sudo, sudoedit - execute a command as another user
S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
- s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo -\b-K\bK | -\b-L\bL | -\b-V\bV | -\b-h\bh | -\b-k\bk | -\b-l\bl | -\b-v\bv
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo -\b-h\bh | -\b-K\bK | -\b-k\bk | -\b-L\bL | -\b-l\bl | -\b-V\bV | -\b-v\bv
- s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo [-\b-H\bHP\bPS\bSb\bb] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\b__\bt_\by_\bp_\be] [-\b-c\bc _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs|_\b-] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt]
- [-\b-u\bu _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be|_\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd] {-\b-e\be file [...] | -\b-i\bi | -\b-s\bs | _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd}
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo [-\b-b\bbE\bEH\bHP\bPS\bS] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\b__\bt_\by_\bp_\be] [-\b-c\bc _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs|_\b-] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt]
+ [-\b-u\bu _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be|_\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd] [V\bVA\bAR\bR=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] {-\b-i\bi | -\b-s\bs | _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd}
- s\bsu\bud\bdo\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bt [-\b-S\bS] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\b__\bt_\by_\bp_\be] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\b
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be|_\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd] file [...]
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bt [-\b-S\bS] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\b__\bt_\by_\bp_\be] [-\b-c\bc _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs|_\b-] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt]
+ [-\b-u\bu _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be|_\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd] file ...
D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo allows a permitted user to execute a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd as the
is implied.
s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo determines who is an authorized user by consulting
- the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs. By giving s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo the -\b-v\bv flag a user
- can update the time stamp without running a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b. The
+ the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs. By giving s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo the -\b-v\bv flag, a user
+ can update the time stamp without running a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. The
password prompt itself will also time out if the user's
password is not entered within 5 minutes (unless overrid
den via _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs).
-1.6.8p7 February 5, 2005 1
+1.6.9p8 December 3, 2007 1
O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo accepts the following command line options:
- -H The -\b-H\bH (_\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE) option sets the HOME environment vari
- able to the homedir of the target user (root by
- default) as specified in passwd(4). By default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
- does not modify HOME (see _\bs_\be_\bt_\b__\bh_\bo_\bm_\be and _\ba_\bl_\bw_\ba_\by_\bs_\b__\bs_\be_\bt_\b__\bh_\bo_\bm_\be
- in sudoers(4)).
-
- -K The -\b-K\bK (sure _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option is like -\b-k\bk except that it
- removes the user's timestamp entirely. Like -\b-k\bk, this
- option does not require a password.
-
- -L The -\b-L\bL (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt defaults) option will list out the param
- eters that may be set in a _\bD_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt_\bs line along with a
- short description for each. This option is useful in
- conjunction with _\bg_\br_\be_\bp(1).
-
- -P The -\b-P\bP (_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bv_\be_\bc_\bt_\bo_\br) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to
- preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered.
- By default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will initialize the group vector to
- the list of groups the target user is in. The real
- and effective group IDs, however, are still set to
- match the target user.
-
- -S The -\b-S\bS (_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to read the password
- from the standard input instead of the terminal
- device.
-
- -V The -\b-V\bV (_\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to print the ver
- sion number and exit. If the invoking user is already
- root the -\b-V\bV option will print out a list of the
- defaults s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo was compiled with as well as the
- machine's local network addresses.
-
-a The -\b-a\ba (_\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\be_\bn_\bt_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bt_\by_\bp_\be) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to use
the specified authentication type when validating the
- user, as allowed by /etc/login.conf. The system
+ user, as allowed by _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf. The system
administrator may specify a list of sudo-specific
authentication methods by adding an "auth-sudo" entry
- in /etc/login.conf. This option is only available on
- systems that support BSD authentication where s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo has
- been configured with the --with-bsdauth option.
+ in _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf. This option is only available on
+ systems that support BSD authentication.
-b The -\b-b\bb (_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd) option tells s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to run the given
command in the background. Note that if you use the
-\b-b\bb option you cannot use shell job control to manipu
late the process.
-
-
-
-1.6.8p7 February 5, 2005 2
-
-
-
-
-
-SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
-
-
-c The -\b-c\bc (_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to run the specified
command with resources limited by the specified login
class. The _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs argument can be either a class name
the command must be run as root, or the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo command
must be run from a shell that is already root. This
option is only available on systems with BSD login
- classes where s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo has been configured with the
- --with-logincap option.
+ classes.
+
+ -E The -\b-E\bE (_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt) option will override the
+ _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\br_\be_\bs_\be_\bt option in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4)). It is only available
+ when either the matching command has the SETENV tag or
+ the _\bs_\be_\bt_\be_\bn_\bv option is set in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4).
-e The -\b-e\be (_\be_\bd_\bi_\bt) option indicates that, instead of run
ning a command, the user wishes to edit one or more
used when consulting the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file. If the user is
authorized by _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs the following steps are taken:
- 1. Temporary copies are made of the files to be
- edited with the owner set to the invoking
- user.
+ 1. Temporary copies are made of the files to be
+ edited with the owner set to the invoking user.
+
+ 2. The editor specified by the VISUAL or EDITOR envi
+ ronment variables is run to edit the temporary
+ files. If neither VISUAL nor EDITOR are set, the
+ program listed in the _\be_\bd_\bi_\bt_\bo_\br _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs variable is
+ used.
+
+
+
+
+1.6.9p8 December 3, 2007 2
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
- 2. The editor specified by the VISUAL or EDITOR
- environment variables is run to edit the tem
- porary files. If neither VISUAL nor EDITOR
- are set, the program listed in the _\be_\bd_\bi_\bt_\bo_\br
- _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs variable is used.
- 3. If they have been modified, the temporary
- files are copied back to their original loca
- tion and the temporary versions are removed.
+ 3. If they have been modified, the temporary files
+ are copied back to their original location and the
+ temporary versions are removed.
If the specified file does not exist, it will be cre
ated. Note that unlike most commands run by s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo, the
receive a warning and the edited copy will remain in a
temporary file.
+ -H The -\b-H\bH (_\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE) option sets the HOME environment vari
+ able to the homedir of the target user (root by
+ default) as specified in _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4). By default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
+ does not modify HOME (see _\bs_\be_\bt_\b__\bh_\bo_\bm_\be and _\ba_\bl_\bw_\ba_\by_\bs_\b__\bs_\be_\bt_\b__\bh_\bo_\bm_\be
+ in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4)).
+
-h The -\b-h\bh (_\bh_\be_\bl_\bp) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to print a usage mes
sage and exit.
-i The -\b-i\bi (_\bs_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bl_\ba_\bt_\be _\bi_\bn_\bi_\bt_\bi_\ba_\bl _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn) option runs the shell
- specified in the passwd(4) entry of the user that the
+ specified in the _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4) entry of the user that the
command is being run as. The command name argument
- given to the shell begins with a - to tell the shell
+ given to the shell begins with a `-' to tell the shell
to run as a login shell. s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo attempts to change to
that user's home directory before running the shell.
It also initializes the environment, leaving _\bT_\bE_\bR_\bM
unchanged, setting _\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE, _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL, _\bU_\bS_\bE_\bR, _\bL_\bO_\bG_\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE, and
_\bP_\bA_\bT_\bH, and unsetting all other environment variables.
-
-
-
-1.6.8p7 February 5, 2005 3
-
-
-
-
-
-SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
-
-
Note that because the shell to use is determined
before the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file is parsed, a _\br_\bu_\bn_\ba_\bs_\b__\bd_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt
setting in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs will specify the user to run the
shell as but will not affect which shell is actually
run.
+ -K The -\b-K\bK (sure _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option is like -\b-k\bk except that it
+ removes the user's timestamp entirely. Like -\b-k\bk, this
+ option does not require a password.
+
-k The -\b-k\bk (_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option to s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo invalidates the user's
- timestamp by setting the time on it to the epoch. The
+ timestamp by setting the time on it to the Epoch. The
next time s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is run a password will be required.
This option does not require a password and was added
to allow a user to revoke s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo permissions from a
.logout file.
+ -L The -\b-L\bL (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt defaults) option will list out the param
+ eters that may be set in a _\bD_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt_\bs line along with a
+ short description for each. This option is useful in
+ conjunction with _\bg_\br_\be_\bp(1).
+
-l The -\b-l\bl (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt) option will list out the allowed (and
- forbidden) commands for the user on the current host.
+ forbidden) commands for the invoking user on the
+
+
+
+1.6.9p8 December 3, 2007 3
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
+
+
+ current host.
+
+ -P The -\b-P\bP (_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bv_\be_\bc_\bt_\bo_\br) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to
+ preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered.
+ By default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will initialize the group vector to
+ the list of groups the target user is in. The real
+ and effective group IDs, however, are still set to
+ match the target user.
-p The -\b-p\bp (_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt) option allows you to override the
default password prompt and use a custom one. The
following percent (`%') escapes are supported:
- %u expanded to the invoking user's login name
+ %H expanded to the local hostname including the
+ domain name (on if the machine's hostname is fully
+ qualified or the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs option is set)
+
+ %h expanded to the local hostname without the domain
+ name
- %U expanded to the login name of the user the
- command will be run as (defaults to root)
+ %U expanded to the login name of the user the command
+ will be run as (defaults to root)
- %h expanded to the local hostname without the
- domain name
+ %u expanded to the invoking user's login name
- %H expanded to the local hostname including the
- domain name (on if the machine's hostname is
- fully qualified or the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn sudoers option is
- set)
+ %% two consecutive % characters are collapsed into a
+ single % character
- %% two consecutive % characters are collapsed
- into a single % character
+ -S The -\b-S\bS (_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to read the password
+ from the standard input instead of the terminal
+ device.
-s The -\b-s\bs (_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl) option runs the shell specified by the
_\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL environment variable if it is set or the shell
- as specified in passwd(4).
+ as specified in _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4).
-u The -\b-u\bu (_\bu_\bs_\be_\br) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to run the specified
command as a user other than _\br_\bo_\bo_\bt. To specify a _\bu_\bi_\bd
- instead of a _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, use _\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd. Note that if the
- _\bt_\ba_\br_\bg_\be_\bt_\bp_\bw Defaults option is set (see sudoers(4)) it is
+ instead of a _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, use _\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd. When running com
+ mands as a _\bu_\bi_\bd, many shells require that the '#' be
+ escaped with a backslash ('\'). Note that if the _\bt_\ba_\br_\b
+ _\bg_\be_\bt_\bp_\bw Defaults option is set (see _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4)) it is
not possible to run commands with a uid not listed in
the password database.
+ -V The -\b-V\bV (_\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to print the ver
+ sion number and exit. If the invoking user is already
+ root the -\b-V\bV option will print out a list of the
+ defaults s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo was compiled with as well as the
+ machine's local network addresses.
+
-v If given the -\b-v\bv (_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bi_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be) option, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will update
the user's timestamp, prompting for the user's pass
word if necessary. This extends the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo timeout for
- another 5 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set to
- in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs) but does not run a command.
-
- -- The -\b--\b- flag indicates that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo should stop processing
-1.6.8p7 February 5, 2005 4
+1.6.9p8 December 3, 2007 4
SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
+ another 5 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set to
+ in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs) but does not run a command.
+
+ -- The -\b--\b- flag indicates that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo should stop processing
command line arguments. It is most useful in conjunc
tion with the -\b-s\bs flag.
+ Environment variables to be set for the command may also
+ be passed on the command line in the form of V\bVA\bAR\bR=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be,
+ e.g. L\bLD\bD_\b_L\bLI\bIB\bBR\bRA\bAR\bRY\bY_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH=_\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl_\b/_\bp_\bk_\bg_\b/_\bl_\bi_\bb. Variables
+ passed on the command line are subject to the same
+ restrictions as normal environment variables with one
+ important exception. If the _\bs_\be_\bt_\be_\bn_\bv option is set in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\b
+ _\be_\br_\bs, the command to be run has the SETENV tag set or the
+ command matched is ALL, the user may set variables that
+ would overwise be forbidden. See _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4) for more
+ information.
+
R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN V\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUE\bES\bS
Upon successful execution of a program, the return value
from s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will simply be the return value of the program
S\bSE\bEC\bCU\bUR\bRI\bIT\bTY\bY N\bNO\bOT\bTE\bES\bS
s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo tries to be safe when executing external commands.
- Variables that control how dynamic loading and binding is
- done can be used to subvert the program that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo runs.
- To combat this the LD_*, _RLD_*, SHLIB_PATH (HP-UX only),
- and LIBPATH (AIX only) environment variables are removed
- from the environment passed on to all commands executed.
- s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will also remove the IFS, CDPATH, ENV, BASH_ENV,
- KRB_CONF, KRBCONFDIR, KRBTKFILE, KRB5_CONFIG, LOCALDOMAIN,
- RES_OPTIONS, HOSTALIASES, NLSPATH, PATH_LOCALE, TERMINFO,
- TERMINFO_DIRS and TERMPATH variables as they too can pose
- a threat. If the TERMCAP variable is set and is a path
- name, it too is ignored. Additionally, if the LC_* or
- LANGUAGE variables contain the / or % characters, they are
- ignored. Environment variables with a value beginning
- with () are also removed as they could be interpreted as
- b\bba\bas\bsh\bh functions. If s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo has been compiled with SecurID
- support, the VAR_ACE, USR_ACE and DLC_ACE variables are
- cleared as well. The list of environment variables that
- s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo clears is contained in the output of sudo -V when run
- as root.
- To prevent command spoofing, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo checks "." and "" (both
- denoting current directory) last when searching for a com
- mand in the user's PATH (if one or both are in the PATH).
- Note, however, that the actual PATH environment variable
- is _\bn_\bo_\bt modified and is passed unchanged to the program
- that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo executes.
+ There are two distinct ways to deal with environment vari
+ ables. By default, the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\br_\be_\bs_\be_\bt _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs option is
+ enabled. This causes commands to be executed with a mini
+ mal environment containing TERM, PATH, HOME, SHELL, LOG
+ NAME, USER and USERNAME in addition to variables from the
+ invoking process permitted by the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bc_\bh_\be_\bc_\bk and _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bk_\be_\be_\bp
+ _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs options. There is effectively a whitelist for
+ environment variables.
- For security reasons, if your OS supports shared libraries
- and does not disable user-defined library search paths for
- setuid programs (most do), you should either use a linker
- option that disables this behavior or link s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
+ If, however, the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\br_\be_\bs_\be_\bt option is disabled in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs,
+ any variables not explicitly denied by the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bc_\bh_\be_\bc_\bk and
+ _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bd_\be_\bl_\be_\bt_\be options are inherited from the invoking pro
+ cess. In this case, _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bc_\bh_\be_\bc_\bk and _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bd_\be_\bl_\be_\bt_\be behave like
+ a blacklist. Since it is not possible to blacklist all
+ potentially dangerous environment variables, use of the
-1.6.8p7 February 5, 2005 5
+1.6.9p8 December 3, 2007 5
SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
- statically.
+ default _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\br_\be_\bs_\be_\bt behavior is encouraged.
+
+ In all cases, environment variables with a value beginning
+ with () are removed as they could be interpreted as b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ functions. The list of environment variables that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
+ allows or denies is contained in the output of sudo -V
+ when run as root.
+
+ Note that the dynamic linker on most operating systems
+ will remove variables that can control dynamic linking
+ from the environment of setuid executables, including
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo. Depending on the operating system this may include
+ _RLD*, DYLD_*, LD_*, LDR_*, LIBPATH, SHLIB_PATH, and oth
+ ers. These type of variables are removed from the envi
+ ronment before s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo even begins execution and, as such, it
+ is not possible for s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to preserve them.
+
+ To prevent command spoofing, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo checks "." and "" (both
+ denoting current directory) last when searching for a com
+ mand in the user's PATH (if one or both are in the PATH).
+ Note, however, that the actual PATH environment variable
+ is _\bn_\bo_\bt modified and is passed unchanged to the program
+ that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo executes.
s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will check the ownership of its timestamp directory
(_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo by default) and ignore the directory's con
- tents if it is not owned by root and only writable by
- root. On systems that allow non-root users to give away
- files via _\bc_\bh_\bo_\bw_\bn(2), if the timestamp directory is located
- in a directory writable by anyone (e.g.: _\b/_\bt_\bm_\bp), it is pos
- sible for a user to create the timestamp directory before
- s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is run. However, because s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo checks the ownership
- and mode of the directory and its contents, the only dam
- age that can be done is to "hide" files by putting them in
- the timestamp dir. This is unlikely to happen since once
- the timestamp dir is owned by root and inaccessible by any
- other user the user placing files there would be unable to
- get them back out. To get around this issue you can use a
- directory that is not world-writable for the timestamps
- (_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\ba_\bd_\bm_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo for instance) or create _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo with
- the appropriate owner (root) and permissions (0700) in the
- system startup files.
+ tents if it is not owned by root or if it is writable by a
+ user other than root. On systems that allow non-root
+ users to give away files via _\bc_\bh_\bo_\bw_\bn(2), if the timestamp
+ directory is located in a directory writable by anyone
+ (e.g., _\b/_\bt_\bm_\bp), it is possible for a user to create the
+ timestamp directory before s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is run. However, because
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo checks the ownership and mode of the directory and
+ its contents, the only damage that can be done is to
+ "hide" files by putting them in the timestamp dir. This
+ is unlikely to happen since once the timestamp dir is
+ owned by root and inaccessible by any other user, the user
+ placing files there would be unable to get them back out.
+ To get around this issue you can use a directory that is
+ not world-writable for the timestamps (_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\ba_\bd_\bm_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo for
+ instance) or create _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo with the appropriate
+ owner (root) and permissions (0700) in the system startup
+ files.
s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will not honor timestamps set far in the future.
Timestamps with a date greater than current_time + 2 *
timestamp with a bogus date on systems that allow users to
give away files.
- Please note that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will only log the command it explic
- itly runs. If a user runs a command such as sudo su or
- sudo sh, subsequent commands run from that shell will _\bn_\bo_\bt
- be logged, nor will s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo's access control affect them.
- The same is true for commands that offer shell escapes
- (including most editors). Because of this, care must be
- taken when giving users access to commands via s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to
- verify that the command does not inadvertently give the
- user an effective root shell.
+ Please note that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will normally only log the command
+ it explicitly runs. If a user runs a command such as sudo
+ su or sudo sh, subsequent commands run from that shell
-E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
- s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo utilizes the following environment variables:
- EDITOR Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode if
- VISUAL is not set
- HOME In -s or -H mode (or if sudo was configured with
- the --enable-shell-sets-home option), set to
- homedir of the target user
+1.6.9p8 December 3, 2007 6
- PATH Set to a sane value if sudo was configured with
- the --with-secure-path option
- SHELL Used to determine shell to run with -s option
- SUDO_PROMPT Used as the default password prompt
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
-1.6.8p7 February 5, 2005 6
+ will _\bn_\bo_\bt be logged, nor will s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo's access control affect
+ them. The same is true for commands that offer shell
+ escapes (including most editors). Because of this, care
+ must be taken when giving users access to commands via
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to verify that the command does not inadvertently
+ give the user an effective root shell. For more informa
+ tion, please see the PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES section in
+ _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4).
+E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo utilizes the following environment variables:
+ EDITOR Default editor to use in -\b-e\be (sudoedit)
+ mode if VISUAL is not set
+ HOME In -\b-s\bs or -\b-H\bH mode (or if sudo was config
+ ured with the --enable-shell-sets-home
+ option), set to homedir of the target user
-SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
+ PATH Set to a sane value if the _\bs_\be_\bc_\bu_\br_\be_\b__\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh
+ sudoers option is set.
+ SHELL Used to determine shell to run with -s
+ option
- SUDO_COMMAND Set to the command run by sudo
+ SUDO_PROMPT Used as the default password prompt
- SUDO_USER Set to the login of the user who invoked sudo
+ SUDO_COMMAND Set to the command run by sudo
- SUDO_UID Set to the uid of the user who invoked sudo
+ SUDO_USER Set to the login of the user who invoked
+ sudo
- SUDO_GID Set to the gid of the user who invoked sudo
+ SUDO_UID Set to the uid of the user who invoked
+ sudo
- SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value
+ SUDO_GID Set to the gid of the user who invoked
+ sudo
- USER Set to the target user (root unless the -u option
- is specified)
+ SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value
- VISUAL Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode
+ USER Set to the target user (root unless the -\b-u\bu
+ option is specified)
+
+ VISUAL Default editor to use in -\b-e\be (sudoedit)
+ mode
F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
- /etc/sudoers List of who can run what
- /var/run/sudo Directory containing timestamps
+ _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs List of who can run what
+ _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo Directory containing timestamps
E\bEX\bXA\bAM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bES\bS
- Note: the following examples assume suitable sudoers(4)
+ Note: the following examples assume suitable _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4)
entries.
+
+
+
+1.6.9p8 December 3, 2007 7
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
+
+
To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:
$ sudo ls /usr/local/protected
$ sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE"
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
- _\bg_\br_\be_\bp(1), _\bs_\bu(1), _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2), _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn_\b__\bc_\ba_\bp(3), sudoers(4),
- passwd(4), visudo(1m)
+ _\bg_\br_\be_\bp(1), _\bs_\bu(1), _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2), _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn_\b__\bc_\ba_\bp(3), _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4),
+ _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4), _\bv_\bi_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m)
A\bAU\bUT\bTH\bHO\bOR\bRS\bS
Many people have worked on s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo over the years; this ver
sion consists of code written primarily by:
-
-
-1.6.8p7 February 5, 2005 7
-
-
-
-
-
-SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
-
-
- Todd Miller
+ Todd C. Miller
Chris Jepeway
See the HISTORY file in the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo distribution or visit
user to run commands via shell escapes, thus avoiding
s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo's checks. However, on most systems it is possible to
prevent shell escapes with s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo's _\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc functionality.
- See the sudoers(4) manual for details.
+ See the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4) manual for details.
It is not meaningful to run the cd command directly via
- sudo, e.g.
+ sudo, e.g.,
$ sudo cd /usr/local/protected
- since when whe command exits the parent process (your
+ since when the command exits the parent process (your
+
+
+
+1.6.9p8 December 3, 2007 8
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
+
+
shell) will still be the same. Please see the EXAMPLES
section for more information.
bug report at http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/
S\bSU\bUP\bPP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bT
- Commercial support is available for s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo, see
- http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/support.html for details.
-
Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mail
ing list, see http://www.sudo.ws/mail
man/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the
archives.
D\bDI\bIS\bSC\bCL\bLA\bAI\bIM\bME\bER\bR
- S\bSu\bud\bdo\bo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied war
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied war
ranties, including, but not limited to, the implied war
ranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
purpose are disclaimed. See the LICENSE file distributed
- with s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for
-
-
-
-1.6.8p7 February 5, 2005 8
-
-
-
-
-
-SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
-
-
- complete details.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ with s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for com
+ plete details.
-1.6.8p7 February 5, 2005 9
+1.6.9p8 December 3, 2007 9
projects / debian / sudo / blobdiff