - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -15254,283 +14508,466 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --stack-auto -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} - -\end_inset - - and section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} - -\end_inset +-stack-auto is used) or in data / xdata memory (depending on the memory + model). + +\layout Subsection - Parameters and Local Variables. -\layout Itemize +Assembler Routine (non-reentrant) +\layout Standard -opt_code_speed -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_speed} +In the following example +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} \end_inset -- The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly - at the expense of code size. -\layout Itemize -opt_code_size -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_size} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (non-reentrant)} \end_inset -- The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly - at the expense of code speed. -\layout Itemize - -opt_code_balanced -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_balanced} + the function c_func calls an assembler routine asm_func, which takes two + parameters +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} \end_inset -- The compiler will attempt to generate code that is both compact and fast, - as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the - default). - -\layout Itemize - -std_sdcc89 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc89} - -\end_inset +. +\layout Verse -- Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict - with the standard (default). -\layout Itemize -std_c89 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c89} +\family typewriter +extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char); +\newline -\end_inset +\newline +int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +return asm_func(i,j); +\newline +} +\newline -- Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the - standard. -\layout Itemize +\newline +int main() +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +return c_func(10,9); +\newline +} +\layout Standard -std_sdcc99 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc99} - -\end_inset - -- Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict - with the standard (incomplete support). -\layout Itemize - -std_c99 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c99} - -\end_inset - -- Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the - standard (incomplete support). -\layout Itemize - -codeseg -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma codeseg} - -\end_inset - -- Use this name (max. - 8 characters) for the code segment. -\layout Itemize - -constseg -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma constseg} - -\end_inset - -- Use this name (max. - 8 characters) for the const segment. -\layout Standard - -SDCPP supports the following #pragma directives: -\layout Itemize - -preproc_asm -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm} - -\end_inset - - (+ | -) - switch _asm _endasm block preprocessing on / off. - Default is on. -\layout Standard - -The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations - which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to - store compiler generated temporary variables. - This usually happens in large functions. - Pragma directives should be used as shown in the following example, they - are used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas - should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside - a function body could have unpredictable results. -\layout Verse +The corresponding assembler function is: +\layout Verse \family typewriter -#pragma save -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save} - -\end_inset - - \SpecialChar ~ +.globl _asm_func_PARM_2 +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* save the current settings */ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.globl _asm_func \newline -#pragma nogcse -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} - -\end_inset - - \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* turnoff global subexpression elimination */ -\newline -#pragma noinduction -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} - -\end_inset - - /* turn off induction optimizations */ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area OSEG \newline -int foo () +_asm_func_PARM_2: \newline -{ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.ds 1 \newline \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - ... - +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area CSEG +\newline +_asm_func: \newline \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - /* large code */ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +a,dpl \newline \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - ... - +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +add\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +a,_asm_func_PARM_2 \newline -} +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dpl,a \newline -#pragma restore -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore} +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dph +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL} \end_inset - /* turn the optimizations back on */ +,#0x00 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ret \layout Standard -The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated. - It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragma's be used when - changing options for a function. -\layout Section +Note here that the return values +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value} -Defines Created by the Compiler +\end_inset + + are placed in 'dpl' - One byte return value, 'dpl' LSB & 'dph' MSB for + two byte values. + 'dpl', 'dph' and 'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph',' +b' & 'acc' for four byte values. \layout Standard -The compiler creates the following #defines -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#defines} +The parameter naming convention is __PARM_, where n is + the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left. + The first parameter is passed in +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset +dpl +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset + for a one byte parameter, +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Defines created by the compiler} +dptr +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + for two bytes, +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -: -\newline +b,dptr +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset -\layout Standard + for three bytes and +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset +acc,b,dptr +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text + for a four bytes parameter. + The variable name for the second parameter will be __PARM_2. +\newline -\layout Standard +\newline +Assemble the assembler routine with the following command: +\newline +\newline +\family sans \series bold -#define -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +asx8051 -losg asmfunc.asm +\newline -\layout Standard +\newline + +\family default +\series default +Then compile and link the assembler routine to the C source file with the + following command: +\newline +\newline +\family sans \series bold -Description -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel +\layout Subsection +Assembler Routine (reentrant) \layout Standard -SDCC -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC} +In this case +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} \end_inset - + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (reentrant)} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + the second parameter +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} -this Symbol is always defined \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + onwards will be passed on the stack, the parameters are pushed from right + to left i.e. + after the call the leftmost parameter will be on the top of the stack. + Here is an example: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char); +\newline + +\newline +int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) reentrant +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +return asm_func(i,j); +\newline +} +\newline + +\newline +int main() +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +return c_func(10,9); +\newline +} \layout Standard -SDCC_mcs51 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_mcs51} +The corresponding assembler routine is: +\layout Verse -\end_inset - or SDCC_ds390 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_ds390} +\family typewriter +.globl _asm_func +\newline +_asm_func: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +push _bp +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov _bp,sp +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov r2,dpl +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov a,_bp +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +add a,#0xfd +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov r0,a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +add a,#0xfc ;? +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov r1,a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov a,@r0 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +add a,r2 ;? +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov dpl,a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov dph,#0x00 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov sp,_bp +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +pop _bp +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ret +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra + entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp is the stack + frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters + and local variables. +\layout Section + +int (16 bit) +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (16 bit)} \end_inset - or SDCC_z80 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_z80} + and long (32 bit) +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long (32 bit)} \end_inset -, etc + Support +\layout Standard + +For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division, + multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines. + These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting + to other MCUs, although some model specific assembler optimizations are + used. + The following files contain the described routines, all of them can be + found in /share/sdcc/lib. +\newline + +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Function \end_inset @@ -15538,7 +14975,9 @@ SDCC_mcs51 \layout Standard -depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390 + +\series bold +Description \end_inset @@ -15548,27 +14987,43 @@ depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390 \layout Standard -__mcs51 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_mcs51} - +_mulint.c \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -, __ds390 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ds390} +\layout Standard +16 bit multiplication \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -, __hc08 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_hc08} +\layout Standard +_divsint.c \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -, __z80 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_z80} +\layout Standard + signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint) \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -, etc +\layout Standard + +_divuint.c \end_inset @@ -15576,8 +15031,7 @@ __mcs51 \layout Standard -depending on the model used (e.g. - -mz80) + unsigned 16 bit division \end_inset @@ -15587,12 +15041,7 @@ depending on the model used (e.g. \layout Standard -SDCC_STACK_AUTO -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_AUTO} - -\end_inset - - +_modsint.c \end_inset @@ -15600,21 +15049,7 @@ SDCC_STACK_AUTO \layout Standard -when -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --stack-auto -\emph default - option is used +signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint) \end_inset @@ -15624,12 +15059,7 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard -SDCC_MODEL_SMALL -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_SMALL} - -\end_inset - - +_moduint.c \end_inset @@ -15637,21 +15067,7 @@ SDCC_MODEL_SMALL \layout Standard -when -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --model-small -\emph default - is used +unsigned 16 bit modulus \end_inset @@ -15661,12 +15077,7 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard -SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_MEDIUM} - -\end_inset - - +_mullong.c \end_inset @@ -15674,21 +15085,7 @@ SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM \layout Standard -when -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --model-medium -\emph default - is used +32 bit multiplication \end_inset @@ -15698,12 +15095,7 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard -SDCC_MODEL_LARGE -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_LARGE} - -\end_inset - - +_divslong.c \end_inset @@ -15711,21 +15103,7 @@ SDCC_MODEL_LARGE \layout Standard -when -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --model-large -\emph default - is used + signed 32 division (calls _divulong) \end_inset @@ -15735,12 +15113,7 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard -SDCC_USE_XSTACK -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_USE\_XSTACK} - -\end_inset - - +_divulong.c \end_inset @@ -15748,21 +15121,7 @@ SDCC_USE_XSTACK \layout Standard -when -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --xstack -\emph default - option is used +unsigned 32 division \end_inset @@ -15772,12 +15131,7 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard -SDCC_STACK_TENBIT -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_TENBIT} - -\end_inset - - +_modslong.c \end_inset @@ -15785,11 +15139,7 @@ SDCC_STACK_TENBIT \layout Standard -when -\emph on --mds390 -\emph default - is used + signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong) \end_inset @@ -15799,12 +15149,7 @@ when \layout Standard -SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_FLAT24} - -\end_inset - - +_modulong.c \end_inset @@ -15812,11 +15157,7 @@ SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24 \layout Standard -when -\emph on --mds390 -\emph default - is used +unsigned 32 bit modulus \end_inset @@ -15825,594 +15166,541 @@ when \end_inset -\layout Chapter +\newline -Notes on supported Processors -\layout Section +\layout Standard -MCS51 variants -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:MCS51-variants} +Since they are compiled as +\emph on +non-reentrant +\emph default -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants} +, interrupt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} \end_inset + service routines should not do any of the above operations. + If this is unavoidable then the above routines will need to be compiled + with the +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different - flavours. - While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers - the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible. - -\layout Subsection - -pdata access by SFR -\layout Standard +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices - using port P2 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} +-stack-auto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} \end_inset - as dedicated I/O port is becoming more popular. - Switching the high byte for pdata -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\emph default + option, after which the source program will have to be compiled with +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ \end_inset - access which was formerly done by port P2 is then achieved by a Special - Function Register -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} +-int-long-reent +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} \end_inset -. - In well-established MCS51 tradition the address of this -\emph on -sfr + \emph default - is where the chip designers decided to put it. - Needless to say that they didn't agree on a common name either. - So that the startup code can correctly initialize xdata variables, you - should define an sfr with the name _XPAGE -\family typewriter + option. + Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly. + The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation + is required. +\layout Section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_XPAGE (mcs51)} +Floating Point Support +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} \end_inset -\family default - at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this. - Some examples are: -\layout Verse - +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -sfr at 0x92 _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family */ -\layout Verse +SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers. + The floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and + consist of the following routines: +\newline +\layout Standard +\align center -\family typewriter -sfr at 0xaf _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */ -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -sfr at 0xaa _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */ \layout Standard -For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed. - See section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +Function \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - for other possibilities. -\layout Subsection - -Other Features available by SFR \layout Standard -Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} - +Description \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -, multiple DPTR, decrementing DPTR, 16x16 Multiply. - These are currently not used for the MCS51 port. - If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit - a patch to SDCC. -\layout Section - -DS400 port \layout Standard -The DS80C400 microcontroller has a rich set of peripherals. - In its built-in ROM library it includes functions to access some of the - features, among them is a TCP stack with IP4 and IP6 support. - Library headers (currently in beta status) and other files are provided - at -\size footnotesize - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.dalsemi.com/pub/tini/ds80c400/c_libraries/sdcc/index.html} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_fsadd.c \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -. - -\layout Section - -The Z80 and gbz80 port \layout Standard -SDCC can target both the Zilog -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +add floating point numbers \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - and the Nintendo Gameboy's Z80-like gbz80 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)} - -\end_inset +\layout Standard -. - The Z80 port is passed through the same -\emph on -regressions tests -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_fssub.c \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - -\emph default - as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long - variables and bitfield support is fine. - See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines. \layout Standard -As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and - z80/gen.c. - The stack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +subtract floating point numbers \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - frame is similar to that generated by the IAR Z80 compiler. - IX is used as the base pointer, HL and IY are used as a temporary registers, - and BC and DE are available for holding variables. - Return values -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value} +\layout Standard -\end_inset - for the Z80 port are stored in L (one byte), HL (two bytes), or DEHL (four - bytes). - The gbz80 port use the same set of registers for the return values, but - in a different order of significance: E (one byte), DE (two bytes), or - HLDE (four bytes). -\layout Section +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_fsdiv.c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -The HC08 port \layout Standard -The port to the Motorola HC08 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +divide floating point numbers \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - family has been added in October 2003, and is still undergoing some basic - development. - The code generator is complete, but the register allocation is still quite - unoptimized. - Some of the SDCC's standard C library functions have embedded non-HC08 - inline assembly and so are not yet usable. -\newline +\layout Standard -\newline -\layout Section +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_fsmul.c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -The PIC14 port \layout Standard -The 14bit PIC -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +multiply floating point numbers \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - port still requires a major effort from the development community. - However it can work for very simple code. -\layout Subsection +\layout Standard -C code and 14bit PIC code page -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code page (pic14)} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_fs2uchar.c \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - and RAM banks -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{RAM bank (pic14)} +\layout Standard -\end_inset +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert floating point to unsigned char +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks. - It does not have intimate knowledge of the code flow. - It will put all the code section of a single asm file into a single code - page. - In order to make use of multiple code pages, separate asm files must be - used. - The compiler treats all functions of a single C file as being in the same - code page unless it is non static. - The compiler treats all local variables of a single C file as being in - the same RAM bank unless it is an extern. -\newline -\newline -To get the best follow these guide lines: -\layout Enumerate +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_fs2char.c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -make local functions static, as non static functions require code page selection - overhead. -\layout Enumerate +\layout Standard -Make local variables static as extern variables require RAM bank selection - overhead. -\layout Enumerate -For devices that have multiple code pages it is more efficient to use the - same number of files as pages, i.e. - for the 16F877 use 4 separate files and i.e. - for the 16F874 use 2 separate files. - This way the linker can put the code for each file into different code - pages and the compiler can allocate reusable variables more efficiently - and there's less page selection overhead. - And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC 14 as they have a very simple - instruction set) use 'unsigned char' whereever possible instead of 'int'. -\layout Subsection +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert floating point to signed char +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Creating a device include file \layout Standard -For generating a device include file use the support perl script inc2h.pl - kept in directory support/script. -\layout Subsection -Interrupt code +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_fs2uint.c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -For the interrupt function, use the keyword 'interrupt' -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert floating point to unsigned int \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - with level number of 0 (PIC14 only has 1 interrupt so this number is only - there to avoid a syntax error - it ought to be fixed). - E.g.: -\layout Verse +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -void Intr(void) interrupt 0 -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -T0IF = 0; /* Clear timer interrupt */ -\newline -} -\layout Subsection +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_fs2int.c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Linking and assembling \layout Standard -For assembling you can use either GPUTILS' -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert floating point to signed int \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - gpasm.exe or MPLAB's mpasmwin.exe. - GPUTILS is available from -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} - -\end_inset +\layout Standard -. - For linking you can use either GPUTIL's gplink or MPLAB's mplink.exe. - If you use MPLAB and an interrupt function then the linker script file - vectors section will need to be enlarged to link with mplink. -\newline -\newline -Here is a -\family typewriter -Makefile +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_fs2ulong. \family default - using GPUTILS: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -.c.o: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -gpasm -c $*.asm -\newline +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default +c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -gplink -m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib \layout Standard -Here is a -\family typewriter -Makefile -\family default - using MPLAB: -\layout Verse - -\family typewriter -.c.o: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm -\newline +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert floating point to unsigned long +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mplink /v $(PRJ).lkr /m $(PRJ).map /o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib \layout Standard -Please note that indentations within a -\family typewriter - Makefile -\family default - have to be done with a tabulator character. -\layout Subsection - -Command-line options -\layout Standard -Besides the switches common to all SDCC backends, the PIC14 port accepts - the following options (for an updated list see sdcc - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_fs2long.c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --help): -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --debug-extra emit debug info in assembly output -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --no-pcode-opt disable (slightly faulty) optimization on pCode -\layout Subsection - -The library -\layout Subsubsection - -error: missing definition for symbol -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset - -__gptrget1 -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard - -The PIC14 port uses library routines to provide more complex operations - like multiplication, division/modulus and (generic) pointer dereferencing. - In order to add these routines to your project, you must link with PIC14's - -\family typewriter -libsdcc.lib -\family default -. - For single source file projects this is done automatically, more complex - projects must add -\family typewriter -libsdcc.lib -\family default - to the linker's arguments. - Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch - to the linker)! -\layout Subsubsection - -Processor mismatch in file -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset - -XXX -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - -. -\layout Standard - -This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst - 14 bit PIC devices. -\layout Standard - -You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device - by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in -\family typewriter -device/lib/pic/Makefile.in -\family default - and -\family typewriter -device/lib/pic/Makefile -\family default - to reflect your device. - This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unneccesary - BANKSELs migth be removed. -\layout Subsection - -Known bugs -\layout Subsubsection - -initialized data -\layout Standard - -Currently, data can only be initialized if it resides in the source file - together with -\emph on -main() -\emph default -. - Data in other source files will silently -\series bold -not -\series default - be initialized. -\layout Section - -The PIC16 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} - -\end_inset - - port -\layout Standard - -The PIC16 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} - -\end_inset - - port is the portion of SDCC that is responsible to produce code for the - Microchip -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Microchip} +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert floating point to signed long \end_inset - -(TM) microcontrollers with 16 bit core. - Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx. - Currently supported devices are: -\layout Standard -\align center - -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F242 + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_uchar2fs.c \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F248 + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert unsigned char to floating point \end_inset + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F252 + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_char2fs.c \end_inset @@ -16420,15 +15708,35 @@ The PIC16 \layout Standard -18F258 + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert char to floating point number \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F442 + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_uint2fs.c \end_inset @@ -16436,7 +15744,16 @@ The PIC16 \layout Standard -18F448 + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert unsigned int to floating point \end_inset @@ -16446,31 +15763,52 @@ The PIC16 \layout Standard -18F452 + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_int2fs.c \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F458 + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert int to floating point numbers \end_inset + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F1220 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -18F2220 +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_ulong2fs.c \end_inset @@ -16478,131 +15816,172 @@ The PIC16 \layout Standard -18F2550 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -18F4331 +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert unsigned long to floating point number \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F4455 + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +_long2fs.c \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F6520 + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +convert long to floating point number \end_inset - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard + + -18F6620 \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -18F6680 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\newline \layout Standard - -18F6720 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\added_space_bottom bigskip +These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space + and speed improvement +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false \layout Standard -18F8520 +These floating point routines ( +\emph on +not +\emph default + sinf(), cosf(), ...) for the mcs51 are implemented in assembler. + \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. + Note if all these routines are used simultaneously the data space might + overflow. + For serious floating point usage the large model might be needed. + Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly. + The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation + is required. +\layout Section + +Library Routines +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -18F8620 \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -18F8680 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\emph on + +\layout Subsection -18F8720 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.) +\layout Subsection + +Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.) +\layout Subsubsection + \layout Standard -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{} \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +As usual on embedded systems you have to provide your own +\family typewriter +getchar() +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{getchar()} \end_inset - - - -\end_inset + +\family default +and +\family typewriter +putchar() +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{putchar()} +\end_inset -\layout Subsection -Global Options +\family default + routines. + SDCC does not know whether the system connects to a serial line with or + without handshake, LCD, keyboard or other device. + And whether a +\family typewriter +lf +\family default + to +\family typewriter +crlf +\family default + conversion within +\family typewriter +putchar() +\family default + is intended. + You'll find examples for serial routines f.e. + in sdcc/device/lib. \layout Standard -PIC16 port supports the standard command line arguments as supposed, with - the exception of certain cases that will be mentioned in the following - list: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +The default +\family typewriter + printf() +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf()} + +\end_inset + +\family default +implementation in +\family typewriter + printf_large.c +\family default + does not support float (except on ds390). + To enable this recompile it with the option +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -16613,21 +15992,17 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --callee-saves See - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +DUSE_FLOATS=1 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{USE\_FLOATS} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --all-callee-saves -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -- +\emph default + on the command line. + Use +\emph on + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -16637,175 +16012,256 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --all-callee-saves All function arguments are passed on stack by default. - -\emph on -There is no need to specify this in the command line. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +-model-large +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large} -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\end_inset + +\emph default + for the mcs51 port, since this uses a lot of memory. \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +If you're short on memory you might want to use +\family typewriter +printf_small() +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_small()} + \end_inset --fommit-frame-pointer Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses - no local variables. -\layout Subsection -Port Specific Options -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options PIC16} +\family default + +\emph on +instead +\emph default + of +\family typewriter + printf(). + +\family default + For the mcs51 there additionally are assembly versions +\family typewriter +printf_tiny() +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_tiny() (mcs51)} \end_inset -\layout Standard +\family default + (subset of printf using less than 270 bytes) and +\family typewriter +printf_fast() +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast() (mcs51)} -The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc --help - output. +\end_inset + + +\family default +and +\family typewriter + printf_fast_f() +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast\_f() (mcs51)} + +\end_inset + + +\family default + (floating-point aware version of printf_fast) which should fit the requirements + of many embedded systems (printf_fast() can be customized by unsetting + #defines to +\emph on +not +\emph default + support long variables and field widths). \layout Subsubsection -General Options -\layout Standard + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{malloc.h} -General options enable certain port features and optimizations. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_inset -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +As of SDCC 2.6.2 you no longer need to call an initialization routine before + using dynamic memory allocation +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{dynamic memory allocation (malloc)} + \end_inset --stack-model=[model] Used in conjuction with the command above. - Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are : -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + and a default heap +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{heap (malloc)} +\end_inset -\emph on -small -\emph default - Selects small stack model. - 8 bit stack and frame pointers. - Supports 256 bytes stack size. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + space of 1024 bytes is provided for malloc to allocate memory from. + If you need a different heap size you need to recompile _heap.c with the + required size defined in HEAP_SIZE. + It is recommended to make a copy of this file into your project directory + and compile it there with: +\layout Verse -\emph on -large -\emph default - Selects large stack model. - 16 bit stack and frame pointers. - Supports 65536 bytes stack size. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\family typewriter +sdcc -c _heap.c -D HEAD_SIZE=2048 +\newline -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family default +And then link it with: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +sdcc main.rel _heap.rel +\newline + +\layout Subsection +Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.) +\layout Subsubsection + + \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +See definitions in file . +\layout Subsection + +Other libraries +\layout Standard + +Libraries +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} + \end_inset --preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating - unitialized data variables with [kword]. - Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr". -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + included in SDCC should have a license at least as liberal as the GNU Lesser + General Public License +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL} -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\end_inset + + +\emph on +LGPL +\emph default +. +\layout Comment + +license statements for the libraries are missing. + sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c +\layout Comment +or _decdptr f.e. + come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal + enough for many embedded programmers. \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code + which f.e. + falls into any of these categories Busses (I +\begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{2}}$ \end_inset --ivt-loc positions the Interrupt Vector Table at location . - Useful for bootloaders. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory + cards, eeprom, flash...), En-/Decryption, Remote debugging, Realtime kernel, + Keyboard, LCD, RTC, FPGA, PID then the sdcc-user mailing list +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599} -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\end_inset +\SpecialChar ~ +would certainly like to hear about it. \layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being + enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl +e these references are very valuable. + Let's help to create a climate where information is shared. +\layout Section + +Memory Models +\layout Subsection + +MCS51 Memory Models +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --asm= sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory model} + +\end_inset + +\layout Subsubsection + +Small, Medium and Large \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code, +\shape slanted +small, medium +\shape default + and +\shape slanted +large +\shape default +. + Modules compiled with different memory models should +\emph on +never +\emph default + be combined together or the results would be unpredictable. + The library routines supplied with the compiler are compiled as small, + medium and large. + The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small, + medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set. +\layout Standard --link= sets the full path and name of an external linker to call. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a + storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all + parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\end_inset + functions). + When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated + in the internal ram. \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} + \end_inset --mplab-comp MPLAB compatibility option. - Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives. + and the 'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code, + than using the large model. + Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the + large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless + absolutely required. \layout Subsubsection -Optimization Options -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +External Stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:External-Stack} -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\end_inset -\layout Standard -\backslash -/ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} + \end_inset --optimize-goto Try to use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -- +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{External stack (mcs51)} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +The external stack (- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -16815,11 +16271,20 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +-xstack option +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} -- +\end_inset + +) is located in pdata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + memory (usually at the start of the external ram segment) and uses all + unused space in pdata (max. + 256 bytes). + When - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -16829,11 +16294,15 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +-xstack option is used to compile the program, the parameters and local + variables +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -- +\end_inset + + of all reentrant functions are allocated in this area. + This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements. + When used with the - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -16843,85 +16312,84 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --obanksel=nn Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs. -\newline - -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +-stack-auto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -0 no optimization -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_inset -1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit - BANKSEL, accounts only for labels. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + option, all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external + stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same + options. + There is a predefined target in the library makefile). +\layout Standard -2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs - if they are in the same bank. - -\newline +The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment + into port P2 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} -\emph on -Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections - across bank borders! -\end_deeper -\layout Subsubsection +\end_inset -Linking Options -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + (see also section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\end_inset -\layout Standard +), therefore when using the External Stack option, this port +\emph on +may not +\emph default + be used by the application program. +\layout Subsection -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +DS390 Memory Model +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} --nodefaultlibs do not link default libraries when linking -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_inset -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390 memory model} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +The only model supported is Flat 24 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)} + \end_inset --use-crt= Use a custom run-time module instead of the defaults. -\layout Subsubsection +. + This generates code for the 24 bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas + DS80C390 part. + In this mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly + addressed. + See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information on this part. +\newline -Debugging Options -\layout Standard +\newline +Note that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor + into 24 bitmode (although +\emph on +tinibios +\emph default + in the ds390 libraries will do that for you). + If you don't use +\emph on +tinibios +\emph default -Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tinibios (DS390)} + +\end_inset + +, the boot loader or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24 + bit contiguous addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code. +\newline +\newline +Like the +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -16932,7 +16400,15 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --debug-xtra Similar to - +-model-large +\emph default + option, variables will by default be placed into the XDATA segment. + +\newline + +\newline +Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -16942,75 +16418,98 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --debug -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} +-*-loc options. + Note that if any segments are located above 64K, the -r flag must be passed + to the linker to generate the proper segment relocations, and the Intel + HEX output format must be used. + The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option +\emph on +-Wl-r +\emph default + on the SDCC command line. + However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k. +\layout Section + +Pragmas +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Pragmas} \end_inset -, but dumps more information. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pragmas} + +\end_inset + \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +SDCC supports the following #pragma directives: +\layout Itemize --debug-ralloc Force register allocator to dump .d file with debugging - information. - is the name of the file compiled. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\series bold +save +\series default -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --pcode-verbose Enable pcode debugging information in translation. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - this will save most current options to the save/restore stack. + See #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +restore. +\layout Itemize -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\series bold +restore +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore} -\backslash -/ \end_inset --denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes. - Use with care. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - will restore saved options from the last save. + saves & restores can be nested. + SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack, + restore pulls current options from the stack. + See #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +save. +\newline -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\layout Itemize -\layout Standard -\backslash -/ +\series bold +callee_saves +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} + \end_inset --gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -- +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} + +\end_inset + + function1[,function2[,function3...]] - The compiler by default uses a caller + saves convention for register saving across function calls, however this + can cause unnecessary register pushing & popping +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} + +\end_inset + + when calling small functions from larger functions. + This option can be used to switch off the register saving convention for + the function names specified. + The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, extra + code need to be manually inserted at the entry & exit for these functions + to save & restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIALLY + reduce code & improve run time performance of the generated code. + In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) may be able + to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call. + If - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -17020,609 +16519,643 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset --call-tree dump call tree in .calltree file -\layout Subsection +-callee-saves command line option is used, the function names specified + in #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +callee_saves +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} -Enviromental Variables -\layout Standard +\end_inset -There is a number of enviromental variables that can be used when running - SDCC to enable certain optimizations or force a specific program behaviour. - these variables are primarily for debugging purposes so they can be enabled/dis -abled at will. -\layout Standard + is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line. +\layout Itemize -Currently there is only two such variables available: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure - bitfields is optimized by directly loading FSR0 with the address of the - bitfield structure. - Normally SDCC will cast the bitfield structure to a bitfield pointer and - then load FSR0. - This step saves data ram and code space for functions that perform heavy - use of bitfields. - (ie. - 80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this option). - -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\series bold +exclude +\series default -NO_REG_OPT do not perform pCode registers optimization. - This should be used for debugging purposes. - In some where bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit - from temporarily disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed. -\layout Subsection +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} -Preprocessor Macros -\layout Standard +\end_inset -PIC16 port defines the following preprocessor macros while translating a - source. -\layout Standard -\align center + none | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma disables the generation + of pairs of push/pop +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\end_inset -\layout Standard + instructions in +\emph on +I +\emph default +nterrupt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -Macro \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + +\emph on +S +\emph default +ervice +\emph on +R +\emph default +outines. + The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition + and it affects ALL ISR functions following it. + To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +exclude\SpecialChar ~ +none +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} -Description \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. + See also the related keyword _naked +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked} -SDCC_pic16 \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -Port identification +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked} + \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. +\layout Itemize -_ -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\series bold +less_pedantic +\series default -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma less\_pedantic} -_pic16 \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + - the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you'r on + your own now ;-( +\layout Itemize -Port identification (same as above) -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\series bold +disable_warning +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma disable\_warning} -pic18fxxxx \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -MCU Identification. - -\emph on -xxxx -\emph default - is the microcontrol identification number, i.e. - 452, 6620, etc -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + - the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number . +\layout Itemize -\layout Standard -_ -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\series bold +nogcse +\series default -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} -\backslash -/ \end_inset -_18Fxxxx -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + - will stop global common subexpression elimination. +\layout Itemize -\layout Standard -MCU Identification (same as above) -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\series bold +noinduction +\series default -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} -STACK_MODEL_nnn \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + - will stop loop induction optimizations. +\layout Itemize -nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used -\end_inset - - - + +\series bold +noinvariant +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant} \end_inset + - will not do loop invariant optimizations. + For more details see Loop Invariants in section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations} -\layout Standard +\end_inset -In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler: -\layout Standard -\align center +. +\layout Itemize -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\series bold +noiv +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noiv} -Macro \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + - Do not generate interrupt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -Description \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + vector table +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} -__18Fxxxx \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + entries for all ISR functions defined after the pragma. + This is useful in cases where the interrupt vector table must be defined + manually, or when there is a secondary, manually defined interrupt vector + table (e.g. + for the autovector feature of the Cypress EZ-USB FX2). + More elegantly this can be achieved by obmitting the optional interrupt + number after the interrupt keyword, see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines} -MCU Identification. - -\emph on -xxxx -\emph default - is the microcontrol identification number, i.e. - 452, 6620, etc \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\SpecialChar ~ +about interrupts. +\layout Itemize -SDCC_MODEL_nnn -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\series bold +nojtbound +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} -nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for - SDCC \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when switch statements + are turned into jump-tables (dangerous). + For more details see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements} -STACK_MODEL_nnn \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. +\layout Itemize -nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used -\end_inset - - - + +\series bold +noloopreverse +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noloopreverse} \end_inset + - Will not do loop reversal optimization +\layout Itemize -\layout Subsection -Directories -\layout Standard +\series bold +nooverlay +\series default -PIC16 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} \end_inset - port uses the following directories for searching header files and libraries. -\layout Standard -\align center + - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a + function. +\layout Itemize -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\series bold +stackauto +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto} -Directory \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + +- See option - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Description +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-stack-auto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -Target \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + and section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} -Command prefix \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + Parameters and Local Variables. +\layout Itemize -PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\series bold +opt_code_speed +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_speed} -PIC16 specific headers \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +- The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly + at the expense of code size. + Currently this has little effect. +\layout Itemize -Compiler -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\series bold +opt_code_size +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_size} --I \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +- The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly + at the expense of code speed. + Currently this has little effect. +\layout Itemize -PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\series bold +opt_code_balanced +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_balanced} -PIC16 specific libraries \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +- The compiler will attempt to generate code that is both compact and fast, + as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the + default). + +\layout Itemize -Linker -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\series bold +std_sdcc89 +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc89} --L \end_inset - - - + +- Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict + with the standard (default). +\layout Itemize + + +\series bold +std_c89 +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c89} \end_inset +- Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the + standard. +\layout Itemize -\layout Subsection -Pragmas -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Pragmas} +\series bold +std_sdcc99 +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc99} \end_inset +- Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict + with the standard (incomplete support). +\layout Itemize -\layout Standard -PIC16 port currently supports the following pragmas: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\series bold +std_c99 +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c99} -stack pragma stack forces the code generator to initialize the stack & frame - pointers at a specific address. - This is an adhoc solution for cases where no STACK directive is available - in the linker script or gplink is not instructed to create a stack section. -\newline -The stack pragma should be used only once in a project. - Multiple pragmas may result in indeterminate behaviour of the program. -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false +\end_inset -\layout Standard +- Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the + standard (incomplete support). +\layout Itemize -The old format (ie. - #pragma stack 0x5ff) is deprecated and will cause the stack pointer to - cross page boundaries (or even exceed the available data RAM) and crash - the program. - Make sure that stack does not cross page boundaries when using the SMALL - stack model. -\end_inset +\series bold +codeseg +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma codeseg} + +\end_inset -\newline -The format is as follows: -\layout LyX-Code +- Use this name (max. + 8 characters) for the code segment. + See option - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -#pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size] \layout Standard +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\emph on -bottom_address -\emph default - is the lower bound of the stack section. - The stack pointer initially will point at address (bottom_address+stack_size-1). -\layout LyX-Code +-codeseg. +\layout Itemize -Example: -\layout LyX-Code -\layout LyX-Code +\series bold +constseg +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma constseg} -/* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset + +- Use this name (max. + 8 characters) for the const segment. + See option - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -#pragma stack 0x200 100 \layout Standard -If the stack_size field is omitted then a stack is created with the default - size of 64. - This size might be enough for most programs, but its not enough for operations - with deep function nesting or excessive stack usage. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -wparam -\emph on -This pragma is deprecated. - Its use will cause a warning message to be issued. -\emph default +-constseg. +\layout Standard + +The preprocessor SDCPP +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} + +\end_inset + + supports the following #pragma directives: +\layout Itemize + + +\series bold +preproc_asm +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm} + +\end_inset + (+ | -) - switch _asm _endasm block preprocessing on / off. + Default is on. + You use this prama to define multilines of assembly code. + This will prevent the preprocessor from changing the formating required + by assembly code. + Below is an example on how to use this pragma. +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +#pragma preproc_asm - +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm} + +\end_inset + + +\newline +#define MYDELAY _asm +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +nop ;my assembly comment... +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +nop +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +nop +\newline +_endasm +\newline +#pragma preproc_asm + \newline -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\newline +void foo (void) +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + ... + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + MYDELAY; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + ... + +\newline +} +\newline -code place a function symbol at static FLASH address -\layout LyX-Code +\layout Itemize -Example: -\layout LyX-Code -\layout LyX-Code +\series bold +pedantic_parse_number +\series default -/* place function test_func at 0x4000 */ -\layout LyX-Code +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number} -#pragma code test_func 0x4000 -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset + + (+ | -) - Pedantic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are + parsed properly and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded. + Default is off. + Below is an example on how to use this pragma. + +\emph on + Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard! + +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +#pragma pedantic_parse_number + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number} + +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -library instructs the linker to use a library module. \newline -Usage: -\layout LyX-Code +\newline +#define LO_B(x) ((x) & 0xff) +\newline +\newline +unsigned char foo(void) +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3); +\newline +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + +return c; +\newline +} +\newline -#pragma library module_name \layout Standard +The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations + which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to + store compiler generated temporary variables. + This usually happens in large functions. + Pragma directives should be used as shown in the following example, they + are used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas + should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside + a function body could have unpredictable results. +\layout Verse -\emph on -module_name -\emph default - can be any library or object file (including its path). - Note that there are four reserved keywords which have special meaning. - These are: -\layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\family typewriter +#pragma save +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save} -\layout Standard +\end_inset + + \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* save the current settings */ +\newline +#pragma nogcse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} -Keyword \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* turnoff global subexpression elimination */ +\newline +#pragma noinduction +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} -Description \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + /* turn off induction optimizations */ +\newline +int foo () +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + ... + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + /* large code */ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + ... + +\newline +} +\newline +#pragma restore +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore} -Module to link \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + /* turn the optimizations back on */ \layout Standard +The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated. + It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragma's be used when + changing options for a function. +\newline -\series bold -ignore -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\newline + +\newline + +\layout Section +Defines Created by the Compiler \layout Standard -ignore all library pragmas +The compiler creates the following #defines +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#defines} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Defines created by the compiler} -\emph on -(none) \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + +: +\newline \layout Standard -\series bold -c -\end_inset - +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -link the C library + +\series bold +#define \end_inset @@ -17631,10 +17164,8 @@ link the C library \layout Standard -\emph on -libc18f -\emph default -.lib +\series bold +Description \end_inset @@ -17644,17 +17175,12 @@ libc18f \layout Standard +SDCC +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC} -\series bold -math \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - -link the Math libarary + \end_inset @@ -17662,11 +17188,9 @@ link the Math libarary \layout Standard - -\emph on -libm18f -\emph default -.lib +Always defined. + Since version 2.5.6 the version number as an int (ex. + 256) \end_inset @@ -17676,17 +17200,22 @@ libm18f \layout Standard +SDCC_mcs51 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_mcs51} -\series bold -io \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + or SDCC_ds390 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_ds390} -link the I/O library +\end_inset + + or SDCC_z80 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_z80} + +\end_inset + +, etc. \end_inset @@ -17694,31 +17223,37 @@ link the I/O library \layout Standard - -\emph on -libio18f* -\emph default -.lib +depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390) \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard +__mcs51 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_mcs51} -\series bold -debug \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +, __ds390 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ds390} -link the debug library +\end_inset + +, __hc08 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_hc08} + +\end_inset + +, __z80 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_z80} + +\end_inset + +, etc \end_inset @@ -17726,289 +17261,171 @@ link the debug library \layout Standard - -\emph on -libdebug -\emph default -.lib +depending on the model used (e.g. + -mz80) \end_inset - - -\end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -* is the device number, i.e. - 452 for PIC18F452 MCU. \layout Standard -This feature allows for linking with specific libraries withoug having to - explicit name them in the command line. - Note that the -\noun on -ignore -\noun default - keyword will reject all modules specified by the library pragma. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +SDCC_STACK_AUTO +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_AUTO} -udata pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker will - place a variable at a specific memory bank -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset -Example: -\layout LyX-Code -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -/* places variable foo at bank2 */ -\layout LyX-Code +\layout Standard -#pragma udata bank2 foo -\layout LyX-Code +when +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -char foo; \layout Standard -In order for this pragma to work extra SECTION directives should be added - in the .lkr script. - In the following example a sample .lkr file is shown: -\layout LyX-Code +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\layout LyX-Code +-stack-auto +\emph default + option is used +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -// Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor -\layout LyX-Code +\layout Standard -LIBPATH . -\layout LyX-Code +SDCC_MODEL_SMALL +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_SMALL} -CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset -CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF -\layout LyX-Code -CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +\layout Standard -CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +when +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +\layout Standard -ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F -\layout LyX-Code +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\layout LyX-Code +-model-small +\emph default + is used +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF -\layout LyX-Code +\layout Standard -DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF -\layout LyX-Code +SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_MEDIUM} -DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset -DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF -\layout LyX-Code -DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF -\layout LyX-Code +\layout Standard -ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +when +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\layout LyX-Code +\layout Standard -SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config -\layout LyX-Code +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -\layout LyX-Code +-model-medium +\emph default + is used +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives -\layout LyX-Code +\layout Standard -SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link -\layout LyX-Code +SDCC_MODEL_LARGE +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_LARGE} -SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset -SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name -\layout LyX-Code -SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4 -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5 \layout Standard -The linker will recognise the section name set in the pragma statement and - will position the variable at the memory bank set with the RAM field at - the SECTION line in the linker script file. -\layout Subsection +when +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -Header Files -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Header-Files} +\layout Standard +\backslash +/ \end_inset - -\layout Standard - -There is one main header file that can be included to the source files using - the pic16 port. - That file is the -\series bold -pic18fregs.h -\series default -. - This header file contains the definitions for the processor special registers, - so it is necessary if the source accesses them. - It can be included by adding the following line in the beginning of the - file: -\layout LyX-Code - -#include -\layout Standard - -The specific microcontroller is selected within the pic18fregs.h automatically, - so the same source can be used with a variety of devices. -\layout Subsection - -Libraries -\layout Standard - -The libraries that PIC16 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} - -\end_inset - - port depends on are the microcontroller device libraries which contain - the symbol definitions for the microcontroller special function registers. - These libraries have the format pic18fxxxx.lib, where -\emph on -xxxx +-model-large \emph default - is the microcontroller identification number. - The specific library is selected automatically by the compiler at link - stage according to the selected device. -\layout Standard - -Libraries are created with gplib which is part of the gputils package -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} - + is used \end_inset - -. -\layout Subsubsection* - -Building the libraries -\layout Standard - -Before using SDCC/pic16 there are some libraries that need to be compiled. - This process is not done automatically by SDCC since not all users use - SDCC for pic16 projects. - So each user should compile the libraries separately. -\layout Standard - -The steps to compile the pic16 libraries under Linux are: -\layout LyX-Code - -cd device/lib/pic16 -\layout LyX-Code - -./configure -\layout LyX-Code - -make -\layout LyX-Code - -cd .. -\layout LyX-Code - -make model-pic16 -\layout LyX-Code - -su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password -\layout Standard - -If you need to install the headers too, do: -\layout LyX-Code - -cd device/include -\layout LyX-Code - -su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password -\layout Standard - -There exist a special target to build the I/O libraries. - This target is not automatically build because it will build the I/O library - for -\emph on -every -\emph default - supported device. - This way building will take quite a lot of time. - Users are advised to edit the -\series bold -device/lib/pic16/pics.build -\series default - file and then execute: -\layout LyX-Code - -make lib-io -\layout Subsection - -Memory Models -\layout Standard - -The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port: -\layout Itemize - -small model -\layout Itemize - -large model -\layout Standard - -Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source. - The sizes are shown in the next table: -\layout Standard -\align center - -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - + + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Pointer sizes according to memory model +SDCC_USE_XSTACK +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_USE\_XSTACK} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -small model \end_inset @@ -18016,25 +17433,36 @@ small model \layout Standard -large model +when +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-xstack +\emph default + option is used \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -code pointers -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +SDCC_STACK_TENBIT +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_TENBIT} -\layout Standard +\end_inset -16-bits + \end_inset @@ -18042,7 +17470,11 @@ code pointers \layout Standard -24-bits +when +\emph on +-mds390 +\emph default + is used \end_inset @@ -18052,15 +17484,12 @@ code pointers \layout Standard -data pointers +SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_FLAT24} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -16-bits \end_inset @@ -18068,7 +17497,11 @@ data pointers \layout Standard -16-bits +when +\emph on +-mds390 +\emph default + is used \end_inset @@ -18077,445 +17510,641 @@ data pointers \end_inset -\layout Standard +\layout Chapter -It is advisable that all sources within a project are compiled with the - same memory model. - If one wants to override the default memory model, this can be done by - declaring a pointer as -\series bold -far -\series default - or -\series bold -near -\series default -. - Far selects large memory model's pointers, while near selects small memory - model's pointers. -\layout Standard +Notes on supported Processors +\layout Section -The standard device libraries (see -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:PIC16_Header-Files} +MCS51 variants +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:MCS51-variants} \end_inset -) contain no reference to pointers, so they can be used with both memory - models. -\layout Subsection -Stack -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants} -The stack implementation for the PIC16 port uses two indirect registers, - FSR1 and FSR2. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_inset -FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer \layout Standard -The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port -\layout Itemize +MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different + flavours. + While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers + the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible. + +\layout Subsection +pdata access by SFR +\layout Standard -\noun on -small -\noun default - model -\layout Itemize +With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices + using port P2 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} +\end_inset -\noun on -large -\noun default - model -\layout Standard + as dedicated I/O port is becoming more popular. + Switching the high byte for pdata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} +\end_inset -\noun on -Small -\noun default - model means that only the FSRxL byte is used to access stack and frame, - while + access which was formerly done by port P2 is then achieved by a Special + Function Register +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} + +\end_inset + +. + In well-established MCS51 tradition the address of this \emph on -\noun on -large +sfr \emph default -\noun default - uses both FSRxL and FSRxH registers. - The following table shows the stack/frame pointers sizes according to stack - model and the maximum space they can address: -\layout Standard -\align center - -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text + is where the chip designers decided to put it. + Needless to say that they didn't agree on a common name either. + So that the startup code can correctly initialize xdata variables, you + should define an sfr with the name _XPAGE +\family typewriter -\layout Standard +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_XPAGE (mcs51)} -Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -small -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\family default + at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this. + Some examples are: +\layout Verse -\layout Standard -large -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\family typewriter +__sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family */ +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +__sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */ +\layout Verse + +\family typewriter +__sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */ \layout Standard -Stack pointer FSR1 +For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed. + See section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + for other possibilities. +\layout Subsection + +Other Features available by SFR \layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} -8-bits \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +, multiple DPTR, decrementing DPTR, 16x16 Multiply. + These are currently not used for the MCS51 port. + If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit + a patch to SDCC. +\layout Section + +DS400 port \layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +The DS80C400 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400} -16-bits \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -Frame pointer FSR2 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS400} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + microcontroller has a rich set of peripherals. + In its built-in ROM library it includes functions to access some of the + features, among them is a TCP stack with IP4 and IP6 support. + Library headers (currently in beta status) and other files are provided + at +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.dalsemi.com/pub/tini/ds80c400/c_libraries/sdcc/index.html} -8-bits \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +. + +\layout Section + +The Z80 and gbz80 port \layout Standard -16-bits -\end_inset - - - +SDCC can target both the Zilog Z80 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} \end_inset + and the Nintendo Gameboy's Z80-like gbz80 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)} -\layout Standard +\end_inset +. + The Z80 port is passed through the same +\emph on +regressions tests +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} -\noun on -Large -\noun default -stack model is currently not working properly throughout the code generator. - So its use is not advised. - Also there are some other points that need special care: -\newline +\end_inset -\layout Enumerate -Do not create stack sections with size more than one physical bank (that - is 256 bytes) -\layout Enumerate +\emph default + (see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control} -Stack sections should no cross physical bank limits (i.e. - #pragma stack 0x50 0x100) +\end_inset + +) as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long + variables and bitfield support is fine. + See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines. \layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and + z80/gen.c. + The stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!stack} -These limitations are caused by the fact that only FSRxL is modified when - using SMALL stack model, so no more than 256 bytes of stack can be used. - This problem will disappear after LARGE model is fully implemented. -\layout Subsection +\end_inset -Functions -\layout Standard + frame is similar to that generated by the IAR Z80 compiler. + IX is used as the base pointer, HL and IY are used as a temporary registers, + and BC and DE are available for holding variables. + Return values +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!return value} -In addition to the standard SDCC function keywords, PIC16 port makes available - two more: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_inset -wparam Use the WREG to pass one byte of the first function argument. - This improves speed but you may not use this for functions with arguments - that are called via function pointers, otherwise the first byte of the - first parameter will get lost. - Usage: -\layout LyX-Code + for the Z80 port are stored in L (one byte), HL (two bytes), or DEHL (four + bytes). + The gbz80 port use the same set of registers for the return values, but + in a different order of significance: E (one byte), DE (two bytes), or + HLDE (four bytes). +\layout Section -void func_wparam(int a) wparam -\layout LyX-Code +The HC08 port +\layout Standard -{ -\layout LyX-Code +The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} - /* WREG hold the lower part of a */ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset - /* the high part of a is stored in FSR2+2 (or +3 for large stack model) - */ -\layout LyX-Code + family has been added in October 2003, and is still undergoing some basic + development. + The code generator is complete, but the register allocation is still quite + unoptimized. + Some of the SDCC's standard C library functions have embedded non-HC08 + inline assembly and so are not yet usable. +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +The HC08 port passes the regression test suite (see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control} -... -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset -} +). +\layout Section +\pagebreak_top +The PIC14 port \layout Standard -This keyword replaces the deprecated wparam pragma. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +The 14bit PIC +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} -shadowregs When entering/exiting an ISR, it is possible to take advantage - of the PIC18F hardware shadow registers which hold the values of WREG, - STATUS and BSR registers. - This can be done by adding the keyword -\emph on -shadowregs -\emph default - before the -\emph on -interrupt -\emph default - keyword in the function's header. -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset -void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1 -\layout LyX-Code + port still requires a major effort from the development community. + However it can work for simple code. + It passes its (smaller set of) regression tests +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)} -{ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset -... -\layout LyX-Code + in the directory +\shape italic +sdcc/src/regression +\shape default +. +\layout Subsection -} -\layout Standard +C code and 14bit PIC code page +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code page (pic14)} +\end_inset + + and RAM banks +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{RAM bank (pic14)} + +\end_inset -\emph on -shadowregs -\emph default - instructs the code generator not to store/restore WREG, STATUS, BSR when - entering/exiting the ISR. -\layout Subsection -Function return values \layout Standard -Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following - a modified Microchip policy optimized for SDCC. - The following table shows these registers: -\layout Standard -\align center +The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks. + It does not have intimate knowledge of the code flow. + It will put all the code section of a single asm file into a single code + page. + In order to make use of multiple code pages, separate asm files must be + used. + The compiler treats all functions of a single C file as being in the same + code page unless it is non static. + The compiler treats all local variables of a single C file as being in + the same RAM bank unless it is an extern. +\newline -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\newline +To get the best follow these guide lines: +\layout Enumerate -\layout Standard +make local functions static, as non static functions require code page selection + overhead. +\layout Enumerate -size -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +Make local variables static as extern variables require RAM bank selection + overhead. +\layout Enumerate + +For devices that have multiple code pages it is more efficient to use the + same number of files as pages, i.e. + for the 16F877 use 4 separate files and i.e. + for the 16F874 use 2 separate files. + This way the linker can put the code for each file into different code + pages and the compiler can allocate reusable variables more efficiently + and there's less page selection overhead. + And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC 14 as they have a very simple + instruction set) use 'unsigned char' whereever possible instead of 'int'. +\layout Subsection +Creating a device include file \layout Standard -destination register +For generating a device include file +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Header files} + \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + use the support perl script inc2h.pl kept in directory support/script. +\layout Subsection + +Interrupt code \layout Standard -8 bits +For the interrupt function, use the keyword 'interrupt' +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!interrupt} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + with level number of 0 (PIC14 only has 1 interrupt so this number is only + there to avoid a syntax error - it ought to be fixed). + E.g.: +\layout Verse -WREG -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\family typewriter +void Intr(void) interrupt 0 +\newline +{ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +T0IF = 0; /* Clear timer interrupt */ +\newline +} +\layout Subsection + +Linking and assembling \layout Standard -16 bits +For assembling you can use either GPUTILS' +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + gpasm.exe or MPLAB's mpasmwin.exe. + GPUTILS is available from +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} -PRODL:WREG \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. + For linking you can use either GPUTIL's gplink or MPLAB's mplink.exe. + If you use MPLAB and an interrupt function then the linker script file + vectors section will need to be enlarged to link with mplink. +\newline -24 bits -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\newline +Here is a +\family typewriter +Makefile +\family default + using GPUTILS: +\layout Verse -\layout Standard -PRODH:PRODL:WREG -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\family typewriter +.c.o: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +gpasm -c $*.asm +\newline +\newline +$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +gplink -m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib \layout Standard -32 bits -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +Here is a +\family typewriter +Makefile +\family default + using MPLAB: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +.c.o: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm +\newline +\newline +$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mplink /v $(PRJ).lkr /m $(PRJ).map /o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib \layout Standard -FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +Please note that indentations within a +\family typewriter + Makefile +\family default + have to be done with a tabulator character. +\layout Subsection +Command-line options \layout Standard ->32 bits -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +Besides the switches common to all SDCC backends, the PIC14 port accepts + the following options (for an updated list see sdcc - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - - -\end_inset +-help): +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -\layout Subsection +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-debug-extra +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-debug-extra} + +\end_inset + + emit debug info in assembly output +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -Interrupts \layout Standard -An interrupt servive routine (ISR) is declared using the -\emph on -interrupt -\emph default - keyword. -\layout LyX-Code +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -void isr(void) interrupt -\emph on -n -\layout LyX-Code +-no-pcode-opt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-no-pcode-opt} -{ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_inset -... -\layout LyX-Code + disable (slightly faulty) optimization on pCode +\layout Subsection -} +The library +\layout Subsubsection + +error: missing definition for symbol +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +__gptrget1 +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +The PIC14 port uses library routines to provide more complex operations + like multiplication, division/modulus and (generic) pointer dereferencing. + In order to add these routines to your project, you must link with PIC14's + +\family typewriter +libsdcc.lib +\family default +. + For single source file projects this is done automatically, more complex + projects must add +\family typewriter +libsdcc.lib +\family default + to the linker's arguments. + Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch + to the linker)! +\layout Subsubsection + +Processor mismatch in file +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +XXX +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst + 14 bit PIC +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} + +\end_inset + + devices. \layout Standard +You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device + by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in +\family typewriter +device/lib/pic/Makefile.in +\family default + and +\family typewriter +device/lib/pic/Makefile +\family default + to reflect your device. + This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unneccesary + BANKSELs migth be removed. +\layout Subsection + +Known bugs +\layout Subsubsection + +initialized data +\layout Standard +Currently, data can only be initialized if it resides in the source file + together with \emph on -n +main() \emph default - is the interrupt number, which for PIC18F devices can be: +. + Data in other source files will silently +\series bold +not +\series default + be initialized. +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +\SpecialChar ~ +! +\end_inset + + +\layout Section +\pagebreak_top +The PIC16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} + +\end_inset + + port +\layout Standard + +The PIC16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} + +\end_inset + + port is the portion of SDCC that is responsible to produce code for the + Microchip +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Microchip} + +\end_inset + +(TM) microcontrollers with 16 bit core. + Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx. + Currently supported devices are: \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + + + + - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\emph on -n +18F242 \end_inset @@ -18523,33 +18152,31 @@ n \layout Standard -Interrupt Vector +18F248 \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Interrupt Vector Address +18F252 \end_inset - - - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0 +18F258 \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -RESET vector +18F442 \end_inset @@ -18557,7 +18184,7 @@ RESET vector \layout Standard -0x000000 +18F448 \end_inset @@ -18567,16 +18194,15 @@ RESET vector \layout Standard +18F452 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -1 +\layout Standard + +18F458 \end_inset @@ -18584,16 +18210,15 @@ RESET vector \layout Standard +18F1220 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -HIGH priority interrupts +\layout Standard + +18F2220 \end_inset @@ -18601,17 +18226,25 @@ HIGH priority interrupts \layout Standard -0x000008 +18F2550 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +18F4331 \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -2 +18F4455 \end_inset @@ -18619,7 +18252,15 @@ HIGH priority interrupts \layout Standard -LOW priority interrupts +18F6520 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +18F6620 \end_inset @@ -18627,137 +18268,41 @@ LOW priority interrupts \layout Standard -0x000018 +18F6680 \end_inset - - + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard +18F6720 \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard +18F8520 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -When generating assembly code for ISR the code generator places a -\noun on -goto -\noun default -instruction at the -\emph on -Interrupt Vector Address -\emph default - which points at the genetated ISR. - This single GOTO instruction is part of an automatically generated -\emph on -interrupt entry point -\emph default - function. - The actuall ISR code is placed as normally would in the code space. - Upon interrupt request, the GOTO instruction is executed which jumps to - the ISR code. - When declaring interrupt functions as _naked this GOTO instruction is -\series bold -not -\series default - generated. - The whole interrupt functions is therefore placed at the Interrupt Vector - Address of the specific interrupt. - This is not a problem for the LOW priority interrupts, but it is a problem - for the RESET and the HIGH priority interrupts because code may be written - at the next interrupt´s vector address and cause undeterminate program - behaviour if that interrupt is raised. -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard - -This is not a problem when -\layout Enumerate - -this is a HIGH interrupt ISR and LOW interrupts are -\emph on -disabled -\emph default - or not used. -\layout Enumerate - -when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt´s vector address. -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard - - -\emph on -n -\emph default - is possible to be omitted. - This way a function is generated similar to an ISR, but it is not assigned - to any interrupt. -\layout Standard - -When entering an interrupt, currently the PIC16 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} - -\end_inset - - port automatically saves the following registers: -\layout Itemize - -WREG -\layout Itemize - -STATUS -\layout Itemize - -BSR -\layout Itemize - -PROD (PRODL and PRODH) -\layout Itemize - -FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H) -\layout Standard - -These registers are restored upon return from the interrupt routine. -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard - -NOTE that when the _naked attribute is specified for an interrupt routine, - then NO registers are stored or restored. +18F8620 \end_inset - - -\layout Subsection - -Generic Pointers -\layout Standard - -Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types. - There are 3 types of generic pointers currently implemented data, code - and eeprom pointers. - They are differentiated by the value of the 7th and 6th bits of the upper - byte: -\layout Standard -\align center - -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -pointer type +18F8680 \end_inset @@ -18765,7 +18310,7 @@ pointer type \layout Standard -7th bit +18F8720 \end_inset @@ -18773,7 +18318,6 @@ pointer type \layout Standard -6th bit \end_inset @@ -18781,7 +18325,6 @@ pointer type \layout Standard -rest of the pointer \end_inset @@ -18789,548 +18332,438 @@ rest of the pointer \layout Standard -descrption \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard + -data \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -1 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\layout Subsection +Global Options \layout Standard -0 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +PIC16 port supports the standard command line arguments as supposed, with + the exception of certain cases that will be mentioned in the following + list: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\layout Standard +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on -uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-callee-saves +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-callee-saves} -a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + + See - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -code +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-all-callee-saves +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -0 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -0 +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-all-callee-saves +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-all-callee-saves} +\end_inset -\family typewriter -\shape slanted + All function arguments are passed on stack by default. + \emph on -uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +There is no need to specify this in the command line. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-fommit-frame-pointer +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-fommit-frame-pointer} -eeprom \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses no local variables. +\layout Subsection + +Port Specific Options +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options PIC16} -0 \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -1 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc --help + output. +\layout Subsubsection +General Options \layout Standard +General options enable certain port features and optimizations. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on -uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -(unimplemented) -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -1 +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-stack-model=[model] Used in conjuction with the command above. + Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are : +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -1 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\emph on +small +\emph default + Selects small stack model. + 8 bit stack and frame pointers. + Supports 256 bytes stack size. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\family typewriter -\shape slanted \emph on -xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +large +\emph default + Selects large stack model. + 16 bit stack and frame pointers. + Supports 65536 bytes stack size. +\end_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -unimplemented pointer type +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - - -\end_inset +-preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating + unitialized data variables with [kword]. + Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr". +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Generic pointer are read and written with a set of library functions which - read/write 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes. -\layout Subsection - -PIC16 C Libraries -\layout Subsubsection +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -Standard I/O Streams -\layout Standard +-ivt-loc positions the Interrupt Vector Table at location . + Useful for bootloaders. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -In the -\emph on -stdio.h -\emph default - the type FILE is defined as: -\layout LyX-Code +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed -typedef char * FILE; \layout Standard -This type is the stream type implemented I/O in the PIC18F devices. - Also the standard input and output streams are declared in stdio.h: -\layout LyX-Code - -extern FILE * stdin; -\layout LyX-Code - -extern FILE * stdout; -\layout Standard +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -The FILE type is actually a generic pointer which defines one more type - of generic pointers, the -\emph on -stream -\emph default -pointer. - This new type has the format: -\layout Standard -\align center +-asm= sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -pointer type +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-link= sets the full path and name of an external linker to call. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -<7:6> -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -<5> +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-mplab-comp MPLAB +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!MPLAB} -<4> \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + compatibility option. + Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives. +\layout Subsubsection -<3:0> -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +Optimization Options +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -rest of the pointer +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-optimize-goto Try to use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -descrption -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -stream +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -00 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -1 +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -0 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -nnnn +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on -uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +-obanksel=nn Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs. +\newline -\layout Standard +\begin_deeper +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes -\end_inset - - - +0 no optimization +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\end_inset +1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit + BANKSEL, accounts only for labels. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs + if they are in the same bank. + +\newline -\layout Standard +\emph on +Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections + across bank borders! +\end_deeper +\layout Subsubsection -Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined: -\layout Standard -\align center +Linking Options +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -stream type +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-nodefaultlibs do not link default libraries when linking +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -value -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -module +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -description -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -STREAM_USART +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -\family typewriter -0x200000UL -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +-use-crt= Use a custom run-time module instead of the defaults. +\layout Subsubsection +Debugging Options \layout Standard -USART -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard +Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -STREAM_MSSP +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -\family typewriter -0x210000UL -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +-debug-xtra Similar to - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -MSSP +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-debug +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} -Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +, but dumps more information. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -STREAM_USER -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\family typewriter -0x2f0000UL +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +-debug-ralloc Force register allocator to dump .d file with debugging + information. + is the name of the file compiled. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -(none) -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - - -\end_inset +-pcode-verbose Enable pcode debugging information in translation. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header. -\layout Standard +\backslash +/ +\end_inset -In the libc library there exist the functions that are used to write to - each of the above streams. - These are +-denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes. + Use with care. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -_ +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -19340,11 +18773,11 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset -_stream_usart_putchar writes a character at the USART stream +-gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -_ +- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed @@ -19354,128 +18787,57 @@ status Collapsed / \end_inset -_stream_mssp_putchar writes a character at the MSSP stream -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +-call-tree dump call tree in .calltree file +\layout Subsection -putchar dummy function. - This writes a character to a user specified manner. +Enviromental Variables \layout Standard -In order to increase performance -\emph on -putchar -\emph default -is declared in stdio.h as having its parameter in WREG (it has the wparam - keyword). - In stdio.h exists the macro PUTCHAR(arg) that defines the putchar function - in a user-friendly way. - -\emph on -arg -\emph default - is the name of the variable that holds the character to print. - An example follows: -\layout LyX-Code - -#include -\newline -#include -\newline - -\newline -PUTCHAR( c ) -\layout LyX-Code - -{ -\layout LyX-Code - - PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */ -\layout LyX-Code - -} -\newline - -\newline -void main(void) -\layout LyX-Code - -{ -\layout LyX-Code - - stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessery, since stdout points -\layout LyX-Code - - * by default to STREAM_USER */ -\layout LyX-Code - - printf (¨This is a printf test -\backslash -n¨); -\layout LyX-Code - -} -\layout LyX-Code - -\layout Subsubsection - -Printing functions +There is a number of enviromental variables that can be used when running + SDCC to enable certain optimizations or force a specific program behaviour. + these variables are primarily for debugging purposes so they can be enabled/dis +abled at will. \layout Standard -PIC16 contains an implementation of the printf-family of functions. - There exist the following functions: -\layout LyX-Code - -extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...); -\layout LyX-Code - -extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap); -\layout LyX-Code - -\layout LyX-Code - -extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...); -\layout LyX-Code - -extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap); -\layout LyX-Code +Currently there is only two such variables available: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\layout LyX-Code +OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure + bitfields is optimized by directly loading FSR0 with the address of the + bitfield structure. + Normally SDCC will cast the bitfield structure to a bitfield pointer and + then load FSR0. + This step saves data ram and code space for functions that perform heavy + use of bitfields. + (ie. + 80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this option). + +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...); -\layout LyX-Code +NO_REG_OPT do not perform pCode registers optimization. + This should be used for debugging purposes. + In some where bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit + from temporarily disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed. +\layout Subsection -extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap); +Preprocessor Macros \layout Standard -For sprintf and vsprintf -\emph on -buf -\emph default -should normally be a data pointer where the resulting string will be placed. - No range checking is done so the user should allocate the necessery buffer. - For fprintf and vfprintf -\emph on -fp -\emph default - should be a stream pointer (i.e. - stdout, STREAM_MSSP, etc...). -\layout Subsubsection +PIC16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -Signals -\layout Standard +\end_inset -The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources. - A list of these interrupts is shown in the following table: + port defines the following preprocessor macros while translating a source. \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular - + - - - + @@ -19483,7 +18845,7 @@ The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources. \layout Standard -signal name +Macro \end_inset @@ -19491,15 +18853,17 @@ signal name \layout Standard -description +Description \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -signal name +SDCC_pic16 \end_inset @@ -19507,7 +18871,7 @@ signal name \layout Standard -descritpion +Port identification \end_inset @@ -19517,23 +18881,17 @@ descritpion \layout Standard -SIG_RB -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +_ +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -PORTB change interrupt +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -SIG_EE +_pic16 \end_inset @@ -19541,7 +18899,7 @@ SIG_EE \layout Standard -EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt +Port identification (same as above) \end_inset @@ -19551,23 +18909,7 @@ EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt \layout Standard -SIG_INT0 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -INT0 external interrupt -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -SIG_BCOL +pic18fxxxx \end_inset @@ -19575,7 +18917,13 @@ SIG_BCOL \layout Standard -Bus collision interrupt +MCU Identification. + +\emph on +xxxx +\emph default + is the microcontrol identification number, i.e. + 452, 6620, etc \end_inset @@ -19585,23 +18933,17 @@ Bus collision interrupt \layout Standard -SIG_INT1 -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +_ +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -INT1 external interrupt +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - -SIG_LVD +_18Fxxxx \end_inset @@ -19609,17 +18951,17 @@ SIG_LVD \layout Standard -Low voltage detect interrupt +MCU Identification (same as above) \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_INT2 +STACK_MODEL_nnn \end_inset @@ -19627,33 +18969,33 @@ SIG_INT2 \layout Standard -INT2 external interrupt +nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used \end_inset - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard + + -SIG_PSP \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -Parallel slave port interrupt -\end_inset - - - +In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler: +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_CCP1 +Macro \end_inset @@ -19661,15 +19003,17 @@ SIG_CCP1 \layout Standard -CCP1 module interrupt +Description \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_AD +__18Fxxxx \end_inset @@ -19677,7 +19021,13 @@ SIG_AD \layout Standard -AD convertion complete interrupt +MCU Identification. + +\emph on +xxxx +\emph default + is the microcontrol identification number, i.e. + 452, 6620, etc \end_inset @@ -19687,7 +19037,7 @@ AD convertion complete interrupt \layout Standard -SIG_CCP2 +SDCC_MODEL_nnn \end_inset @@ -19695,15 +19045,18 @@ SIG_CCP2 \layout Standard -CCP2 module interrupt +nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for + SDCC \end_inset - + + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_RC +STACK_MODEL_nnn \end_inset @@ -19711,51 +19064,43 @@ SIG_RC \layout Standard -USART receive interrupt +nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard + -SIG_TMR0 \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -TMR0 overflow interrupt -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\layout Subsection +Directories \layout Standard -SIG_TX +PIC16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + port uses the following directories for searching header files and libraries. \layout Standard +\align center -USART transmit interrupt -\end_inset - - - +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_TMR1 +Directory \end_inset @@ -19763,7 +19108,7 @@ SIG_TMR1 \layout Standard -TMR1 overflow interrupt +Description \end_inset @@ -19771,7 +19116,7 @@ TMR1 overflow interrupt \layout Standard -SIG_MSSP +Target \end_inset @@ -19779,7 +19124,7 @@ SIG_MSSP \layout Standard -SSP receive/transmit interrupt +Command prefix \end_inset @@ -19789,7 +19134,7 @@ SSP receive/transmit interrupt \layout Standard -SIG_TMR2 +PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16 \end_inset @@ -19797,7 +19142,7 @@ SIG_TMR2 \layout Standard -TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt +PIC16 specific headers \end_inset @@ -19805,6 +19150,7 @@ TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt \layout Standard +Compiler \end_inset @@ -19812,6 +19158,7 @@ TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt \layout Standard +-I \end_inset @@ -19821,7 +19168,7 @@ TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt \layout Standard -SIG_TMR3 +PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16 \end_inset @@ -19829,7 +19176,7 @@ SIG_TMR3 \layout Standard -TMR3 overflow interrupt +PIC16 specific libraries \end_inset @@ -19837,6 +19184,7 @@ TMR3 overflow interrupt \layout Standard +Linker \end_inset @@ -19844,6 +19192,7 @@ TMR3 overflow interrupt \layout Standard +-L \end_inset @@ -19852,885 +19201,3739 @@ TMR3 overflow interrupt \end_inset -\layout Standard +\layout Subsection + +Pragmas +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Pragmas} + +\end_inset + -The prototypes for these names are defined in the header file -\emph on -signal.h -\emph default - . \layout Standard -In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +PIC16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for - high priority interrupts. - -\emph on -name -\emph default - is the function name to use. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_inset -DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo - low priority interrupt. - -\emph on -name -\emph default - is the function name to use. + port currently supports the following pragmas: \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -DEF_HANDLER(sig,handler) define a handler for signal -\emph on -sig. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma stack} -END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table. -\layout Standard +\end_inset -Additionally there are two more macros to simplify the declaration of the - signal handler: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + pragma stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack} +\end_inset -\series medium -SIGHANDLER(handler) -\series default -this declares the function prototype for the -\emph on -handler -\emph default - function. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + forces the code generator to initialize the stack & frame pointers at a + specific address. + This is an adhoc solution for cases where no STACK directive is available + in the linker script or gplink is not instructed to create a stack section. +\newline +The stack pragma should be used only once in a project. + Multiple pragmas may result in indeterminate behaviour of the program. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false -SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function. \layout Standard -An example of using the macros above is shown below: -\layout LyX-Code - -#include -\layout LyX-Code +The old format (ie. + #pragma stack 0x5ff) is deprecated and will cause the stack pointer to + cross page boundaries (or even exceed the available data RAM) and crash + the program. + Make sure that stack does not cross page boundaries when using the SMALL + stack model. +\end_inset -#include -\newline \newline -DEF_INTHIGH(high_int) +The format is as follows: \layout LyX-Code -DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler) -\layout LyX-Code +#pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size] +\layout Standard -DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler) -\layout LyX-Code -END_DEF -\newline +\emph on +bottom_address +\emph default + is the lower bound of the stack section. + The stack pointer initially will point at address (bottom_address+stack_size-1). +\layout LyX-Code -\newline -SIGHANDLER(_tmr0_handler) +Example: \layout LyX-Code -{ \layout LyX-Code - /* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */ +/* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */ \layout LyX-Code -} -\newline +#pragma stack 0x200 100 +\layout Standard -\newline -SIGHANDLERNAKED(_bcol_handler) -\layout LyX-Code +If the stack_size field is omitted then a stack is created with the default + size of 64. + This size might be enough for most programs, but its not enough for operations + with deep function nesting or excessive stack usage. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -{ +code +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma code} + +\end_inset + + place a function symbol at static FLASH address \layout LyX-Code - _asm +Example: \layout LyX-Code - /* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */ \layout LyX-Code - retfie +/* place function test_func at 0x4000 */ \layout LyX-Code - _endasm; +#pragma code test_func 0x4000 \layout LyX-Code -} -\layout Standard +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +library instructs the linker to use a library module. +\newline +Usage: +\layout LyX-Code -\series bold -NOTES: -\series default - Special care should be taken when using the above scheme: -\layout Itemize +#pragma library module_name +\layout Standard -do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros. -\layout Itemize -when declaring SIGHANDLERNAKED handler never forget to use \emph on -retfie +module_name \emph default - for proper returning. -\layout Subsection - -PIC16 Port -- Tips + can be any library or object file (including its path). + Note that there are four reserved keywords which have special meaning. + These are: \layout Standard +\align center -Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16. -\layout Subsubsection +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Stack size \layout Standard -The default stack size (that is 64 bytes) probably is enough for many programs. - One must take care that when there are many levels of function nesting, - or there is excessive usage of stack, its size should be extended. - An example of such a case is the printf/sprintf family of functions. - If you encounter problems like not being able to print integers, then you - need to set the stack size around the maximum (256 for small stack model). - The following diagram shows what happens when calling printf to print an - integer: -\layout LyX-Code +Keyword +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar () \layout Standard -It is should be understood that stack is easily consumed when calling complicate -d functions. - Using command line arguments like - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +Description +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +Module to link \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text --fommit-frame-pointer might reduce stack usage by not creating unnecessery - stack frames. - Other ways to reduce stack usage may exist. -\layout Chapter +\layout Standard -Debugging with SDCDB -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} +\series bold +ignore \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcdb (debugger)} - +ignore all library pragmas \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - \layout Standard -SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger} +\emph on +(none) \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -. - The debugger uses a command line interface, the command repertoire of the - debugger has been kept as close to gdb -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gdb} +\layout Standard -\end_inset - (the GNU debugger) as possible. - The configuration and build process is part of the standard compiler installati -on, which also builds and installs the debugger in the target directory - specified during configuration. - The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source - level. - Sdcdb is currently not available on Win32 platforms. -\layout Section +\series bold +c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Compiling for Debugging \layout Standard -The - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +link the C library +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --debug -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} +\emph on +libc18f +\emph default +.lib \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - option must be specified for all files for which debug information is to - be generated. - The complier generates a .adb file for each of these files. - The linker creates the .cdb -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.cdb} - -\end_inset +\layout Standard - file from the .adb -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.adb} +\series bold +math \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - files and the address information. - This .cdb is used by the debugger. -\layout Section - -How the Debugger Works \layout Standard -When the - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +link the Math libarary +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset --debug option is specified the compiler generates extra symbol information - some of which are put into the assembler source and some are put into the - .adb file. - Then the linker creates the .cdb file from the individual .adb files with - the address information for the symbols. - The debugger reads the symbolic information generated by the compiler & - the address information generated by the linker. - It uses the SIMULATOR (Daniel's S51) to execute the program, the program - execution is controlled by the debugger. - When a command is issued for the debugger, it translates it into appropriate - commands for the simulator. -\layout Section +\emph on +libm18f +\emph default +.lib +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Starting the Debugger \layout Standard -The debugger can be started using the following command line. - (Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo). -\newline - -\newline -\family sans \series bold -sdcdb foo -\newline - -\family default -\series default +io +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -The debugger will look for the following files. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -foo.c - the source file. -\layout Itemize +link the I/O library +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -foo.ihx - the Intel hex format -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} +\emph on +libio18f* +\emph default +.lib \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - object file. -\layout Section +\layout Standard -Command Line Options -\layout Itemize -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\series bold +debug +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ +link the debug library \end_inset - --directory= this option can used to specify the directory - search list. - The debugger will look into the directory list specified for source, cdb - & ihx files. - The items in the directory list must be separated by ':', e.g. - if the source files can be in the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2, - the - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --directory option should be - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\emph on +libdebug +\emph default +.lib +\end_inset + + + -\backslash -/ \end_inset --directory=/home/src1:/home/src2. - Note there can be no spaces in the option. - -\layout Itemize --cd - change to the . -\layout Itemize +\newline +* is the device number, i.e. + 452 for PIC18F452 MCU. +\layout Standard --fullname - used by GUI front ends. -\layout Itemize +This feature allows for linking with specific libraries withoug having to + explicit name them in the command line. + Note that the +\noun on +ignore +\noun default + keyword will reject all modules specified by the library pragma. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 --cpu - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the - simulator docs for details. -\layout Itemize +udata pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker will + place a variable at a specific memory bank +\layout LyX-Code --X this options is passed to the simulator please see - the simulator docs for details. -\layout Itemize +Example: +\layout LyX-Code --s passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. -\layout Itemize +\layout LyX-Code --S passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. -\layout Itemize +/* places variable foo at bank2 */ +\layout LyX-Code --k passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. -\layout Section +#pragma udata bank2 foo +\layout LyX-Code -Debugger Commands +char foo; \layout Standard -As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel -y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible. - This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces - (like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger. - If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip this - section. -\layout Subsubsection* +In order for this pragma to work extra SECTION directives should be added + in the .lkr script. + In the following example a sample .lkr file is shown: +\layout LyX-Code -break [line | file:line | function | file:function] -\layout Standard +\layout LyX-Code -Set breakpoint at specified line or function: -\newline +// Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor +\layout LyX-Code -\newline +LIBPATH . +\layout LyX-Code -\family sans -\series bold -sdcdb>break 100 -\newline -sdcdb>break foo.c:100 -\newline -sdcdb>break funcfoo -\newline -sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo -\layout Subsubsection* +CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED +\layout LyX-Code -clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ] -\layout Standard +CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF +\layout LyX-Code -Clear breakpoint at specified line or function: -\newline +CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED +\layout LyX-Code -\newline +CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED +\layout LyX-Code -\family sans -\series bold -sdcdb>clear 100 -\newline -sdcdb>clear foo.c:100 -\newline -sdcdb>clear funcfoo -\newline -sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo -\layout Subsubsection* +CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED +\layout LyX-Code -continue -\layout Standard +CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED +\layout LyX-Code -Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint. -\layout Subsubsection* +ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F +\layout LyX-Code -finish -\layout Standard +\layout LyX-Code -Execute till the end of the current function. -\layout Subsubsection* +DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF +\layout LyX-Code -delete [n] -\layout Standard +DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF +\layout LyX-Code -Delete breakpoint number 'n'. - If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points. -\layout Subsubsection* +DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF +\layout LyX-Code -info [break | stack | frame | registers ] -\layout Itemize +DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF +\layout LyX-Code -info break - list all breakpoints -\layout Itemize +DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF +\layout LyX-Code -info stack - show the function call stack. -\layout Itemize +DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF +\layout LyX-Code -info frame - show information about the current execution frame. -\layout Itemize +ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED +\layout LyX-Code -info registers - show content of all registers. -\layout Subsubsection* +\layout LyX-Code -step -\layout Standard +SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config +\layout LyX-Code -Step program until it reaches a different source line. - Note: pressing repeats the last command. -\layout Subsubsection* +\layout LyX-Code -next -\layout Standard +SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives +\layout LyX-Code -Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls. -\layout Subsubsection* +SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link +\layout LyX-Code -run -\layout Standard +SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with +\layout LyX-Code -Start debugged program. -\layout Subsubsection* +SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name +\layout LyX-Code -ptype variable +SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4 +\layout LyX-Code + +SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5 \layout Standard -Print type information of the variable. -\layout Subsubsection* +The linker will recognise the section name set in the pragma statement and + will position the variable at the memory bank set with the RAM field at + the SECTION line in the linker script file. +\layout Subsection -print variable -\layout Standard +Header Files +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Header-Files} + +\end_inset -print value of variable. -\layout Subsubsection* -file filename \layout Standard -load the given file name. - Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging. -\layout Subsubsection* +There is one main header file +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Header files} -frame -\layout Standard +\end_inset -print information about current frame. -\layout Subsubsection* + that can be included to the source files using the pic16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -set srcmode -\layout Standard +\end_inset -Toggle between C source & assembly source. -\layout Subsubsection* + port. + That file is the +\series bold +pic18fregs.h +\series default +. + This header file contains the definitions for the processor special registers, + so it is necessary if the source accesses them. + It can be included by adding the following line in the beginning of the + file: +\layout LyX-Code -! simulator command +#include \layout Standard -Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is - displayed. - Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator, - so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution - context and may display incorrect values. -\layout Subsubsection* +The specific microcontroller is selected within the pic18fregs.h automatically, + so the same source can be used with a variety of devices. +\layout Subsection -quit +Libraries \layout Standard -"Watch me now. - Iam going Down. - My name is Bobby Brown" -\layout Section - -Interfacing with DDD -\layout Comment +The libraries +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Libraries} -The screenshot was converted from png to eps with: -\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset -bmeps -c -e8f -p3 ddd_example.png >ddd_example.eps -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset + that PIC16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} - which produces a pretty compact eps file which is free from compression - artifacts. -\layout Comment +\end_inset -The screenshot was included in sdccman.lyx cvs version 1.120 but later removed - as this broke the build system on Sourceforge (pdf-file was broken). + port depends on are the microcontroller device libraries which contain + the symbol definitions for the microcontroller special function registers. + These libraries have the format pic18fxxxx.lib, where +\emph on +xxxx +\emph default + is the microcontroller identification number. + The specific library is selected automatically by the compiler at link + stage according to the selected device. \layout Standard -The .eps File -\size footnotesize - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/*checkout*/sdcc/sdcc/doc/figures/ddd_example.eps} +Libraries are created with gplib which is part of the gputils package +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} \end_inset +. +\layout Subsubsection* -\size default - shows a screenshot of a debugging session with DDD -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)} +Building the libraries +\layout Standard -\end_inset +Before using SDCC/pic16 there are some libraries that need to be compiled. + This process is not done automatically by SDCC since not all users use + SDCC for pic16 projects. + So each user should compile the libraries separately. +\layout Standard - (Unix only) on a simulated 8032. - The debugging session might not run as smoothly as the screenshot suggests. - The debugger allows setting of breakpoints, displaying and changing variables, - single stepping through C and assembler code. - -\newline -The source was compiled with -\family sans -\series bold +The steps to compile the pic16 libraries under Linux are: +\layout LyX-Code -\newline +cd device/lib/pic16 +\layout LyX-Code -\newline -sdcc - -\family default -\series default +./configure +\layout LyX-Code -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +make +\layout LyX-Code -\layout Standard +cd .. +\layout LyX-Code -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +make model-pic16 +\layout LyX-Code +su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password +\layout Standard -\family sans +If you need to install the headers too, do: +\layout LyX-Code + +cd device/include +\layout LyX-Code + +su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password +\layout Standard + +There exist a special target to build the I/O libraries. + This target is not automatically build because it will build the I/O library + for +\emph on +every +\emph default + supported device. + This way building will take quite a lot of time. + Users are advised to edit the \series bold --debug ddd_example.c -\family default +device/lib/pic16/pics.build \series default - -\family sans -\series bold + file and then execute: +\layout LyX-Code -\newline +make lib-io +\layout Subsection -\family default -\series default +Memory Models +\layout Standard -\newline -and DDD was invoked with -\family sans -\series bold +The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port: +\layout Itemize -\newline +small model +\layout Itemize -\newline -ddd -debugger 'sdcdb -cpu 8032 ddd_example' -\layout Section +large model +\layout Standard -Interfacing with XEmacs -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XEmacs} +Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source. + The sizes are shown in the next table: +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard +Pointer sizes according to memory model \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Emacs} +small model +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard + +large model \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard + +code pointers +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs, - sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el. - These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat -ion is complete. - These files need to be loaded into XEmacs for the interface to work. - This can be done at XEmacs startup time by inserting the following into - your '.xemacs' file (which can be found in your HOME directory): -\newline +16-bits +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -(load-file sdcdbsrc.el) -\family default +24-bits +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline +\layout Standard -\newline -.xemacs is a lisp file so the () around the command is REQUIRED. - The files can also be loaded dynamically while XEmacs is running, set the - environment variable 'EMACSLOADPATH' to the installation bin directory - (/bin), then enter the following command ESC-x load-file sdcdbsrc. - To start the interface enter the following command: -\newline +data pointers +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline +\layout Standard -\family sans +16-bits +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +16-bits +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +It is advisable that all sources within a project are compiled with the + same memory model. + If one wants to override the default memory model, this can be done by + declaring a pointer as \series bold -ESC-x sdcdbsrc -\family default +far +\series default + or +\series bold +near \series default +. + Far selects large memory model's pointers, while near selects small memory + model's pointers. +\layout Standard -\newline +The standard device libraries (see +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:PIC16_Header-Files} -\newline -You will prompted to enter the file name to be debugged. - -\newline +\end_inset -\newline -The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are bound - to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el. - The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required. -\layout Itemize +) contain no reference to pointers, so they can be used with both memory + models. +\layout Subsection -sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51 +Stack +\layout Standard + +The stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack} + +\end_inset + + implementation for the PIC16 port uses two indirect registers, FSR1 and + FSR2. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer +\layout Standard + +The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port \layout Itemize -sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200 + +\noun on +small +\noun default + model \layout Itemize -sdcdbsrc-serial nil + +\noun on +large +\noun default + model \layout Standard -The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface. + +\noun on +Small +\noun default + model means that only the FSRxL byte is used to access stack and frame, + while +\emph on +\noun on +large +\emph default +\noun default + uses both FSRxL and FSRxH registers. + The following table shows the stack/frame pointers sizes according to stack + model and the maximum space they can address: \layout Standard +\align center -\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter +\layout Standard +Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +small +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +large +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Stack pointer FSR1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8-bits +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +16-bits +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Frame pointer FSR2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8-bits +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +16-bits +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\noun on +Large +\noun default +stack model is currently not working properly throughout the code generator. + So its use is not advised. + Also there are some other points that need special care: \newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -Current Listing :: -\newline -;;key\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -binding\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -Comment -\newline -;;---\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ --------\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -------- -\newline -;; -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -n\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-next-from-src\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -SDCDB next command -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -b\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-back-from-src\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -SDCDB back command -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -c\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-cont-from-src\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -SDCDB continue command -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -s\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-step-from-src\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ + +\layout Enumerate + +Do not create stack sections with size more than one physical bank (that + is 256 bytes) +\layout Enumerate + +Stack sections should no cross physical bank limits (i.e. + #pragma stack 0x50 0x100) +\layout Standard + +These limitations are caused by the fact that only FSRxL is modified when + using SMALL stack model, so no more than 256 bytes of stack can be used. + This problem will disappear after LARGE model is fully implemented. +\layout Subsection + +Functions +\layout Standard + +In addition to the standard SDCC function keywords, PIC16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} + +\end_inset + + port makes available two more: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +wparam +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!wparam} + +\end_inset + + Use the WREG to pass one byte of the first function argument. + This improves speed but you may not use this for functions with arguments + that are called via function pointers, otherwise the first byte of the + first parameter will get lost. + Usage: +\layout LyX-Code + +void func_wparam(int a) wparam +\layout LyX-Code + +{ +\layout LyX-Code + + /* WREG hold the lower part of a */ +\layout LyX-Code + + /* the high part of a is stored in FSR2+2 (or +3 for large stack model) + */ +\layout LyX-Code + +... +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +shadowregs +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!shadowregs} + +\end_inset + + When entering/exiting an ISR, it is possible to take advantage of the PIC18F + hardware shadow registers which hold the values of WREG, STATUS and BSR + registers. + This can be done by adding the keyword +\emph on +shadowregs +\emph default + before the +\emph on +interrupt +\emph default + keyword in the function's header. +\layout LyX-Code + +void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1 +\layout LyX-Code + +{ +\layout LyX-Code + +... +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +shadowregs +\emph default + instructs the code generator not to store/restore WREG, STATUS, BSR when + entering/exiting the ISR. +\layout Subsection + +Function return values +\layout Standard + +Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following + a modified Microchip policy optimized for SDCC. + The following table shows these registers: +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +size +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +destination register +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +8 bits +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +WREG +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +16 bits +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +PRODL:WREG +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +24 bits +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +PRODH:PRODL:WREG +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +32 bits +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +>32 bits +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Interrupts +\layout Standard + +An interrupt +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!interrupt} + +\end_inset + + service routine (ISR) is declared using the +\emph on +interrupt +\emph default + keyword. +\layout LyX-Code + +void isr(void) interrupt +\emph on +n +\layout LyX-Code + +{ +\layout LyX-Code + +... +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +n +\emph default + is the interrupt number, which for PIC18F devices can be: +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +n +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Interrupt Vector +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Interrupt Vector Address +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +RESET vector +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0x000000 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +HIGH priority interrupts +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0x000008 +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +LOW priority interrupts +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0x000018 +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +When generating assembly code for ISR the code generator places a +\noun on +goto +\noun default +instruction at the +\emph on +Interrupt Vector Address +\emph default + which points at the genetated ISR. + This single GOTO instruction is part of an automatically generated +\emph on +interrupt entry point +\emph default + function. + The actuall ISR code is placed as normally would in the code space. + Upon interrupt request, the GOTO instruction is executed which jumps to + the ISR code. + When declaring interrupt functions as _naked this GOTO instruction is +\series bold +not +\series default + generated. + The whole interrupt functions is therefore placed at the Interrupt Vector + Address of the specific interrupt. + This is not a problem for the LOW priority interrupts, but it is a problem + for the RESET and the HIGH priority interrupts because code may be written + at the next interrupt´s vector address and cause undeterminate program + behaviour if that interrupt is raised. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +This is not a problem when +\layout Enumerate + +this is a HIGH interrupt ISR and LOW interrupts are +\emph on +disabled +\emph default + or not used. +\layout Enumerate + +when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt´s vector address. +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +n +\emph default + is possible to be omitted. + This way a function is generated similar to an ISR, but it is not assigned + to any interrupt. +\layout Standard + +When entering an interrupt, currently the PIC16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} + +\end_inset + + port automatically saves the following registers: +\layout Itemize + +WREG +\layout Itemize + +STATUS +\layout Itemize + +BSR +\layout Itemize + +PROD (PRODL and PRODH) +\layout Itemize + +FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H) +\layout Standard + +These registers are restored upon return from the interrupt routine. +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +NOTE that when the _naked attribute is specified for an interrupt routine, + then NO registers are stored or restored. +\end_inset + + +\layout Subsection + +Generic Pointers +\layout Standard + +Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types. + There are 3 types of generic pointers currently implemented data, code + and eeprom pointers. + They are differentiated by the value of the 7th and 6th bits of the upper + byte: +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +pointer type +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +7th bit +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +6th bit +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +rest of the pointer +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +description +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +data +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on +uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +code +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on +uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +eeprom +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on +uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +(unimplemented) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on +xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +unimplemented pointer type +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Generic pointer are read and written with a set of library functions which + read/write 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes. +\layout Subsection + +PIC16 C Libraries +\layout Subsubsection + +Standard I/O Streams +\layout Standard + +In the +\emph on +stdio.h +\emph default + the type FILE is defined as: +\layout LyX-Code + +typedef char * FILE; +\layout Standard + +This type is the stream type implemented I/O in the PIC18F devices. + Also the standard input and output streams are declared in stdio.h: +\layout LyX-Code + +extern FILE * stdin; +\layout LyX-Code + +extern FILE * stdout; +\layout Standard + +The FILE type is actually a generic pointer which defines one more type + of generic pointers, the +\emph on +stream +\emph default +pointer. + This new type has the format: +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +pointer type +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +<7:6> +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +<5> +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +<4> +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +<3:0> +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +rest of the pointer +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +descrption +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +stream +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +00 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +nnnn +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on +uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined: +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +stream type +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +value +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +module +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +description +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +STREAM_USART +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +0x200000UL +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +USART +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +STREAM_MSSP +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +0x210000UL +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +MSSP +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +STREAM_USER +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +0x2f0000UL +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +(none) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header. +\layout Standard + +In the libc library there exist the functions that are used to write to + each of the above streams. + These are +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +_ +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +_stream_usart_putchar writes a character at the USART stream +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +_ +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +_stream_mssp_putchar writes a character at the MSSP stream +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +putchar dummy function. + This writes a character to a user specified manner. +\layout Standard + +In order to increase performance +\emph on +putchar +\emph default +is declared in stdio.h as having its parameter in WREG (it has the wparam + keyword). + In stdio.h exists the macro PUTCHAR(arg) that defines the putchar function + in a user-friendly way. + +\emph on +arg +\emph default + is the name of the variable that holds the character to print. + An example follows: +\layout LyX-Code + +#include +\newline +#include +\newline + +\newline +PUTCHAR( c ) +\layout LyX-Code + +{ +\layout LyX-Code + + PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */ +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\newline + +\newline +void main(void) +\layout LyX-Code + +{ +\layout LyX-Code + + stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessary, since stdout points +\layout LyX-Code + + * by default to STREAM_USER */ +\layout LyX-Code + + printf (¨This is a printf test +\backslash +n¨); +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout Subsubsection + +Printing functions +\layout Standard + +PIC16 contains an implementation of the printf-family of functions. + There exist the following functions: +\layout LyX-Code + +extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...); +\layout LyX-Code + +extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap); +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout LyX-Code + +extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...); +\layout LyX-Code + +extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap); +\layout LyX-Code + +\layout LyX-Code + +extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...); +\layout LyX-Code + +extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap); +\layout Standard + +For sprintf and vsprintf +\emph on +buf +\emph default +should normally be a data pointer where the resulting string will be placed. + No range checking is done so the user should allocate the necessery buffer. + For fprintf and vfprintf +\emph on +fp +\emph default + should be a stream pointer (i.e. + stdout, STREAM_MSSP, etc...). +\layout Subsubsection + +Signals +\layout Standard + +The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources. + A list of these interrupts is shown in the following table: +\layout Standard +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +signal name +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +description +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +signal name +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +descritpion +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_RB +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +PORTB change interrupt +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_EE +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_INT0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +INT0 external interrupt +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_BCOL +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Bus collision interrupt +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_INT1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +INT1 external interrupt +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_LVD +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Low voltage detect interrupt +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_INT2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +INT2 external interrupt +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_PSP +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Parallel slave port interrupt +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_CCP1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +CCP1 module interrupt +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_AD +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +AD convertion complete interrupt +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_CCP2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +CCP2 module interrupt +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_RC +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +USART receive interrupt +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_TMR0 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +TMR0 overflow interrupt +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_TX +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +USART transmit interrupt +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_TMR1 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +TMR1 overflow interrupt +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_MSSP +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SSP receive/transmit interrupt +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_TMR2 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SIG_TMR3 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +TMR3 overflow interrupt +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +The prototypes for these names are defined in the header file +\emph on +signal.h +\emph default + . +\layout Standard + +In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for + high priority interrupts. + +\emph on +name +\emph default + is the function name to use. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo + low priority interrupt. + +\emph on +name +\emph default + is the function name to use. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +DEF_HANDLER(sig,handler) define a handler for signal +\emph on +sig. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table. +\layout Standard + +Additionally there are two more macros to simplify the declaration of the + signal handler: +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + + +\series medium +SIGHANDLER(handler) +\series default +this declares the function prototype for the +\emph on +handler +\emph default + function. +\layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function. +\layout Standard + +An example of using the macros above is shown below: +\layout LyX-Code + +#include +\layout LyX-Code + +#include +\newline + +\newline +DEF_INTHIGH(high_int) +\layout LyX-Code + +DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler) +\layout LyX-Code + +DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler) +\layout LyX-Code + +END_DEF +\newline + +\newline +SIGHANDLER(_tmr0_handler) +\layout LyX-Code + +{ +\layout LyX-Code + + /* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */ +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\newline + +\newline +SIGHANDLERNAKED(_bcol_handler) +\layout LyX-Code + +{ +\layout LyX-Code + + _asm +\layout LyX-Code + + /* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */ +\layout LyX-Code + + retfie +\layout LyX-Code + + _endasm; +\layout LyX-Code + +} +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +NOTES: +\series default + Special care should be taken when using the above scheme: +\layout Itemize + +do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros. +\layout Itemize + +when declaring SIGHANDLERNAKED handler never forget to use +\emph on +retfie +\emph default + for proper returning. +\layout Subsection + +PIC16 Port -- Tips +\layout Standard + +Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16. +\layout Subsubsection + +Stack size +\layout Standard + +The default stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack} + +\end_inset + + size (that is 64 bytes) probably is enough for many programs. + One must take care that when there are many levels of function nesting, + or there is excessive usage of stack, its size should be extended. + An example of such a case is the printf/sprintf family of functions. + If you encounter problems like not being able to print integers, then you + need to set the stack size around the maximum (256 for small stack model). + The following diagram shows what happens when calling printf to print an + integer: +\layout LyX-Code + +printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar () +\layout Standard + +It is should be understood that stack is easily consumed when calling complicate +d functions. + Using command line arguments like - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-fommit-frame-pointer might reduce stack usage by not creating unnecessery + stack frames. + Other ways to reduce stack usage may exist. +\layout Subsection + +Known bugs +\layout Standard + +The PIC16 Port currently does not pass SDCC's regression test +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC16)} + +\end_inset + + suite (see section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control} + +\end_inset + +) and thus the nightly regression tests for the PIC16 target are currently + disabled for all hosts except for +\emph on +Linux on Opteron. + +\emph default + This means you can see the result of the PIC16 regression tests f.e. + by checking the log files in +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/regression_test_results/amd64-unknown-linux2.3/} + +\end_inset + + (pick the most up to date file there, scroll down, lend a hand). +\layout Chapter + +Debugging +\layout Standard + +There are several approaches to debugging your code. + This chapter is meant to show your options and to give detail on some of + them: +\newline + +\newline +When writing your code: +\layout Itemize + +write your code with debugging in mind (avoid duplicating code, put conceptually + similar variables into structs, use structured code, have strategic points + within your code where all variables are consistent, ...) +\layout Itemize + +run a syntax-checking tool like splint +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)} + +\end_inset + + (see - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-more-pedantic +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} + +\end_inset + +) over the code. +\layout Itemize + +for the high level code use a C-compiler (like f.e. + GCC) to compile run and debug the code on your host. + See (see - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-more-pedantic +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} + +\end_inset + + ) on howto handle syntax extensions like __xdata, __at(), ... + +\layout Itemize + +use another C-compiler to compile code for your target. + Always an option but not recommended:) And not very likely to help you. + If you seriously consider walking this path you should at least occasionally + check portability of your code. + Most commercial compiler vendors will offer an evaluation version so you + can test compile your code or snippets of your code. +\layout Standard + +Debugging on a simulator: +\layout Itemize + +there is a separate section about SDCDB (section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} + +\end_inset + +) below. +\layout Itemize + +or (8051 specific) use a freeware/commercial simulator which interfaces + to the AOMF +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} + +\end_inset + + file (see +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file} + +\end_inset + +) optionally generated by SDCC. +\layout Standard + +Debugging On-target: +\layout Itemize + +use a MCU port pin to serially output debug data to the RS232 port of your + host. + You'll probably want some level shifting device typically involving a MAX232 + or similar IC. + If the hardware serial port of the MCU is not available search for 'Software + UART' in your favourite search machine. +\layout Itemize + +use an on-target monitor. + In this context a monitor is a small program which usually accepts commands + via a serial line and allows to set program counter, to single step through + a program and read/write memory locations. + For the 8051 good examples of monitors are paulmon and cmon51 (see section + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Related-open-source-tools} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Itemize + +toggle MCU port pins at strategic points within your code and use an oscilloscop +e. + A +\emph on +digital oscilloscope +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Oscilloscope} + +\end_inset + + with deep trace memory is really helpful especially if you have to debug + a realtime application. + If you need to monitor more pins than your oscilloscope provides you can + sometimes get away with a small R-2R network. + On a single channel oscilloscope you could f.e. + monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\SpecialChar ~ +k +\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$ +\end_inset + + resistor and the other one by a 5\SpecialChar ~ +k +\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$ +\end_inset + + resistor to the oscilloscope probe (check output drive capability of the + pins you want to monitor). + If you need to monitor many more pins a +\emph on +logic analyzer +\emph default + will be handy. +\layout Itemize + +use an ICE ( +\emph on +i +\emph default +n +\emph on +c +\emph default +ircuit +\emph on +e +\emph default +mulator +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ICE (in circuit emulator)} + +\end_inset + +). + Usually very expensive. + And very nice to have too. + And usually locks you (for years...) to the devices the ICE can emulate. + +\layout Itemize + +use a remote debugger. + In most 8-bit systems the symbol information is not available on the target, + and a complete debugger is too bulky for the target system. + Therefore usually a debugger on the host system connects to an on-target + debugging stub which accepts only primitive commands. + +\newline +Terms to enter into your favourite search engine could be 'remote debugging', + 'gdb stub' or 'inferior debugger'. + (is there one?) +\layout Itemize + +use an on target hardware debugger. + Some of the more modern MCUs include hardware support for setting break + points and monitoring/changing variables by using dedicated hardware pins. + This facility doesn't require additional code to run on the target and + +\emph on +usually +\emph default + doesn't affect runtime behaviour until a breakpoint is hit. + For the mcs51 most hardware debuggers use the AOMF +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} + +\end_inset + + file (see +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file} + +\end_inset + +) as input file. + +\layout Standard + +Last not least: +\layout Itemize + +if you are not familiar with any of the following terms you're likely to + run into problems rather sooner than later: +\emph on +volatile +\emph default +, +\emph on +atomic +\emph default +, +\emph on +memory map +\emph default +, +\emph on +overlay +\emph default +. + As an embedded programmer you +\emph on +have +\emph default + to know them so why not look them up +\emph on +before +\emph default + you have problems?) +\layout Itemize + +tell someone else about your problem (actually this is a surprisingly effective + means to hunt down the bug even if the listener is not familiar with your + environment). + As 'failure to communicate' is probably one of the job-induced deformations + of an embedded programmer this is highly encouraged. +\layout Section + +Debugging with SDCDB +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger} + +\end_inset + +. + The debugger uses a command line interface, the command repertoire of the + debugger has been kept as close to gdb +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gdb} + +\end_inset + + (the GNU debugger) as possible. + The configuration and build process is part of the standard compiler installati +on, which also builds and installs the debugger in the target directory + specified during configuration. + The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source + level. +\layout Subsection + +Compiling for Debugging +\layout Standard + +The - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-debug +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} + +\end_inset + + option must be specified for all files for which debug information is to + be generated. + The compiler generates a .adb file for each of these files. + The linker creates the .cdb +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.cdb} + +\end_inset + + file from the .adb +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.adb} + +\end_inset + + files and the address information. + This .cdb is used by the debugger. +\layout Subsection + +How the Debugger Works +\layout Standard + +When the - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-debug option is specified the compiler generates extra symbol information + some of which are put into the assembler source and some are put into the + .adb file. + Then the linker creates the .cdb file from the individual .adb files with + the address information for the symbols. + The debugger reads the symbolic information generated by the compiler & + the address information generated by the linker. + It uses the SIMULATOR (Daniel's S51) to execute the program, the program + execution is controlled by the debugger. + When a command is issued for the debugger, it translates it into appropriate + commands for the simulator. + (Currently SDCDM only connects to the simulator but +\emph on +newcdb +\emph default + at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://ec2drv.sf.net/} + +\end_inset + + is an effort to connect directly to the hardware.) +\layout Subsection + +Starting the Debugger SDCDB +\layout Standard + +The debugger can be started using the following command line. + (Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo). +\newline + +\newline + +\family sans +\series bold +sdcdb foo +\newline + +\family default +\series default + +\newline +The debugger will look for the following files. +\layout Itemize + +foo.c - the source file. +\layout Itemize + +foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file. +\layout Itemize + +foo.ihx - the Intel hex format +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} + +\end_inset + + object file. +\layout Subsection + +SDCDB Command Line Options +\layout Itemize + +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-directory= this option can used to specify the directory + search list. + The debugger will look into the directory list specified for source, cdb + & ihx files. + The items in the directory list must be separated by ':', e.g. + if the source files can be in the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2, + the - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-directory option should be - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-directory=/home/src1:/home/src2. + Note there can be no spaces in the option. + +\layout Itemize + +-cd - change to the . +\layout Itemize + +-fullname - used by GUI front ends. +\layout Itemize + +-cpu - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the + simulator docs for details. +\layout Itemize + +-X this options is passed to the simulator please see + the simulator docs for details. +\layout Itemize + +-s passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. +\layout Itemize + +-S passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. +\layout Itemize + +-k passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. +\layout Subsection + +SDCDB Debugger Commands +\layout Standard + +As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel +y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible. + This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces + (like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger. + If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip this + section. +\layout Subsubsection* + +break [line | file:line | function | file:function] +\layout Standard + +Set breakpoint at specified line or function: +\newline + +\newline + +\family sans +\series bold +sdcdb>break 100 +\newline +sdcdb>break foo.c:100 +\newline +sdcdb>break funcfoo +\newline +sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo +\layout Subsubsection* + +clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ] +\layout Standard + +Clear breakpoint at specified line or function: +\newline + +\newline + +\family sans +\series bold +sdcdb>clear 100 +\newline +sdcdb>clear foo.c:100 +\newline +sdcdb>clear funcfoo +\newline +sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo +\layout Subsubsection* + +continue +\layout Standard + +Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint. +\layout Subsubsection* + +finish +\layout Standard + +Execute till the end of the current function. +\layout Subsubsection* + +delete [n] +\layout Standard + +Delete breakpoint number 'n'. + If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points. +\layout Subsubsection* + +info [break | stack | frame | registers ] +\layout Itemize + +info break - list all breakpoints +\layout Itemize + +info stack - show the function call stack. +\layout Itemize + +info frame - show information about the current execution frame. +\layout Itemize + +info registers - show content of all registers. +\layout Subsubsection* + +step +\layout Standard + +Step program until it reaches a different source line. + Note: pressing repeats the last command. +\layout Subsubsection* + +next +\layout Standard + +Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls. +\layout Subsubsection* + +run +\layout Standard + +Start debugged program. +\layout Subsubsection* + +ptype variable +\layout Standard + +Print type information of the variable. +\layout Subsubsection* + +print variable +\layout Standard + +print value of variable. +\layout Subsubsection* + +file filename +\layout Standard + +load the given file name. + Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging. +\layout Subsubsection* + +frame +\layout Standard + +print information about current frame. +\layout Subsubsection* + +set srcmode +\layout Standard + +Toggle between C source & assembly source. +\layout Subsubsection* + +! simulator command +\layout Standard + +Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is + displayed. + Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator, + so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution + context and may display incorrect values. +\layout Subsubsection* + +quit +\layout Standard + +"Watch me now. + Iam going Down. + My name is Bobby Brown" +\layout Subsection + +Interfacing SDCDB with DDD +\layout Comment + +The screenshot was converted from png to eps with: +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +bmeps -c -e8f -p3 ddd_example.png >ddd_example.eps +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + which produces a pretty compact eps file which is free from compression + artifacts. +\layout Comment + +The screenshot was included in sdccman.lyx cvs version 1.120 but later removed + as this broke the build system on Sourceforge (pdf-file was broken. + pdflatex does not accept eps files). +\layout Standard + +The +\emph on +p +\emph default +ortable +\emph on +n +\emph default +etwork +\emph on +g +\emph default +raphics File +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/figures/ddd_example.png} + +\end_inset + + +\size default + shows a screenshot of a debugging session with DDD +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)} + +\end_inset + + (Unix only) on a simulated 8032. + The debugging session might not run as smoothly as the screenshot suggests. + The debugger allows setting of breakpoints, displaying and changing variables, + single stepping through C and assembler code. + +\newline +The source was compiled with +\family sans +\series bold + +\newline + +\newline +sdcc - +\family default +\series default + +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + + +\family sans +\series bold +-debug ddd_example.c +\family default +\series default + +\family sans +\series bold + +\newline + +\family default +\series default + +\newline +and DDD was invoked with +\family sans +\series bold + +\newline + +\newline +ddd -debugger 'sdcdb -cpu 8032 ddd_example' +\layout Subsection + +Interfacing SDCDB with XEmacs +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XEmacs} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Emacs} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs, + sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el. + These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat +ion is complete. + These files need to be loaded into XEmacs for the interface to work. + This can be done at XEmacs startup time by inserting the following into + your '.xemacs' file (which can be found in your HOME directory): +\newline + +\newline + +\family typewriter +(load-file sdcdbsrc.el) +\family default + +\newline + +\newline +.xemacs is a lisp file so the () around the command is REQUIRED. + The files can also be loaded dynamically while XEmacs is running, set the + environment variable 'EMACSLOADPATH' to the installation bin directory + (/bin), then enter the following command ESC-x load-file sdcdbsrc. + To start the interface enter the following command: +\newline + +\newline + +\family sans +\series bold +ESC-x sdcdbsrc +\family default +\series default + +\newline + +\newline +You will prompted to enter the file name to be debugged. + +\newline + +\newline +The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are bound + to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el. + The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required. +\layout Itemize + +sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51 +\layout Itemize + +sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200 +\layout Itemize + +sdcdbsrc-serial nil +\layout Standard + +The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface. +\layout Standard + +\SpecialChar ~ + +\family typewriter + +\newline +;;\SpecialChar ~ +Current Listing :: +\newline +;;key\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +binding\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +Comment +\newline +;;---\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +-------\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +------- +\newline +;; +\newline +;;\SpecialChar ~ +n\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-next-from-src\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +SDCDB next command +\newline +;;\SpecialChar ~ +b\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-back-from-src\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +SDCDB back command +\newline +;;\SpecialChar ~ +c\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-cont-from-src\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +SDCDB continue command +\newline +;;\SpecialChar ~ +s\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-step-from-src\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +SDCDB step command +\newline +;;\SpecialChar ~ +?\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-whatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +SDCDB ptypecommand for data at +\newline +;;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -SDCDB step command +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +buffer point \newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ -?\SpecialChar ~ +x\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20745,7 +22948,7 @@ SDCDB step command \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-whatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20755,7 +22958,11 @@ sdcdb-whatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -SDCDB ptypecommand for data at +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +SDCDB Delete all breakpoints if no arg \newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20804,10 +23011,10 @@ SDCDB ptypecommand for data at \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -buffer point +given or delete arg (C-u arg x) \newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ -x\SpecialChar ~ +m\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20822,7 +23029,7 @@ x\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-frame\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20836,7 +23043,8 @@ sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -SDCDB Delete all breakpoints if no arg +\SpecialChar ~ +SDCDB Display current frame if no arg, \newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20885,10 +23093,9 @@ SDCDB Delete all breakpoints if no arg \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -given or delete arg (C-u arg x) +given or display frame arg \newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ -m\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20903,7 +23110,6 @@ m\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-frame\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20918,9 +23124,28 @@ sdcdbsrc-frame\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -SDCDB Display current frame if no arg, +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +buffer point \newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ +!\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20935,6 +23160,8 @@ SDCDB Display current frame if no arg, \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20943,6 +23170,10 @@ SDCDB Display current frame if no arg, \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +Goto the SDCDB output buffer +\newline +;;\SpecialChar ~ +p\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20957,6 +23188,7 @@ SDCDB Display current frame if no arg, \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-print-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -20967,7 +23199,7 @@ SDCDB Display current frame if no arg, \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -given or display frame arg +SDCDB print command for data at \newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21019,7 +23251,7 @@ given or display frame arg buffer point \newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ -!\SpecialChar ~ +g\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21047,8 +23279,7 @@ sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~ Goto the SDCDB output buffer \newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ -p\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +t\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21062,8 +23293,8 @@ p\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-print-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21073,15 +23304,19 @@ sdcdb-print-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -SDCDB print command for data at -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it off) +\newline +;; +\newline +;;\SpecialChar ~ +C-c\SpecialChar ~ +C-f\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21090,6 +23325,7 @@ SDCDB print command for data at \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-finish-from-src\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21097,6 +23333,13 @@ SDCDB print command for data at \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +SDCDB finish command +\newline +;; +\newline +;;\SpecialChar ~ +C-x\SpecialChar ~ +SPC\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21105,6 +23348,7 @@ SDCDB print command for data at \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-break\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21122,10 +23366,11 @@ SDCDB print command for data at \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -buffer point +Set break for line with point \newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ -g\SpecialChar ~ +ESC\SpecialChar ~ +t\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21136,11 +23381,11 @@ g\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21150,12 +23395,13 @@ sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -Goto the SDCDB output buffer -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -t\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode +\newline +;;\SpecialChar ~ +ESC\SpecialChar ~ +m\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21166,9 +23412,9 @@ t\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -21179,351 +23425,1406 @@ sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +Toggle list mode +\newline +;; +\newline + +\layout Chapter +\pagebreak_top +TIPS +\layout Standard + +Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient + code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally + good programming practice. +\layout Itemize + +Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value. + If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then + use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'. + Please note, that ANSI C requires both signed and unsigned chars to be + promoted to 'signed int' +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Marginal +collapsed true + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold \SpecialChar ~ +! +\end_inset + + before doing any operation. + This promotion +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{type promotion} + +\end_inset + + can be omitted, if the result is the same. + The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often + surprising: +\begin_deeper +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +unsigned char uc = 0xfe; +\newline +if (uc * uc < 0) /* this is true! */ +\newline +{ +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it off) +.... +\newline +} +\layout Standard + + +\family typewriter +uc * uc +\family default + is evaluated as +\family typewriter +(int) uc * (int) uc = (int) 0xfe * (int) 0xfe = (int) 0xfc04 = -1024 +\family default +. + +\newline +Another one: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +(unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ... +\layout Standard + +No, the result is not 4: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +(int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 = +\newline +(int) (unsigned char) 0xf4 / (int) (signed char) 0xfd = +\newline +(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd = +\newline +(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd = +\newline +(int) 244 / (int) -3 = +\newline +(int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf; +\layout Standard + +Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result. + gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints. + Therefore the results are different. +\newline +From +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +comp.lang.c FAQ +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + +: +\layout Quote + + +\emph on +If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values + are not, or if you want to steer clear of sign-extension problems when + manipulating bits or bytes, use one of the corresponding unsigned types. + (Beware when mixing signed and unsigned values in expressions, though.) +\newline +Although character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny" + integers, doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredicta +ble sign extension and increased code size. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to + be negative. + This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting + or are using an array index. +\layout Itemize + +NEVER jump into a LOOP. +\layout Itemize + +Declare the variables to be local +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} + +\end_inset + + whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction). +\layout Itemize + +Since the compiler does not always do implicit integral promotion, the programme +r should do an explicit cast when integral promotion is required. +\layout Itemize + +Reducing the size of division, multiplication & modulus operations can reduce + code size substantially. + Take the following code for example. +\begin_deeper +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch) \newline -;; +{ \newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -C-c\SpecialChar ~ -C-f\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +unsigned char ch1 = p1 % ch ; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-finish-from-src\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -SDCDB finish command +.... \newline -;; +} +\layout Standard + +For the modulus operation the variable ch will be promoted to unsigned int + first then the modulus operation will be performed (this will lead to a + call to support routine _moduint()), and the result will be casted to a + char. + If the code is changed to +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch) \newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -C-x\SpecialChar ~ -SPC\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-break\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -Set break for line with point +{ \newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -ESC\SpecialChar ~ -t\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode +unsigned char ch1 = (unsigned char)p1 % ch ; \newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -ESC\SpecialChar ~ -m\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -Toggle list mode +.... +\newline +} +\layout Standard + +It would substantially reduce the code generated (future versions of the + compiler will be smart enough to detect such optimization opportunities). +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Have a look at the assembly listing to get a +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +feeling +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + for the code generation. +\layout Section + +Porting code from or to other compilers +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Itemize + +check whether endianness of the compilers differs and adapt where needed. +\layout Itemize + +check the device specific header files +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files} + +\end_inset + + for compiler specific syntax. + Eventually include the file +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/compiler.h?view=markup} + +\end_inset + + to allow using common header files. + (see f.e. + cc2510fx.h +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/cc2510fx.h?view=markup} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Itemize + +check whether the startup code contains the correct initialization (watchdog, + peripherals). +\layout Itemize + +check whether the sizes of short, int, long match. +\layout Itemize + +check if some 16 or 32 bit hardware registers require a specific addressing + order (least significant or most significant byte first) and adapt if needed + ( +\emph on +first +\emph default + and +\emph on +last +\emph default + relate to time and not to lower/upper memory location here, so this is + +\emph on +not +\emph default + the same as endianness). +\layout Itemize + +check whether the keyword +\emph on +volatile +\emph default + is used where needed. + The compilers might differ in their optimization characteristics (as different + versions of the same compiler might also use more clever optimizations + this is good idea anyway). + See section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +check that the compilers are not told to supress warnings. +\layout Itemize + +check and convert compiler specific extensions (interrupts, memory areas, + pragmas etc.). +\layout Itemize + +check for differences in type promotion. + Especially check for math operations on +\family typewriter +char +\family default + or +\family typewriter +unsigned char +\family default + variables. + For the sake of C99 compatibility SDCC will probably promote these to +\family typewriter +int +\family default + more often than other compilers. + Eventually insert explicit casts to +\family typewriter +(char) +\family default +or +\family typewriter + (unsigned char) +\family default +. + Also check that the ~\SpecialChar ~ +operator +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator} + +\end_inset + + is not used on +\family typewriter +bit +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} + +\end_inset + + +\family default + variables, use the !\SpecialChar ~ +operator instead. + See sections +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{type promotion} + +\end_inset + + and +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Itemize + +check the assembly code generated for interrupt routines (f.e. + for calls to possibly non-reentrant library functions). +\layout Itemize + +check whether timing loops result in proper timing (or preferably consider + a rewrite of the code with timer based delays instead). +\layout Itemize + +check for differences in printf parameters (some compilers push (va_arg +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg} + +\end_inset + +) char variables as +\family typewriter +int +\family default + others push them as +\family typewriter +char +\family default +. + See section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous} + +\end_inset + +). +\layout Itemize + +check the resulting memory map +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map} + +\end_inset + +. + Usage of different memory spaces: code, stack, data (for mcs51/ds390 additional +ly idata, pdata, xdata). + Eventually check if unexpected library functions are included. +\layout Section + +Tools +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tools} + +\end_inset + + included in the distribution +\layout Standard +\align left + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Name +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Purpose +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Directory +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ucSsim +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Simulator for various architectures +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +sdcc/sim/ucsim +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +keil2sdcc.pl +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +header file +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files} + +\end_inset + + conversion +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +sdcc/support/scripts +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +mh2h.c +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +header file conversion +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +sdcc/support/scripts +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +as-gbz80 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Assembler +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +sdcc/bin +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +as-z80 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Assembler +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +sdcc/bin +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +asx8051 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Assembler +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +sdcc/bin +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SDCDB +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Simulator +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +sdcc/bin +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +aslink +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Linker +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +sdcc/bin +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +link-z80 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Linker +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +sdcc/bin +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +link-gbz80 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Linker +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +sdcc/bin +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +packihx +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Intel Hex packer +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)} + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +sdcc/bin +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + \newline -;; + +\layout Section + +Documentation +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation} + +\end_inset + + included in the distribution +\layout Standard +\align left + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Subject / Title +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Where to get / filename +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SDCC Compiler User Guide +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +You're reading it right now +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Changelog of SDCC +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +sdcc/Changelog +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +ASXXXX +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation} + +\end_inset + + Assemblers and ASLINK +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker documentation} + +\end_inset + + Relocating Linker +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SDCC regression test +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Various notes +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +sdcc/doc/* +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Notes on debugging with SDCDB +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +sdcc/debugger/README +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Software simulator for microcontrollers +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default +/index.html +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Temporary notes on the pic16 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} + +\end_inset + + port +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +sdcc/doc/ +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off +\color none +cdbfileformat.pd +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default +\color default +f +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + + \newline -\layout Chapter -\pagebreak_top -TIPS +\layout Section + +Related open source tools +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Related-open-source-tools} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Related tools} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard +\align left + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Name +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Purpose +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Where to get +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +gpsim +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gpsim (pic simulator)} + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +PIC simulator +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html} + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient - code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally - good programming practice. -\layout Itemize +gputils +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)} + +\end_inset -Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value. - If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then - use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'. - Please note, that ANSI C requires both signed and unsigned chars to be - promoted to 'signed int' before doing any operation. - This promotion -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - can be omitted, if the result is the same. - The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often - surprising: -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse +\layout Standard +GNU PIC utilities +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -unsigned char uc = 0xfe; -\newline -if (uc * uc < 0) /* this is true! */ -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -.... -\newline -} \layout Standard -\family typewriter -uc * uc -\family default - is evaluated as -\family typewriter -(int) uc * (int) uc = (int) 0xfe * (int) 0xfe = (int) 0xfc04 = -1024 -\family default -. - -\newline -Another one: -\layout Verse +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} + +\end_inset -\family typewriter -(unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ... +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -No, the result is not 4: -\layout Verse +flP5 +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard + +PIC programmer +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -(int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 = -\newline -(int) (unsigned char) 0xf4 / (int) (signed char) 0xfd = -\newline -(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd = -\newline -(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd = -\newline -(int) 244 / (int) -3 = -\newline -(int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf; \layout Standard -Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result. - gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints. - Therefore the results are different. -\newline -From -\begin_inset Quotes sld + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/} + \end_inset -comp.lang.c FAQ -\begin_inset Quotes srd + \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -: -\layout Quote +\layout Standard -If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values - are not, or if you want to steer clear of sign-extension problems when - manipulating bits or bytes, use one of the corresponding unsigned types. - (Beware when mixing signed and unsigned values in expressions, though.) -\newline -Although character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny" - integers, doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredicta -ble sign extension and increased code size. -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +ec2drv/newcdb +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to - be negative. - This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting - or are using an array index. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -NEVER jump into a LOOP. -\layout Itemize +Tools for Silicon Laboratories JTAG debug adapter, partly based on SDCDB + (Unix only) +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Declare the variables to be local -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ec2drv} \end_inset - whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction). -\layout Itemize -Since the compiler does not always do implicit integral promotion, the programme -r should do an explicit cast when integral promotion is required. -\layout Itemize +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Reducing the size of division, multiplication & modulus operations can reduce - code size substantially. - Take the following code for example. -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse +\layout Standard +indent +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{indent (source formatting tool)} + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch) -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -unsigned char ch1 = p1 % ch ; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -.... -\newline -} \layout Standard -For the modulus operation the variable ch will be promoted to unsigned int - first then the modulus operation will be performed (this will lead to a - call to support routine _moduint()), and the result will be casted to a - char. - If the code is changed to -\layout Verse +Formats C source - Master of the white spaces +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html} + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +srecord +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Object file conversion, checksumming, ... +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch) -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -unsigned char ch1 = (unsigned char)p1 % ch ; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -.... -\newline -} \layout Standard -It would substantially reduce the code generated (future versions of the - compiler will be smart enough to detect such optimization opportunities). -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize -Have a look at the assembly listing to get a -\begin_inset Quotes sld +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/srecord} + \end_inset -feeling -\begin_inset Quotes srd + \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - for the code generation. -\layout Section +\layout Standard -Tools -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tools} +objdump +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)} \end_inset - included in the distribution + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - +Object file conversion, ... +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +Part of binutils (should be there anyway) +\end_inset + + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Name +cmon51 \end_inset @@ -21531,7 +24832,7 @@ Name \layout Standard -Purpose +8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble) \end_inset @@ -21539,7 +24840,12 @@ Purpose \layout Standard -Directory + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmon51} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21549,7 +24855,12 @@ Directory \layout Standard -uCsim +doxygen +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{doxygen (source documentation tool)} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21557,7 +24868,7 @@ uCsim \layout Standard -Simulator for various architectures +Source code documentation system \end_inset @@ -21565,7 +24876,12 @@ Simulator for various architectures \layout Standard -sdcc/sim/ucsim + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21575,7 +24891,7 @@ sdcc/sim/ucsim \layout Standard -keil2sdcc.pl +kdevelop \end_inset @@ -21583,7 +24899,7 @@ keil2sdcc.pl \layout Standard -header file conversion +IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only) \end_inset @@ -21591,7 +24907,12 @@ header file conversion \layout Standard -sdcc/support/scripts + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21601,7 +24922,7 @@ sdcc/support/scripts \layout Standard -mh2h.c +paulmon \end_inset @@ -21609,7 +24930,7 @@ mh2h.c \layout Standard -header file conversion +8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble) \end_inset @@ -21617,7 +24938,12 @@ header file conversion \layout Standard -sdcc/support/scripts + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/paulmon2.html} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21627,7 +24953,12 @@ sdcc/support/scripts \layout Standard -as-gbz80 +splint +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21635,7 +24966,12 @@ as-gbz80 \layout Standard -Assembler +Statically checks c sources (see +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} + +\end_inset + +) \end_inset @@ -21644,25 +24980,26 @@ Assembler \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -sdcc/bin +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -as-z80 +ddd +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21670,7 +25007,12 @@ as-z80 \layout Standard -Assembler +Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to SDCDB +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} + +\end_inset + + (Unix only) \end_inset @@ -21679,25 +25021,40 @@ Assembler \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -sdcc/bin +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset - + + +\end_inset + + +\newline + +\layout Section + +Related documentation / recommended reading +\layout Standard +\align left + +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -asx8051 +Name \end_inset @@ -21705,7 +25062,7 @@ asx8051 \layout Standard -Assembler +Subject / Title \end_inset @@ -21713,6 +25070,16 @@ Assembler \layout Standard +Where to get +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + \family roman \series medium @@ -21722,7 +25089,33 @@ Assembler \bar no \noun off \color none -sdcc/bin +c-refcard.pdf +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +C Reference Card +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C Reference card} + +\end_inset + +, 2 pages +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21732,7 +25125,7 @@ sdcc/bin \layout Standard -sdcdb +c-faq \end_inset @@ -21740,7 +25133,12 @@ sdcdb \layout Standard -Simulator +C-FAQ +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C FAQ} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21749,15 +25147,11 @@ Simulator \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -sdcc/bin +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.c-faq.com} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21767,7 +25161,7 @@ sdcc/bin \layout Standard -aslink +ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 \end_inset @@ -21775,7 +25169,15 @@ aslink \layout Standard -Linker + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +C-Standard +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21784,15 +25186,13 @@ Linker \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -sdcc/bin +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21802,7 +25202,7 @@ sdcc/bin \layout Standard -link-z80 +ISO/IEC DTR 18037 \end_inset @@ -21810,7 +25210,15 @@ link-z80 \layout Standard -Linker + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Extensions for Embedded C +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21819,15 +25227,13 @@ Linker \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -sdcc/bin +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf} + +\end_inset + + \end_inset @@ -21837,7 +25243,6 @@ sdcc/bin \layout Standard -link-gbz80 \end_inset @@ -21845,7 +25250,7 @@ link-gbz80 \layout Standard -Linker +Latest datasheet of target CPU \end_inset @@ -21853,16 +25258,7 @@ Linker \layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -sdcc/bin +vendor \end_inset @@ -21872,7 +25268,6 @@ sdcc/bin \layout Standard -packihx \end_inset @@ -21880,7 +25275,7 @@ packihx \layout Standard -ihx packer +Revision history of datasheet \end_inset @@ -21888,16 +25283,7 @@ ihx packer \layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -sdcc/bin +vendor \end_inset @@ -21910,45 +25296,46 @@ sdcc/bin \layout Section -Documentation -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation} +Application notes specifically for SDCC +\layout Standard + +SDCC makes no claims about the completeness of this list and about up-to-datenes +s or correctness of the application notes +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Application notes} \end_inset - included in the distribution +. \layout Standard -\align center +\align left + +\size footnotesize \begin_inset Tabular - + - - + + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Subject / Title -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -Where to get / filename +\size footnotesize +Vendor \end_inset - - - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SDCC Compiler User Guide + +\size footnotesize +Subject / Title \end_inset @@ -21956,7 +25343,9 @@ SDCC Compiler User Guide \layout Standard -You're reading it right now + +\size footnotesize +Where to get \end_inset @@ -21966,45 +25355,24 @@ You're reading it right now \layout Standard -Changelog of SDCC -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -sdcc/Changelog +\size footnotesize +Maxim / Dallas \end_inset - - \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -ASXXXX -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation} - -\end_inset - Assemblers and ASLINK -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink} +\size footnotesize +Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker documentation} - -\end_inset - - Relocating Linker \end_inset @@ -22012,30 +25380,14 @@ ASXXXX \layout Standard -sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - -SDCC regression test -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3346.pdf} \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf \end_inset @@ -22045,30 +25397,24 @@ sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf \layout Standard -Various notes -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -sdcc/doc/* +\size footnotesize +Maxim / Dallas \end_inset - - - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Notes on debugging with sdcdb -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcdb (debugger)} -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS89C4x0} +\end_inset + Family of Microcontrollers \end_inset @@ -22076,43 +25422,14 @@ Notes on debugging with sdcdb \layout Standard -sdcc/debugger/README -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\size footnotesize -Software simulator for microcontrollers -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3477.pdf} -\layout Standard +\end_inset -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default -\color default -/index.html \end_inset @@ -22122,106 +25439,39 @@ sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc \layout Standard -Temporary notes on the pic16 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} - -\end_inset - - port -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES +\size footnotesize +Silicon Laboratories / Cygnal \end_inset - - \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format) -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -sdcc/doc/ -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -cdbfileformat.pd -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default -\color default -f -\end_inset - - - +\size footnotesize +Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE} \end_inset -\newline - -\layout Section - -Related open source tools -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Related tools} - \end_inset - - -\layout Standard -\align center - -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - + + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Name -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.silabs.com/public/documents/tpub_doc/anote/Microcontrollers/en/an198.pdf} -Purpose \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -Where to get \end_inset @@ -22231,12 +25481,9 @@ Where to get \layout Standard -gpsim -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gpsim (pic simulator)} - -\end_inset - +\size footnotesize +Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor \end_inset @@ -22244,7 +25491,9 @@ gpsim \layout Standard -PIC simulator + +\size footnotesize +Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad \end_inset @@ -22253,7 +25502,9 @@ PIC simulator \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html} +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp} \end_inset @@ -22267,12 +25518,9 @@ PIC simulator \layout Standard -gputils -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)} - -\end_inset - +\size footnotesize +Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor \end_inset @@ -22280,7 +25528,9 @@ gputils \layout Standard -GNU PIC utilities + +\size footnotesize +Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor \end_inset @@ -22289,7 +25539,9 @@ GNU PIC utilities \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp} \end_inset @@ -22297,13 +25549,15 @@ GNU PIC utilities \end_inset - + \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -flP5 + +\size footnotesize +Texas Instruments \end_inset @@ -22311,7 +25565,9 @@ flP5 \layout Standard -PIC programmer + +\size footnotesize +MSC12xx Programming with SDCC \end_inset @@ -22320,7 +25576,9 @@ PIC programmer \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/} +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf} \end_inset @@ -22328,1495 +25586,2198 @@ PIC programmer \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + + +\end_inset + +\layout Section + +Some Questions \layout Standard -indent -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{indent (source formatting tool)} +Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn + ask +\emph on +you +\emph default + some questions: +\layout Itemize + +can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you + find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever? + Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit? +\layout Itemize + +should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU + and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating + system on the target device help? +\layout Itemize + +if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy? +\layout Itemize + +if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy? +\layout Itemize + +if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer + in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside? +\layout Itemize + +is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro +tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s), + internationali(z|s)ation, packaging, labels, 2nd source for components, + electromagnetic compatability/interference, documentation for production, + production test software, update mechanism, patent issues? +\layout Itemize + +is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune, + fun? +\layout Standard + +Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may + even be +\emph on +no +\emph default +, nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false +\layout Standard + +burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres \end_inset +. + Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them... +\layout Chapter + +Support +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Support} \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -Formats C source - Master of the white spaces +SDCC has grown to be a large project. + The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is + well over 150,000 lines of code (blank stripped). + The open source nature of this project is a key to its continued growth + and support. + You gain the benefit and support of many active software developers and + end users. + Is SDCC perfect? No, that's why we need your help. + The developers take pride in fixing reported bugs. + You can help by reporting the bugs and helping other SDCC users. + There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part + in making SDCC a great software package. + +\layout Standard + +The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. + You'll find the complete set of mailing lists +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html} +, forums, bug reporting system, patch submission +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} + +\end_inset + + system, download +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download} \end_inset + area and Subversion code repository +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository} \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + there. +\layout Section -srecord -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} +Reporting Bugs +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bug reporting} \end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Reporting bugs} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -Object file conversion, checksumming, ... +The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the + sourceforge site. + You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about + the known bugs. +\layout Standard + +Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and + will be fixed ASAP. + When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program + (the smaller the better) which reproduces the problem. + If you can isolate the problem by looking at the generated assembly code, + this can be very helpful. + Compiling your program with the - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +-dumpall +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall} + +\end_inset + + option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems. + When reporting a bug please make sure you: +\layout Enumerate + +Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC. + +\layout Enumerate + +Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile. + +\layout Enumerate + +Specify the SDCC version (type " +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc -v +\family default +\series default +"), your platform, and operating system. + +\layout Enumerate + +Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output. + +\layout Enumerate + +Put something meaningful in the subject of your message. \layout Standard +Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all + requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC. + Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your + chance that SDCC users and developers will be able to help you. + Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided + that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please + be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug! +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/srecord} +Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and + the bug is not yet known. + This is the link for reporting bugs: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=100599} \end_inset +. + With SDCC on average having more than 200 downloads +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download} \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + + on sourceforge per day +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false \layout Standard -objdump -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)} +220 daily downloads on average Jan-Sept 2006 and about 150 daily downloads + between 2002 and 2005. + This does not include other methods of distribution. +\end_inset + + there must be some users. + So it's not exactly easy to find a new bug. + If you find one we need it: +\emph on +reporting bugs is good +\emph default +. +\layout Section + +Requesting Features +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Requesting-Features} \end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -Object file conversion, ... +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -Part of binutils (should be there anyway) +Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing + list. + This is the link for requesting features: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599} + \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +. +\layout Section + +Submitting patches \layout Standard -doxygen -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{doxygen (source documentation tool)} +Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing + list. + This is the link for submitting patches +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} \end_inset +: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=300599} \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +. \layout Standard -Source code documentation system +You need to specify some parameters to the +\family typewriter +diff +\family default + command for the patches to be useful. + If you modified more than one file a patch created f.e. + with +\family sans +\series bold + +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +diff -Naur unmodified_directory modified_directory >my_changes.patch +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org} +\family default +\series default + will be fine, otherwise +\family sans +\series bold + +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset +diff -u sourcefile.c.orig sourcefile.c >my_changes.patch +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +\series default + +\family default +will do. +\layout Section +Getting Help \layout Standard -kdevelop +These links should take you directly to the +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Mailing lists]{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & sdcdb? Unix only) -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false \layout Standard +Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting + automated messages (mid 2003) +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org} + and the +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Forums]{http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=599} \end_inset +, lists +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)} \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text + and forums are archived and searchable so if you are lucky someone already + had a similar problem. + While mails to the lists themselves are delivered promptly their web front + end on sourceforge sometimes shows a severe time lag (up to several weeks), + if you're seriously using SDCC please consider subscribing to the lists. +\layout Section + +ChangeLog \layout Standard -splint -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} +You can follow the status of the Subversion version +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version} \end_inset + of SDCC by watching the Changelog +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Changelog} \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard -Statically checks c sources (see -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} + in the Subversion repository +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog} \end_inset -) -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +. +\layout Section +Subversion Source Code Repository \layout Standard - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org} +The output of +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc --version +\family default +\series default + or the filenames of the snapshot versions of SDCC include date and its + Subversion +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository} \end_inset + number. + Subversion allows to download the source of recent or previous versions + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/svn/?group_id=599} \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - -ddd -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ddd (debugger)} + (by number or by date). + An on-line source code browser and detailled instructions are also available + there. + SDCC versions starting from 1999 up to now are available (currently the + versions prior to the conversion from cvs +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cvs|see{Subversion}} \end_inset + to Subversion (April 2006) are either by accessible by Subversion or by + cvs). +\layout Section + +Release policy +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release policy} \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to sdcdb -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcdb (debugger)} +\layout Standard -\end_inset +Historically there often were long delays between official releases and + the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all. + Excuses in the past might have referred to problems with live range analysis, + but as this was fixed a while ago, the current problem is that another + excuse has to be found. + Kidding aside, we have to get better there! On the other hand there are + daily snapshots available at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[snap]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} - (Unix only) \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +, and you can always build the very last version (hopefully with many bugs + fixed, and features added) from the source code available at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[Source]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php#Source} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/} +. + A release wiki +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki} \end_inset -\end_inset - - - +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release wiki} \end_inset + at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/release_wiki/} -\newline +\end_inset + also holds some information about past and future releases. \layout Section -Related documentation / recommended reading -\layout Standard -\align center +Examples +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples} + +\end_inset -\begin_inset Tabular - - - - - - - -\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Name +You'll find some small examples in the directory +\emph on +sdcc/device/examples/. + +\emph default +More examples and libraries are available at +\emph on + The SDCC Open Knowledge Resource +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdccokr.dl9sec.de/} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + +\emph default +web site or at +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/} -Subject / Title \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. +\layout Comment -Where to get -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather + dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e. + shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor. + Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized + development boards anyway). +\layout Comment -\layout Standard +Maybe we should include some links to real world applications. + Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays + manageable here? +\layout Section +Quality control +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Quality-control} -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off -\color none -c-refcard.pdf \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -C Reference Card -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C Reference card} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Quality control} \end_inset -, 2 pages -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text \layout Standard +The compiler is passed through nightly compile and build checks. + The so called +\shape italic +regression tests +\shape default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} \end_inset + check that SDCC itself compiles flawlessly on several host platforms (i386, + Opteron, 64 bit Alpha, ppc64, MacOS X on PPC, Solaris on Sparc) and checks + the quality of the code generated by SDCC by running the code for several + target platforms through simulators. + The regression test suite comprises more than 100 files which expand to + more than 500 test cases which include more than 4500 tests. + The results of these tests are published daily on SDCC's snapshot page + (click on the red or green symbols on the right side of +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +). \layout Standard -c-faq +There is a separate document +\shape italic +test_suite.pdf +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Test suite} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard -C-FAQ-list +\shape default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text + about the regression test suite. \layout Standard +You'll find the test code in the directory +\shape italic +sdcc/support/regression +\shape default +. + You can run these tests manually by running +\family sans +make +\family default + in this directory (or f.e. + +\family sans +\series bold -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/top.html} +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset +make test-mcs51 +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset +\family default +\series default + if you don't want to run the complete tests). + The test code might also be interesting if you want to look for examples +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples} + \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard + checking corner cases of SDCC or if you plan to submit patches +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +. \layout Standard -Latest datasheet of the target CPU +The 14bit pic port uses a different set of regression tests +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)} + \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +, you'll find them in the directory +\shape italic +sdcc/src/regression +\shape default +. +\layout Section + +Use of SDCC in Education \layout Standard -vendor -\end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text +In short: +\emph on +highly +\emph default + encouraged +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false \layout Standard +the phrase "use in education" might evoke the association " +\emph on +only +\emph default + fit for use in education". + This connotation is not intended but nevertheless risked as the licensing + of SDCC makes it difficult to offer educational discounts \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +. + If your rationales are to: +\layout Enumerate -Revision history of datasheet -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text +give students a chance to understand the +\emph on +complete +\emph default + steps of code generation +\layout Enumerate -\layout Standard +have a curriculum that can be extended for years. + Then you could use an fpga board as target and your curriculum will seamlessly + extend from logic synthesis ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[http://www.opencores.org]{opencores.org} -vendor \end_inset - - - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +, +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Oregano]{http://www.oregano.at/ip/ip01.htm} -S. - S. - Muchnick \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +), over assembly programming, to C to FPGA compilers ( +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[FPGAC]{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac} -Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation \end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +) and to C. +\layout Enumerate + +be able to insert excursions about skills like using a revision control + system, submitting/applying patches, using a type-setting (as opposed to + word-processing) engine LyX/LaTeX, using +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[SourceForge]{http://www.sf.net} -bookstore (very dedicated, probably read other books first) \end_inset - - - + +, following some +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[netiquette]{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiquette} \end_inset +, understanding BSD/LGPL/GPL/Proprietary licensing, growth models of Open + Source Software, CPU simulation, compiler regression tests +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} + +\end_inset +. + \newline +And if there should be a shortage of ideas then you can always point students + to the ever-growing feature request list +\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599} -\layout Section +\end_inset -Some Questions -\layout Standard +. +\layout Enumerate -Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn - ask +not tie students to a specific host platform and instead allow them to use + a host platform of \emph on -you +their \emph default - some questions: -\layout Itemize + choice (among them Alpha, i386, i386_64, MacOs, Mips, Sparc, Windows and + eventually +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[OLPC]{http://www.laptop.org} -can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you - find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever? - Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit? -\layout Itemize +\end_inset -should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU - and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating - system on the target device help? -\layout Itemize +) +\layout Enumerate -if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy? -\layout Itemize +not encourage students to use illegal copies of educational software +\layout Enumerate -if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy? -\layout Itemize +be immune to licensing/availability/price changes of the chosen tool chain +\layout Enumerate -if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer - in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside? -\layout Itemize +be able to change to a new target platform without having to adopt a new + tool chain +\layout Enumerate -is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro -tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s), - internationali(z|s)ation, packaging, labels, 2nd source for components, - electromagnetic compatability/interference, documentation for production, - production test software, update mechanism, patent issues? -\layout Itemize +have complete control over and insight into the tool chain +\layout Enumerate -is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune, - fun? -\layout Standard +make your students aware about the pros and cons of open source software + development +\layout Enumerate -Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may - even be -\emph on -no -\emph default -, nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false +give back to the public as you are probably at least partially publically + funded +\layout Enumerate +give students a chance to publically prove their skills and to possibly + see a world wide impact \layout Standard -burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres -\end_inset - -. - Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them... +then SDCC is probably among the first choices. + Well, probably SDCC might be the only choice. \layout Chapter +\pagebreak_top +SDCC Technical Data +\layout Section -Support -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Support} +Optimizations +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations} \end_inset \layout Standard -SDCC has grown to be a large project. - The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is - well over 100,000 lines of code (blank stripped). - The open source nature of this project is a key to its continued growth - and support. - You gain the benefit and support of many active software developers and - end users. - Is SDCC perfect? No, that's why we need your help. - The developers take pride in fixing reported bugs. - You can help by reporting the bugs and helping other SDCC users. - There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part - in making SDCC a great software package. +SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific + optimizations. -\layout Standard +\layout Subsection -The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc} +Sub-expression Elimination +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination} \end_inset -. - You'll find the complete set of mailing lists -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)} -\end_inset +\layout Standard + +The compiler does local and +\emph on +g +\emph default +lobal +\emph on +c +\emph default +ommon +\emph on +s +\emph default +ubexpression +\emph on +e +\emph default +limination, e.g.: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +i = x + y + 1; +\newline +j = x + y; +\layout Standard + +will be translated to +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +iTemp = x + y; +\newline +i = iTemp + 1; +\newline +j = iTemp; +\layout Standard -, forums, bug reporting system, patch submission -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} +Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.: +\layout Verse -\end_inset - system, download -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download} +\family typewriter +a->b[i].c = 10; +\newline +a->b[i].d = 11; +\layout Standard -\end_inset +In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once; + the equivalent code in C would be. +\layout Verse - area and cvs code repository -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cvs code repository} -\end_inset +\family typewriter +iTemp = a->b[i]; +\newline +iTemp.c = 10; +\newline +iTemp.d = 11; +\layout Standard - there. -\layout Section +The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers. +\layout Subsection -Reporting Bugs -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bug reporting} +Dead-Code Elimination +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Reporting bugs} +\layout Verse -\end_inset +\family typewriter +int global; +\newline +\newline +void f () { +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +int i; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +i = 1; \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* dead store */ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +global = 1;\SpecialChar ~ +/* dead store */ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +global = 2; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +return; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +global = 3;\SpecialChar ~ +/* unreachable */ +\newline +} \layout Standard -The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the - sourceforge site. - You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about - the known bugs. -\layout Standard +will be changed to +\layout Verse -Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and - will be fixed ASAP. - When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program - (the smaller the better) which reproduces the problem. - If you can isolate the problem by looking at the generated assembly code, - this can be very helpful. - Compiling your program with the - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed -\layout Standard +\family typewriter +int global; +\newline -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +\newline +void f () { +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +global = 2; +\newline +} +\layout Subsection --dumpall -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall} +Copy-Propagation +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Copy propagation} \end_inset - option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems. - When reporting a bug please maker sure you: -\layout Enumerate -Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC. - -\layout Enumerate +\layout Verse -Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile. - -\layout Enumerate -Specify the SDCC version (type " -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc -v -\family default -\series default -"), your platform, and operating system. - -\layout Enumerate +\family typewriter +int f() { +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +int i, j; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +i = 10; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +j = i; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +return j; +\newline +} +\layout Standard -Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output. - -\layout Enumerate +will be changed to +\layout Verse -Put something meaningful in the subject of your message. -\layout Standard -Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all - requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC. - Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your - chance that SDCC users and developers will be able to help you. - Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided - that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please - be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug! +\family typewriter +int f() { +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +int i, j; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +i = 10; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +j = 10; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +return 10; +\newline +} \layout Standard -Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and - the bug is not yet known. - This is the link for reporting bugs: -\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=100599} +Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated + by dead-code elimination. +\layout Subsection + +Loop Optimizations +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization} \end_inset -. -\layout Section -Requesting Features -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Requesting-Features} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Loop-Optimizations} \end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request} +\layout Standard -\end_inset +Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC +\emph on +loop invariant +\emph default + lifting and +\emph on + strength reduction +\emph default + of loop induction variables. + In addition to the strength reduction the optimizer marks the induction + variables and the register allocator tries to keep the induction variables + in registers for the duration of the loop. + Because of this preference of the register allocator +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation} +\end_inset -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features} +, loop induction optimization causes an increase in register pressure, which + may cause unwanted spilling of other temporary variables into the stack +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} \end_inset + / data space. + The compiler will generate a warning message when it is forced to allocate + extra space either on the stack or data space. + If this extra space allocation is undesirable then induction optimization + can be eliminated either for the entire source file (with - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed \layout Standard -Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing - list. - This is the link for requesting features: -\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599} - +\backslash +/ \end_inset -. -\layout Section - -Submitting patches -\layout Standard - -Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing - list. - This is the link for submitting patches -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} +-noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +noinduction +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} \end_inset -: -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=300599} +. +\newline -\end_inset +\newline +Loop Invariant: +\layout Verse -. -\layout Standard -You need to specify some parameters to the \family typewriter -diff -\family default - command for the patches to be useful. - If you modified more than one file a patch created f.e. - with -\family sans -\series bold +for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +f += k + l; +\layout Standard -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +changed to +\layout Verse -diff -Naur unmodified_directory modified_directory >my_changes.patch -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\family typewriter +itemp = k + l; +\newline +for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +f += itemp; +\layout Standard -\family default -\series default - will be fine, otherwise -\family sans -\series bold +As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static + address computations are also moved out of the loop. +\newline -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\newline +Strength Reduction +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction} -diff -u sourcefile.c.orig sourcefile.c >my_changes.patch -\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset +, this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression: +\layout Verse -\series default - -\family default -will do. -\layout Section -Getting Help +\family typewriter +for (i=0;i < 100; i++) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ar[i*5] = i*3; \layout Standard -These links should take you directly to the -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Mailing lists]{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599} - -\end_inset - +changed to +\layout Verse -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false +\family typewriter +itemp1 = 0; +\newline +itemp2 = 0; +\newline +for (i=0;i< 100;i++) { +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ar[itemp1] = itemp2; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +itemp1 += 5; +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +itemp2 += 3; +\newline +} \layout Standard -Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting - automated messages (mid 2003) -\end_inset - - and the -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Forums]{http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=599} +The more expensive multiplication +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} \end_inset -, lists -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)} + is changed to a less expensive addition. +\layout Subsection + +Loop Reversing +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing} \end_inset - and forums are archived and searchable so if you are lucky someone already - had a similar problem. - While mails to the lists themselves are delivered promptly their web front - end on sourceforge sometimes shows a severe time lag (up to several weeks), - if you're seriously using SDCC please consider subscribing to the lists. -\layout Section -ChangeLog \layout Standard -You can follow the status of the cvs version -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version} - +This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries + for every iteration. + Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset - of SDCC by watching the Changelog -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Changelog} - +decrement and jump if not zero +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset - in the cvs-repository + instruction. + SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible + (note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make + this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis). +\layout Itemize + +The 'for' loop is of the form \newline -\size footnotesize +\newline -\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://cvs.sf.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/sdcc/ChangeLog?rev=HEAD&content-type=text/plain} +\family typewriter +for( = ; [< | <=] ; [++ | + += 1]) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + +\layout Itemize +The does not contain +\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -. -\layout Section - -Release policy -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release policy} - +continue +\begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset + or 'break +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset -\layout Standard +. +\layout Itemize -Historically there often were long delays between official releases and - the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all. - Excuses in the past might have referred to problems with live range analysis, - but as this was fixed a while ago, the current problem is that another - excuse has to be found. - Kidding aside, we have to get better there! On the other hand there are - daily snapshots available at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[snap]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} +All goto's are contained within the loop. +\layout Itemize -\end_inset +No function calls within the loop. +\layout Itemize -, and you can always build the very last version (hopefully with many bugs - fixed, and features added) from the source code available at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[Source]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php#Source} +The loop control variable is not assigned any value within the loop +\layout Itemize -\end_inset +The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation + within the loop. +\layout Itemize -. -\layout Section +There are NO switch statements in the loop. +\layout Subsection -Examples -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples} +Algebraic Simplifications +\layout Standard -\end_inset +SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set + of these optimizations. +\layout Verse +\family typewriter +i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + i = j; +\newline +i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + i >>= 1; +\newline +i = j - j;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + i = 0; +\newline +i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + i = j; \layout Standard -You'll find some small examples in the directory -\emph on -sdcc/device/examples/. - -\emph default -More examples and libraries are available at -\emph on - The SDCC Open Knowledge Resource -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdccokr.dl9sec.de/} +Note the subexpressions +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression} \end_inset - -\emph default -web site or at -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/} - -\end_inset + given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result + of copy/constant propagation. +\layout Subsection -. -\layout Comment +'switch' Statements +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:'switch'-Statements} -I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather - dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e. - shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor. - Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized - development boards anyway). -\layout Comment +\end_inset -Maybe we should include some links to real world applications. - Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays - manageable here? -\layout Section -Quality control -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Quality control} +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} \end_inset \layout Standard -The compiler is passed through nightly compile and build checks. - The so called -\shape italic -regression tests -\shape default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} +SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{jump tables} \end_inset - check that SDCC itself compiles flawlessly on several platforms and checks - the quality of the code generated by SDCC by running the code through simulator -s. - There is a separate document -\shape italic -test_suite.pdf -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Test suite} +. + It makes the decision based on an estimate of the generated code size. + SDCC is quite liberal in the requirements for jump table generation: +\layout Itemize -\end_inset +The labels need not be in order, and the starting number need not be one + or zero, the case labels are in numerical sequence or not too many case + labels are missing. +\begin_deeper +\layout Verse -\shape default - about this. -\layout Standard +\family typewriter +switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +switch (i) { +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 0: ... + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 1: ... + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ -You'll find the test code in the directory -\shape italic -sdcc/support/regression -\shape default -. - You can run these tests manually by running -\family sans -make -\family default - in this directory (or f.e. +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 3: ... + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 7: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 4: ... -\family sans -\series bold - -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset - -make test-mcs51 -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - -\family default -\series default - if you don't want to run the complete tests). - The test code might also be interesting if you want to look for examples -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples} - -\end_inset - - checking corner cases of SDCC or if you plan to submit patches -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} - -\end_inset - -. -\layout Standard - -The pic port uses a different set of regression tests, you'll find them - in the directory -\shape italic -sdcc/src/regression -\shape default -. -\layout Chapter -\pagebreak_top -SDCC Technical Data -\layout Section - -Optimizations -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard - -SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific - optimizations. +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 5: ... -\layout Subsection - -Sub-expression Elimination -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard - -The compiler does local and -\emph on -g -\emph default -lobal -\emph on -c -\emph default -ommon -\emph on -s -\emph default -ubexpression -\emph on -e -\emph default -limination, e.g.: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -i = x + y + 1; \newline -j = x + y; -\layout Standard - -will be translated to -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -iTemp = x + y; +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 6: ... + \newline -i = iTemp + 1; +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 7: ... + \newline -j = iTemp; +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 11: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 8: ... + +\newline +}\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +} \layout Standard -Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.: -\layout Verse +Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table. + The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for + the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed. +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +The number of case labels is not larger than supported by the target architectur +e. +\layout Itemize +If the case labels are not in numerical sequence ('gaps' between cases) + SDCC checks whether a jump table with additionally inserted dummy cases + is still attractive. + +\layout Itemize -\family typewriter -a->b[i].c = 10; -\newline -a->b[i].d = 11; +If the starting number is not zero and a check for the lower boundary of + the jump-table can thus be eliminated SDCC might insert dummy cases 0, + ... + . \layout Standard -In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once; - the equivalent code in C would be. +Switch statements which have large gaps in the numeric sequence or those + that have too many case labels can be split into more than one switch statement + for efficient code generation, e.g.: \layout Verse \family typewriter -iTemp = a->b[i]; +switch (i) { \newline -iTemp.c = 10; +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 1: ... + \newline -iTemp.d = 11; -\layout Standard - -The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers. -\layout Subsection - -Dead-Code Elimination -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -int global; +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 2: ... + \newline - +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 3: ... + \newline -void f () { +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 4: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -int i; +case 5: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -i = 1; \SpecialChar ~ +case 6: ... + +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +case 7: ... + +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* dead store */ +case 101: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -global = 1;\SpecialChar ~ -/* dead store */ +case 102: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -global = 2; +case 103: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -return; +case 104: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -global = 3;\SpecialChar ~ -/* unreachable */ +case 105: ... + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 106: ... + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 107: ... + \newline } \layout Standard -will be changed to +If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements \layout Verse \family typewriter -int global; -\newline - +switch (i) { \newline -void f () { +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 1: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -global = 2; +case 2: ... + \newline -} -\layout Subsection - -Copy-Propagation -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Copy propagation} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -int f() { +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 3: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -int i, j; +case 4: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -i = 10; +case 5: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -j = i; +case 6: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -return j; +case 7: ... + \newline } \layout Standard -will be changed to +and \layout Verse \family typewriter -int f() { +switch (i) { \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -int i, j; +case 101: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -i = 10; +case 102: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -j = 10; +case 103: ... + \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -return 10; +case 104: ... + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 105: ... + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 106: ... + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 107: ... + \newline } \layout Standard -Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated - by dead-code elimination. -\layout Subsection - -Loop Optimizations -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization} - -\end_inset +then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas + the unmodified switch statement will not be. +\layout Comment +There might be reasons which SDCC cannot know about to either favour or + not favour jump tables. + If the target system has to be as quick for the last switch case as for + the first (pro jump table), or if the switch argument is known to be zero + in the majority of the cases (contra jump table). +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Loop-Optimizations} +The pragma nojtbound +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} \end_inset - -\layout Standard - -Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC + can be used to turn off checking the \emph on -loop invariant +j \emph default - lifting and +ump \emph on - strength reduction +t \emph default - of loop induction variables. - In addition to the strength reduction the optimizer marks the induction - variables and the register allocator tries to keep the induction variables - in registers for the duration of the loop. - Because of this preference of the register allocator -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation} +able +\emph on +bound +\emph default +aries. + It has no effect if a default label is supplied. + Use of this pragma is dangerous: if the switch +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} \end_inset -, loop induction optimization causes an increase in register pressure, which - may cause unwanted spilling of other temporary variables into the stack -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} + argument is not matched by a case statement the processor will happily + jump into Nirvana. +\layout Subsection + +Bit-shifting Operations +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit shifting} \end_inset - / data space. - The compiler will generate a warning message when it is forced to allocate - extra space either on the stack or data space. - If this extra space allocation is undesirable then induction optimization - can be eliminated either for the entire source file (with - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +. +\layout Standard + +Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin +g. + SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way + possible, e.g.: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +unsigned char i; +\newline +... + +\newline +i >>= 4; +\newline +... +\layout Standard + +generates the following code: +\layout Verse -\layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +\family typewriter +mov\SpecialChar ~ + a,_i +\newline +swap a +\newline +anl\SpecialChar ~ + a,#0x0f +\newline +mov\SpecialChar ~ + _i,a +\layout Standard --noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -noinduction -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} +In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known. + Another example: +\layout Verse -\end_inset -. +\family typewriter +unsigned int i; \newline - +... + \newline -Loop Invariant: +i >>= 9; +\newline +... +\layout Standard + +will generate: \layout Verse \family typewriter -for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++) +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +a,(_i + 1) \newline +mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +(_i + 1),#0x00 +\newline +clr\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +c +\newline +rrc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +a +\newline +mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -f += k + l; +_i,a +\layout Subsection + +Bit-rotation +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit rotation} + +\end_inset + + \layout Standard -changed to +A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{rotating bits} + +\end_inset + +, SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation: \layout Verse \family typewriter -itemp = k + l; -\newline -for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) -\newline +\series bold +unsigned +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +char i;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -f += itemp; -\layout Standard - -As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static - address computations are also moved out of the loop. +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* unsigned is needed for rotation */ +\newline +... + \newline +i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7)); +\family default \newline -Strength Reduction -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction} -\end_inset +\family typewriter +... +\layout Standard -, this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression: +will generate the following code: \layout Verse \family typewriter -for (i=0;i < 100; i++) -\newline +mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +a,_i +\newline +rl\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +a +\newline +mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -ar[i*5] = i*3; +_i,a \layout Standard -changed to +SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio +ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.: \layout Verse \family typewriter -itemp1 = 0; -\newline -itemp2 = 0; -\newline -for (i=0;i< 100;i++) { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */ +\layout Subsection + +Nibble and Byte Swapping +\layout Standard + +Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{swapping nibbles/bytes} + +\end_inset + +, SDCC recognizes the following expressions: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\series bold +unsigned +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -ar[itemp1] = itemp2; +char i; \newline + +\series bold +unsigned +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -itemp1 += 5; +int j; \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -itemp2 += 3; +... + \newline -} -\layout Standard - -The more expensive multiplication -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} +i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4)); +\family default -\end_inset +\newline - is changed to a less expensive addition. -\layout Subsection +\family typewriter +j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8)); +\layout Standard -Loop Reversing -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing} +and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Nibble swapping} \end_inset + or move instructions for the byte swapping +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Byte swapping} -\layout Standard +\end_inset -This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries - for every iteration. - Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a -\begin_inset Quotes eld +. + The +\begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset -decrement and jump if not zero -\begin_inset Quotes erd +j +\begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset - instruction. - SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible - (note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make - this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis). -\layout Itemize + example can be used to convert from little to big-endian or vice versa. + If you want to change the endianness of a +\emph on +signed +\emph default + integer you have to cast to +\family typewriter +(unsigned int) +\family default + first. +\layout Standard -The 'for' loop is of the form -\newline +Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian +\begin_inset Foot +collapsed false -\newline +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -for( = ; [< | <=] ; [++ | - += 1]) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - -\layout Itemize +Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness. + This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction + to increment its +\emph on +dptr +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} -The does not contain -\begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset -continue -\begin_inset Quotes erd +-datapointer +\emph on + +\emph default +so little-endian is the more efficient byte order. \end_inset - or 'break -\begin_inset Quotes erd + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{little-endian} + \end_inset -. -\layout Itemize -All goto's are contained within the loop. -\layout Itemize +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Endianness} + +\end_inset + + format (i.e. + lowest order first). +\layout Subsection -No function calls within the loop. -\layout Itemize +Highest Order Bit +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Highest Order Bit} -The loop control variable is not assigned any value within the loop -\layout Itemize +\end_inset -The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation - within the loop. -\layout Itemize + / Any Order Bit +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Any Order Bit} + +\end_inset -There are NO switch statements in the loop. -\layout Subsection -Algebraic Simplifications \layout Standard -SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set - of these optimizations. +It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral + type (long, int, short or char types). + Also obtaining any other order bit is not uncommon. + SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the highest order bit + and generates optimized code for it, e.g.: \layout Verse \family typewriter -i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - i = j; +unsigned int gint; +\newline + +\newline +foo () { \newline -i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +unsigned char hob1, aob1; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +bit hob2, hob3, aob2, aob3; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ - /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +... + +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - i >>= 1; +hob1 = (gint >> 15) & 1; \newline -i = j - j;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +hob2 = (gint >> 15) & 1; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ - /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +hob3 = gint & 0x8000; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - i = 0; +aob1 = (gint >> 9) & 1; \newline -i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +aob2 = (gint >> 8) & 1; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ - /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +aob3 = gint & 0x0800; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - i = j; -\layout Standard - -Note the subexpressions -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression} - -\end_inset - - given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result - of copy/constant propagation. -\layout Subsection - -'switch' Statements -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:'switch'-Statements} - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} - -\end_inset - - +.. + +\newline +} \layout Standard -SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{jump tables} - -\end_inset - -. - It makes the decision based on an estimate of the generated code size. - SDCC is quite liberal in the requirements for jump table generation: -\layout Itemize - -The labels need not be in order, and the starting number need not be one - or zero, the case labels are in numerical sequence or not too many case - labels are missing. -\begin_deeper +will generate the following code: \layout Verse \family typewriter -switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -23842,15 +27803,10 @@ switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -switch (i) { + 61 ;\SpecialChar ~ + hob.c 7 \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +000A E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -23865,6 +27821,7 @@ case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 62\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -23872,16 +27829,14 @@ case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 0: ... - + a,(_gint + 1) \newline +000C 23\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -23896,6 +27851,7 @@ case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 63\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -23903,18 +27859,12 @@ case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + rl\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 1: ... - + a \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +000D 54 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -23929,6 +27879,7 @@ case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 64\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -23936,16 +27887,11 @@ case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + anl\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - + a,#0x01 \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +000F F5*02\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -23960,6 +27906,7 @@ case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 65\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -23967,17 +27914,13 @@ case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 3: ... - + _foo_hob1_1_1,a \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 7: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24000,16 +27943,10 @@ case 7: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 4: ... - + 66 ;\SpecialChar ~ + hob.c 8 \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +0011 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24024,6 +27961,7 @@ case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 67\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24031,14 +27969,11 @@ case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 5: ... - + a,(_gint + 1) \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~ +0013 33\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24056,6 +27991,7 @@ case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 68\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24063,16 +27999,11 @@ case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + rlc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 6: ... - + a \newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +0014 92*00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24087,6 +28018,7 @@ case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 69\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24094,16 +28026,13 @@ case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 7: ... - + _foo_hob2_1_1,c \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 11: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24126,13 +28055,10 @@ case 11: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 8: ... - + 66 ;\SpecialChar ~ + hob.c 9 \newline -}\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +0016 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24147,6 +28073,7 @@ case 8: ... \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 67\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24154,7 +28081,11 @@ case 8: ... \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + a,(_gint + 1) +\newline +0018 33\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24165,351 +28096,116 @@ case 8: ... \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -} -\layout Standard - -Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table. - The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for - the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed. -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize - -The number of case labels is not larger than supported by the target architectur -e. -\layout Itemize - -If the case labels are not in numerical sequence ('gaps' between cases) - SDCC checks whether a jump table with additionally inserted dummy cases - is still attractive. - -\layout Itemize - -If the starting number is not zero and a check for the lower boundary of - the jump-table can thus be eliminated SDCC might insert dummy cases 0, - ... - . -\layout Standard - -Switch statements which have large gaps in the numeric sequence or those - that have too many case labels can be split into more than one switch statement - for efficient code generation, e.g.: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -switch (i) { -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 1: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 2: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 3: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ + 68\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 4: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 5: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 6: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 7: ... - + rlc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + a \newline +0019 92*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 101: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 102: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 103: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 104: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 105: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 106: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 107: ... - -\newline -} -\layout Standard - -If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -switch (i) { -\newline + 69\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 1: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 2: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 3: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 4: ... - + _foo_hob3_1_1,c \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 5: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 6: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 7: ... - -\newline -} -\layout Standard - -and -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -switch (i) { -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 101: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 102: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 103: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 104: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 105: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 106: ... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -case 107: ... - -\newline -} -\layout Standard - -then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas - the unmodified switch statement will not be. -\layout Comment - -There might be reasons which SDCC cannot know about to either favour or - not favour jump tables. - If the target system has to be as quick for the last switch case as for - the first (pro jump table), or if the switch argument is known to be zero - in the majority of the cases (contra jump table). -\layout Standard - -The pragma nojtbound -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} - -\end_inset - - can be used to turn off checking the -\emph on -j -\emph default -ump -\emph on -t -\emph default -able -\emph on -bound -\emph default -aries. - It has no effect if a default label is supplied. - Use of this pragma is dangerous: if the switch -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} - -\end_inset - - argument is not matched by a case statement the processor will happily - jump into Nirvana. -\layout Subsection - -Bit-shifting Operations -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit shifting} - -\end_inset - -. -\layout Standard - -Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin -g. - SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way - possible, e.g.: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -unsigned char i; -\newline -... - -\newline -i >>= 4; -\newline -... -\layout Standard - -generates the following code: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -mov\SpecialChar ~ - a,_i -\newline -swap a -\newline -anl\SpecialChar ~ - a,#0x0f -\newline -mov\SpecialChar ~ - _i,a -\layout Standard - -In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known. - Another example: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -unsigned int i; -\newline -... - -\newline -i >>= 9; -\newline -... -\layout Standard - -will generate: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -a,(_i + 1) +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 70 ;\SpecialChar ~ + hob.c 10 \newline -mov\SpecialChar ~ +001B E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -(_i + 1),#0x00 +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 71\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + a,(_gint + 1) \newline -clr\SpecialChar ~ +001D 03\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -c -\newline -rrc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -a -\newline -mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -_i,a -\layout Subsection - -Bit-rotation -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit rotation} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard - -A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{rotating bits} - -\end_inset - -, SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -\series bold -unsigned -\series default \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -char i;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24519,236 +28215,47 @@ char i;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 72\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* unsigned is needed for rotation */ -\newline -... - -\newline -i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7)); -\family default - -\newline - -\family typewriter -... -\layout Standard - -will generate the following code: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -a,_i -\newline -rl\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -a -\newline -mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -_i,a -\layout Standard - -SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio -ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */ -\layout Subsection - -Nibble and Byte Swapping -\layout Standard - -Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{swapping nibbles/bytes} - -\end_inset - -, SDCC recognizes the following expressions: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -\series bold -unsigned -\series default \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -char i; -\newline - -\series bold -unsigned -\series default + rr\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -int j; -\newline -... - -\newline -i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4)); -\family default - -\newline - -\family typewriter -j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8)); -\layout Standard - -and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Nibble swapping} - -\end_inset - - or move instructions for the byte swapping -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Byte swapping} - -\end_inset - -. - The -\begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset - -j -\begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - - example can be used to convert from little to big-endian or vice versa. - If you want to change the endianness of a -\emph on -signed -\emph default - integer you have to cast to -\family typewriter -(unsigned int) -\family default - first. -\layout Standard - -Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian -\begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard - -Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness. - This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction - to increment its -\emph on -dptr -\emph default - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} - -\end_inset - --datapointer -\emph on - -\emph default -so little-endian is the more efficient byte order. -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{little-endian} - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Endianness} - -\end_inset - - format (i.e. - lowest order first). -\layout Subsection - -Highest Order Bit -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Highest Order Bit} - -\end_inset - - / Any Order Bit -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Any Order Bit} - -\end_inset - - -\layout Standard - -It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral - type (long, int, short or char types). - Also obtaining any other order bit is not uncommon. - SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the highest order bit - and generates optimized code for it, e.g.: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -unsigned int gint; -\newline - -\newline -foo () { + a \newline +001E 54 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -unsigned char hob1, aob1; -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -bit hob2, hob3, aob2, aob3; -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -... - -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -hob1 = (gint >> 15) & 1; -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -hob2 = (gint >> 15) & 1; -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -hob3 = gint & 0x8000; -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -aob1 = (gint >> 9) & 1; -\newline + 73\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -aob2 = (gint >> 8) & 1; -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -aob3 = gint & 0x0800; -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -.. - +\SpecialChar ~ + anl\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + a,#0x01 \newline -} -\layout Standard - -will generate the following code: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter +0020 F5*03\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24763,6 +28270,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 74\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24770,14 +28278,13 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + _foo_aob1_1_1,a +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 61 ;\SpecialChar ~ - hob.c 7 -\newline -000A E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24792,7 +28299,6 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 62\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24800,12 +28306,11 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - a,(_gint + 1) + 75 ;\SpecialChar ~ + hob.c 11 \newline -000C 23\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +0022 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24820,22 +28325,22 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 76\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 63\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + a,(_gint + 1) +\newline +0024 13\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - rl\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - a -\newline -000D 54 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24850,7 +28355,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 64\SpecialChar ~ + 77\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24858,11 +28363,11 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - anl\SpecialChar ~ + rrc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - a,#0x01 + a \newline -000F F5*02\SpecialChar ~ +0025 92*02\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24877,7 +28382,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 65\SpecialChar ~ + 78\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24887,7 +28392,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - _foo_hob1_1_1,a + _foo_aob2_1_1,c \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24914,10 +28419,10 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 66 ;\SpecialChar ~ - hob.c 8 + 79 ;\SpecialChar ~ + hob.c 12 \newline -0011 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ +0027 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24932,7 +28437,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 67\SpecialChar ~ + 80\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24944,10 +28449,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) \newline -0013 33\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +0029 A2 E3\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24962,7 +28464,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 68\SpecialChar ~ + 81\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24970,11 +28472,11 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - rlc\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - a + c,acc[3] \newline -0014 92*00\SpecialChar ~ +002B 92*03\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24989,7 +28491,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 69\SpecialChar ~ + 82\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24999,24 +28501,99 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - _foo_hob2_1_1,c + _foo_aob3_1_1,c +\layout Standard + +Other variations of these cases however will +\emph on +not +\emph default + be recognized. + They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only + way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable). + Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, + e.g.: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1); +\layout Standard + +will still be recognized. +\layout Subsection + +Higher Order Byte +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Byte} + +\end_inset + + / Higher Order Word +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Word} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +It is also frequently required to obtain a higher order byte or word of + a larger integral type (long, int or short types). + SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the higher order byte + or word and generates optimized code for it, e.g.: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +unsigned int gint; +\newline +unsigned long int glong; +\newline + +\newline +foo () { \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +unsigned char hob1, hob2; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +unsigned int how1, how2; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +... + +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +hob1 = (gint >> 8) & 0xFF; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +hob2 = glong >> 24; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +how2 = glong >> 8; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +.. + +\newline +} +\layout Standard + +will generate the following code: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25026,10 +28603,6 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 66 ;\SpecialChar ~ - hob.c 9 -\newline -0016 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25044,24 +28617,24 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 67\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 91 ;\SpecialChar ~ + hob.c 15 +\newline +0037 85*01*06\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - a,(_gint + 1) -\newline -0018 33\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 92\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25069,12 +28642,14 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + _foo_hob1_1_1,(_gint + 1) +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 68\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25082,11 +28657,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - rlc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - a -\newline -0019 92*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25100,8 +28671,11 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 93 ;\SpecialChar ~ + hob.c 16 +\newline +003A 85*05*07\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 69\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25109,12 +28683,10 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - _foo_hob3_1_1,c -\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 94\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25122,7 +28694,10 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + _foo_hob2_1_1,(_glong + 3) +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25138,10 +28713,6 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 70 ;\SpecialChar ~ - hob.c 10 -\newline -001B E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25152,11 +28723,14 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 95 ;\SpecialChar ~ + hob.c 17 +\newline +003D 85*04*08\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 71\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25164,18 +28738,19 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ + 96\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - a,(_gint + 1) -\newline -001D 03\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + _foo_how1_1_1,(_glong + 2) +\newline +0040 85*05*09\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25186,23 +28761,20 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 72\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + 97\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - rr\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - a + (_foo_how1_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 3) \newline -001E 54 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +0043 85*03*0A\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25214,7 +28786,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 73\SpecialChar ~ + 98\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25222,14 +28794,11 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - anl\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - a,#0x01 + _foo_how2_1_1,(_glong + 1) \newline -0020 F5*03\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +0046 85*04*0B\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25241,7 +28810,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 74\SpecialChar ~ + 99\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25251,1512 +28820,2729 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - _foo_aob1_1_1,a + (_foo_how2_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 2) +\layout Standard + +Again, variations of these cases may +\emph on +not +\emph default + be recognized. + They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only + way to get the higher order byte/word, (it is portable). + Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, + e.g.: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +xyz = gint + ((gint >> 8) & 0xFF); +\layout Standard + +will still be recognized. +\layout Subsection + +Peephole Optimizer +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Peephole-Optimizer} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism + for peep-hole optimization. + It is inspired by +\emph on +copt +\emph default + a peep-hole optimizer by Christopher W. + Fraser (cwfraser\SpecialChar ~ +@\SpecialChar ~ +microsoft.com). + A default set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules + may be added with the +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-peep-file +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file} + +\end_inset + + +\emph default + option. + The rule language is best illustrated with examples. +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +replace { \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 75 ;\SpecialChar ~ - hob.c 11 +mov %1,a \newline -0022 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 76\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +mov a,%1 +\newline +} by { +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +mov %1,a +\newline +} +\layout Standard + +The above rule will change the following assembly +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} + +\end_inset + + sequence: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +mov r1,a +\newline +mov a,r1 +\layout Standard + +to +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +mov r1,a +\layout Standard + +Note: All occurrences of a +\emph on +%n +\emph default + (pattern variable) must denote the same string. + With the above rule, the assembly sequence: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +mov r1,a +\newline +mov a,r2 +\layout Standard + +will remain unmodified. +\newline + +\newline +Other special case optimizations may be added by the user (via +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-peep-file option +\emph default +). + E.g. + some variants of the 8051 MCU +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants} + +\end_inset + + allow only +\family typewriter +ajmp +\family default + and +\family typewriter +acall +\family default +. + The following two rules will change all +\family typewriter +ljmp +\family default + and +\family typewriter +lcall +\family default + to +\family typewriter +ajmp +\family default + and +\family typewriter +acall +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 } +\newline +replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 } +\layout Standard + +The +\emph on +inline-assembler code +\emph default + is also passed through the peep hole optimizer, thus the peephole optimizer + can also be used as an assembly level macro expander. + The rules themselves are MCU dependent whereas the rule language infra-structur +e is MCU independent. + Peephole optimization rules for other MCU can be easily programmed using + the rule language. +\newline + +\newline +The syntax for a rule is as follows: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +rule := replace [ restart ] '{' ' +\backslash +n' +\newline \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + '}' by '{' ' +\backslash +n' +\newline \SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + ' +\backslash +n' +\newline \SpecialChar ~ - a,(_gint + 1) + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + '}' [if ] ' +\backslash +n' +\layout Standard + + := assembly instruction (each instruction including + labels must be on a separate line). +\newline + +\newline +The optimizer will apply to the rules one by one from the top in the sequence + of their appearance, it will terminate when all rules are exhausted. + If the 'restart' option is specified, then the optimizer will start matching + the rules again from the top, this option for a rule is expensive (performance) +, it is intended to be used in situations where a transformation will trigger + the same rule again. + An example of this (not a good one, it has side effects) is the following + rule: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +replace restart { \newline -0024 13\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 77\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - rrc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - a +pop %1 \newline -0025 92*02\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +push %1 } by { +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +; nop +\newline +} +\layout Standard + +Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment line. + Without the 'restart' option only the innermost 'pop' 'push' pair would + be eliminated, i.e.: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +pop ar1 +\newline +pop ar2 +\newline +push ar2 +\newline +push ar1 +\layout Standard + +would result in: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +pop ar1 +\newline +; nop +\newline +push ar1 +\layout Standard + + +\emph on +with +\emph default + the restart option the rule will be applied again to the resulting code + and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated to yield: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +; nop +\newline +; nop +\layout Standard + +A conditional function can be attached to a rule. + Attaching rules are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with + an example. +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +replace { +\newline \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ +ljmp %5 +\newline +%2: +\newline +} by { +\newline \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ +sjmp %5 +\newline +%2: +\newline +} if labelInRange +\layout Standard + +The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function + +\emph on +callFuncByName +\emph default + in the source file SDCCpeeph.c, with the name +\emph on +labelInRange +\emph default +. + If it finds a corresponding entry the function is called. + Note there can be no parameters specified for these functions, in this + case the use of +\emph on +%5 +\emph default + is crucial, since the function +\emph on +labelInRange +\emph default + expects to find the label in that particular variable (the hash table containin +g the variable bindings is passed as a parameter). + If you want to code more such functions, take a close look at the function + labelInRange and the calling mechanism in source file SDCCpeeph.c. + Currently implemented are +\emph on +labelInRange, labelRefCount, labelIsReturnOnly, operandsNotSame, xramMovcOption, + 24bitMode, portIsDS390, 24bitModeAndPortDS390 +\emph default +and +\emph on + notVolatile +\emph default +. +\layout Standard + +I know this whole thing is a little kludgey, but maybe some day we will + have some better means. + If you are looking at this file, you will see the default rules that are + compiled into the compiler, you can add your own rules in the default set + there if you get tired of specifying the - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-peep-file option. +\layout Section + +ANSI-Compliance +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance} + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:ANSI-Compliance} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +The latest publically available version of the standard +\emph on +ISO/IEC 9899 - Programming languages - C +\emph default + should be available at: +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899} + +\end_inset + +. +\newline + +\layout Standard + +Deviations from the compliance: +\layout Itemize + +functions are not reentrant +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} + +\end_inset + + unless explicitly declared as such or the +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-stack-auto +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} + +\end_inset + + +\series default + command line option is specified. +\layout Itemize + +structures +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{struct} + +\end_inset + + and unions +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{union} + +\end_inset + + cannot be assigned values directly, cannot be passed as function parameters + or assigned to each other and cannot be a return value +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value} + +\end_inset + + from a function, e.g.: +\begin_deeper +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +struct s { ... + }; +\newline +struct s s1, s2; +\newline +foo() +\newline +{ +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 78\SpecialChar ~ +... + +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - _foo_aob2_1_1,c +... + +\newline +} +\newline + +\series bold +struct +\series default + s foo1 ( +\series bold +struct +\series default + s parms) /* invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ +\newline +{ \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +struct s rets; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +... + +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +return rets; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ +\newline +} +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +initialization of structure arrays must be fully braced. +\begin_deeper +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ +/* invalid in SDCC */ +\newline +struct s { char x } a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */ +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +'long long +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long long (not supported)} + +\end_inset + +' (64 bit integers +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (64 bit) (not supported)} + +\end_inset + +) not supported. +\layout Itemize + +'double +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{double (not supported)} + +\end_inset + +' precision floating point +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} + +\end_inset + +not supported. +\layout Itemize + +Old K&R style +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{K\&R style} + +\end_inset + + function declarations are NOT allowed. +\begin_deeper +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */ +\newline +int i,j; /* are valid in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */ +\newline +{ +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 79 ;\SpecialChar ~ - hob.c 12 +... + +\newline +} +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, f.e.: +\begin_deeper +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\series bold +inline +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{inline (not supported)} + +\end_inset + + +\series default + int increment (int a) { return a+1; } /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed + in C99. + An empty define +\emph on +#define inline +\emph default + can be used as a work around */ +\newline + +\newline +for ( +\series bold +int +\series default + i=0; i<10; i++) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99 */ +\end_deeper +\layout Itemize + +Certain words that are valid identifiers in the standard may be reserved + words in SDCC unless the +\series bold +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-std-c89 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89} + +\end_inset + + or - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-std-c99 +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c99} + +\end_inset + + +\series default + command line options are used. + These may include (depending on the selected processor): 'at', 'banked', + 'bit', 'code', 'critical', 'data', 'eeprom', 'far', 'flash', 'idata', 'interrup +t', 'near', 'nonbanked', 'pdata', 'reentrant', 'sbit', 'sfr', 'shadowregs', + 'sram', 'using', 'wparam', 'xdata', '_overlay', '_asm', '_endasm', and + '_naked'. + Compliant equivalents of these keywords are always available in a form + that begin with two underscores +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ (prefix for extended keywords)} + +\end_inset + +, f.e. + '__data' instead of 'data'. +\layout Section + +Cyclomatic Complexity +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent + paths the program can take during execution of the function. + This is an important number since it defines the number test cases you + have to generate to validate the function. + The accepted industry standard for complexity number is 10, if the cyclomatic + complexity reported by SDCC exceeds 10 you should think about simplification + of the function logic. + Note that the complexity level is not related to the number of lines of + code in a function. + Large functions can have low complexity, and small functions can have large + complexity levels. + +\newline + +\newline +SDCC uses the following formula to compute the complexity: +\newline + +\layout Standard + +complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - (number of nodes + in control flow graph) + 2; +\newline + +\newline +Having said that the industry standard is 10, you should be aware that in + some cases it be may unavoidable to have a complexity level of less than + 10. + For example if you have switch statement with more than 10 case labels, + each case label adds one to the complexity level. + The complexity level is by no means an absolute measure of the algorithmic + complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting point + for which functions you might look at for further optimization. +\layout Section + +Retargetting for other Processors +\layout Standard + +The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be covered + by this document. + What follows is a brief description of each of the seven phases of the + compiler and its MCU dependency. +\layout Itemize + +Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree. + This phase is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions). + Syntax & semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial + optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations + like bit-rotation etc. +\layout Itemize + +The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy + manipulated during the later phases. + This phase is entirely MCU independent. + The intermediate code generation assumes the target machine has unlimited + number of registers, and designates them with the name iTemp. + The compiler can be made to dump a human readable form of the code generated + by using the - +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-dumpraw option. +\layout Itemize + +This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also MCU independe +nt. + This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases: +\newline + +\newline +Break down intermediate code (iCode) into basic blocks. +\newline +Do control flow & data flow analysis on the basic blocks. +\newline +Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpression elimination +\newline +Dead code elimination +\newline +Loop optimizations +\newline +If loop optimizations caused any changes then do 'global subexpression eliminati +on' and 'dead code elimination' again. +\layout Itemize + +This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those iTemp + variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all the optimization +s. + Live range analysis +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} + +\end_inset + + is essential for register allocation, since these computation determines + which of these iTemps will be assigned to registers, and for how long. +\layout Itemize + +Phase five is register allocation. + There are two parts to this process. \newline -0027 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 80\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - a,(_gint + 1) + \newline -0029 A2 E3\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 81\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - c,acc[3] +The first part I call 'register packing' (for lack of a better term). + In this case several MCU specific expression folding is done to reduce + register pressure. +\newline + +\newline +The second part is more MCU independent and deals with allocating registers + to the remaining live ranges. + A lot of MCU specific code does creep into this phase because of the limited + number of index registers available in the 8051. +\layout Itemize + +The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and very + little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU. + However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand for each + iCode operand may be reused. +\layout Itemize + +As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is rule + based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs. +\layout Standard + +More information is available in a wiki +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki} + +\end_inset + + (preliminary link +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/release_wiki/index.php?page=SDCC+internals+and+porting} + +\end_inset + +) and in the thread +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=13954144} + +\end_inset + + . +\layout Chapter + +Compiler internals +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compiler internals} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Section + +The anatomy of the compiler +\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:The-anatomy-of} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + + +\shape italic +This is an excerpt from an article published in Circuit Cellar Magazine + in +\series bold +August 2000 +\series default +. + It's a little outdated (the compiler is much more efficient now and user/develo +per friendly), but pretty well exposes the guts of it all. +\shape default + +\newline + +\newline +The current version of SDCC can generate code for Intel 8051 and Z80 MCU. + It is fairly easy to retarget for other 8-bit MCU. + Here we take a look at some of the internals of the compiler. + +\layout Paragraph* + +Parsing +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parsing} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Annotated syntax tree} + +\end_inset + +). + This phase also involves propagating types (annotating each node of the + parse tree with type information) and semantic analysis. + There are some MCU specific parsing rules. + For example the storage classes, the extended storage classes are MCU specific + while there may be a xdata storage class for 8051 there is no such storage + class for z80 or Atmel AVR. + SDCC allows MCU specific storage class extensions, i.e. + xdata will be treated as a storage class specifier when parsing 8051 C + code but will be treated as a C identifier when parsing z80 or ATMEL AVR + C code. +\layout Paragraph* + +Generating iCode +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +Intermediate code generation. + In this phase the AST is broken down into three-operand form (iCode). + These three operand forms are represented as doubly linked lists. + ICode is the term given to the intermediate form generated by the compiler. + ICode example section shows some examples of iCode generated for some simple + C source functions. +\layout Paragraph* + +Optimizations +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations} + +\end_inset + +. +\layout Standard + +Bulk of the target independent optimizations is performed in this phase. + The optimizations include constant propagation, common sub-expression eliminati +on, loop invariant code movement, strength reduction of loop induction variables + and dead-code elimination. +\layout Paragraph* + +Live range analysis +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +During intermediate code generation phase, the compiler assumes the target + machine has infinite number of registers and generates a lot of temporary + variables. + The live range computation determines the lifetime of each of these compiler-ge +nerated temporaries. + A picture speaks a thousand words. + ICode example sections show the live range annotations for each of the + operand. + It is important to note here, each iCode is assigned a number in the order + of its execution in the function. + The live ranges are computed in terms of these numbers. + The from number is the number of the iCode which first defines the operand + and the to number signifies the iCode which uses this operand last. +\layout Paragraph* + +Register Allocation +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation} + +\end_inset + + +\layout Standard + +The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed + by each operand. + In most MCUs only a few registers can be used for indirect addressing. + In case of 8051 for example the registers R0 & R1 can be used to indirectly + address the internal ram and DPTR to indirectly address the external ram. + The compiler will try to allocate the appropriate register to pointer variables + if it can. + ICode example section shows the operands annotated with the registers assigned + to them. + The compiler will try to keep operands in registers as much as possible; + there are several schemes the compiler uses to do achieve this. + When the compiler runs out of registers the compiler will check to see + if there are any live operands which is not used or defined in the current + basic block being processed, if there are any found then it will push that + operand and use the registers in this block, the operand will then be popped + at the end of the basic block. + +\layout Standard + +There are other MCU specific considerations in this phase. + Some MCUs have an accumulator; very short-lived operands could be assigned + to the accumulator instead of a general-purpose register. +\layout Paragraph* + +Code generation +\layout Standard + +Figure II gives a table of iCode +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} + +\end_inset + + operations supported by the compiler. + The code generation involves translating these operations into corresponding + assembly code for the processor. + This sounds overly simple but that is the essence of code generation. + Some of the iCode operations are generated on a MCU specific manner for + example, the z80 port does not use registers to pass parameters so the + SEND and RECV iCode operations will not be generated, and it also does + not support JUMPTABLES. + \newline -002B 92*03\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 82\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - _foo_aob3_1_1,c + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Figure II +\begin_inset Tabular + + + + + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +iCode +\series default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} + +\end_inset + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Operands +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +Description +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\series bold +C Equivalent +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +'!' +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +NOT operation +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = ! IC_LEFT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +'~' +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Bitwise complement of +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = ~IC_LEFT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +RRC +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Rotate right with carry +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << 1) | (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8-1)); +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +RLC +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Rotate left with carry +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << (sizeof(LC_LEFT)*8-1) ) | (IC_LEFT >> 1); +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +GETHBIT +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Get the highest order bit of IC_LEFT +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8 -1)); +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +UNARYMINUS +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Unary minus +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = - IC_LEFT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IPUSH +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Push the operand into stack +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +NONE +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IPOP +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Pop the operand from the stack +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +NONE +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +CALL +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Call the function represented by IC_LEFT +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT(); +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +PCALL +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Call via function pointer +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT)(); +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +RETURN +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Return the value in operand IC_LEFT +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +return IC_LEFT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +LABEL +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -Other variations of these cases however will -\emph on -not -\emph default - be recognized. - They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only - way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable). - Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, - e.g.: -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +IC_LABEL() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1); \layout Standard -will still be recognized. -\layout Subsection -Higher Order Byte -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Byte} +\size footnotesize +Label +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LABEL: \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - / Higher Order Word -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Word} +\layout Standard + +\size footnotesize +GOTO \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\size footnotesize +IC_LABEL() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -It is also frequently required to obtain a higher order byte or word of - a larger integral type (long, int or short types). - SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the higher order byte - or word and generates optimized code for it, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +Goto label +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -unsigned int gint; -\newline -unsigned long int glong; -\newline +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +goto IC_LABEL(); +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +'+' +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Addition +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT + IC_RIGHT +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +'-' +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Subtraction +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT - IC_RIGHT +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +'*' +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Multiplication +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT * IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +'/' +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Division +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -foo () { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -unsigned char hob1, hob2; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -unsigned int how1, how2; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -hob1 = (gint >> 8) & 0xFF; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -hob2 = glong >> 24; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -how2 = glong >> 8; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -.. - -\newline -} \layout Standard -will generate the following code: -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT / IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +'%' +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 91 ;\SpecialChar ~ - hob.c 15 -\newline -0037 85*01*06\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 92\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - _foo_hob1_1_1,(_gint + 1) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 93 ;\SpecialChar ~ - hob.c 16 -\newline -003A 85*05*07\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 94\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - _foo_hob2_1_1,(_glong + 3) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 95 ;\SpecialChar ~ - hob.c 17 -\newline -003D 85*04*08\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 96\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - _foo_how1_1_1,(_glong + 2) -\newline -0040 85*05*09\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 97\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - (_foo_how1_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 3) -\newline -0043 85*03*0A\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 98\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - _foo_how2_1_1,(_glong + 1) -\newline -0046 85*04*0B\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 99\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - (_foo_how2_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 2) \layout Standard -Again, variations of these cases may -\emph on -not -\emph default - be recognized. - They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only - way to get the higher order byte/word, (it is portable). - Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, - e.g.: -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +Modulus +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -xyz = gint + ((gint >> 8) & 0xFF); \layout Standard -will still be recognized. -\layout Subsection -Peephole Optimizer -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Peephole-Optimizer} +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT % IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +'<' \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + +\size footnotesize +Less than +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism - for peep-hole optimization. - It is inspired by -\emph on -copt -\emph default - a peep-hole optimizer by Christopher W. - Fraser (cwfraser\SpecialChar ~ -@\SpecialChar ~ -microsoft.com). - A default set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules - may be added with the -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT < IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ + +\size footnotesize +'>' \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard --peep-file -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file} +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - -\emph default - option. - The rule language is best illustrated with examples. -\layout Verse +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -replace { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov %1,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov a,%1 -\newline -} by { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov %1,a -\newline -} +\size footnotesize +Greater than +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT > IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +EQ_OP +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Equal to +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT == IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +AND_OP +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Logical and operation +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT && IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +OR_OP +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Logical or operation +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT || IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +'^' +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -The above rule will change the following assembly -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} +\size footnotesize +Exclusive OR \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - sequence: -\layout Verse +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -mov r1,a -\newline -mov a,r1 +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT ^ IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -to -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +'|' +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -mov r1,a \layout Standard -Note: All occurrences of a -\emph on -%n -\emph default - (pattern variable) must denote the same string. - With the above rule, the assembly sequence: -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -mov r1,a -\newline -mov a,r2 \layout Standard -will remain unmodified. -\newline -\newline -Other special case optimizations may be added by the user (via -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\size footnotesize +Bitwise OR +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT | IC_RIGHT; \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text --peep-file option -\emph default -). - E.g. - some variants of the 8051 MCU -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants} +\layout Standard + +\size footnotesize +BITWISEAND \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - allow only -\family typewriter -ajmp -\family default - and -\family typewriter -acall -\family default -. - The following two rules will change all -\family typewriter -ljmp -\family default - and -\family typewriter -lcall -\family default - to -\family typewriter -ajmp -\family default - and -\family typewriter -acall -\layout Verse +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 } -\newline -replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 } +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -The -\emph on -inline-assembler code -\emph default - is also passed through the peep hole optimizer, thus the peephole optimizer - can also be used as an assembly level macro expander. - The rules themselves are MCU dependent whereas the rule language infra-structur -e is MCU independent. - Peephole optimization rules for other MCU can be easily programmed using - the rule language. -\newline -\newline -The syntax for a rule is as follows: -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +Bitwise AND +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT & IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -rule := replace [ restart ] '{' ' -\backslash -n' -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - '}' by '{' ' -\backslash -n' -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - ' -\backslash -n' -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - '}' [if ] ' -\backslash -n' \layout Standard - := assembly instruction (each instruction including - labels must be on a separate line). -\newline -\newline -The optimizer will apply to the rules one by one from the top in the sequence - of their appearance, it will terminate when all rules are exhausted. - If the 'restart' option is specified, then the optimizer will start matching - the rules again from the top, this option for a rule is expensive (performance) -, it is intended to be used in situations where a transformation will trigger - the same rule again. - An example of this (not a good one, it has side effects) is the following - rule: -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +LEFT_OP +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard + + +\size footnotesize +Left shift +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -replace restart { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -pop %1 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push %1 } by { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; nop -\newline -} \layout Standard -Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment line. - Without the 'restart' option only the innermost 'pop' 'push' pair would - be eliminated, i.e.: -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT << IC_RIGHT +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -pop ar1 -\newline -pop ar2 -\newline -push ar2 -\newline -push ar1 \layout Standard -would result in: -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +RIGHT_OP +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -pop ar1 -\newline -; nop -\newline -push ar1 \layout Standard -\emph on -with -\emph default - the restart option the rule will be applied again to the resulting code - and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated to yield: -\layout Verse - +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -; nop -\newline -; nop \layout Standard -A conditional function can be attached to a rule. - Attaching rules are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with - an example. -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +Right shift +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -replace { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ -ljmp %5 -\newline -%2: -\newline -} by { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ -sjmp %5 -\newline -%2: -\newline -} if labelInRange \layout Standard -The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function - -\emph on -callFuncByName -\emph default - in the source file SDCCpeeph.c, with the name -\emph on -labelInRange -\emph default -. - If it finds a corresponding entry the function is called. - Note there can be no parameters specified for these functions, in this - case the use of -\emph on -%5 -\emph default - is crucial, since the function -\emph on -labelInRange -\emph default - expects to find the label in that particular variable (the hash table containin -g the variable bindings is passed as a parameter). - If you want to code more such functions, take a close look at the function - labelInRange and the calling mechanism in source file SDCCpeeph.c. - Currently implemented are -\emph on -labelInRange, labelRefCount, labelIsReturnOnly, operandsNotSame, xramMovcOption, - 24bitMode, portIsDS390, 24bitModeAndPortDS390 -\emph default -and -\emph on - notVolatile -\emph default -. -\layout Standard -I know this whole thing is a little kludgey, but maybe some day we will - have some better means. - If you are looking at this file, you will see the default rules that are - compiled into the compiler, you can add your own rules in the default set - there if you get tired of specifying the - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT >> IC_RIGHT +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ + +\size footnotesize +GET_VALUE_ +\newline +AT_ ADDRESS \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text --peep-file option. -\layout Section +\layout Standard -ANSI-Compliance -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance} +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:ANSI-Compliance} +\size footnotesize +Indirect fetch \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Deviations from the compliance: -\layout Itemize - -functions are not reentrant -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT); \end_inset - - unless explicitly declared as such or the -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ + +\size footnotesize +POINTER_SET \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text --stack-auto -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} +\layout Standard -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\series default - command line option is specified. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -structures and unions cannot be assigned values directly, cannot be passed - as function parameters or assigned to each other and cannot be a return - value from a function, e.g.: -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +Indirect set +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -struct s { ... - }; -\newline -struct s s1, s2; -\newline -foo() -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... - -\newline -} -\newline -struct s foo1 (struct s parms) /* invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI - */ -\newline -{ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -struct s rets; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -return rets;/* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ -\newline -} -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -initialization of structure arrays must be fully braced. -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse +\size footnotesize +(*IC_RESULT) = IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -\family typewriter -struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2}; /* invalid in SDCC */ -\newline -struct s { char x } a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */ -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -'long long -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long long (not supported)} +\size footnotesize +'=' \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -' (64 bit integers -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (64 bit) (not supported)} +\layout Standard + +\size footnotesize +IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -) not supported. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -'double -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{double (not supported)} +\size footnotesize +Assignment \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard -' precision floating point -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_RIGHT; \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -not supported. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -No support for setjmp -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{setjmp (not supported)} +\size footnotesize +IFX \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard - and longjmp -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{longjmp (not supported)} +\size footnotesize +IC_COND IC_TRUE IC_LABEL \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - (for now). -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -Old K&R style -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{K\&R style} +\size footnotesize +Conditional jump. + If true label is present then jump to true label if condition is true else + jump to false label if condition is false \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - function declarations are NOT allowed. -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse +\layout Standard -\family typewriter -foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */ -\newline -int i,j; /* are valid in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */ -\newline -{ +\size footnotesize +if (IC_COND) goto IC_TRUE; \newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -... - +Or \newline -} -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize - -Certain words that are valid identifiers in the standard may be reserved - words in SDCC unless the -\series bold -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +If (!IC_COND) goto IC_FALSE; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --std-c89 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89} +\size footnotesize +ADDRESS_OF \end_inset - - or - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ -\end_inset - --std-c99 -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c99} +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\layout Standard -\series default - command line options are used. - These may include (depending on the selected processor): 'at', 'banked', - 'bit', 'code', 'critical', 'data', 'eeprom', 'far', 'flash', 'idata', 'interrup -t', 'near', 'nonbanked', 'pdata', 'reentrant', 'sbit', 'sfr', 'shadowregs', - 'sram', 'using', 'wparam', 'xdata', '_overlay', '_asm', '_endasm', and - '_naked'. - Compliant equivalents of these keywords are always available in a form - that begin with two underscores -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ (prefix for extended keywords)} +\size footnotesize +Address of \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -, f.e. - '__data' instead of 'data'. -\layout Section +\layout Standard -Cyclomatic Complexity -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity} +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = &IC_LEFT(); \end_inset - + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent - paths the program can take during execution of the function. - This is an important number since it defines the number test cases you - have to generate to validate the function. - The accepted industry standard for complexity number is 10, if the cyclomatic - complexity reported by SDCC exceeds 10 you should think about simplification - of the function logic. - Note that the complexity level is not related to the number of lines of - code in a function. - Large functions can have low complexity, and small functions can have large - complexity levels. - -\newline -\newline -SDCC uses the following formula to compute the complexity: -\newline +\size footnotesize +JUMPTABLE +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - (number of nodes - in control flow graph) + 2; -\newline -\newline -Having said that the industry standard is 10, you should be aware that in - some cases it be may unavoidable to have a complexity level of less than - 10. - For example if you have switch statement with more than 10 case labels, - each case label adds one to the complexity level. - The complexity level is by no means an absolute measure of the algorithmic - complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting point - for which functions you might look at for further optimization. -\layout Section +\size footnotesize +IC_JTCOND IC_JTLABELS +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Retargetting for other Processors \layout Standard -The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be covered - by this document. - What follows is a brief description of each of the seven phases of the - compiler and its MCU dependency. -\layout Itemize - -Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree. - This phase is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions). - Syntax & semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial - optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations - like bit-rotation etc. -\layout Itemize -The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy - manipulated during the later phases. - This phase is entirely MCU independent. - The intermediate code generation assumes the target machine has unlimited - number of registers, and designates them with the name iTemp. - The compiler can be made to dump a human readable form of the code generated - by using the - -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\size footnotesize +Jump to list of labels depending on the value of JTCOND +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -/ + +\size footnotesize +Switch statement \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text --dumpraw option. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also MCU independe -nt. - This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases: -\newline -\newline -Break down intermediate code (iCode) into basic blocks. -\newline -Do control flow & data flow analysis on the basic blocks. -\newline -Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpression elimination -\newline -Dead code elimination -\newline -Loop optimizations -\newline -If loop optimizations caused any changes then do 'global subexpression eliminati -on' and 'dead code elimination' again. -\layout Itemize +\size footnotesize +CAST +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard -This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those iTemp - variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all the optimization -s. - Live range analysis -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} +\size footnotesize +IC_RIGHT() IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text - is essential for register allocation, since these computation determines - which of these iTemps will be assigned to registers, and for how long. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -Phase five is register allocation. - There are two parts to this process. -\newline -\newline -The first part I call 'register packing' (for lack of a better term). - In this case several MCU specific expression folding is done to reduce - register pressure. -\newline +\size footnotesize +Cast types +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -The second part is more MCU independent and deals with allocating registers - to the remaining live ranges. - A lot of MCU specific code does creep into this phase because of the limited - number of index registers available in the 8051. -\layout Itemize +\layout Standard -The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and very - little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU. - However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand for each - iCode operand may be reused. -\layout Itemize -As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is rule - based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs. -\layout Chapter +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (typeof IC_LEFT) IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text -Compiler internals -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compiler internals} +\layout Standard -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +SEND +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\layout Section +\layout Standard -The anatomy of the compiler -\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:The-anatomy-of} +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\shape italic -This is an excerpt from an article published in Circuit Cellar Magazine - in -\series bold -August 2000 -\series default -. - It's a little outdated (the compiler is much more efficient now and user/develo -per friendly), but pretty well exposes the guts of it all. -\shape default - +\size footnotesize +This is used for passing parameters in registers; \newline +move IC_LEFT to the next available parameter register. +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -\newline -The current version of SDCC can generate code for Intel 8051 and Z80 MCU. - It is fairly easy to retarget for other 8-bit MCU. - Here we take a look at some of the internals of the compiler. - -\layout Paragraph* +\layout Standard -Parsing -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parsing} +\size footnotesize +None \end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text - \layout Standard -Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Annotated syntax tree} +\size footnotesize +RECV \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -). - This phase also involves propagating types (annotating each node of the - parse tree with type information) and semantic analysis. - There are some MCU specific parsing rules. - For example the storage classes, the extended storage classes are MCU specific - while there may be a xdata storage class for 8051 there is no such storage - class for z80 or Atmel AVR. - SDCC allows MCU specific storage class extensions, i.e. - xdata will be treated as a storage class specifier when parsing 8051 C - code but will be treated as a C identifier when parsing z80 or ATMEL AVR - C code. -\layout Paragraph* +\layout Standard -Generating iCode -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT() \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Intermediate code generation. - In this phase the AST is broken down into three-operand form (iCode). - These three operand forms are represented as doubly linked lists. - ICode is the term given to the intermediate form generated by the compiler. - ICode example section shows some examples of iCode generated for some simple - C source functions. -\layout Paragraph* - -Optimizations -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations} +\size footnotesize +This is used for receiving parameters passed in registers; +\newline +Move the values in the next parameter register to IC_RESULT \end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -. \layout Standard -Bulk of the target independent optimizations is performed in this phase. - The optimizations include constant propagation, common sub-expression eliminati -on, loop invariant code movement, strength reduction of loop induction variables - and dead-code elimination. -\layout Paragraph* - -Live range analysis -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} +\size footnotesize +None \end_inset - + + + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -During intermediate code generation phase, the compiler assumes the target - machine has infinite number of registers and generates a lot of temporary - variables. - The live range computation determines the lifetime of each of these compiler-ge -nerated temporaries. - A picture speaks a thousand words. - ICode example sections show the live range annotations for each of the - operand. - It is important to note here, each iCode is assigned a number in the order - of its execution in the function. - The live ranges are computed in terms of these numbers. - The from number is the number of the iCode which first defines the operand - and the to number signifies the iCode which uses this operand last. -\layout Paragraph* - -Register Allocation -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation} +\shape slanted +\size footnotesize +(some more have been added) \end_inset - + + +\begin_inset Text \layout Standard -The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed - by each operand. - In most MCUs only a few registers can be used for indirect addressing. - In case of 8051 for example the registers R0 & R1 can be used to indirectly - address the internal ram and DPTR to indirectly address the external ram. - The compiler will try to allocate the appropriate register to pointer variables - if it can. - ICode example section shows the operands annotated with the registers assigned - to them. - The compiler will try to keep operands in registers as much as possible; - there are several schemes the compiler uses to do achieve this. - When the compiler runs out of registers the compiler will check to see - if there are any live operands which is not used or defined in the current - basic block being processed, if there are any found then it will push that - operand and use the registers in this block, the operand will then be popped - at the end of the basic block. - +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + \layout Standard -There are other MCU specific considerations in this phase. - Some MCUs have an accumulator; very short-lived operands could be assigned - to the accumulator instead of a general-purpose register. -\layout Paragraph* +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text -Code generation \layout Standard -Figure II gives a table of iCode operations supported by the compiler. - The code generation involves translating these operations into corresponding - assembly code for the processor. - This sounds overly simple but that is the essence of code generation. - Some of the iCode operations are generated on a MCU specific manner for - example, the z80 port does not use registers to pass parameters so the - SEND and RECV iCode operations will not be generated, and it also does - not support JUMPTABLES. + +\shape slanted +\size footnotesize +see f.e. -\newline +\family typewriter +gen51Code() +\family default + in +\family typewriter +src/mcs51/gen.c +\end_inset + + + + +\end_inset + -\series bold -\shape italic -\color red - \layout Comment In the original article Figure II was announced to be downloadable on @@ -26764,8 +31550,7 @@ In the original article Figure II was announced to be downloadable on Circuit Cellar \shape default 's web site. - Unfortunately it never seemed to have shown up there, so: where is Figure - II? + ftp://ftp.circuitcellar.com/pub/Circuit_Cellar/2000/121/dutta.ZIP \layout Paragraph* ICode Example @@ -28032,6 +32817,38 @@ Thanks to all the other volunteer developers who have helped with coding, \newline +\newline + +\emph on +Also thanks to Sourceforge +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.sf.net} + +\end_inset + + which has hosted the project since 1999 and donates significant download + bandwidth and probably more than +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard +$10^{13}$ +\end_inset + +CPU cycles per day. +\newline + +\begin_inset Note +collapsed false + +\layout Standard + +more than 10^13 is an estimate: on my Athlon 2800+ it takes about (0.5+6.5+20) + minutes for (configure+make+regression test), and there is (i386, amd64, + alpha, ppc64, (mingw32), sparc, macosx). + +\end_inset + + \layout Standard This document was initially written by Sandeep Dutta