-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
-N\bN\bN\bNA\bA\bA\bAM\bM\bM\bME\bE\bE\bE
+N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
sudoers - list of which users may execute what
-D\bD\bD\bDE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bSC\bC\bC\bCR\bR\bR\bRI\bI\bI\bIP\bP\bP\bPT\bT\bT\bTI\bI\bI\bIO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bN
+D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
The _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file is composed of two types of entries:
aliases (basically variables) and user specifications
- (which specify who may run what). The grammar of _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs
- will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form
- (EBNF). Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is; it
- is fairly simple, and the definitions below are annotated.
+ (which specify who may run what).
- Q\bQ\bQ\bQu\bu\bu\bui\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bck\bk\bk\bk g\bg\bg\bgu\bu\bu\bui\bi\bi\bid\bd\bd\bde\be\be\be t\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bo E\bE\bE\bEB\bB\bB\bBN\bN\bN\bNF\bF\bF\bF
+ When multiple entries match for a user, they are applied
+ in order. Where there are conflicting values, the last
+ match is used (which is not necessarily the most specific
+ match).
+
+ The _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs grammar will be described below in Extended
+ Backus-Naur Form (EBNF). Don't despair if you don't know
+ what EBNF is; it is fairly simple, and the definitions
+ below are annotated.
+
+ Q\bQu\bui\bic\bck\bk g\bgu\bui\bid\bde\be t\bto\bo E\bEB\bBN\bNF\bF
EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar
of a language. Each EBNF definition is made up of _\bp_\br_\bo_\bd_\bu_\bc_\b
is a verbatim character string (as opposed to a symbol
name).
- A\bA\bA\bAl\bl\bl\bli\bi\bi\bia\ba\ba\bas\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bs
+ A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
There are four kinds of aliases: User_Alias, Runas_Alias,
Host_Alias and Cmnd_Alias.
- Alias ::= 'User_Alias' User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
- 'Runas_Alias' Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
- 'Host_Alias' Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
- 'Cmnd_Alias' Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*
- User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List
- Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_List
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 1
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 1
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ Alias ::= 'User_Alias' User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
+ 'Runas_Alias' Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
+ 'Host_Alias' Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
+ 'Cmnd_Alias' Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*
+
+ User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List
+
+ Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_List
Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List
where _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\b__\bT_\by_\bp_\be is one of User_Alias, Runas_Alias,
Host_Alias, or Cmnd_Alias. A NAME is a string of upper
- case letters, numbers, and the underscore characters
- ('_'). A NAME m\bm\bm\bmu\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\bt start with an uppercase letter. It is
- possible to put several alias definitions of the same type
- on a single line, joined by a colon (':'). E.g.,
+ case letters, numbers, and underscore characters ('_'). A
+ NAME m\bmu\bus\bst\bt start with an uppercase letter. It is possible
+ to put several alias definitions of the same type on a
+ single line, joined by a colon (':'). E.g.,
Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5
'!'* '+'netgroup |
'!'* User_Alias
- A User_List is made up of one or more usernames, uids
- (prefixed with '#'), System groups (prefixed with '%'),
- netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases. Each
- list item may be prefixed with one or more '!' operators.
- An odd number of '!' operators negate the value of the
- item; an even number just cancel each other out.
+ A User_List is made up of one or more usernames, system
+ groups (prefixed with '%'), netgroups (prefixed with '+')
+ and other aliases. Each list item may be prefixed with
+ one or more '!' operators. An odd number of '!' operators
+ negate the value of the item; an even number just cancel
+ each other out.
Runas_List ::= Runas_User |
Runas_User ',' Runas_List
'!'* +netgroup |
'!'* Runas_Alias
- A Runas_List is similar to a User_List except that it can
- also contain uids (prefixed with '#') and instead of
- User_Aliases it can contain Runas_Aliases.
-
- Host_List ::= Host |
- Host ',' Host_List
-
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 2
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 2
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ A Runas_List is similar to a User_List except that it can
+ also contain uids (prefixed with '#') and instead of
+ User_Aliases it can contain Runas_Aliases. Note that
+ usernames and groups are matched as strings. In other
+ words, two users (groups) with the same uid (gid) are con
+ sidered to be distinct. If you wish to match all user
+ names with the same uid (e.g. root and toor), you can use
+ a uid instead (#0 in the example given).
+ Host_List ::= Host |
+ Host ',' Host_List
Host ::= '!'* hostname |
'!'* ip_addr |
and other aliases. Again, the value of an item may be
negated with the '!' operator. If you do not specify a
netmask with a network number, the netmask of the host's
- ethernet _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be(s) will be used when matching. The
+ ethernet interface(s) will be used when matching. The
netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation
(e.g. 255.255.255.0) or CIDR notation (number of bits,
e.g. 24). A hostname may include shell-style wildcards
- (see `Wildcards' section below), but unless the hostname
+ (see the Wildcards section below), but unless the hostname
command on your machine returns the fully qualified host
name, you'll need to use the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn option for wildcards to
be useful.
Cmnd ::= '!'* commandname |
'!'* directory |
+ '!'* "sudoedit" |
'!'* Cmnd_Alias
A Cmnd_List is a list of one or more commandnames, direc
tories, and other aliases. A commandname is a fully qual
ified filename which may include shell-style wildcards
- (see `Wildcards' section below). A simple filename allows
- the user to run the command with any arguments he/she
- wishes. However, you may also specify command line argu
- ments (including wildcards). Alternately, you can specify
- "" to indicate that the command may only be run w\bw\bw\bwi\bi\bi\bit\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bho\bo\bo\bou\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bt
- command line arguments. A directory is a fully qualified
- pathname ending in a '/'. When you specify a directory in
- a Cmnd_List, the user will be able to run any file within
- that directory (but not in any subdirectories therein).
-
- If a Cmnd has associated command line arguments, then the
- arguments in the Cmnd must match exactly those given by
- the user on the command line (or match the wildcards if
- there are any). Note that the following characters must
- be escaped with a '\' if they are used in command argu
- ments: ',', ':', '=', '\'.
-
-
+ (see the Wildcards section below). A simple filename
+ allows the user to run the command with any arguments
+ he/she wishes. However, you may also specify command line
+ arguments (including wildcards). Alternately, you can
+ specify "" to indicate that the command may only be run
+ w\bwi\bit\bth\bho\bou\but\bt command line arguments. A directory is a fully
+ qualified pathname ending in a '/'. When you specify a
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 3
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 3
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ directory in a Cmnd_List, the user will be able to run any
+ file within that directory (but not in any subdirectories
+ therein).
+ If a Cmnd has associated command line arguments, then the
+ arguments in the Cmnd must match exactly those given by
+ the user on the command line (or match the wildcards if
+ there are any). Note that the following characters must
+ be escaped with a '\' if they are used in command argu
+ ments: ',', ':', '=', '\'. The special command "sudoedit"
+ is used to permit a user to run s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo with the -\b-e\be flag (or
+ as s\bsu\bud\bdo\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bt). It may take command line arguments just as
+ a normal command does.
- D\bD\bD\bDe\be\be\bef\bf\bf\bfa\ba\ba\bau\bu\bu\bul\bl\bl\blt\bt\bt\bts\bs\bs\bs
+ D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bts\bs
Certain configuration options may be changed from their
default values at runtime via one or more Default_Entry
lines. These may affect all users on any host, all users
- on a specific host, or just a specific user. When multi
- ple entries match, they are applied in order. Where there
- are conflicting values, the last value on a matching line
- takes effect.
+ on a specific host, a specific user, or commands being run
+ as a specific user.
- Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' ||
- 'Defaults' ':' User ||
- 'Defaults' '@' Host
+ Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' |
+ 'Defaults' '@' Host |
+ 'Defaults' ':' User |
+ 'Defaults' '>' RunasUser
Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List
- Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value ||
- Parameter '+=' Value ||
- Parameter '-=' Value ||
- '!'* Parameter ||
+ Parameter_List ::= Parameter |
+ Parameter ',' Parameter_List
+
+ Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value |
+ Parameter '+=' Value |
+ Parameter '-=' Value |
+ '!'* Parameter
- Parameters may be f\bf\bf\bfl\bl\bl\bla\ba\ba\bag\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs, i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\beg\bg\bg\bge\be\be\ber\br\br\br values, s\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\btr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs, or
- l\bl\bl\bli\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\bts\bs\bs\bs. Flags are implicitly boolean and can be turned off
+ Parameters may be f\bfl\bla\bag\bgs\bs, i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br values, s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs, or
+ l\bli\bis\bst\bts\bs. Flags are implicitly boolean and can be turned off
via the '!' operator. Some integer, string and list
parameters may also be used in a boolean context to dis
able them. Values may be enclosed in double quotes (")
respectively. It is not an error to use the -= operator
to remove an element that does not exist in a list.
- Note that since the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file is parsed in order the
- best place to put the Defaults section is after the Host,
- User, and Cmnd aliases but before the user specifications.
-
- F\bF\bF\bFl\bl\bl\bla\ba\ba\bag\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs:
+ F\bFl\bla\bag\bgs\bs:
long_otp_prompt
When validating with a One Time Password
- scheme (S\bS\bS\bS/\b/\b/\b/K\bK\bK\bKe\be\be\bey\by\by\by or O\bO\bO\bOP\bP\bP\bPI\bI\bI\bIE\bE\bE\bE), a two-line prompt is
- used to make it easier to cut and paste the
- challenge to a local window. It's not as
- pretty as the default but some people find it
- more convenient. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- ignore_dot If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will ignore '.' or '' (current
- dir) in the PATH environment variable; the
- PATH itself is not modified. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf
- by default.
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 4
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 4
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+ scheme (S\bS/\b/K\bKe\bey\by or O\bOP\bPI\bIE\bE), a two-line prompt is
+ used to make it easier to cut and paste the
+ challenge to a local window. It's not as
+ pretty as the default but some people find it
+ more convenient. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
-
+ ignore_dot If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will ignore '.' or '' (current
+ dir) in the PATH environment variable; the
+ PATH itself is not modified. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf
+ by default. Currently, while it is possible
+ to set _\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be_\b__\bd_\bo_\bt in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs, its value is not
+ used. This option should be considered read-
+ only (it will be fixed in a future version of
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo).
mail_always Send mail to the _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bo user every time a
- users runs s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
+ users runs s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
mail_badpass
Send mail to the _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bo user if the user run
mail_no_perms
If set, mail will be sent to the _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bo user
- if the invoking user allowed to use s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo but
- the command they are trying is not listed in
- their _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file entry. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by
- default.
+ if the invoking user is allowed to use s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
+ but the command they are trying is not listed
+ in their _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file entry or is explicitly
+ denied. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
tty_tickets If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty
- basis. Normally, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo uses a directory in the
+ basis. Normally, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo uses a directory in the
ticket dir with the same name as the user run
- ning it. With this flag enabled, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will
+ ning it. With this flag enabled, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will
use a file named for the tty the user is
logged in on in that directory. This flag is
_\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- lecture If set, a user will receive a short lecture
- the first time he/she runs s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo. This flag is
- _\bo_\bn by default.
-
authenticate
If set, users must authenticate themselves via
a password (or other means of authentication)
before they may run commands. This default
- may be overridden via the PASSWD and NOPASSWD
- tags. This flag is _\bo_\bn by default.
- root_sudo If set, root is allowed to run s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo too. Dis
- abling this prevents users from "chaining"
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo commands to get a root shell by doing
- something like "sudo sudo /bin/sh". This flag
- is _\bo_\bn by default.
- log_host If set, the hostname will be logged in the
- (non-syslog) s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo log file. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 5
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 5
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ may be overridden via the PASSWD and NOPASSWD
+ tags. This flag is _\bo_\bn by default.
+ root_sudo If set, root is allowed to run s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo too. Dis
+ abling this prevents users from "chaining"
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo commands to get a root shell by doing
+ something like "sudo sudo /bin/sh". Note,
+ however, that turning off _\br_\bo_\bo_\bt_\b__\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo will also
+ prevent root and from running s\bsu\bud\bdo\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bt. Dis
+ abling _\br_\bo_\bo_\bt_\b__\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo provides no real additional
+ security; it exists purely for historical rea
+ sons. This flag is _\bo_\bn by default.
+ log_host If set, the hostname will be logged in the
+ (non-syslog) s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo log file. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf
by default.
log_year If set, the four-digit year will be logged in
- the (non-syslog) s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo log file. This flag is
+ the (non-syslog) s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo log file. This flag is
_\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
shell_noargs
- If set and s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is invoked with no arguments
- it acts as if the -\b-\b-\b-s\bs\bs\bs flag had been given.
+ If set and s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is invoked with no arguments
+ it acts as if the -\b-s\bs flag had been given.
That is, it runs a shell as root (the shell is
determined by the SHELL environment variable
if it is set, falling back on the shell listed
in the invoking user's /etc/passwd entry if
not). This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- set_home If set and s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is invoked with the -\b-\b-\b-s\bs\bs\bs flag
+ set_home If set and s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is invoked with the -\b-s\bs flag
the HOME environment variable will be set to
the home directory of the target user (which
- is root unless the -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu option is used). This
- effectively makes the -\b-\b-\b-s\bs\bs\bs flag imply -\b-\b-\b-H\bH\bH\bH. This
+ is root unless the -\b-u\bu option is used). This
+ effectively makes the -\b-s\bs flag imply -\b-H\bH. This
flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
always_set_home
- If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will set the HOME environment
+ If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will set the HOME environment
variable to the home directory of the target
- user (which is root unless the -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu option is
- used). This effectively means that the -\b-\b-\b-H\bH\bH\bH
+ user (which is root unless the -\b-u\bu option is
+ used). This effectively means that the -\b-H\bH
flag is always implied. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by
default.
- path_info Normally, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will tell the user when a com
+ path_info Normally, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will tell the user when a com
mand could not be found in their PATH environ
ment variable. Some sites may wish to disable
this as it could be used to gather information
on the location of executables that the normal
user does not have access to. The disadvan
tage is that if the executable is simply not
- in the user's PATH, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will tell the user
+ in the user's PATH, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will tell the user
that they are not allowed to run it, which can
+
+
+
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 6
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
be confusing. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
preserve_groups
- By default s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will initialize the group vec
+ By default s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will initialize the group vec
tor to the list of groups the target user is
in. When _\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be_\b__\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp_\bs is set, the user's
existing group vector is left unaltered. The
is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
fqdn Set this flag if you want to put fully quali
- fied hostnames in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file. I.e.:
+ fied hostnames in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file. I.e.,
instead of myhost you would use myhost.mydo
main.edu. You may still use the short form if
-
-
-
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 6
-
-
-
-
-
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
-
-
you wish (and even mix the two). Beware that
- turning on _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn requires s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to make DNS
- lookups which may make s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo unusable if DNS
+ turning on _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn requires s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to make DNS
+ lookups which may make s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo unusable if DNS
stops working (for example if the machine is
not plugged into the network). Also note that
you must use the host's official name as DNS
already fully qualified you shouldn't need to
set _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- insults If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will insult users when they enter
+ insults If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will insult users when they enter
an incorrect password. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by
default.
- requiretty If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will only run when the user is
+ requiretty If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will only run when the user is
logged in to a real tty. This will disallow
things like "rsh somehost sudo ls" since
_\br_\bs_\bh(1) does not allocate a tty. Because it is
- not possible to turn of echo when there is no
+ not possible to turn off echo when there is no
tty present, some sites may with to set this
flag to prevent a user from entering a visible
password. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- env_editor If set, v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will use the value of the EDI
+ env_editor If set, v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will use the value of the EDI
TOR or VISUAL environment variables before
falling back on the default editor list. Note
that this may create a security hole as it
allows the user to run any arbitrary command
as root without logging. A safer alternative
is to place a colon-separated list of editors
- in the editor variable. v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will then only
+ in the editor variable. v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will then only
use the EDITOR or VISUAL if they match a value
specified in editor. This flag is off by
default.
- rootpw If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will prompt for the root password
- instead of the password of the invoking user.
- This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- runaspw If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will prompt for the password of
- the user defined by the _\br_\bu_\bn_\ba_\bs_\b__\bd_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt option
- (defaults to root) instead of the password of
- the invoking user. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by
- default.
- targetpw If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will prompt for the password of
- the user specified by the -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu flag (defaults to
- root) instead of the password of the invoking
- user. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 7
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 7
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+ rootpw If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will prompt for the root password
+ instead of the password of the invoking user.
+ This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ runaspw If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will prompt for the password of
+ the user defined by the _\br_\bu_\bn_\ba_\bs_\b__\bd_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt option
+ (defaults to root) instead of the password of
+ the invoking user. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by
+ default.
+ targetpw If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will prompt for the password of
+ the user specified by the -\b-u\bu flag (defaults to
+ root) instead of the password of the invoking
+ user. Note that this precludes the use of a
+ uid not listed in the passwd database as an
+ argument to the -\b-u\bu flag. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by
+ default.
- set_logname Normally, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will set the LOGNAME and USER
+ set_logname Normally, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will set the LOGNAME and USER
environment variables to the name of the tar
- get user (usually root unless the -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu flag is
+ get user (usually root unless the -\b-u\bu flag is
given). However, since some programs (includ
ing the RCS revision control system) use LOG
NAME to determine the real identity of the
behavior. This can be done by negating the
set_logname option.
- stay_setuid Normally, when s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo executes a command the
+ stay_setuid Normally, when s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo executes a command the
real and effective UIDs are set to the target
user (root by default). This option changes
that behavior such that the real UID is left
as the invoking user's UID. In other words,
- this makes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo act as a setuid wrapper. This
+ this makes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo act as a setuid wrapper. This
can be useful on systems that disable some
potentially dangerous functionality when a
program is run setuid. Note, however, that
this means that sudo will run with the real
uid of the invoking user which may allow that
- user to kill s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo before it can log a failure,
+ user to kill s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo before it can log a failure,
depending on how your OS defines the interac
tion between signals and setuid processes.
- env_reset If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will reset the environment to
+ env_reset If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will reset the environment to
only contain the following variables: HOME,
LOGNAME, PATH, SHELL, TERM, and USER (in addi
tion to the SUDO_* variables). Of these, only
TERM is copied unaltered from the old environ
ment. The other variables are set to default
values (possibly modified by the value of the
- _\bs_\be_\bt_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be option). If s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo was compiled
+ _\bs_\be_\bt_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be option). If s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo was compiled
with the SECURE_PATH option, its value will be
used for the PATH environment variable. Other
variables may be preserved with the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bk_\be_\be_\bp
- option.
- use_loginclass
- If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will apply the defaults specified
- for the target user's login class if one
- exists. Only available if s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is configured
- with the --with-logincap option. This flag is
- _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- I\bI\bI\bIn\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\beg\bg\bg\bge\be\be\ber\br\br\brs\bs\bs\bs:
- passwd_tries
- The number of tries a user gets to enter
- his/her password before s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo logs the failure
- and exits. The default is 3.
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 8
- I\bI\bI\bIn\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\beg\bg\bg\bge\be\be\ber\br\br\brs\bs\bs\bs t\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bt c\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn b\bb\bb\bbe\be\be\be u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bn a\ba\ba\ba b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bol\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bea\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn c\bc\bc\bco\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\bex\bx\bx\bxt\bt\bt\bt:
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 8
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+ option.
+ use_loginclass
+ If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will apply the defaults specified
+ for the target user's login class if one
+ exists. Only available if s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is configured
+ with the --with-logincap option. This flag is
+ _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
+ noexec If set, all commands run via sudo will behave
+ as if the NOEXEC tag has been set, unless
+ overridden by a EXEC tag. See the description
+ of _\bN_\bO_\bE_\bX_\bE_\bC _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bE_\bX_\bE_\bC below as well as the "PRE
+ VENTING SHELL ESCAPES" section at the end of
+ this manual. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
+
+ ignore_local_sudoers
+ If set via LDAP, parsing of @sysconfdir@/sudo
+ ers will be skipped. This is intended for an
+ Enterprises that wish to prevent the usage of
+ local sudoers files so that only LDAP is used.
+ This thwarts the efforts of rogue operators
+ who would attempt to add roles to
+ @sysconfdir@/sudoers. When this option is
+ present, @sysconfdir@/sudoers does not even
+ need to exist. Since this options tells sudo
+ how to behave when no specific LDAP entries
+ have been matched, this sudoOption is only
+ meaningful for the cn=defaults section. This
+ flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
+
+ I\bIn\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\brs\bs:
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ passwd_tries
+ The number of tries a user gets to enter
+ his/her password before s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo logs the failure
+ and exits. The default is 3.
+ I\bIn\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\brs\bs t\bth\bha\bat\bt c\bca\ban\bn b\bbe\be u\bus\bse\bed\bd i\bin\bn a\ba b\bbo\boo\bol\ble\bea\ban\bn c\bco\bon\bnt\bte\bex\bxt\bt:
loglinelen Number of characters per line for the file
log. This value is used to decide when to
option to disable word wrap).
timestamp_timeout
- Number of minutes that can elapse before s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo
+ Number of minutes that can elapse before s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
will ask for a passwd again. The default is
5. Set this to 0 to always prompt for a pass
word. If set to a value less than 0 the
user's timestamp will never expire. This can
be used to allow users to create or delete
+
+
+
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 9
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
their own timestamps via sudo -v and sudo -k
respectively.
passwd_timeout
- Number of minutes before the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo password
+ Number of minutes before the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo password
prompt times out. The default is 5, set this
to 0 for no password timeout.
this option or set it to 0777 to preserve the
user's umask. The default is 0022.
- S\bS\bS\bSt\bt\bt\btr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs:
+ S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs:
mailsub Subject of the mail sent to the _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bo user.
The escape %h will expand to the hostname of
again. unless insults are enabled.
timestampdir
- The directory in which s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo stores its times
+ The directory in which s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo stores its times
tamp files. The default is _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo.
+ timestampowner
+ The owner of the timestamp directory and the
+ timestamps stored therein. The default is
+ root.
+
passprompt The default prompt to use when asking for a
- password; can be overridden via the -\b-\b-\b-p\bp\bp\bp option
- or the SUDO_PROMPT environment variable. Sup
- ports two escapes: "%u" expands to the user's
- login name and "%h" expands to the local host
- name. The default value is Password:.
+ password; can be overridden via the -\b-p\bp option
+ or the SUDO_PROMPT environment variable. The
+ following percent (`%') escapes are supported:
- runas_default
- The default user to run commands as if the -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu
- flag is not specified on the command line.
- This defaults to root.
+ %u expanded to the invoking user's login
+ name
+
+ %U expanded to the login name of the user
+ the command will be run as (defaults
+ to root)
+ %h expanded to the local hostname without
+ the domain name
+ %H expanded to the local hostname includ
+ ing the domain name (on if the
+ machine's hostname is fully qualified
+ or the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn option is set)
+ %% two consecutive % characters are
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 9
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 10
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
+ collaped into a single % character
+
+ The default value is Password:.
+
+ runas_default
+ The default user to run commands as if the -\b-u\bu
+ flag is not specified on the command line.
+ This defaults to root. Note that if
+ _\br_\bu_\bn_\ba_\bs_\b__\bd_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt is set it m\bmu\bus\bst\bt occur before any
+ Runas_Alias specifications.
+
syslog_goodpri
Syslog priority to use when user authenticates
successfully. Defaults to notice.
unsuccessfully. Defaults to alert.
editor A colon (':') separated list of editors
- allowed to be used with v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo. v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will
+ allowed to be used with v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo. v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will
choose the editor that matches the user's USER
environment variable if possible, or the first
editor in the list that exists and is exe
cutable. The default is the path to vi on
your system.
- S\bS\bS\bSt\bt\bt\btr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs t\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bt c\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn b\bb\bb\bbe\be\be\be u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bn a\ba\ba\ba b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bol\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bea\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn c\bc\bc\bco\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\bex\bx\bx\bxt\bt\bt\bt:
+ noexec_file Path to a shared library containing dummy ver
+ sions of the _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bv_\b(_\b), _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bv_\be_\b(_\b) and _\bf_\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bv_\be_\b(_\b)
+ library functions that just return an error.
+ This is used to implement the _\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc function
+ ality on systems that support LD_PRELOAD or
+ its equivalent. Defaults to
+ _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl_\b/_\bl_\bi_\bb_\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\b__\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\b._\bs_\bo.
+
+ S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs t\bth\bha\bat\bt c\bca\ban\bn b\bbe\be u\bus\bse\bed\bd i\bin\bn a\ba b\bbo\boo\bol\ble\bea\ban\bn c\bco\bon\bnt\bte\bex\bxt\bt:
+
+ lecture This option controls when a short lecture will
+ be printed along with the password prompt. It
+ has the following possible values:
+
+ never Never lecture the user.
+
+ once Only lecture the user the first time
+ they run s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo.
+
+ always Always lecture the user.
+
+ If no value is specified, a value of _\bo_\bn_\bc_\be is
+ implied. Negating the option results in a
+ value of _\bn_\be_\bv_\be_\br being used. The default value
+ is _\bo_\bn_\bc_\be.
+
+
+
+
+
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 11
- logfile Path to the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo log file (not the syslog log
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
+ lecture_file
+ Path to a file containing an alternate sudo
+ lecture that will be used in place of the
+ standard lecture if the named file exists.
+
+ logfile Path to the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo log file (not the syslog log
file). Setting a path turns on logging to a
file; negating this option turns it off.
at configure time.
mailerflags Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to
- -\b-\b-\b-t\bt\bt\bt.
+ -\b-t\bt.
mailto Address to send warning and error mail to.
The address should be enclosed in double
default.
verifypw This option controls when a password will be
- required when a user runs s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo with the -\b-\b-\b-v\bv\bv\bv
+ required when a user runs s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo with the -\b-v\bv
flag. It has the following possible values:
all All the user's _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entries for the
any At least one of the user's _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs
entries for the current host must have
- the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid
+ the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid enter
+ ing a password.
+ never The user need never enter a password
+ to use the -\b-v\bv flag.
+ always The user must always enter a password
+ to use the -\b-v\bv flag.
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 10
+ If no value is specified, a value of _\ba_\bl_\bl is
+ implied. Negating the option results in a
+ value of _\bn_\be_\bv_\be_\br being used. The default value
+ is _\ba_\bl_\bl.
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 12
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
- entering a password.
- never The user need never enter a password
- to use the -\b-\b-\b-v\bv\bv\bv flag.
- always The user must always enter a password
- to use the -\b-\b-\b-v\bv\bv\bv flag.
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
- The default value is `all'.
listpw This option controls when a password will be
- required when a user runs s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo with the -\b-\b-\b-l\bl\bl\bl.
- It has the following possible values:
+ required when a user runs s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo with the -\b-l\bl
+ flag. It has the following possible values:
all All the user's _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entries for the
current host must have the NOPASSWD
ing a password.
never The user need never enter a password
- to use the -\b-\b-\b-l\bl\bl\bl flag.
+ to use the -\b-l\bl flag.
always The user must always enter a password
- to use the -\b-\b-\b-l\bl\bl\bl flag.
+ to use the -\b-l\bl flag.
- The default value is `any'.
+ If no value is specified, a value of _\ba_\bn_\by is
+ implied. Negating the option results in a
+ value of _\bn_\be_\bv_\be_\br being used. The default value
+ is _\ba_\bn_\by.
- L\bL\bL\bLi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\bts\bs\bs\bs t\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bt c\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn b\bb\bb\bbe\be\be\be u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bn a\ba\ba\ba b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bol\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bea\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn c\bc\bc\bco\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\bex\bx\bx\bxt\bt\bt\bt:
+ L\bLi\bis\bst\bts\bs t\bth\bha\bat\bt c\bca\ban\bn b\bbe\be u\bus\bse\bed\bd i\bin\bn a\ba b\bbo\boo\bol\ble\bea\ban\bn c\bco\bon\bnt\bte\bex\bxt\bt:
env_check Environment variables to be removed from the
user's environment if the variable's value
contains % or / characters. This can be used
to guard against printf-style format vulnera
- bilties in poorly-written programs. The argu
- ment may be a double-quoted, space-separated
- list or a single value without double-quotes.
- The list can be replaced, added to, deleted
- from, or disabled by using the =, +=, -=, and
- ! operators respectively. The default list of
- environment variable to check is printed when
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is run by root with the _\b-_\bV option.
+ bilities in poorly-written programs. The
+ argument may be a double-quoted, space-sepa
+ rated list or a single value without dou
+ ble-quotes. The list can be replaced, added
+ to, deleted from, or disabled by using the =,
+ +=, -=, and ! operators respectively. The
+ default list of environment variables to check
+ is printed when s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is run by root with the
+ _\b-_\bV option.
env_delete Environment variables to be removed from the
user's environment. The argument may be a
be replaced, added to, deleted from, or dis
abled by using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators
respectively. The default list of environment
- variable to remove is printed when s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is run
+ variables to remove is printed when s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is
+ run by root with the _\b-_\bV option. Note that
+ many operating systems will remove potentially
+ dangerous variables from the environment of
+ any setuid process (such as s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo).
+ env_keep Environment variables to be preserved in the
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 11
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 13
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
- by root with the _\b-_\bV option.
- env_keep Environment variables to be preserved in the
user's environment when the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\br_\be_\bs_\be_\bt option
is in effect. This allows fine-grained con
- trol over the environment s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo-spawned pro
+ trol over the environment s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo-spawned pro
cesses will receive. The argument may be a
double-quoted, space-separated list or a sin
gle value without double-quotes. The list can
respectively. This list has no default mem
bers.
- When logging via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3), s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo accepts the following
- values for the syslog facility (the value of the s\bs\bs\bsy\by\by\bys\bs\bs\bsl\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\bog\bg\bg\bg
- Parameter): a\ba\ba\bau\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bhp\bp\bp\bpr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\biv\bv\bv\bv (if your OS supports it), a\ba\ba\bau\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bh, d\bd\bd\bda\ba\ba\bae\be\be\be\b\b\b
- m\bm\bm\bmo\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bn, u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\br, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl0\b0\b0\b0, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl1\b1\b1\b1, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl2\b2\b2\b2, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl3\b3\b3\b3, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl4\b4\b4\b4, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl5\b5\b5\b5,
- l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl6\b6\b6\b6, and l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl7\b7\b7\b7. The following syslog priorities are
- supported: a\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\ble\be\be\ber\br\br\brt\bt\bt\bt, c\bc\bc\bcr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bit\bt\bt\bt, d\bd\bd\bde\be\be\beb\bb\bb\bbu\bu\bu\bug\bg\bg\bg, e\be\be\bem\bm\bm\bme\be\be\ber\br\br\brg\bg\bg\bg, e\be\be\ber\br\br\brr\br\br\br, i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bnf\bf\bf\bfo\bo\bo\bo, n\bn\bn\bno\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bce\be\be\be,
- and w\bw\bw\bwa\ba\ba\bar\br\br\brn\bn\bn\bni\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bg.
+ When logging via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3), s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo accepts the following
+ values for the syslog facility (the value of the s\bsy\bys\bsl\blo\bog\bg
+ Parameter): a\bau\but\bth\bhp\bpr\bri\biv\bv (if your OS supports it), a\bau\but\bth\bh, d\bda\bae\be\b
+ m\bmo\bon\bn, u\bus\bse\ber\br, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl0\b0, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl1\b1, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl2\b2, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl3\b3, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl4\b4, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl5\b5,
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl6\b6, and l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl7\b7. The following syslog priorities are
+ supported: a\bal\ble\ber\brt\bt, c\bcr\bri\bit\bt, d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg, e\bem\bme\ber\brg\bg, e\ber\brr\br, i\bin\bnf\bfo\bo, n\bno\bot\bti\bic\bce\be,
+ and w\bwa\bar\brn\bni\bin\bng\bg.
- U\bU\bU\bUs\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\br S\bS\bS\bSp\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bci\bi\bi\bif\bf\bf\bfi\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bio\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bn
+ U\bUs\bse\ber\br S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bif\bfi\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
- User_Spec ::= User_list Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List \
- (':' User_Spec)*
+ User_Spec ::= User_List Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List \
+ (':' Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List)*
Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List
- Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:')? Cmnd
+ Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? Tag_Spec* Cmnd
Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List ')'
- A u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\br s\bs\bs\bsp\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bci\bi\bi\bif\bf\bf\bfi\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bio\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bn determines which commands a user may
+ Tag_Spec ::= ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:' | 'NOEXEC:' | 'EXEC:')
+
+ A u\bus\bse\ber\br s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bif\bfi\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn determines which commands a user may
run (and as what user) on specified hosts. By default,
- commands are run as r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt, but this can be changed on a
+ commands are run as r\bro\boo\bot\bt, but this can be changed on a
per-command basis.
Let's break that down into its constituent parts:
- R\bR\bR\bRu\bu\bu\bun\bn\bn\bna\ba\ba\bas\bs\bs\bs_\b_\b_\b_S\bS\bS\bSp\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bc
+ R\bRu\bun\bna\bas\bs_\b_S\bSp\bpe\bec\bc
A Runas_Spec is simply a Runas_List (as defined above)
enclosed in a set of parentheses. If you do not specify a
Runas_Spec in the user specification, a default Runas_Spec
- of r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt will be used. A Runas_Spec sets the default for
+ of r\bro\boo\bot\bt will be used. A Runas_Spec sets the default for
commands that follow it. What this means is that for the
entry:
- dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who
+ dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
- The user d\bd\bd\bdg\bg\bg\bgb\bb\bb\bb may run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs, _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl, and _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm
- -- but only as o\bo\bo\bop\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\ber\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bor\br\br\br. E.g.,
+ The user d\bdg\bgb\bb may run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs, _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl, and _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm
+ -- but only as o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br. E.g.,
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 12
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 14
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
- sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
+
+ $ sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
It is also possible to override a Runas_Spec later on in
an entry. If we modify the entry like so:
dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
- Then user d\bd\bd\bdg\bg\bg\bgb\bb\bb\bb is now allowed to run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs as o\bo\bo\bop\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\ber\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bor\br\br\br,
- but _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl and _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm as r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt.
+ Then user d\bdg\bgb\bb is now allowed to run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs as o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br,
+ but _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl and _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm as r\bro\boo\bot\bt.
+
+ T\bTa\bag\bg_\b_S\bSp\bpe\bec\bc
- N\bN\bN\bNO\bO\bO\bOP\bP\bP\bPA\bA\bA\bAS\bS\bS\bSS\bS\bS\bSW\bW\bW\bWD\bD\bD\bD a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bnd\bd\bd\bd P\bP\bP\bPA\bA\bA\bAS\bS\bS\bSS\bS\bS\bSW\bW\bW\bWD\bD\bD\bD
+ A command may have zero or more tags associated with it.
+ There are four possible tag values, NOPASSWD, PASSWD,
+ NOEXEC, EXEC. Once a tag is set on a Cmnd, subsequent
+ Cmnds in the Cmnd_Spec_List, inherit the tag unless it is
+ overridden by the opposite tag (ie: PASSWD overrides
+ NOPASSWD and EXEC overrides NOEXEC).
- By default, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo requires that a user authenticate him or
+ _\bN_\bO_\bP_\bA_\bS_\bS_\bW_\bD _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bP_\bA_\bS_\bS_\bW_\bD
+
+ By default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo requires that a user authenticate him or
herself before running a command. This behavior can be
modified via the NOPASSWD tag. Like a Runas_Spec, the
NOPASSWD tag sets a default for the commands that follow
ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
- would allow the user r\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bay\by\by\by to run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl, _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs, and
- _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm as root on the machine rushmore as r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt
- without authenticating himself. If we only want r\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bay\by\by\by to be
+ would allow the user r\bra\bay\by to run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl, _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs, and
+ _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm as root on the machine rushmore as r\bro\boo\bot\bt
+ without authenticating himself. If we only want r\bra\bay\by to be
able to run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl without a password the entry would
be:
tain to the current host. This behavior may be overridden
via the verifypw and listpw options.
- W\bW\bW\bWi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bld\bd\bd\bdc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bar\br\br\brd\bd\bd\bds\bs\bs\bs (\b(\b(\b(a\ba\ba\bak\bk\bk\bka\ba\ba\ba m\bm\bm\bme\be\be\bet\bt\bt\bta\ba\ba\ba c\bc\bc\bch\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bar\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bct\bt\bt\bte\be\be\ber\br\br\brs\bs\bs\bs)\b)\b)\b):\b:\b:\b:
+ _\bN_\bO_\bE_\bX_\bE_\bC _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bE_\bX_\bE_\bC
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo allows shell-style _\bw_\bi_\bl_\bd_\bc_\ba_\br_\bd_\bs to be used in pathnames
- as well as command line arguments in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.
- Wildcard matching is done via the P\bP\bP\bPO\bO\bO\bOS\bS\bS\bSI\bI\bI\bIX\bX\bX\bX fnmatch(3) rou
- tine. Note that these are _\bn_\bo_\bt regular expressions.
+ If sudo has been compiled with _\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc support and the
+ underlying operating system support it, the NOEXEC tag can
+ be used to prevent a dynamically-linked executable from
- * Matches any set of zero or more characters.
- ? Matches any single character.
- [...] Matches any character in the specified range.
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 15
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 13
+ running further commands itself.
+ In the following example, user a\baa\bar\bro\bon\bn may run _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bm_\bo_\br_\be
+ and _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bv_\bi but shell escapes will be disabled.
+ aaron shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi
+ See the "PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES" section below for more
+ details on how _\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc works and whether or not it will
+ work on your system.
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ W\bWi\bil\bld\bdc\bca\bar\brd\bds\bs
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo allows shell-style _\bw_\bi_\bl_\bd_\bc_\ba_\br_\bd_\bs (aka meta or glob char
+ acters) to be used in pathnames as well as command line
+ arguments in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file. Wildcard matching is done
+ via the P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX _\bf_\bn_\bm_\ba_\bt_\bc_\bh(3) routine. Note that these are _\bn_\bo_\bt
+ regular expressions.
- [!...] Matches any character n\bn\bn\bno\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt in the specified range.
+ * Matches any set of zero or more characters.
+
+ ? Matches any single character.
+
+ [...] Matches any character in the specified range.
+
+ [!...] Matches any character n\bno\bot\bt in the specified range.
\x For any character "x", evaluates to "x". This is
used to escape special characters such as: "*",
"?", "[", and "}".
- Note that a forward slash ('/') will n\bn\bn\bno\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt be matched by
+ Note that a forward slash ('/') will n\bno\bot\bt be matched by
wildcards used in the pathname. When matching the command
- line arguments, however, as slash d\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\boe\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bs get matched by
- wildcards. This is to make a path like:
+ line arguments, however, a slash d\bdo\boe\bes\bs get matched by wild
+ cards. This is to make a path like:
/usr/bin/*
- match /usr/bin/who but not /usr/bin/X11/xterm.
+ match _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bw_\bh_\bo but not _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bX_\b1_\b1_\b/_\bx_\bt_\be_\br_\bm.
+
+ WARNING: a pathname with wildcards will n\bno\bot\bt match a user
+ command that consists of a relative path. In other words,
+ given the following _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entry:
+
+ billy workstation = /usr/bin/*
+
+ user billy will be able to run any command in /usr/bin as
+ root, such as _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bw. The following two command will
+ be allowed (the first assumes that _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn is in the
+ user's path):
+
+ $ sudo w
+ $ sudo /usr/bin/w
+
+
+
+
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 16
- E\bE\bE\bEx\bx\bx\bxc\bc\bc\bce\be\be\bep\bp\bp\bpt\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bio\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bns\bs\bs\bs t\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bo w\bw\bw\bwi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bld\bd\bd\bdc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bar\br\br\brd\bd\bd\bd r\br\br\bru\bu\bu\bul\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bs:\b:\b:\b:
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
+ However, this will not:
+
+ $ cd /usr/bin
+ $ sudo ./w
+
+ For this reason you should only g\bgr\bra\ban\bnt\bt access to commands
+ using wildcards and never r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bt access using them.
+ This limitation will be removed in a future version of
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo.
+
+ E\bEx\bxc\bce\bep\bpt\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs t\bto\bo w\bwi\bil\bld\bdc\bca\bar\brd\bd r\bru\bul\ble\bes\bs
The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
- """" If the empty string "" is the only command line
+ "" If the empty string "" is the only command line
argument in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entry it means that com
- mand is not allowed to be run with a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bny\by\by\by arguments.
+ mand is not allowed to be run with a\ban\bny\by arguments.
- O\bO\bO\bOt\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bhe\be\be\ber\br\br\br s\bs\bs\bsp\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bci\bi\bi\bia\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl c\bc\bc\bch\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bar\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bct\bt\bt\bte\be\be\ber\br\br\brs\bs\bs\bs a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bnd\bd\bd\bd r\br\br\bre\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\brv\bv\bv\bve\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd w\bw\bw\bwo\bo\bo\bor\br\br\brd\bd\bd\bds\bs\bs\bs:\b:\b:\b:
+ O\bOt\bth\bhe\ber\br s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\brs\bs a\ban\bnd\bd r\bre\bes\bse\ber\brv\bve\bed\bd w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs
The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless
it occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by
Both the comment character and any text after it, up to
the end of the line, are ignored.
- The reserved word A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLL\bL\bL\bL is a built in _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs that always
+ The reserved word A\bAL\bLL\bL is a built-in _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs that always
causes a match to succeed. It can be used wherever one
might otherwise use a Cmnd_Alias, User_Alias, Runas_Alias,
or Host_Alias. You should not try to define your own
- _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs called A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLL\bL\bL\bL as the built in alias will be used in
- preference to your own. Please note that using A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLL\bL\bL\bL can be
+ _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs called A\bAL\bLL\bL as the built-in alias will be used in
+ preference to your own. Please note that using A\bAL\bLL\bL can be
dangerous since in a command context, it allows the user
- to run a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bny\by\by\by command on the system.
+ to run a\ban\bny\by command on the system.
An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical _\bn_\bo_\bt
operator both in an _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs and in front of a Cmnd. This
allows one to exclude certain values. Note, however, that
- using a ! in conjunction with the built in ALL alias to
+ using a ! in conjunction with the built-in ALL alias to
allow a user to run "all but a few" commands rarely works
as intended (see SECURITY NOTES below).
syntactic characters in a _\bU_\bs_\be_\br _\bS_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\bf_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn ('=', ':',
'(', ')') is optional.
+ The following characters must be escaped with a backslash
+ ('\') when used as part of a word (e.g. a username or
+ hostname): '@', '!', '=', ':', ',', '(', ')', '\'.
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 14
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 17
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
- The following characters must be escaped with a backslash
- ('\') when used as part of a word (e.g. a username or
- hostname): '@', '!', '=', ':', ',', '(', ')', '\'.
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
+F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
+ /etc/sudoers List of who can run what
+ /etc/group Local groups file
+ /etc/netgroup List of network groups
+
+E\bEX\bXA\bAM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bES\bS
+ Since the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file is parsed in a single pass, order
+ is important. In general, you should structure _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs
+ such that the Host_Alias, User_Alias, and Cmnd_Alias spec
+ ifications come first, followed by any Default_Entry
+ lines, and finally the Runas_Alias and user specifica
+ tions. The basic rule of thumb is you cannot reference an
+ Alias that has not already been defined.
-E\bE\bE\bEX\bX\bX\bXA\bA\bA\bAM\bM\bM\bMP\bP\bP\bPL\bL\bL\bLE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
Below are example _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entries. Admittedly, some of
these are a bit contrived. First, we define our _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs:
Cmnd_Alias KILL = /usr/bin/kill
Cmnd_Alias PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm
Cmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown
- Cmnd_Alias HALT = /usr/sbin/halt, /usr/sbin/fasthalt
- Cmnd_Alias REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot, /usr/sbin/fastboot
+ Cmnd_Alias HALT = /usr/sbin/halt
+ Cmnd_Alias REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot
Cmnd_Alias SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh, \
/usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh, \
/usr/local/bin/zsh
Cmnd_Alias SU = /usr/bin/su
Here we override some of the compiled in default values.
- We want s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to log via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3) using the _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh facility
+ We want s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to log via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3) using the _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh facility
in all cases. We don't want to subject the full time
- staff to the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo lecture, and user m\bm\bm\bmi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\ble\be\be\ber\br\br\brt\bt\bt\bt need not give
- a password. In addition, on the machines in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS
- Host_Alias, we keep an additional local log file and make
- sure we log the year in each log line since the log
- entries will be kept around for several years.
+ staff to the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo lecture, user m\bmi\bil\bll\ble\ber\brt\bt need not give a
+ password, and we don't want to reset the LOGNAME or USER
+
- # Override built in defaults
- Defaults syslog=auth
- Defaults:FULLTIMERS !lecture
- Defaults:millert !authenticate
- Defaults@SERVERS log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 18
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 15
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ environment variables when running commands as root.
+ Additionally, on the machines in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS Host_Alias,
+ we keep an additional local log file and make sure we log
+ the year in each log line since the log entries will be
+ kept around for several years.
+ # Override built-in defaults
+ Defaults syslog=auth
+ Defaults>root !set_logname
+ Defaults:FULLTIMERS !lecture
+ Defaults:millert !authenticate
+ Defaults@SERVERS log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log
The _\bU_\bs_\be_\br _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\bf_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is the part that actually deter
mines who may run what.
root ALL = (ALL) ALL
%wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL
- We let r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt and any user in group w\bw\bw\bwh\bh\bh\bhe\be\be\bee\be\be\bel\bl\bl\bl run any command on
+ We let r\bro\boo\bot\bt and any user in group w\bwh\bhe\bee\bel\bl run any command on
any host as any user.
FULLTIMERS ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL
- Full time sysadmins (m\bm\bm\bmi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\ble\be\be\ber\br\br\brt\bt\bt\bt, m\bm\bm\bmi\bi\bi\bik\bk\bk\bke\be\be\bef\bf\bf\bf, and d\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bow\bw\bw\bwd\bd\bd\bdy\by\by\by) may run
+ Full time sysadmins (m\bmi\bil\bll\ble\ber\brt\bt, m\bmi\bik\bke\bef\bf, and d\bdo\bow\bwd\bdy\by) may run
any command on any host without authenticating themselves.
PARTTIMERS ALL = ALL
- Part time sysadmins (b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\bos\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\btl\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bey\by\by\by, j\bj\bj\bjw\bw\bw\bwf\bf\bf\bfo\bo\bo\box\bx\bx\bx, and c\bc\bc\bcr\br\br\bra\ba\ba\baw\bw\bw\bwl\bl\bl\bl) may run
+ Part time sysadmins (b\bbo\bos\bst\btl\ble\bey\by, j\bjw\bwf\bfo\box\bx, and c\bcr\bra\baw\bwl\bl) may run
any command on any host but they must authenticate them
selves first (since the entry lacks the NOPASSWD tag).
jack CSNETS = ALL
- The user j\bj\bj\bja\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bck\bk\bk\bk may run any command on the machines in the
+ The user j\bja\bac\bck\bk may run any command on the machines in the
_\bC_\bS_\bN_\bE_\bT_\bS alias (the networks 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0,
and 128.138.242.0). Of those networks, only 128.138.204.0
has an explicit netmask (in CIDR notation) indicating it
lisa CUNETS = ALL
- The user l\bl\bl\bli\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsa\ba\ba\ba may run any command on any host in the
+ The user l\bli\bis\bsa\ba may run any command on any host in the
_\bC_\bU_\bN_\bE_\bT_\bS alias (the class B network 128.138.0.0).
- operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\
- /usr/oper/bin/
+ operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT, PRINTING,\
+ sudoedit /etc/printcap, /usr/oper/bin/
- The o\bo\bo\bop\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\ber\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bor\br\br\br user may run commands limited to simple main
+ The o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br user may run commands limited to simple main
tenance. Here, those are commands related to backups,
killing processes, the printing system, shutting down the
system, and any commands in the directory _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/.
- joe ALL = /usr/bin/su operator
- The user j\bj\bj\bjo\bo\bo\boe\be\be\be may only _\bs_\bu(1) to operator.
- pete HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 19
- The user p\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bet\bt\bt\bte\be\be\be is allowed to change anyone's password
- except for root on the _\bH_\bP_\bP_\bA machines. Note that this
- assumes _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(1) does not take multiple usernames on the
- command line.
- bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 16
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+ joe ALL = /usr/bin/su operator
+ The user j\bjo\boe\be may only _\bs_\bu(1) to operator.
+ pete HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ The user p\bpe\bet\bte\be is allowed to change anyone's password
+ except for root on the _\bH_\bP_\bP_\bA machines. Note that this
+ assumes _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(1) does not take multiple usernames on the
+ command line.
+ bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
- The user b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\bob\bb\bb\bb may run anything on the _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bR_\bC and _\bS_\bG_\bI
- machines as any user listed in the _\bO_\bP Runas_Alias (r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt
- and o\bo\bo\bop\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\ber\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bor\br\br\br).
+ The user b\bbo\bob\bb may run anything on the _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bR_\bC and _\bS_\bG_\bI
+ machines as any user listed in the _\bO_\bP Runas_Alias (r\bro\boo\bot\bt
+ and o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br).
jim +biglab = ALL
- The user j\bj\bj\bji\bi\bi\bim\bm\bm\bm may run any command on machines in the _\bb_\bi_\bg_\bl_\ba_\bb
- netgroup. S\bS\bS\bSu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo knows that "biglab" is a netgroup due to
+ The user j\bji\bim\bm may run any command on machines in the _\bb_\bi_\bg_\bl_\ba_\bb
+ netgroup. S\bSu\bud\bdo\bo knows that "biglab" is a netgroup due to
the '+' prefix.
+secretaries ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
- Users in the s\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bcr\br\br\bre\be\be\bet\bt\bt\bta\ba\ba\bar\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bie\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bs netgroup need to help manage the
+ Users in the s\bse\bec\bcr\bre\bet\bta\bar\bri\bie\bes\bs netgroup need to help manage the
printers as well as add and remove users, so they are
allowed to run those commands on all machines.
fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
- The user f\bf\bf\bfr\br\br\bre\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd can run commands as any user in the _\bD_\bB
- Runas_Alias (o\bo\bo\bor\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bcl\bl\bl\ble\be\be\be or s\bs\bs\bsy\by\by\byb\bb\bb\bba\ba\ba\bas\bs\bs\bse\be\be\be) without giving a password.
+ The user f\bfr\bre\bed\bd can run commands as any user in the _\bD_\bB
+ Runas_Alias (o\bor\bra\bac\bcl\ble\be or s\bsy\byb\bba\bas\bse\be) without giving a password.
john ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
- On the _\bA_\bL_\bP_\bH_\bA machines, user j\bj\bj\bjo\bo\bo\boh\bh\bh\bhn\bn\bn\bn may su to anyone except
+ On the _\bA_\bL_\bP_\bH_\bA machines, user j\bjo\boh\bhn\bn may su to anyone except
root but he is not allowed to give _\bs_\bu(1) any flags.
jen ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
- The user j\bj\bj\bje\be\be\ben\bn\bn\bn may run any command on any machine except for
+ The user j\bje\ben\bn may run any command on any machine except for
those in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS Host_Alias (master, mail, www and
ns).
jill SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
- For any machine in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS Host_Alias, j\bj\bj\bji\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\bl may run
+ For any machine in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS Host_Alias, j\bji\bil\bll\bl may run
any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those
commands belonging to the _\bS_\bU and _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL_\bS Cmnd_Aliases.
steve CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
- The user s\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\bte\be\be\bev\bv\bv\bve\be\be\be may run any command in the directory
- /usr/local/op_commands/ but only as user operator.
+ The user s\bst\bte\bev\bve\be may run any command in the directory
- matt valkyrie = KILL
- On his personal workstation, valkyrie, m\bm\bm\bma\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\btt\bt\bt\bt needs to be
- able to kill hung processes.
- WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 20
- On the host www, any user in the _\bW_\bE_\bB_\bM_\bA_\bS_\bT_\bE_\bR_\bS User_Alias
- (will, wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www
- (which owns the web pages) or simply _\bs_\bu(1) to www.
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 17
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+ /usr/local/op_commands/ but only as user operator.
+ matt valkyrie = KILL
+ On his personal workstation, valkyrie, m\bma\bat\btt\bt needs to be
+ able to kill hung processes.
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
+ On the host www, any user in the _\bW_\bE_\bB_\bM_\bA_\bS_\bT_\bE_\bR_\bS User_Alias
+ (will, wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www
+ (which owns the web pages) or simply _\bs_\bu(1) to www.
ALL CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\
/sbin/mount -o nosuid\,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM
type, so it is a prime candidate for encapsulating in a
shell script.
-S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEC\bC\bC\bCU\bU\bU\bUR\bR\bR\bRI\bI\bI\bIT\bT\bT\bTY\bY\bY\bY N\bN\bN\bNO\bO\bO\bOT\bT\bT\bTE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
+S\bSE\bEC\bCU\bUR\bRI\bIT\bTY\bY N\bNO\bOT\bTE\bES\bS
It is generally not effective to "subtract" commands from
ALL using the '!' operator. A user can trivially circum
vent this by copying the desired command to a different
bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
- Doesn't really prevent b\bb\bb\bbi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\bl from running the commands
+ Doesn't really prevent b\bbi\bil\bll\bl from running the commands
listed in _\bS_\bU or _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL_\bS since he can simply copy those com
mands to a different name, or use a shell escape from an
editor or other program. Therefore, these kind of
restrictions should be considered advisory at best (and
reinforced by policy).
-C\bC\bC\bCA\bA\bA\bAV\bV\bV\bVE\bE\bE\bEA\bA\bA\bAT\bT\bT\bTS\bS\bS\bS
- The _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file should a\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\blw\bw\bw\bwa\ba\ba\bay\by\by\bys\bs\bs\bs be edited by the v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo
+P\bPR\bRE\bEV\bVE\bEN\bNT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL E\bES\bSC\bCA\bAP\bPE\bES\bS
+ Once s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo executes a program, that program is free to do
+ whatever it pleases, including run other programs. This
+ can be a security issue since it is not uncommon for a
+ program to allow shell escapes, which lets a user bypass
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo's restrictions. Common programs that permit shell
+ escapes include shells (obviously), editors, paginators,
+ mail and terminal programs.
+
+ Many systems that support shared libraries have the abil
+ ity to override default library functions by pointing an
+ environment variable (usually LD_PRELOAD) to an alternate
+ shared library. On such systems, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo's _\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc function
+ ality can be used to prevent a program run by sudo from
+ executing any other programs. Note, however, that this
+ applies only to native dynamically-linked executables.
+ Statically-linked executables and foreign executables
+
+
+
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 21
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
+ running under binary emulation are not affected.
+
+ To tell whether or not s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo supports _\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc, you can run
+ the following as root:
+
+ sudo -V | grep "dummy exec"
+
+ If the resulting output contains a line that begins with:
+
+ File containing dummy exec functions:
+
+ then s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo may be able to replace the exec family of func
+ tions in the standard library with its own that simply
+ return an error. Unfortunately, there is no foolproof way
+ to know whether or not _\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc will work at compile-time.
+ _\bN_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc should work on SunOS, Solaris, *BSD, Linux, IRIX,
+ Tru64 UNIX, MacOS X, and HP-UX 11.x. It is known n\bno\bot\bt to
+ work on AIX and UnixWare. _\bN_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc is expected to work on
+ most operating systems that support the LD_PRELOAD envi
+ ronment variable. Check your operating system's manual
+ pages for the dynamic linker (usually ld.so, ld.so.1,
+ dyld, dld.sl, rld, or loader) to see if LD_PRELOAD is sup
+ ported.
+
+ To enable _\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc for a command, use the NOEXEC tag as doc
+ umented in the User Specification section above. Here is
+ that example again:
+
+ aaron shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi
+
+ This allows user a\baa\bar\bro\bon\bn to run _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bm_\bo_\br_\be and
+ _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bv_\bi with _\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc enabled. This will prevent those
+ two commands from executing other commands (such as a
+ shell). If you are unsure whether or not your system is
+ capable of supporting _\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc you can always just try it
+ out and see if it works.
+
+ Note that disabling shell escapes is not a panacea. Pro
+ grams running as root are still capable of many poten
+ tially hazardous operations (such as changing or overwrit
+ ing files) that could lead to unintended privilege escala
+ tion. In the specific case of an editor, a safer approach
+ is to give the user permission to run s\bsu\bud\bdo\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bt.
+
+S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
+ _\br_\bs_\bh(1), _\bs_\bu(1), _\bf_\bn_\bm_\ba_\bt_\bc_\bh(3), sudo(1m), visudo(1m)
+
+C\bCA\bAV\bVE\bEA\bAT\bTS\bS
+ The _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file should a\bal\blw\bwa\bay\bys\bs be edited by the v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
command which locks the file and does grammatical check
ing. It is imperative that _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs be free of syntax
- errors since s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will not run with a syntactically incor
+ errors since s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will not run with a syntactically incor
rect _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.
+
+
+
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 22
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if
you store fully qualified hostnames in the netgroup (as is
usually the case), you either need to have the machine's
hostname be fully qualified as returned by the hostname
command or use the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn option in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs.
-F\bF\bF\bFI\bI\bI\bIL\bL\bL\bLE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
- /etc/sudoers List of who can run what
- /etc/group Local groups file
- /etc/netgroup List of network groups
+B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
+ If you feel you have found a bug in s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo, please submit a
+ bug report at http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/
+
+S\bSU\bUP\bPP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bT
+ Commercial support is available for s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo, see
+ http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/support.html for details.
+
+ Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mail
+ ing list, see http://www.sudo.ws/mail
+ man/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the
+ archives.
+
+D\bDI\bIS\bSC\bCL\bLA\bAI\bIM\bME\bER\bR
+ S\bSu\bud\bdo\bo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied war
+ ranties, including, but not limited to, the implied war
+ ranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
+ purpose are disclaimed. See the LICENSE file distributed
+ with s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for com
+ plete details.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEE\bE\bE\bE A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLS\bS\bS\bSO\bO\bO\bO
- _\br_\bs_\bh(1), _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m), _\bv_\bi_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(8), _\bs_\bu(1), _\bf_\bn_\bm_\ba_\bt_\bc_\bh(3).
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 18
+1.6.8p5 November 28, 2004 23
projects / debian / sudo / blobdiff