-#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
+#LyX 1.4.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
\lyxformat 221
\textclass book
\begin_preamble
+\pdfoptionpdfminorversion=3
\usepackage[
pdftitle={SDCC Compiler User Guide},
pdfauthor={SDCC development team},
pdfsubject={installation, user manual},
- pdfkeywords={8032, 8051, ansi, c, compiler, CPU, DS390,
- embedded, GPL, HC08, manual, mcs51, PIC, Z80},
+ pdfkeywords={68hc08 8032 8051 ansi c compiler assembler CPU DS390 embedded development free Floating Point Arithmetic Freescale GPL HC08 inline Intel ISO/IEC 9899:1990 Linux MAC OS X manual Maxim mcs51 Microchip microcontroller open source PIC Unix Windows Z80 Zilog},
+ pdfpagemode=UseOutlines,
colorlinks=true,
linkcolor=blue] {hyperref}
%
\fontscheme pslatex
\graphics default
\paperfontsize default
-\spacing single
+\spacing single
\papersize letterpaper
-\paperpackage a4
\use_geometry 1
\use_amsmath 0
\use_natbib 0
\paragraph_separation indent
\defskip medskip
\quotes_language swedish
-\quotes_times 2
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 1
\paperpagestyle fancy
-\layout Comment
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
+\layout Standard
Please note: double dashed longoptions (e.g.
--version) are written this way: -
\begin_inset ERT
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+
+\end_inset
-
-\layout Comment
+\layout Standard
Two resp.
three consecutive dashes simply result in a long resp.
extra long dash.
-\layout Comment
+\layout Standard
Architecture specific stuff (like memory models, code examples) should maybe
later go
-\layout Comment
+\layout Standard
into seperate sections/chapters/appendices (it is hard to document PIC or
Z80 in
-\layout Comment
+\layout Standard
a 8051 centered document) - for now simply add.
-\layout Title
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Title
SDCC Compiler User Guide
-\layout Date
+\layout Date
-\size normal
-SDCC 2.3.7
-\size footnotesize
+\size normal
+SDCC 2.6.5
+\size footnotesize
-\newline
-$Date$
-\newline
+\newline
+$Date:: $
+\newline
$Revision$
-\layout Comment
-The above strings enclosed in $ are automatically updated by cvs
\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+The above strings enclosed in $ are automatically updated by Subversion
+
+\end_inset
+
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Chapter
+\layout Chapter
Introduction
-\layout Section
+\layout Section
About SDCC
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\series bold
+\series bold
SDCC
-\series default
+\series default
(
-\emph on
+\emph on
S
-\emph default
+\emph default
mall
-\emph on
+\emph on
D
-\emph default
+\emph default
evice
-\emph on
+\emph on
C
-\emph default
+\emph default
-\emph on
+\emph on
C
-\emph default
-ompiler) is a Freeware, retargettable, optimizing ANSI-C compiler by
-\series bold
+\emph default
+ompiler) is an open source, retargettable, optimizing ANSI-C compiler by
+
+\series bold
Sandeep Dutta
-\series default
+\series default
designed for 8 bit Microprocessors.
The current version targets Intel MCS51 based Microprocessors (8031, 8032,
8051, 8052
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{8031, 8032, 8051, 8052, mcs51 CPU}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-, etc.), Dallas DS80C390 variants, Motorola HC08 and Zilog Z80 based MCUs.
- It can be retargetted for other microprocessors, support for Microchip
- PIC, Atmel AVR is under development.
+, etc.), Dallas DS80C390 variants, Freescale (formerly Motorola) HC08 and
+ Zilog Z80 based MCUs.
+ It can be retargeted for other microprocessors, support for Microchip PIC,
+ Atmel AVR is under development.
The entire source code for the compiler is distributed under GPL.
- SDCC uses ASXXXX & ASLINK, a Freeware, retargettable assembler & linker.
+ SDCC uses ASXXXX
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ & ASLINK
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, an open source retargetable assembler & linker.
SDCC has extensive language extensions suitable for utilizing various microcont
rollers and underlying hardware effectively.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of standard
- optimizations like:
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
+In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of
+ standard optimizations like:
-global sub expression elimination,
\layout Itemize
+global sub expression elimination,
+\layout Itemize
loop optimizations (loop invariant, strength reduction of induction variables
and loop reversing),
-\layout Itemize
-constant folding & propagation,
\layout Itemize
+constant folding & propagation,
-copy propagation,
\layout Itemize
+copy propagation,
-dead code elimination
\layout Itemize
+dead code elimination
+\layout Itemize
jump tables for
-\emph on
+\emph on
switch
-\emph default
+\emph default
statements.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
For the back-end SDCC uses a global register allocation scheme which should
be well suited for other 8 bit MCUs.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-The peep hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which is
- MCU independent.
+\newline
+The peep hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which
+ is MCU independent.
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
Supported data-types are:
-\layout Itemize
-char (8 bits, 1 byte),
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="5">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="20text%">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-short and int (16 bits, 2 bytes),
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+type
-long (32 bit, 4 bytes)
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-float (4 byte IEEE).
-
\layout Standard
+width
-The compiler also allows
-\emph on
-inline assembler code
-\emph default
- to be embedded anywhere in a function.
- In addition, routines developed in assembly can also be called.
-\newline
-
-\newline
-SDCC also provides an option (-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+default
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
--cyclomatic) to report the relative complexity of a function.
- These functions can then be further optimized, or hand coded in assembly
- if needed.
-
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+signed range
-\newline
-SDCC also comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB, the debugger
- currently uses ucSim a freeware simulator for 8051 and other micro-controllers.
-
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-The latest version can be downloaded from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\layout Standard
+unsigned range
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
+\layout Standard
+bool
-\series bold
-
-\series default
-\emph on
-Please note: the compiler will probably always be some steps ahead of this
- documentation
-\series bold
-\emph default
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation}
+\layout Standard
+1 bit
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+unsigned
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+-
-Obviously this has pros and cons
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Open Source
\layout Standard
+0, 1
-All packages used in this compiler system are
-\emph on
-opensource
-\emph default
- and
-\emph on
-freeware
-\emph default
-; source code for all the sub-packages (pre-processor, assemblers, linkers
- etc) is distributed with the package.
- This documentation is maintained using a freeware word processor (LyX).
-\newline
-This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
- under the terms of the GNU General Public License
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU General Public License, GPL}
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at
- your option) any later version.
- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
- ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{warranty}
+\layout Standard
+char
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
- See the GNU General Public License for more details.
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
- with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple
- Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
- In other words, you are welcome to use, share and improve this program.
- You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve what
- you give them.
- Help stamp out software-hoarding!
-\layout Section
+\layout Standard
+8 bits, 1 byte
-Typographic conventions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Typographic conventions}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+signed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+-128, +127
-Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention.
- Commands you have to type in are printed in
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"sans serif"
-\series default
-.
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family default
- Code samples are printed in
-\family typewriter
-typewriter font.
+\layout Standard
+0, +255
-\family default
- Interesting items and new terms are printed in
-\emph on
-italic.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Compatibility with previous versions
\layout Standard
+short
-This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version.
- But we also introduced some incompatibilities with older versions.
- Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable, efficient
- and ANSI compliant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance}
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:ANSI-Compliance}
+\layout Standard
+16 bits, 2 bytes
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- for ANSI-Compliance).
-
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+signed
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char
- (8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+-32.768, +32.767
-the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation
- files are stored is now in /usr/local/share
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-char type parameters to vararg functions are casted to int unless explicitly
- casted, e.g.:
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+0, +65.535
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-char a=3;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-printf ("%d %c
-\backslash
-n", a, (char)a);
-\family default
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
- will push a as an int and as a char resp.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+int
-option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+16 bits, 2 bytes
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
--regextend has been removed
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+signed
-option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+-32.768, +32.767
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--noregparms has been removed
-\layout Itemize
-
-option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+0, +65.535
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
--stack-after-data has been removed
\layout Standard
+long
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\emph on
-<pending: more incompatibilities?>
-\layout Section
-
-System Requirements
\layout Standard
+32 bits, 4 bytes
-What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and
- a desire to compute.
- The preferred method of installation is to compile SDCC from source using
- GNU gcc and make.
- For Windows some pre-compiled binary distributions are available for your
- convenience.
- You should have some experience with command line tools and compiler use.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Other Resources
\layout Standard
+signed
-The SDCC home page at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+-2.147.483.648, +2.147.483.647
- is a great place to find distribution sets.
- You can also find links to the user mailing lists that offer help or discuss
- SDCC with other SDCC users.
- Web links to other SDCC related sites can also be found here.
- This document can be found in the DOC directory of the source package as
- a text or HTML file.
- Some of the other tools (simulator and assembler) included with SDCC contain
- their own documentation and can be found in the source distribution.
- If you want the latest unreleased software, the complete source package
- is available directly by anonymous CVS on cvs.sdcc.sourceforge.net.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Wishes for the future
\layout Standard
+0, +4.294.967.295
-There are (and always will be) some things that could be done.
- Here are some I can think of:
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+float
-
-\family typewriter
-char KernelFunction3(char p) at 0x340;
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+4 bytes IEEE 754
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-code banking
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code banking (not supported)}
+\layout Standard
+signed
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- support for mcs51
-\newline
+\layout Standard
-\newline
-\family default
-If you can think of some more, please see the chapter
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Requesting-Features}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+1.175494351E-38,
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+3.402823466E+38
- about filing feature requests
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+pointer
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request}
+\layout Standard
+1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+generic
-\layout Chapter
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Installing SDCC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Installation}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
- or section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Windows-Install}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-.
- More detailled instructions follow below.
-\layout Section
+\newline
+The compiler also allows
+\emph on
+inline assembler code
+\emph default
+ to be embedded anywhere in a function.
+ In addition, routines developed in assembly can also be called.
+\newline
-Configure Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options SDCC configuration}
+\newline
+SDCC also
+ provides an option (-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-The install paths, search paths and other options are defined when running
- 'configure'.
- The defaults can be overridden by:
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+-cyclomatic) to report the relative complexity of a function.
+ These functions can then be further optimized, or hand coded in assembly
+ if needed.
+
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+SDCC also comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB, the debugger
+ currently uses ucSim a freeware simulator for 8051 and other micro-controllers.<
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
--prefix see table below
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+The latest version can be downloaded from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+.
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+
+\series default
+\emph on
+Please note: the compiler will probably always be some steps ahead of this
+ documentation
+\series bold
+\emph default
--exec_prefix see table below
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation}
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
\layout Standard
+Obviously this has pros and cons
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--bindir see table below
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+.
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Section
+Open Source
\layout Standard
+All packages used in this compiler system are
+\emph on
+open source
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+freeware
+\emph default
+; source code for all the sub-packages (pre-processor, assemblers, linkers
+ etc) is distributed with the package.
+ This documentation is maintained using a freeware word processor (LyX).
+\newline
+This
+ program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ the terms of the GNU General Public License
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU General Public License, GPL}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--datadir see table below
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at
+ your option) any later version.
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{warranty}
-docdir environment variable, see table below
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-include_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+ with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple
+ Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+ In other words, you are welcome to use, share and improve this program.
+ You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve what
+ you give them.
+ Help stamp out software-hoarding!
-lib_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Section
+Typographic conventions
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Typographic conventions}
-sdccconf_h_dir_separator environment variable, either / or
-\backslash
+\end_inset
-\backslash
- makes sense here.
- This character will only be used in sdccconf.h; don't forget it's a C-header,
- therefore a double-backslash is needed there.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
\layout Standard
+Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention.
+ Commands you have to type in are printed in
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"sans serif"
+\series default
+.
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family default
+ Code samples are printed in
+\family typewriter
+typewriter font.
--disable-mcs51-port Excludes the Intel mcs51 port
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family default
+ Interesting items and new terms are printed in
+\emph on
+italic.
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Section
+Compatibility
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ with previous versions
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compatibility with previous versions}
+
+\end_inset
--disable-gbz80-port Excludes the Gameboy gbz80 port
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
\layout Standard
+This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version.
+ But we also introduced some incompatibilities with older versions.
+ Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable, efficient
+ and ANSI compliant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--disable-z80-port Excludes the z80 port
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:ANSI-Compliance}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ for ANSI-Compliance).
+
+\newline
--disable-avr-port Excludes the AVR port
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Itemize
+short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char
+ (8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Itemize
+the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation
+ files are stored is now in /usr/local/share.
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Itemize
+char type parameters to vararg
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg}
--disable-ds390-port Excludes the DS390 port
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ functions are casted to int unless explicitly casted
+\begin_inset Marginal
+collapsed true
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--disable-hc08-port Excludes the HC08 port
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+\SpecialChar ~
+!
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+, e.g.:
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+char a=3;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+printf ("%d %c
+\backslash
+n", a, (char)a);
+\family default
--disable-pic-port Excludes the PIC port
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
+ will push a as an int and as a char resp.
--
+\layout Itemize
+option -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--disable-xa51-port Excludes the XA51 port
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
+-regextend has been removed.
+
+\layout Itemize
+option -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--disable-ucsim Disables configuring and building of ucsim
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
+-noregparms has been removed.
+
+\layout Itemize
+option -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--disable-device-lib-build Disables automatically building device libraries
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+-stack-after-data has been removed.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Itemize
+bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--disable-packihx Disables building packihx
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ and sbit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit}
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit}
--enable-libgc Use the Bohem memory allocator.
- Lower runtime footprint.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Furthermore the environment variables CC, CFLAGS, ...
- the tools and their arguments can be influenced.
- Please see `configure -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ types now consistently behave like the C99 _Bool type with respect to type
+ conversion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type conversion}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--help` and the man/info pages of `configure` for details.
-\newline
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
-\newline
-The names of the standard libraries STD_LIB, STD_INT_LIB, STD_LONG_LIB,
- STD_FP_LIB, STD_DS390_LIB, STD_XA51_LIB and the environment variables SDCC_DIR_
-NAME, SDCC_INCLUDE_NAME, SDCC_LIB_NAME are defined by `configure` too.
- At the moment it's not possible to change the default settings (it was
- simply never required).
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-These configure options are compiled into the binaries, and can only be
- changed by rerunning 'configure' and recompiling SDCC.
- The configure options are written in
-\emph on
-italics
-\emph default
- to distinguish them from run time environment variables (see section search
- paths).
-\newline
+.
+ The most common incompatibility resulting from this change is related to
+ bit toggling
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit toggling}
-\newline
-The settings for
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-Win32 builds
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+ idioms, e.g.:
+\newline
- are used by the SDCC team to build the official Win32 binaries.
- The SDCC team uses Mingw32 to build the official Windows binaries, because
- it's
-\layout Enumerate
+\family typewriter
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+bit b;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+b = ~
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator}
-open source,
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
-a gcc compiler and last but not least
-\layout Enumerate
+b; /* equivalent to b=1 instead of toggling b */
+\begin_inset Marginal
+collapsed true
-the binaries can be built by cross compiling on Sourceforge's compile farm.
\layout Standard
-See the examples, how to pass the Win32 settings to 'configure'.
- The other Win32 builds using Borland, VC or whatever don't use 'configure',
- but a header file sdcc_vc_in.h is the same as sdccconf.h built by 'configure'
- for Win32.
-\newline
+\series bold
+\SpecialChar ~
+!
-\newline
-These defaults are:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+b = !b; /* toggles b */
+\newline
+
+\family default
+In previous versions, both forms would have toggled the bit.
\layout Standard
-Variable
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\emph on
+<pending: more incompatibilities?>
+
+\layout Section
+System Requirements
\layout Standard
+What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and
+ a desire to compute.
+ The preferred method of installation is to compile SDCC from source using
+ GNU gcc and make.
+ For Windows some pre-compiled binary distributions are available for your
+ convenience.
+ You should have some experience with command line tools and compiler use.
-default
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Section
+Other Resources
\layout Standard
+The SDCC home page at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/}
-Win32 builds
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ is a great place to find distribution sets.
+ You can also find links to the user mailing lists that offer help or discuss
+ SDCC with other SDCC users.
+ Web links to other SDCC related sites can also be found here.
+ This document can be found in the DOC directory of the source package as
+ a text or HTML file.
+ A pdf version of this document is available at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf}
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-PREFIX
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+.
+ Some of the other tools (simulator and assembler) included with SDCC contain
+ their own documentation and can be found in the source distribution.
+ If you want the latest unreleased software, the complete source package
+ is available directly from Subversion on https://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/
+sdcc/trunk/sdcc.
+
+\layout Section
+Wishes for the future
\layout Standard
+There are (and always will be) some things that could be done.
+ Here are some I can think of:
+\newline
-/usr/local
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+char KernelFunction3(char p) at 0x340;
+\newline
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+better code banking
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code banking (limited support)}
-\emph on
-EXEC_PREFIX
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ support for mcs51
+\newline
-\emph on
-$PREFIX
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\family default
+If you can think of some more, please see the section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Requesting-Features}
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-$PREFIX
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ about filing feature requests
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-BINDIR
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+.
+\newline
-\emph on
-$EXECPREFIX
-\emph default
-/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\layout Chapter
+Installing SDCC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Installation}
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-$EXECPREFIX
-\emph default
-\backslash
-bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux}
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-DATADIR
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ (Unix) or section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Windows-Install}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ (Windows).
+ More detailed instructions follow below.
-\emph on
-$PREFIX
-\emph default
-/share
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\emph on
-$PREFIX
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Section
+Configure Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options SDCC configuration}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-DOCDIR
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+The install paths, search paths and other options are defined when running
+ 'configure'.
+ The defaults can be overridden by:
-
-\emph on
-$DATADIR
-\emph default
-/sdcc/doc
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\emph on
-$DATADIR
-\emph default
-
-\backslash
-doc
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+-prefix see table below
-\emph on
-INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-sdcc/include
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-include
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+-exec_prefix see table below
-\emph on
-LIB_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-sdcc/lib
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-lib
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-bindir see table below
-\newline
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\noindent
-'configure' also computes relative paths.
- This is needed for full relocatability of a binary package and to complete
- search paths (see section search paths below):
-\newline
-
-\layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-Variable (computed)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-datadir see table below
-default
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-Win32 builds
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-\emph on
-BIN2DATA_DIR
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-datarootdir see table below
+\newline
-../share
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+docdir environment variable, see table below
-..
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+include_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below
-\layout Standard
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+lib_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdccconf_h_dir_separator environment variable, either / or
+\backslash
-\emph on
-PREFIX2BIN_DIR
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+ makes sense here.
+ This character will only be used in sdccconf.h; don't forget it's a C-header,
+ therefore a double-backslash is needed there.
+\newline
-\layout Standard
-bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-\emph on
-PREFIX2DATA_DIR
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-disable-mcs51-port Excludes the Intel mcs51 port
-share/sdcc
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\noindent
-Examples:
-\layout LyX-Code
+-disable-gbz80-port Excludes the Gameboy gbz80 port
-./configure
-\newline
-./configure -
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--prefix=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-/usr/bin
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+-disable-z80-port Excludes the z80 port
- -
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--datadir=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-/usr/share
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-disable-avr-port Excludes the AVR port
-\newline
-./configure -
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--disable-avr-port -
+\end_inset
+
+-disable-ds390-port Excludes the DS390 port
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--disable-xa51-port
-\layout Standard
-
-To cross compile on linux for Mingw32 (see also 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_mingw
-32'):
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-./configure
-\backslash
-
-\newline
-CC=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-i586-mingw32msvc-gcc
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
- CXX=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-i586-mingw32msvc-g++
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-
-\newline
-RANLIB=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-i586-mingw32msvc-ranlib
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-
-\newline
-STRIP=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-i586-mingw32msvc-strip
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\backslash
+-disable-hc08-port Excludes the HC08 port
-\newline
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--prefix=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-/sdcc
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\backslash
+-disable-pic-port Excludes the PIC port
-\newline
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--datadir=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-/sdcc
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-
-\newline
-docdir=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-/sdcc/doc
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-
-\newline
-include_dir_suffix=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-include
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-
-\newline
-lib_dir_suffix=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-lib
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-
-\newline
-sdccconf_h_dir_separator=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-
-\backslash
-\backslash
-
-\backslash
+\backslash
+/
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\backslash
+-disable-xa51-port Excludes the XA51 port
-\newline
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--disable-device-lib-build
-\backslash
+\end_inset
-\newline
+-disable-ucsim Disables configuring and building of ucsim
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--disable-ucsim
-\backslash
+\end_inset
+
+-disable-device-lib Disables automatically building device libraries
-\newline
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--host=i586-mingw32msvc -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
-
--build=unknown-unknown-linux-gnu
-\layout Standard
-
-To
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-
-cross
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-compile on Cygwin for Mingw32 (see also sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32
-):
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-./configure -C
-\backslash
-
-\newline
-CFLAGS=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
--mno-cygwin -O2
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-\newline
-LDFLAGS=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--mno-cygwin
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+-disable-packihx Disables building packihx
+\newline
-
-\backslash
-\newline
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--prefix=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-/sdcc
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\backslash
+-enable-doc Build pdf, html and txt files from the lyx sources
-\newline
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--datadir=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-/sdcc
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-
-\newline
-docdir=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-/sdcc/doc
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-\backslash
-
-\newline
-include_dir_suffix=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-include
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\backslash
+-enable-libgc Use the Bohem memory allocator.
+ Lower runtime footprint.
-\newline
-lib_dir_suffix=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+Furthermore the environment variables CC, CFLAGS, ...
+ the tools and their arguments can be influenced.
+ Please see `configure -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-lib
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-\newline
-sdccconf_h_dir_separator=
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\backslash
+-help` and the man/info pages of `configure` for details.
+\newline
-\backslash
+\newline
+The names of the
+ standard libraries STD_LIB, STD_INT_LIB, STD_LONG_LIB, STD_FP_LIB, STD_DS390_LI
+B, STD_XA51_LIB and the environment variables SDCC_DIR_NAME, SDCC_INCLUDE_NAME,
+ SDCC_LIB_NAME are defined by `configure` too.
+ At the moment it's not possible to change the default settings (it was
+ simply never required).
+\newline
-\backslash
+\newline
+These configure options are compiled into the binaries,
+ and can only be changed by rerunning 'configure' and recompiling SDCC.
+ The configure options are written in
+\emph on
+italics
+\emph default
+ to distinguish them from run time environment variables (see section search
+ paths).
+\newline
-\backslash
+\newline
+The settings for
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+Win32 builds
\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-
-\newline
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ are used by the SDCC team to build the official Win32 binaries.
+ The SDCC team uses Mingw32 to build the official Windows binaries, because
+ it's
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Enumerate
+open source,
--disable-ucsim
-\layout Standard
+\layout Enumerate
+a gcc compiler and last but not least
-'configure' is quite slow on Cygwin (at least on windows before Win2000/XP).
- The option '-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Enumerate
+the binaries can be built by cross compiling on SDCC Distributed Compile
+ Farm.
\layout Standard
+See the examples, how to pass the Win32 settings to 'configure'.
+ The other Win32 builds using Borland, VC or whatever don't use 'configure',
+ but a header file sdcc_vc_in.h is the same as sdccconf.h built by 'configure'
+ for Win32.
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--C' turns on caching, which gives a little bit extra speed.
- However if options are changed, it can be necessary to delete the config.cache
- file.
-\layout Section
-
-Install paths
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-paths}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install paths}
-
-\end_inset
+\newline
+These defaults are:
+\newline
\layout Standard
-\added_space_top medskip \align center
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="4">
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+Variable
-
-\series bold
-Description
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+default
-
-\series bold
-Path
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+Win32 builds
-
-\series bold
-Default
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\series bold
-Win32 builds
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
\layout Standard
-Binary files*
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
+\emph on
+PREFIX
-\emph on
-$EXEC_PREFIX
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+/usr/local
-/usr/local/bin
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
+\backslash
sdcc
-\backslash
-bin
-\end_inset
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
\layout Standard
-Include files
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
+\emph on
+EXEC_PREFIX
-\emph on
-$DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-/usr/local/share/sdcc/include
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$PREFIX
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+\emph on
+$PREFIX
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-include
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
\layout Standard
-Library file**
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
+\emph on
+BINDIR
-\emph on
-$DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$EXEC_PREFIX
+\emph default
+/bin
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+\emph on
+$EXEC_PREFIX
+\emph default
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-lib
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+bin
-Documentation
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+\emph on
+DATADIR
-\emph on
-$DOCDIR
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-/usr/local/share/sdcc/doc
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$DATAROOTDIR
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+\emph on
+$DATAROOTDIR
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-doc
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\size footnotesize
-*compiler, preprocessor, assembler, and linker
-\newline
-**the
-\shape italic
-model
-\shape default
- is auto-appended by the compiler, e.g.
- small, large, z80, ds390 etc
-\layout Standard
-\noindent
-The install paths can still be changed during `make install` with e.g.:
-\layout LyX-Code
-
-make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc
-\layout Standard
-
-Of course this doesn't change the search paths compiled into the binaries.
-\layout Section
-
-Search Paths
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Search-Paths}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Search path}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\layout Standard
-
-Some search paths or parts of them are determined by configure variables
- (in
-\emph on
-italics
-\emph default
-, see section above).
- Further search paths are determined by environment variables during runtime.
-
-\newline
-The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first catch
- wins):
-\newline
-
-\newline
-1.
- Binary files (preprocessor, assembler and linker)
-\newline
-
-\layout Standard
-\align center
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-Search path
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+DATAROOTDIR
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-default
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$PREFIX
+\emph default
+/share
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-Win32 builds
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$PREFIX
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
\layout Standard
-$SDCC_HOME/
-\emph on
-$PPREFIX2BIN_DIR
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+DOCDIR
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-$SDCC_HOME/bin
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$DATAROOTDIR
+\emph default
+/sdcc/doc
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-$SDCC_HOME
-\backslash
-bin
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$DATAROOTDIR
+\emph default
+
+\backslash
+doc
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
\layout Standard
-Path of argv[0] (if available)
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+sdcc/include
-Path of argv[0]
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+include
-Path of argv[0]
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
\layout Standard
-$PATH
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+LIB_DIR_SUFFIX
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+sdcc/lib
-$PATH
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+lib
-$PATH
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\newline
-\layout Standard
-\noindent
-2.
- Include files
-\newline
+\newline
+
\layout Standard
-\align center
+\noindent
+'configure' also computes relative paths.
+ This is needed for full relocatability of a binary package and to complete
+ search paths (see section search paths below):
+\newline
+
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.5in">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.5in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+Variable (computed)
-Search path
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-
default
-\end_inset
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-
Win32 builds
-\end_inset
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+BIN2DATA_DIR
--I dir
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+../share
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--I dir
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+..
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--I dir
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-$SDCC_INCLUDE
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+PREFIX2BIN_DIR
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+bin
-$SDCC_INCLUDE
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+bin
-$SDCC_INCLUDE
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-$SDCC_HOME/
-\newline
+\emph on
+PREFIX2DATA_DIR
-\emph on
-$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/
-\newline
-$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+share/sdcc
-$SDCC_ HOME/
-\newline
-share/sdcc/
-\newline
-include
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-$SDCC_HOME
-\backslash
-include
-\end_inset
+
+\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-path(argv[0])/
-\newline
-\emph on
-$BIN2DATADIR/
-\emph default
+\newline
-\newline
-\emph on
-$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+\noindent
+Examples:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+./configure
+\newline
+./configure -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-path(argv[0])/
-\newline
-../sdcc/include
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-prefix=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+/usr/bin
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-path(argv[0])
-\backslash
-..
-\backslash
-include
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-datarootdir=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+/usr/share
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+./configure -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\emph on
-$DATADIR/
-\emph default
+\backslash
+/
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+-disable-avr-port -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-/usr/local/share/sdcc/
-\newline
-include
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-disable-xa51-port
\layout Standard
+To cross compile on linux for Mingw32 (see also 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_mingw
+32'):
-(not on Win32)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\layout LyX-Code
+./configure
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+CC=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+i586-mingw32msvc-gcc
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ CXX=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+i586-mingw32msvc-g++
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\newline
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+RANLIB=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\noindent
-The option -
+i586-mingw32msvc-ranlib
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+STRIP=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+i586-mingw32msvc-strip
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--nostdinc disables the last two search paths.
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-3.
- Library files
-\newline
+-prefix=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+/sdcc
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-With the exception of
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+
+\backslash
+\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--L dir
+\end_inset
+
+-datarootdir=
\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+/sdcc
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
- the
-\shape italic
-model
-\shape default
- is auto-appended by the compiler (e.g.
- small, large, z80, ds390 etc.).
-\newline
+\backslash
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\newline
+docdir=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.7in">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.2in">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="1.2in">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+${datarootdir}/doc
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-Search path
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+\backslash
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+include_dir_suffix=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-default
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+include
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+
+\backslash
-Win32 builds
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+lib_dir_suffix=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+lib
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+sdccconf_h_dir_separator=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+
+\backslash
+
+\backslash
+
+\backslash
+
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--L dir
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-disable-device-lib
+\backslash
+\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--L dir
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-host=i586-mingw32msvc
+\backslash
+\newline
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--L dir
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-build=unknown-unknown-linux-gnu
-$SDCC_LIB/
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+To
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-<model>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+cross
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+compile on Cygwin for Mingw32 (see also sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32
+):
-$SDCC_LIB/
-\newline
+\layout LyX-Code
+./configure -C
+\backslash
-\emph on
-<model>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-$SDCC_LIB
-\backslash
-\newline
+\backslash
+/
-\emph on
-<model>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-$SDCC_HOME/
-\newline
+-prefix=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/
-\newline
-$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+/sdcc
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+
+\backslash
-$SDCC_HOME/
-\newline
-share/sdcc/
-\newline
-lib/
-\emph on
-<model>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-$SDCC_HOME
-\backslash
-lib
-\backslash
-\emph on
+\backslash
+/
-\newline
-<model>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-datarootdir=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-path(argv[0])/
-\newline
+/sdcc
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-$BIN2DATADIR/
-\emph default
+
+\backslash
-\newline
+\newline
+docdir=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+${datarootdir}/doc
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-path(argv[0])/
-\newline
-../sdcc/lib/
-\emph on
-<model>
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+include_dir_suffix=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+include
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+
+\backslash
-path(argv[0])
-\backslash
+\newline
+lib_dir_suffix=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\newline
-..
-\backslash
lib
-\backslash
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-<model>
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+
+\backslash
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+sdccconf_h_dir_separator=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
-\emph on
-$DATADIR/
-\newline
-$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
-/usr/local/share/sdcc/
-\newline
-lib/
-\emph on
-<model>
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-(not on Win32)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+
+\backslash
-\end_inset
+\newline
+CC=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+gcc -mno-cygwin
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\newline
+
+\backslash
-\layout Comment
+\newline
+CXX=
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking
- the HTML output (last line)!
-\layout Standard
+g++ -mno-cygwin
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+
-\newline
-The option -
+\layout Standard
+'configure' is quite slow on Cygwin (at least on windows before Win2000/XP).
+ The option '-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--nostdlib disables the last two search paths.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-Building SDCC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Building SDCC}
+-C' turns on caching, which gives a little bit extra speed.
+ However if options are changed, it can be necessary to delete the config.cache
+ file.
-\end_inset
+\layout Section
+Install paths
+\added_space_bottom medskip
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-paths}
+\end_inset
-\layout Subsection
-Building SDCC on Linux
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install paths}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Enumerate
-\series medium
-Download the source package
-\series default
- either from the SDCC CVS repository or from the nightly snapshots
-\series medium
-, it will be named something like sdcc
-\series default
-.src
-\series medium
-.t
-\series default
-ar.
-\series medium
-gz
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="4">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-.
-\layout Enumerate
+\series bold
+Description
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series medium
-Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm.
-\layout Enumerate
+\layout Standard
+\series bold
+Path
-\series medium
-Unpack the file using a command like:
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"tar -xvzf sdcc.src.tar.gz
-\family default
-\series default
-"
-\series medium
-, this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources.
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type:
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"cd sdcc
-\series default
-".
-\layout Enumerate
+\layout Standard
+\series bold
+Default
-\series medium
-Type
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"./configure
-\family default
-\series default
-".
- This configures the package for compilation on your system.
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
-\series medium
-Type
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"make
-\family default
-\series default
-"
-\series medium
-.
+\series bold
+Win32 builds
-\series default
- All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while.
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+Binary files*
-\series medium
-Type
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"make install"
-\family default
-\series default
- as root
-\series medium
-.
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series default
- This copies the binary executables, the include files, the libraries and
- the documentation to the install directories.
- Proceed with section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Testing-the-SDCC}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$EXEC_PREFIX
-.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Building SDCC on OSX 2.x
\layout Standard
+/usr/local/bin
-Follow the instruction for Linux.
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease
-)) fails to compile SDCC.
- Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine.
- This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with:
-\layout LyX-Code
+\layout Standard
-./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2
-\layout Subsection
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+bin
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows
\layout Standard
+Include files
-With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32.
- See section 'Configure Options'.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Building SDCC on Windows
\layout Standard
-With the exception of Cygwin the SDCC binaries uCsim and sdcdb can't be
- built on Windows.
- They use Unix-sockets, which are not available on Win32.
-\layout Subsection
+\emph on
+$DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32
\layout Standard
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/include
-For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions
- for Linux.
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-On Cygwin a
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-native
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+include
- Win32-binary can be built, which will not need the Cygwin-DLL.
- For the necessary 'configure' options see section 'configure options' or
- the script 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32'.
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-In order to install Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[www.cygwin.com]{http://www.cygwin.com/}
+\layout Standard
+Library file**
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
- Run it, set the
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-default text file type
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX
- to
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-unix
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib
- and download/install at least the following packages.
- Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected
- because of dependencies with the manually selected packages.
- Never deselect these packages!
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-flex
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
-bison
-\layout Itemize
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+lib
-gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-binutils ; selected with gcc
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+Documentation
-make
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below)
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
-man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
- later
-\layout Itemize
+\emph on
+$DOCDIR
-less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
- later
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-cvs ; only if you use CVS access
\layout Standard
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/doc
-If you want to develop something you'll need:
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-python ; for the regression tests
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
-gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+doc
-insight
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\layout Itemize
-openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes
-\layout Itemize
-autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't
- use autoconf-stable!
+\layout Verse
+
+\size footnotesize
+*compiler, preprocessor, assembler, and linker
+\newline
+**the
+\shape italic
+model
+\shape default
+ is auto-appended by the compiler, e.g.
+ small, large, z80, ds390 etc
+
\layout Standard
+\noindent
+The install paths can still be changed during `make install` with e.g.:
-rxvt is a nice console with history.
- Replace in your cygwin.bat the line
\layout LyX-Code
-
-bash -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc
\layout Standard
+Of course this doesn't change the search paths compiled into the binaries.
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
+Moreove
+r the install path can be changed by defining DESTDIR
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DESTDIR}
--login -i
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-with (one line):
-\layout LyX-Code
+:
-rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red
\layout LyX-Code
-
- -bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+make install DESTDIR=$(HOME)/sdcc.rpm/
\layout Standard
+Please note that DESTDIR must have a trailing slash!
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Section
+Search Paths
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Search-Paths}
--login
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting
- works with shift-insert.
-\newline
-\newline
-The other good tip is to make sure you have no //c/-style paths anywhere,
- use /cygdrive/c/ instead.
- Using // invokes a network lookup which is very slow.
- If you think
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Search path}
+
+\end_inset
-cygdrive
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
- is too long, you can change it with e.g.
-\layout LyX-Code
-mount -s -u -c /mnt
\layout Standard
+Some search paths or parts of them are determined by configure variables
+ (in
+\emph on
+italics
+\emph default
+, see section above).
+ Further search paths are determined by environment variables during runtime.
+
+\newline
+The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first
+ catch wins):
+\newline
-SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF.
- Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted
- in binary mode.
- And use an editor which can handle LF-only line endings.
- Make sure not to commit files with windows line endings.
- The tabulator spacing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tabulator spacing (8)}
+\newline
+1.
+ Binary files (preprocessor, assembler and linker)
+\newline
-\end_inset
- used in the project is 8.
-\layout Subsection
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC)
\layout Standard
+Search path
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series medium
-Download the source package
-\series default
- either from the SDCC CVS repository or from the
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[nightly snapshots]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\layout Standard
+default
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+Win32 builds
-\series medium
-, it will be named something like sdcc
-\series default
-.src
-\series medium
-.tgz.
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series default
- SDCC is distributed with all the projects, workspaces, and files you need
- to build it using Visual C++ 6.0/NET (except for sdcdb.exe which currently
- doesn't build under MSVC).
- The workspace name is 'sdcc.dsw'.
- Please note that as it is now, all the executables are created in a folder
- called sdcc
-\backslash
-bin_vc.
- Once built you need to copy the executables from sdcc
-\backslash
-bin_vc to sdcc
-\backslash
-bin before running SDCC.
-
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME/
+\emph on
+$PPREFIX2BIN_DIR
-\newline
-In order to build SDCC with MSVC you need win32 executables of bison.exe,
- flex.exe, and gawk.exe.
- One good place to get them is
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[here]{http://unxutils.sourceforge.net}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME/bin
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME
+\backslash
+bin
-\newline
-Download the file UnxUtils
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{UnxUtils}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+Path of argv[0] (if available)
-.zip.
- Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the
- required programs.
- Here there are two alternatives (choose one!):
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The easy way:
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+Path of argv[0]
-\newline
-a) Extract UnxUtils.zip to your C:
-\backslash
- hard disk PRESERVING the original paths, otherwise bison won't work.
- (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is selected)
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-b) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab,
- in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories
- window add a new path: 'C:
-\backslash
-user
-\backslash
-local
-\backslash
-wbin', click ok.
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+Path of argv[0]
-\newline
-(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that could be useful,
- such as diff and patch.)
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A more compact way:
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+$PATH
-\newline
-This one avoids extracting a bunch of files you may not use, but requires
- some extra work:
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-a) Create a directory were to put the tools needed, or use a directory already
- present.
- Say for example 'C:
-\backslash
-util'.
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+$PATH
-\newline
-b) Extract 'bison.exe', 'bison.hairy', 'bison.simple', 'flex.exe', and gawk.exe
- to such directory WITHOUT preserving the original paths.
- (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is not selected)
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-c) Rename bison.exe to '_bison.exe'.
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+$PATH
-\newline
-d) Create a batch file 'bison.bat' in 'C:
-\backslash
-util
-\backslash
-' and add these lines:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-set BISON_SIMPLE=C:
-\backslash
-util
-\backslash
-bison.simple
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-set BISON_HAIRY=C:
-\backslash
-util
-\backslash
-bison.hairy
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\newline
-Steps 'c' and 'd' are needed because bison requires by default that the
- files 'bison.simple' and 'bison.hairy' reside in some weird Unix directory,
- '/usr/local/share/' I think.
- So it is necessary to tell bison where those files are located if they
- are not in such directory.
- That is the function of the environment variables BISON_SIMPLE and BISON_HAIRY.
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-e) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab,
- in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories
- window add a new path: 'c:
-\backslash
-util', click ok.
- Note that you can use any other path instead of 'c:
-\backslash
-util', even the path where the Visual C++ tools are, probably: 'C:
-\backslash
-Program Files
-\backslash
-Microsoft Visual Studio
-\backslash
-Common
-\backslash
-Tools'.
- So you don't have to execute step 'e' :)
-\layout Standard
+
+\newline
-That is it.
- Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy
- the executables from sdcc
-\backslash
-bin_vc to sdcc
-\backslash
-bin, and you can compile using SDCC.
-\layout Subsection
-Building SDCC Using Borland
-\layout Enumerate
+\layout Standard
+\noindent
+2.
+ Include files
+\newline
-From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc".
- This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for
- sdcdb.exe (which currently doesn't build under Borland C++).
-\layout Enumerate
-If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci
-es may not be correctly calculated.
- The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again.
- From a Cygwin BASH prompt, this can easily be done with the command (be
- sure you are in the sdcc directory):
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.5in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.5in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+Search path
-\family sans
-\series bold
-find .
-
-\backslash
-( -name '*.obj' -o -name '*.lib' -o -name '*.rul'
-\backslash
-) -print -exec rm {}
-\backslash
-;
-\family default
-\series default
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+default
-\newline
-or on Windows NT/2000/XP from the command prompt with the command:
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family sans
-\series bold
+\layout Standard
+Win32 builds
-\newline
-del /s *.obj *.lib *.rul
-\family default
-\series default
- from the sdcc directory.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Windows Install Using a Binary Package
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Windows-Install}
+\layout Standard
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-\layout Enumerate
+\backslash
+/
-Download the binary package from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-I dir
- and unpack it using your favorite unpacking tool (gunzip, WinZip, etc).
- This should unpack to a group of sub-directories.
- An example directory structure after unpacking the mingw32 package is:
- c:
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-bin for the executables, c:
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-include and c:
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-lib for the include and libraries.
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin
- directory or start sdcc using the full path.
-\layout Section
+\layout Standard
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-Building the Documentation
\layout Standard
-If the necessary tools (LyX, LaTeX, latex2html) are installed it is as easy
- as changing into the doc directory and typing
-\family sans
-\series bold
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-make
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-I dir
-\family default
-\series default
- there.
- You're invited to make changes and additions to this manual.
- Using LyX
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.lyx.org}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- as editor this is straightforward.
- If you want to avoid installing the tools you will have some success with
- a bootable Knoppix CD
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.knoppix.net}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
-.
- Prebuilt documentation in html and pdf format is available from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
-\layout Section
+-I dir
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Reading the Documentation
\layout Standard
+$SDCC_INCLUDE
-Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown
- reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they
- are not.
-\newline
-This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation:
-
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document
- (commercially these probably would be separate documents/products).
- This document
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation}
+\layout Standard
+$SDCC_INCLUDE
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati
-on about f.e.
- Z80, PIC and HC08.
-\layout Itemize
-
-There are many references pointing away from this documentation.
- Don't let this distract you.
- If there f.e.
- was a reference like
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.opencores.org}
-
-\end_inset
-
- together with a statement
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-
-some processors which are targetted by SDCC can be implemented in a
-\emph on
-f
-\emph default
-ield
-\emph on
-p
-\emph default
-rogrammable
-\emph on
-g
-\emph default
-ate
-\emph on
-a
-\emph default
-rray
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{fpga (field programmable gate array)}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
- we expect you to have a quick look there and come back.
- If you read this you are on the right track.
-\layout Itemize
-
-Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings
- than to the solution.
-\layout Itemize
-
-The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+$SDCC_INCLUDE
-There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles
- than pictures.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Testing the SDCC Compiler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Testing-the-SDCC}
+\layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME/
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/
+\newline
+$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+$SDCC_ HOME/
+\newline
+share/sdcc/
+\newline
+include
-The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to
- see if it runs.
- Type
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"sdcc -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME
+\backslash
+include
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
--version"
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version}
+\layout Standard
+path(argv[0])/
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+$BIN2DATADIR/
+\emph default
+\newline
-\family default
-\series default
- at the prompt, and the program should run and tell you the version.
- If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then
- you need to check over your installation.
- Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path
- defined by the PATH environment setting (
-\series medium
-see
-\series default
-section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
+\emph on
+$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+path(argv[0])/
+\newline
+../sdcc/include
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-\series medium
-Install trouble-shooting for suggestions
-\series default
-).
- Make sure that the sdcc program is in the bin folder, if not perhaps something
- did not install correctly.
-\newline
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series medium
-SDCC
-\series default
-is commonly installed as described in section
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+path(argv[0])
+\backslash
+..
+\backslash
+include
-Install and search paths
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\newline
+\layout Standard
-\newline
+\emph on
+$DATADIR/
+\emph default
-\series medium
-Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example.
- Type in the following test.c program using your favorite
-\series default
-ASCII
-\series medium
-editor:
-\layout Verse
+\newline
+\emph on
+$INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
-\family typewriter
-char test;
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-void main(void) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-test=0;
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/
+\newline
+include
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series medium
-Compile this using the following command:
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"sdcc -c test.c".
-
-\family default
-\series default
-
-\series medium
-If all goes well, the compiler will generate a test.asm and test.rel file.
- Congratulations, you've just compiled your first program with SDCC.
- We used the -c option to tell SDCC not to link the generated code, just
- to keep things simple for this step.
-\series default
+\layout Standard
+(not on Win32)
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\series medium
-The next step is to try it with the linker.
- Type in
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"sdcc test.c
-\family default
-\series default
-"
-\series medium
-.
- If all goes well the compiler will link with the libraries and produce
- a test.ihx output file.
- If this step fails
-\series default
-
-\series medium
-(no test.ihx, and the linker generates warnings), then the problem is most
- likely that
-\series default
-SDCC
-\series medium
- cannot find the
-\series default
-/
-\series medium
-usr/local/share/sdcc/lib directory
-\series default
-\series medium
-(see
-\series default
-section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
+\newline
-\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
+\layout Standard
+\noindent
+The option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\series medium
-Install trouble-shooting for suggestions).
-\series default
+\layout Standard
-\newline
-\newline
+\backslash
+/
-\series medium
-The final test is to ensure
-\series default
-SDCC
-\series medium
- can use the
-\series default
-standard
-\series medium
- header files and libraries.
- Edit test.c and change it to the following:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+-nostdinc disables the last two search paths.
+\newline
-\family typewriter
-#include <string.h>
-\newline
+\newline
+3.
+ Library files
+\newline
-\newline
-char str1[10];
-\newline
-\newline
-void main(void) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-strcpy(str1, "testing");
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
+With the exception of
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-
-\series medium
-Compile this by typing
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"sdcc test.c"
-\family default
-\series medium
-.
- This should generate a test.ihx output file, and it should give no warnings
- such as not finding the string.h file.
- If it cannot find the string.h file, then the problem is that
-\series default
-SDCC
-\series medium
- cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include directory
-\series default
-
-\series medium
-(see the
-\series default
-section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
-
-\end_inset
-
-\SpecialChar ~
-
-\series medium
-Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions).
-
-\series default
- Use option
-\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--print-search-dirs
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs}
-
-\end_inset
-
- to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files.
-\layout Section
-
-Install Trouble-shooting
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
-
-\end_inset
+-L dir
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+ the
+\shape italic
+model
+\shape default
+ is auto-appended by the compiler (e.g.
+ small, large, z80, ds390 etc.).
+
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install trouble-shooting}
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.7in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.2in">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="1.2in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+Search path
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-If SDCC does not build correctly
\layout Standard
+default
-A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package
- again in an empty directory.
- Configure it like:
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+Win32 builds
-\family sans
-\series bold
-./configure 2>&1 | tee configure.log
-\family default
-\series default
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\newline
-and build it like:
-\newline
+\layout Standard
-\newline
-\family sans
-\series bold
-make 2>&1 | tee make.log
-\family default
-\series default
+\backslash
+/
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem.
- Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful
- when requesting help from the mailing list.
-\layout Subsection
+-L dir
-What the
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-./configure
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- does
\layout Standard
-The
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-./configure
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- command is a script that analyzes your system and performs some configuration
- to ensure the source package compiles on your system.
- It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine
- what compiler features are installed.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-What the
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+-L dir
-make
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- does
\layout Standard
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source
- packages into the final installed binary executables.
-\layout Subsection
-
-What the
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-
-make install
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- command does.
\layout Standard
-This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include
- files into the appropriate directories.
- See sections
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths}
-
-\end_inset
-,\SpecialChar ~
+\backslash
+/
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-L dir
-\SpecialChar ~
-about install and search paths.
-\newline
-On most systems you will need super-user privileges to do this.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Components of SDCC
\layout Standard
+$SDCC_LIB/
+\newline
-SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers.
- These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components.
- Here is a summary of some of the components.
- Note that the included simulator and assembler have separate documentation
- which you can find in the source package in their respective directories.
- As SDCC grows to include support for other processors, other packages from
- various developers are included and may have their own sets of documentation.
-\newline
-
-\newline
-You might want to look at the files which are installed in <installdir>.
- At the time of this writing, we find the following programs for gcc-builds:
-\newline
-
-\newline
-In <installdir>/bin:
-\layout Itemize
-
-sdcc - The compiler.
-\layout Itemize
-
-sdcpp - The C preprocessor.
-\layout Itemize
-
-asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors.
-\layout Itemize
-
-as-z80
-\series bold
-,
-\series default
-as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers.
-\layout Itemize
+\emph on
+<model>
-aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-link-z80
-\series bold
-,
-\series default
-link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+$SDCC_LIB/
+\newline
-s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator.
-\layout Itemize
+\emph on
+<model>
-sdcdb - The source debugger.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files.
\layout Standard
+$SDCC_LIB
+\backslash
-In <installdir>/share/sdcc/include
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
-the include files
-\layout Standard
+\emph on
+<model>
-In <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled
- relocatables.
\layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME/
+\newline
-In <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc
-\layout Itemize
-
-the documentation
-\layout Standard
+\emph on
+$PREFIX2DATA_DIR/
+\newline
+$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
-As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include
- executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-sdcc - The Compiler
\layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME/
+\newline
+share/sdcc/
+\newline
+lib/
+\emph on
+<model>
-This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes
- the assembler and linkage editor.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor
\layout Standard
+$SDCC_HOME
+\backslash
+lib
+\backslash
-The preprocessor
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
-
-\end_inset
-
- is a modified version of the GNU preprocessor.
- The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef
- statements, #defines and so on.
-\layout Subsection
+\emph on
-as
-\emph on
-xxxx
-\emph default
-, aslink, link-
-\emph on
-xxx
-\emph default
- - The Assemblers and Linkage Editors
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+<model>
-This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan
- Baldwin.
- John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some
- enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-s51 - The Simulator
\layout Standard
+path(argv[0])/
+\newline
-S51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51}
-
-\end_inset
-
- is a freeware, opensource simulator developed by Daniel Drotos (
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{mailto:drdani@mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu}
+\emph on
+$BIN2DATADIR/
+\emph default
-\end_inset
+\newline
-).
- The simulator is built as part of the build process.
- For more information visit Daniel's web site at:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51}
+\emph on
+$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
- It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips
- XA51 family.
-\layout Subsection
-
-sdcdb - Source Level Debugger
\layout Standard
+path(argv[0])/
+\newline
+../sdcc/lib/
+\emph on
+<model>
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
-Sdcdb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcdb (debugger)}
-
-\end_inset
-
- is the companion source level debugger.
- More about sdcdb in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
- The current version of the debugger uses Daniel's Simulator S51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51}
+\layout Standard
+path(argv[0])
+\backslash
-\end_inset
+\newline
+..
+\backslash
+lib
+\backslash
-, but can be easily changed to use other simulators.
-
-\layout Chapter
+\emph on
+<model>
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
-Using SDCC
-\layout Section
-Compiling
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Single Source File Projects
\layout Standard
-For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple.
- Compile your programs with the following command
-\family sans
-\series bold
-"sdcc sourcefile.c".
-
-\family default
-\series default
- This will compile, assemble and link your source file.
- Output files are as follows:
-\layout Itemize
+\emph on
+$DATADIR/
+\newline
+$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
-sourcefile.asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.asm}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/
+\newline
+lib/
+\emph on
+<model>
- - Assembler source
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler source}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+(not on Win32)
- file created by the compiler
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-sourcefile.lst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lst}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- - Assembler listing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing}
+\newline
-\end_inset
- file created by the Assembler
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-sourcefile.rst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rst}
+\layout Standard
+Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking
+ the HTML output (last line)!
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- - Assembler listing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing}
-\end_inset
- file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+\SpecialChar ~
-sourcefile.sym
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.sym}
+\newline
+The option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- - symbol listing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Symbol listing}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- for the sourcefile, created by the assembler
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-sourcefile.rel
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
+-nostdlib disables the last two search paths.
-\end_inset
+\layout Section
+Building SDCC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Building SDCC}
- or sourcefile.o
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.o}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- - Object file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Object file}
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+Building SDCC on Linux
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux}
- created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-sourcefile.map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
-\end_inset
- - The memory map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map}
+\layout Enumerate
-\end_inset
+\series medium
+Download the source package
+\series default
+ either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from snapshot builds
+\series medium
+, it will be named something like sdcc
+\series default
+-src
+\series medium
+-yyyymmdd-rrrr.t
+\series default
+ar.
+\series medium
+bz2
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
- for the load module, created by the Linker
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-sourcefile.mem
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.mem}
+.
-\end_inset
+\layout Enumerate
- - A file with a summary of the memory usage
-\layout Itemize
+\series medium
+Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm.
-sourcefile.ihx
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.ihx}
+\layout Enumerate
-\end_inset
+\series medium
+Unpack the file using a command like:
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"tar -xvzf sdcc-src-yyyymmdd-rrrr.tar.bz2
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
- - The load module in Intel hex format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
-\end_inset
+\family default
+\series medium
+, this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources.
- (you can select the Motorola S19 format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format}
+\layout Enumerate
+Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type:
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"cd sdcc
+\series default
+".
-\end_inset
+\layout Enumerate
- with -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\series medium
+Type
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"./configure
+\family default
+\series default
+".
+ This configures the package for compilation on your system.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Enumerate
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series medium
+Type
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"make
+\family default
+\series default
+"
+\series medium
+.
--out-fmt-s19
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
+\series default
+ All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while.
-\end_inset
+\layout Enumerate
+\series medium
+Type
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"make install"
+\family default
+\series default
+ as root
+\series medium
.
- If you need another format you might want to use
-\family sans
-\shape italic
-objdump
-\family default
-\shape default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)}
-
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ This copies the binary executables, the include files, the libraries and
+ the documentation to the install directories.
+ Proceed with section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Testing-the-SDCC}
- or
-\family sans
-\shape italic
- srecord
-\family default
-\shape default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (tool)}
+.
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+Building SDCC on OSX 2.x
-).
- Both formats are documented in the the documentation of srecord
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (tool)}
+\layout Standard
+Follow the instruction for Linux.
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default
+ gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease)) fails to compile SDCC.
+ Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine.
+ This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with:
+\layout LyX-Code
+./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2
-\layout Itemize
-
-sourcefile.adb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.adb}
+\layout Subsection
+Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32.
+ See section 'Configure Options'.
- - An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the
- .cdb file (with -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Subsection
+Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32
\layout Standard
+For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions
+ for Linux.
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
+On Cygwin a
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
--debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+native
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ Win32-binary can be built, which will not need the Cygwin-DLL.
+ For the necessary 'configure' options see section 'configure options' or
+ the script 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32'.
+\newline
-)
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
+In order to install
+ Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[www.cygwin.com]{http://www.cygwin.com/}
-sourcefile.cdb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.cdb}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ Run it, set the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
- - An optional file (with -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+default text file type
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ to
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+unix
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ and download/install at least the following packages.
+ Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected
+ because of dependencies with the manually selected packages.
+ Never deselect these packages!
--debug) containing debug information.
- The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf.
\layout Itemize
+flex
-sourcefile.
- - (no extension)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file> (no extension)}
+\layout Itemize
+bison
-\end_inset
+\layout Itemize
+gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x
- An optional AOMF or AOMF51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+\layout Itemize
+binutils ; selected with gcc
-\end_inset
+\layout Itemize
+make
- file containing debug information (generated with option -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Itemize
+rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below)
+
+\layout Itemize
+man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
+ later
+
+\layout Itemize
+less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
+ later
+
+\layout Itemize
+svn ; only if you use Subversion access
\layout Standard
+If you want to develop something you'll need:
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Itemize
+python ; for the regression tests
+
+\layout Itemize
+gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+insight
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
--debug).
- The (Intel)
-\emph on
- a
-\emph default
-bsolute
-\emph on
-o
-\emph default
-bject
-\emph on
-m
-\emph default
-odule
-\emph on
-f
-\emph default
-ormat is commonly used by third party tools (debuggers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger}
-\end_inset
-, simulators, emulators)
\layout Itemize
+openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes
-sourcefile.dump*
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.dump*}
+\layout Itemize
+autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't
+ use autoconf-stable!
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+rxvt is a nice console with history.
+ Replace in your cygwin.bat the line
- - Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option -
+\layout LyX-Code
+bash -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--dumpall) (see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
- and section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of}
+-login -i
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+with (one line):
-\SpecialChar ~
+\layout LyX-Code
+rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\layout LyX-Code
+ -bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-Anatomy of the compiler
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-).
-\layout Subsection
-Projects with Multiple Source Files
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time.
- Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following
- files:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-foo1.c (contains some functions)
-\newline
-foo2.c (contains some more functions)
-\newline
-foomain.c (contains more functions and the function main)
-\newline
+-login
-\size footnotesize
+\layout Standard
+Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting
+ works with shift-insert.
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
+The other good tip is to make sure you have no //c/-styl
+e paths anywhere, use /cygdrive/c/ instead.
+ Using // invokes a network lookup which is very slow.
+ If you think
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\size default
-The first two files will need to be compiled separately with the commands:
-\size footnotesize
-
-\size default
+cygdrive
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\newline
+ is too long, you can change it with e.g.
-\newline
+\layout LyX-Code
+mount -s -u -c /mnt
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
--c\SpecialChar ~
-foo1.c
-\family default
-\series default
-\size footnotesize
+\layout Standard
+SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF.
+ Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted
+ in binary mode.
+ And use an editor which can handle LF-only line endings.
+ Make sure not to commit files with windows line endings.
+ The tabulator spacing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tabulator spacing (8 columns)}
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family sans
-\series bold
-\size default
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
--c\SpecialChar ~
-foo2.c
-\family default
-\series default
+ used in the project is 8.
+ Although a tabulator spacing of 8 is a sensible choice for programmers
+ (it's a power of 2 and allows to display 8/16 bit signed variables without
+ loosing columns) the plan is to move towards using only spaces in the source.
-\newline
+\layout Subsection
+Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC)
-\newline
-Then compile the source file containing the
-\emph on
-main()
-\emph default
- function and link
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\series medium
+Download the source package
+\series default
+ either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[snapshot builds]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
- the files together with the following command:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
-foomain.c\SpecialChar ~
-foo1.rel\SpecialChar ~
-foo2.rel
-\family default
-\series default
+\series medium
+, it will be named something like sdcc
+\series default
+-src
+\series medium
+-yyyymmdd-rrrr.tar.bz2.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
+\series default
+ SDCC is distributed with all the projects, workspaces, and files you need
+ to build it using Visual C++ 6.0/NET (except for SDCDB and ucSim).
+ The workspace name is 'sdcc.dsw'.
+ Please note that as it is now, all the executables are created in a folder
+ called sdcc
+\backslash
+bin_vc.
+ Once built you need to copy the executables from sdcc
+\backslash
+bin_vc to sdcc
+\backslash
+bin before running SDCC.
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+WARNING: Visual studio is very picky with line terminations; it expects
+ the 0x0d, 0x0a DOS style line endings, not the 0x0a Unix style line endings.
+ When using the Subversion repository it's easiest to configure the svn
+ client to convert automatically for you.
+ If however you are getting a message such as "This makefile was not generated
+ by Developer Studio etc.
+ etc.
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ when opening the sdcc.dsw workspace or any of the *.dsp projects, then you
+ need to convert the Unix style line endings to DOS style line endings.
+ To do so you can use the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+unix2dos
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ utility freely available on the internet.
+ Doug Hawkins reported in the sdcc-user list that this works:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+C:
+\backslash
+Programming
+\backslash
+SDCC> unix2dos sdcc.dsw
+\newline
+C:
+\backslash
+Programming
+\backslash
+SDCC> for /R %I in (*.dsp) do @unix2dos "%I"
+\newline
+
+\newline
+In order to build SDCC with MSVC
+ you need win32 executables of bison.exe, flex.exe, and gawk.exe.
+ One good place to get them is
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[here]{http://unxutils.sourceforge.net}
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-Alternatively,
-\emph on
-foomain.c
-\emph default
-can be separately compiled as well:
-\family sans
-\series bold
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
-sdcc\SpecialChar ~
--c\SpecialChar ~
-foomain.c
-\newline
-sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel
-\newline
+\newline
+Download the file UnxUtils
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{UnxUtils}
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family default
-\series default
-The file containing the
-\emph on
-main()
-\emph default
- function
-\emph on
-
-\emph default
-\noun on
-must
-\noun default
- be the
-\noun on
-first
-\noun default
- file specified in the command line, since the linkage editor processes
- file in the order they are presented to it.
- The linker is invoked from SDCC using a script file with extension .lnk
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lnk}
+.zip.
+ Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the
+ required programs.
+ Here there are two alternatives (choose one!):
-\end_inset
+\layout Enumerate
+The easy way:
+\newline
-.
- You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising
- from missing libraries.
-\layout Subsection
+\newline
+a) Extract UnxUtils.zip to your C:
+\backslash
+ hard disk PRESERVING the original paths, otherwise bison won't work.
+ (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is selected)
+\newline
-Projects with Additional Libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\newline
+b)
+ In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, in
+ 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories
+ window add a new path: 'C:
+\backslash
+user
+\backslash
+local
+\backslash
+wbin', click ok.
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that
+ could be useful, such as diff and patch.)
+\layout Enumerate
+A more compact way:
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+This one avoids extracting a bunch of files you may not
+ use, but requires some extra work:
+\newline
-Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation
- for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc)
- for how to create a
-\emph on
-.lib
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lib}
+\newline
+a) Create a directory were to put the
+ tools needed, or use a directory already present.
+ Say for example 'C:
+\backslash
+util'.
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+b) Extract 'bison.exe', 'bison.hairy', 'bison.simple', 'flex.exe', and
+ gawk.exe to such directory WITHOUT preserving the original paths.
+ (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is not selected)
+\newline
+\newline
+c
+) Rename bison.exe to '_bison.exe'.
+\newline
-\emph default
- library file.
- Libraries created in this manner can be included in the command line.
- Make sure you include the -L <library-path> option to tell the linker where
- to look for these files if they are not in the current directory.
- Here is an example, assuming you have the source file
-\emph on
-foomain.c
-\emph default
- and a library
-\emph on
- foolib.lib
-\emph default
- in the directory
-\emph on
-mylib
-\emph default
- (if that is not the same as your current project):
-\newline
-
-\newline
-
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc foomain.c foolib.lib -L mylib
-\newline
+\newline
+d) Create a batch file 'bison.bat' in 'C:
+\backslash
+util
+\backslash
+' and add these lines:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+set BISON_SIMPLE=C:
+\backslash
+util
+\backslash
+bison.simple
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+set BISON_HAIRY=C:
+\backslash
+util
+\backslash
+bison.hairy
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
+Steps 'c' and 'd' are needed
+ because bison requires by default that the files 'bison.simple' and 'bison.hairy'
+ reside in some weird Unix directory, '/usr/local/share/' I think.
+ So it is necessary to tell bison where those files are located if they
+ are not in such directory.
+ That is the function of the environment variables BISON_SIMPLE and BISON_HAIRY.
+\newline
-\family default
-\series default
-Note here that
-\emph on
- mylib
-\emph default
- must be an absolute path name.
-\newline
+\newline
+e
+) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab,
+ in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories
+ window add a new path: 'c:
+\backslash
+util', click ok.
+ Note that you can use any other path instead of 'c:
+\backslash
+util', even the path where the Visual C++ tools are, probably: 'C:
+\backslash
+Program Files
+\backslash
+Microsoft Visual Studio
+\backslash
+Common
+\backslash
+Tools'.
+ So you don't have to execute step 'e' :)
-\newline
-The most efficient way to use libraries is to keep separate modules in separate
- source files.
- The lib file now should name all the modules.rel
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
+\layout Standard
+That is it.
+ Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy
+ the executables from sdcc
+\backslash
+bin_vc to sdcc
+\backslash
+bin, and you can compile using SDCC.
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+Building SDCC Using Borland
- files.
- For an example see the standard library file
-\emph on
-libsdcc.lib
-\emph default
- in the directory <installdir>/share/lib/small.
-\layout Section
+\layout Enumerate
+From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc".
+ This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for
+ SDCDB and ucSim.
-Command Line Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Command Line Options}
+\layout Enumerate
+If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci
+es may not be correctly calculated.
+ The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again.
+ From a Cygwin BASH prompt, this can easily be done with the command (be
+ sure you are in the sdcc directory):
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\family sans
+\series bold
+find .
+
+\backslash
+( -name '*.obj' -o -name '*.lib' -o -name '*.rul'
+\backslash
+) -print -exec rm {}
+\backslash
+;
+\family default
+\series default
-\layout Subsection
+\newline
-Processor Selection Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options processor selection}
+\newline
+or on Windows NT/2000/XP from the command prompt with the command:
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+\newline
+del /s *.obj *.lib *.rul
+\family default
+\series default
+ from the sdcc directory.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Processor selection options}
+\layout Subsection
+Windows Install Using a ZIP Package
-\end_inset
+\layout Enumerate
+Download the binary zip package from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
+\end_inset
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ and unpack it using your favorite unpacking tool (gunzip, WinZip, etc).
+ This should unpack to a group of sub-directories.
+ An example directory structure after unpacking the mingw32 package is:
+ c:
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+bin for the executables, c:
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+include and c:
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+lib for the include and libraries.
+\layout Enumerate
+Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin
+ directory or start sdcc using the full path.
-\series bold
--mmcs51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mmcs51}
+\layout Subsection
+Windows Install Using the Setup Program
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Windows-Install}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Generate code for the Intel MCS51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51}
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+Download the setup program
+\emph on
+sdcc-x.y.z-setup.exe
+\emph default
+ for an official release from
+\newline
- family of processors.
- This is the default processor target.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=599}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--mds390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds390}
+ or a setup program for one of the snapshots
+\emph on
+sdcc-yyyymmdd-xxxx-setup.exe
+\emph default
+ from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ and execute it.
+ A windows typical installer will guide you through the installation process.
-\series default
- Generate code for the Dallas DS80C390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C390}
+\layout Subsection
+VPATH
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{VPATH}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- processor.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ feature
+\layout Standard
+SDCC supports the VPATH feature provided by configure and make.
+ It allows to separate the source and build trees.
+ Here's an example:
-\series bold
--mds400
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds400}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+cd ~\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+# cd $HOME
+\layout Standard
-\series default
- Generate code for the Dallas DS80C400
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
+\family typewriter
+tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\SpecialChar ~
+# extract source to directory sdcc
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- processor.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family typewriter
+mkdir sdcc.build\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+# put output in sdcc.build
+\layout Standard
-\series bold
--mhc08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mhc08}
+\family typewriter
+cd sdcc.build
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+../sdcc/configure\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+# configure is doing all the magic!
-\series default
- Generate code for the Motorola HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+make
- family of processors (added Oct 2003).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Standard
+\noindent
+That's it!
+\series bold
+configure
+\series default
+ will create the directory tree will all the necessary Makefiles in ~/sdcc.build.
+ It automagically computes the variables srcdir, top_srcdir and top_buildir
+ for each directory.
+ After running
+\series bold
+make
+\series default
+ the generated files will be in ~/sdcc.build, while the source files stay
+ in ~/sdcc.
+\newline
+This is not only usefull for building different binaries, e.g.
+ when cross compiling.
+ It also gives you a much better overview in the source tree when all the
+ generated files are not scattered between the source files.
+ And the best thing is: if you want to change a file you can leave the original
+ file untouched in the source directory.
+ Simply copy it to the build directory, edit it, enter `make clean`, `rm
+ Makefile.dep` and `make`.
+
+\series bold
+make
+\series default
+ will do the rest for you!
+\layout Section
+Building the Documentation
-\series bold
--mz80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mz80}
+\layout Standard
+Add -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-\series default
- Generate code for the Zilog Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- family of processors.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-enable-doc to the configure arguments to build the documentation together
+ with all the other stuff.
+ You will need several tools (LyX, LaTeX, LaTeX2HTML, pdflatex, dvipdf,
+ dvips and makeindex) to get the job done.
+ Another possibility is to change to the doc directory and to type
+\family sans
+\series bold
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--mgbz80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mgbz80}
+make
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\family default
+\series default
+ there.
+ You're invited to make changes and additions to this manual (sdcc/doc/sdccman.ly
+x).
+ Using LyX
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org}
-\series default
- Generate code for the GameBoy Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ as editor is straightforward.
+ Prebuilt documentation in html and pdf format is available from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
- processor (Not actively maintained).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+.
-\series bold
--mavr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mavr}
+\layout Section
+Reading the Documentation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Generate code for the Atmel AVR
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AVR}
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown
+ reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they
+ are not
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
- processor (In development, not complete).
- AVR users should probably have a look at avr-gcc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ http://savannah.nongnu.org/download/avr-libc/snapshots/}
+\layout Standard
+If you should know why please drop us a note
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
.
-\layout Comment
+
+\newline
+You'll find the pdf version
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PDF version of this document}
-I think it is fair to direct users there for now.
- Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work .
- But I didn't find the 'official' link.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.pdf}
-\series bold
--mpic14
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic14}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+
+\newline
+A html version
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HTML version of this document}
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Generate code for the Microchip PIC 14
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
+ should be online at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.html/index.html}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--bit processors (p16f84 and variants.
- In development, not complete).
-\layout Comment
+.
+\newline
+This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation:
+
-p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877?
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Itemize
+It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document
+ (commercially these probably would be separate documents/products).
+ This document
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--mpic16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic16}
+ currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati
+on about f.e.
+ Z80, PIC14, PIC16 and HC08.
-\end_inset
+\layout Itemize
+There are many references pointing away from this documentation.
+ Don't let this distract you.
+ If there f.e.
+ was a reference like
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.opencores.org}
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Generate code for the Microchip PIC 16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+ together with a statement
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-
--bit processors (p18f452 and variants.
- In development, not complete).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+some processors which are targetted by SDCC can be implemented in a
+\emph on
+f
+\emph default
+ield
+\emph on
+p
+\emph default
+rogrammable
+\emph on
+g
+\emph default
+ate
+\emph on
+a
+\emph default
+rray
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FPGA (field programmable gate array)}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--mtlcs900h
-\series default
- Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TLCS-900H}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
- processor (Not maintained, not complete).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ or
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--mxa51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mxa51}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FpgaC ((subset of) C to FPGA compiler)}
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Generate code for the Phillips XA51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XA51}
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+have you ever heard of an open source compiler that compiles a subset of
+ C for an FPGA?
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
- processor (Not maintained, not complete).
-\layout Subsection
+ we expect you to have a quick look there and come back.
+ If you read this you are on the right track.
-Preprocessor Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options preprocessor}
+\layout Itemize
+Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings
+ than to the solution.
-\end_inset
+\layout Itemize
+The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating.
+\layout Itemize
+There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles
+ than pictures.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Preprocessor options}
+\layout Section
+Testing the SDCC Compiler
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Testing-the-SDCC}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Standard
+The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to
+ see if it runs.
+ Type
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"sdcc -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\series bold
--I<path>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-I<path>}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-\series default
- The additional location where the pre processor will look for <..h> or
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-..h
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+-version"
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version}
- files.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--D<macro[=value]>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-D<macro[=value]>}
+\family default
+\series default
+ at the prompt, and the program should run and output its version like:
+
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+SDCC : mcs51/z80/avr/ds390/pic16/pic14/ds400/hc08 2.5.6 #4169 (May 8 2006)
+ (UNIX)
+\layout Standard
+If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then
+ you need to check over your installation.
+ Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path
+ defined by the PATH environment setting (
+\series medium
+see
+\series default
+section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
-\series default
- Command line definition of macros.
- Passed to the preprocessor.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+\SpecialChar ~
-\series bold
--M
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-M}
+\series medium
+Install trouble-shooting for suggestions
+\series default
+).
+ Make sure that the sdcc program is in the bin folder, if not perhaps something
+ did not install correctly.
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\series medium
+SDCC
+\series default
+is commonly installed as described in section
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make describing the
- dependencies of each object file.
- For each source file, the preprocessor outputs one make-rule whose target
- is the object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are
- all the files `#include'd in it.
- This rule may be a single line or may be continued with `
-\backslash
-'-newline if it is long.
- The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed
- C program.
- `-M' implies `-E
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E}
+Install and search paths
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+\newline
-'.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
+\series medium
+Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example.
+ Type in the following test.c program using your favorite
+\series default
+ASCII
+\series medium
+editor:
-\series bold
--C
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-C}
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+char test;
+\newline
+\newline
+void main(void) {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+test=0;
+\newline
+}
-\series default
- Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments.
- Used with the `-E' option.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Standard
+\series medium
+Compile this using the following command:
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"sdcc -c test.c".
-\series bold
--MM
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-MM}
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\series medium
+If all goes well, the compiler will generate a test.asm and test.rel file.
+ Congratulations, you've just compiled your first program with SDCC.
+ We used the -c option to tell SDCC not to link the generated code, just
+ to keep things simple for this step.
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\newline
-\size large
-\bar under
+\series medium
+The next step is to try it with the linker.
+ Type in
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"sdcc test.c
+\family default
+\series default
+"
+\series medium
+.
+ If all goes well the compiler will link with the libraries and produce
+ a test.ihx output file.
+ If this step fails
+\series default
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
-Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with
- `#include
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\series medium
+(no test.ihx, and the linker generates warnings), then the problem is most
+ likely that
+\series default
+SDCC
+\series medium
+ cannot find the
+\series default
+/
+\series medium
+usr/local/share/sdcc/lib directory
+\series default
+
+\series medium
+(see
+\series default
+section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
-file"'.
- System header files included with `#include <file>' are omitted.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+\SpecialChar ~
-\series bold
--Aquestion(answer)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Aquestion(answer)}
+\series medium
+Install trouble-shooting for suggestions).
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\newline
-\series default
- Assert the answer answer for question, in case it is tested with a preprocessor
- conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'.
- `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target
- machine.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series medium
+The final test is to ensure
+\series default
+SDCC
+\series medium
+ can use the
+\series default
+standard
+\series medium
+ header files and libraries.
+ Edit test.c and change it to the following:
+\layout Verse
-\series bold
--Umacro
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Umacro}
+\family typewriter
+#include <string.h>
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+char str1[10];
+\newline
+\newline
+void main(void) {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+strcpy(str1, "testing");
+\newline
+}
-\series default
- Undefine macro macro.
- `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include'
- and `-imacros' options.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Standard
+\series medium
+Compile this by typing
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"sdcc test.c"
+\family default
+\series medium
+.
+ This should generate a test.ihx output file, and it should give no warnings
+ such as not finding the string.h file.
+ If it cannot find the string.h file, then the problem is that
+\series default
+SDCC
+\series medium
+ cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include directory
+\series default
+
+\series medium
+(see the
+\series default
+section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
-\series bold
--dM
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dM}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\SpecialChar ~
+\series medium
+Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions).
-\series default
- Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that
- are in effect at the end of preprocessing.
- Used with the `-E' option.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series default
+ Use option
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+\layout Standard
-\series bold
--dD
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dD}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+-print-search-dirs
+\series default
-\series default
- Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in
- their proper sequence in the rest of the output.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--dN
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dN}
+ to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files.
-\end_inset
+\layout Section
+Install Trouble-shooting
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
+\end_inset
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
-Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted.
- Only `#define name' is included in the output.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install trouble-shooting}
-\series bold
--Wp\SpecialChar ~
-preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wp preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]}
-\end_inset
-...
- Pass the preprocessorOption to the preprocessor.
\layout Subsection
+If SDCC does not build correctly
-Linker Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options linker}
+\layout Standard
+A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package
+ again in an empty directory.
+ Configure it like:
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\family sans
+\series bold
+./configure 2>&1 | tee configure.log
+\family default
+\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker options}
+\newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
+and build it like:
+\newline
+\newline
-\series bold
--L\SpecialChar ~
--
-\series default
+\family sans
+\series bold
+make 2>&1 | tee make.log
+\family default
+\series default
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem.
+ Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful
+ when requesting help from the mailing list.
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+What the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+./configure
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--lib-path
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-lib-path <path>}
+ does
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+The
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+./configure
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-L -\/-lib-path}
+ command is a script that analyzes your system and performs some configuration
+ to ensure the source package compiles on your system.
+ It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine
+ what compiler features are installed.
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+What the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+make
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-<absolute path to additional libraries> This option is passed to the linkage
- editor's additional libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+ does
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source
+ packages into the final installed binary executables.
- search path.
- The path name must be absolute.
- Additional library files may be specified in the command line.
- See section Compiling programs for more details.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Subsection
+What the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+make install
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ command does.
\layout Standard
+This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include
+ files into the appropriate directories.
+ See sections
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--xram-loc
-\series default
+,\SpecialChar ~
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-loc <Value>}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> The start location of the external ram
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-
-\end_inset
+about install and search paths.
+\newline
+On most systems you will need super-user privilege
+s to do this.
-, default value is 0.
- The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Section
+Components of SDCC
\layout Standard
+SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers.
+ These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components.
+ Here is a summary of some of the components.
+ Note that the included simulator and assembler have separate documentation
+ which you can find in the source package in their respective directories.
+ As SDCC grows to include support for other processors, other packages from
+ various developers are included and may have their own sets of documentation.
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
+You
+ might want to look at the files which are installed in <installdir>.
+ At the time of this writing, we find the following programs for gcc-builds:
+\newline
--xram-loc 0x8000 or -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+
+\newline
+In <installdir>/bin:
-\layout Standard
+\layout Itemize
+sdcc - The compiler.
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Itemize
+sdcpp - The C preprocessor.
--xram-loc 32768.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Itemize
+asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors.
+\layout Itemize
+as-z80
+\series bold
+,
+\series default
+as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers.
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Itemize
+aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Itemize
+link-z80
+\series bold
+,
+\series default
+link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers.
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Itemize
+s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator.
--code-loc
-\series default
+\layout Itemize
+sdcdb - The source debugger.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc <Value>}
+\layout Itemize
+packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files.
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+In <installdir>/share/sdcc/include
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> The start location of the code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
+\layout Itemize
+the include files
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+In <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib
- segment, default value 0.
- Note when this option is used the interrupt vector table is also relocated
- to the given address.
- The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Itemize
+the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled
+ relocatables.
\layout Standard
+In <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--code-loc 0x8000 or -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Itemize
+the documentation
\layout Standard
+As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include
+ executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc.
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--code-loc 32768.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Subsection
+sdcc - The Compiler
+\layout Standard
+This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes
+ the assembler and linkage editor.
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Subsection
+sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor
\layout Standard
+The preprocessor
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--stack-loc
-\series default
+ is a modified version of the GNU cpp
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cpp|see{sdcpp}}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc <Value>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ preprocessor
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/}
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> By default the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef
+ statements, #defines and so on.
- is placed after the data segment.
- Using this option the stack can be placed anywhere in the internal memory
- space of the 8051.
- The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Subsection
+as
+\emph on
+xxxx
+\emph default
+, aslink, link-
+\emph on
+xxx
+\emph default
+ - The Assemblers and Linkage Editors
\layout Standard
+This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan
+ Baldwin.
+ John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some
+ enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC.
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--stack-loc 0x20 or -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Subsection
+s51 - The Simulator
\layout Standard
+S51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--stack-loc 32.
- Since the sp register is incremented before a push or call, the initial
- sp will be set to one byte prior the provided value.
- The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as used
- register banks or the data segment and with enough space for the current
- application.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ is a freeware, opensource simulator developed by Daniel Drotos.
+ The simulator is built as part of the build process.
+ For more information visit Daniel's web site at:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+.
+ It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips
+ XA51 family.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Subsection
+sdcdb - Source Level Debugger
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+SDCDB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
--data-loc
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc <Value>}
+ is the companion source level debugger.
+ More about SDCDB in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> The start location of the internal ram data
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+.
+ The current version of the debugger uses Daniel's Simulator S51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- segment.
- The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+, but can be easily changed to use other simulators.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Chapter
+Using SDCC
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Section
+Compiling
--data-loc 0x20 or -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Subsection
+Single Source File Projects
\layout Standard
+For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple.
+ Compile your programs with the following command
+\family sans
+\series bold
+"sdcc sourcefile.c".
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family default
+\series default
+ This will compile, assemble and link your source file.
+ Output files are as follows:
--data-loc 32.
- (By default, the start location of the internal ram data segment is set
- as low as possible in memory, taking into account the used register banks
- and the bit segment at address 0x20.
- For example if register banks 0 and 1 are used without bit variables, the
- data segment will be set, if -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.asm}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ - Assembler source
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler source}
--data-loc is not used, to location 0x10.)
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ file created by the compiler
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.lst
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lst}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ - Assembler listing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing}
--idata-loc
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-idata-loc <Value>}
+ file created by the Assembler
-\end_inset
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.rst
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rst}
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ - Assembler listing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing}
- of the 8051, default value is 0x80.
- The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.sym
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.sym}
--idata-loc 0x88 or -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ - symbol listing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Symbol listing}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--idata-loc 136.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ for the sourcefile, created by the assembler
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.rel
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ or sourcefile.o
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.o}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--bit-loc
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value> The start location of the bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+ - Object file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Object file}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- addressable internal ram of the 8051.
- This is
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- implemented yet.
- Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\SpecialChar ~
--bBSEG=<Value>.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor
+
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ - The memory map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ for the load module, created by the Linker
--out-fmt-ihx
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-ihx}
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.mem
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.mem}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ - A file with a summary of the memory usage
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\bar default
-The linker output (final object code) is in Intel Hex format.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.ihx
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.ihx}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- This is the default option.
- The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (tool)}
+ - The load module in Intel hex format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ (you can select the Motorola S19 format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+ with -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+
+\end_inset
-out-fmt-s19
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\bar default
-The linker output (final object code) is in Motorola S19 format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format}
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
.
- The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-
-\series bold
--Wl\SpecialChar ~
-linkOption[,linkOption]
-\series default
+ If you need another format you might want to use
+\family sans
+\shape italic
+objdump
+\family default
+\shape default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wl linkOption[,linkOption]}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-...
- Pass the linkOption to the linker.
- See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for more on linker options.
-\layout Subsection
+ or
+\family sans
+\shape italic
+ srecord
+\family default
+\shape default
-MCS51 Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options MCS51}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+).
+ Both formats are documented in the documentation of srecord
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 options}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.adb
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.adb}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+ - An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the
+ .cdb file (with -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--model-small
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-small}
+\end_inset
+
+-debug
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+)
-\series default
-\size large
-\emph on
-
-\size default
-\emph default
-Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more
- details.
- This is the default model.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.cdb
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.cdb}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+ - An optional file (with -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--model-large
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-debug) containing debug information.
+ The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.
+ - (no extension)
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file> (no extension)}
-\series default
- Generate code for Large model programs, see section Memory Models for more
- details.
- If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
- with this option.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+
+ An optional AOMF or AOMF51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{OMF file}
+
+\end_inset
+
+file containing debug information (generated with option -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--xstack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-debug).
+ The (Intel)
+\emph on
+ a
+\emph default
+bsolute
+\emph on
+o
+\emph default
+bject
+\emph on
+m
+\emph default
+odule
+\emph on
+f
+\emph default
+ormat is commonly used by third party tools (debuggers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger}
-\series default
- Uses a pseudo stack in the first 256 bytes in the external ram for allocating
- variables and passing parameters.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:External-Stack}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+, simulators, emulators)
-\SpecialChar ~
- External Stack for more details.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Itemize
+sourcefile.dump*
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.dump*}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+ - Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--iram-size
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of
- the given value.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+-dumpall) (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\SpecialChar ~
+ and section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--xram-size
-\series default
\SpecialChar ~
-<Value>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
- Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of
- the given value.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+Anatomy of the compiler
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+).
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Subsection
+Postprocessing the Intel Hex
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ file
\layout Standard
+In most cases this won't be needed but the Intel Hex file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.ihx}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--code-size
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-<Value>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size <Value>}
+ which is generated by SDCC might include lines of varying length and the
+ addresses within the file are not guaranteed to be strictly ascending.
+ If your toolchain or a bootloader does not like this you can use the tool
+
+\family typewriter
+packihx
+\family default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)}
- Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of
- the given value.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-DS390 / DS400 Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options DS390}
+ which is part of the SDCC distribution:
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\family sans
+\series bold
+ packihx sourcefile.ihx >sourcefile.hex
+\family default
+\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390 options}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+The separately available
+\emph on
+ srecord
+\emph default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ package additionally allows to set undefined locations to a predefined
+ value, to insert checksums
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{checksum}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ of various flavours (crc, add, xor) and to perform other manipulations
+ (convert, split, crop, offset, ...).
+
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
--model-flat24
-\series default
+\family sans
+\series bold
+srec_cat\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+-o sourcefile.hex -intel
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-flat24}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\family default
+\series default
+An example for a more complex command line
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+\layout Standard
+the command backfills
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{backfill unused memory}
-\size large
-\emph on
-
-\size default
-\emph default
-Generate 24-bit flat mode code.
- This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now
- and is default when using
-\emph on
--mds390
-\emph default
-.
- See section Memory Models for more details.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ unused memory with 0x12 and the overall 16 bit sum of the complete 64 kByte
+ block is zero.
+ If the program counter on an mcs51 runs wild the backfill pattern 0x12
+ will be interpreted as an
+\family typewriter
+lcall
+\family default
+ to address
+\family typewriter
+0x1212
+\family default
+ (where an emergency routine could sit).
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ could look like:
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
--protect-sp-update
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-protect-sp-update}
+\family sans
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+srec_cat\SpecialChar ~
+sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+-fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\SpecialChar ~
+-little-endian-checksum-nega
+tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+-o sourcefile.hex -intel
+\size default
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\newline
-\series default
- disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family default
+\series default
+The srecord package is available at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/srecord}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ .
+
+\layout Subsection
+Projects with Multiple Source Files
\layout Standard
+SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time.
+ Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following
+ files:
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
+foo1.c (contains some functions)
+\newline
+foo2.c (contains some more functions)
+\newline
+foomai
+n.c (contains more functions and the function main)
+\newline
--stack-10bit
-\series default
+\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-10bit}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\size default
+The first two files will need to be compiled separately with the commands:
+\size footnotesize
+
+\size default
- Generate code for the 10 bit stack mode of the Dallas DS80C390 part.
- This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now
- and is default when using
-\emph on
--mds390
-\emph default
-.
- In this mode, the stack is located in the lower 1K of the internal RAM,
- which is mapped to 0x400000.
- Note that the support is incomplete, since it still uses a single byte
- as the stack pointer.
- This means that only the lower 256 bytes of the potential 1K stack space
- will actually be used.
- However, this does allow you to reclaim the precious 256 bytes of low RAM
- for use for the DATA and IDATA segments.
- The compiler will not generate any code to put the processor into 10 bit
- stack mode.
- It is important to ensure that the processor is in this mode before calling
- any re-entrant functions compiled with this option.
- In principle, this should work with the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc\SpecialChar ~
+-c\SpecialChar ~
+foo1.c
+\family default
+\series default
+\size footnotesize
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+\size default
+sdcc\SpecialChar ~
+-c\SpecialChar ~
+foo2.c
+\family default
+\series default
+\newline
-\emph default
- option, but that has not been tested.
- It is incompatible with the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
+Then compile the source file containing the
+\emph on
+main()
+\emph default
+ function and link
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ the files together with the following command:
+\newline
--xstack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc\SpecialChar ~
+foomain.c\SpecialChar ~
+foo1.rel\SpecialChar ~
+foo2.rel
+\family default
+\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
-\emph default
- option.
- It also only makes sense if the processor is in 24 bit contiguous addressing
- mode (see the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\newline
--model-flat24 option
-\emph default
-).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
+Alternatively,
+\emph on
+foomain.c
+\emph default
+can be separately compiled as well:
+\family sans
+\series bold
+\newline
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
+sdcc\SpecialChar ~
+-c\SpecialChar ~
+foomain.c
+\newline
+sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family default
+\series default
+The file containing the
+\emph on
+main()
+\emph default
+ function
+\emph on
+
+\emph default
+\noun on
+must
+\noun default
+ be the
+\noun on
+first
+\noun default
+ file specified in the command line, since the linkage editor processes
+ file in the order they are presented to it.
+ The linker is invoked from SDCC using a script file with extension .lnk
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lnk}
--stack-probe
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-probe}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising
+ from missing libraries.
+\layout Subsection
+Projects with Additional Libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
-\series default
- insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
\layout Standard
+Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation
+ for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc)
+ for how to create a
+\emph on
+.lib
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lib}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--tini-libid
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-tini-libid}
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ library file.
+ Libraries created in this manner can be included in the command line.
+ Make sure you include the -L <library-path> option to tell the linker where
+ to look for these files if they are not in the current directory.
+ Here is an example, assuming you have the source file
+\emph on
+foomain.c
+\emph default
+ and a library
+\emph on
+ foolib.lib
+\emph default
+ in the directory
+\emph on
+mylib
+\emph default
+ (if that is not the same as your current project):
+\newline
+\newline
-\series default
- <nnnn> LibraryID used in -mTININative.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc foomain.c foolib.lib -L mylib
+\newline
+\newline
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family default
+\series default
+Note here that
+\emph on
+ mylib
+\emph default
+ must be an absolute path name.
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+The most efficient way to use libraries is
+ to keep separate modules in separate source files.
+ The lib file now should name all the modules.rel
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--use-accelerator
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-accelerator}
+ files.
+ For an example see the standard library file
+\emph on
+libsdcc.lib
+\emph default
+ in the directory <installdir>/share/lib/small.
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+Using sdcclib to Create and Manage Libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
+\end_inset
-\series default
- generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator.
-
-\layout Subsection
-PIC Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options PIC}
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library
+ file as described in the preceding section, sdcclib can be used to embed
+ all the modules belonging to such library in the library file itself.
+ This results in a larger library file, but it greatly reduces the number
+ of disk files accessed by the linker.
+ Additionally, the packed library file contains an index of all include
+ modules and symbols that significantly speeds up the linking process.
+ To display a list of options supported by sdcclib type:
+\newline
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC options}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib -?
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
+\end_inset
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\family default
+\series default
+To create a new library file, start by compiling all the required modules.
+ For example:
+\newline
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--gen-banksel
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-gen-banksel}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -c _divsint.c
+\layout Standard
-\series default
- enable the generation of banksel assembler directives in the PIC16 port.
-\layout Subsection
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -c _divuint.c
-Z80 Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options Z80}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -c _modsint.c
+\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80 options}
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -c _moduint.c
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -c _mulint.c
+\newline
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Standard
+This will create files _divsint.rel, _divuint.rel, _modsint.rel, _moduint.rel,
+ and _mulint.rel.
+ The next step is to add the .rel files to the library file:
+\newline
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel
+\family default
--callee-saves-bc
-\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-callee-saves-bc}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-\size large
-\emph on
-
-\size default
-\emph default
-Force a called function to always save BC.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\layout Standard
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel
--no-std-crt0
-\series default
+\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-std-crt0}
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib libint.lib _mulint.rel
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\newline
- When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file.
- You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking.
-
-\layout Subsection
-Optimization Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options optimization}
+\layout Standard
+If the file already exists in the library, it will be replaced.
+ To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s
+ and -m are available.
+ For example:
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcclib -s libint.lib
+\family default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimization options}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\newline
+\family typewriter
+\series default
+_divsint.rel:
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+__divsint_a_1_1
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__divsint_PARM_2
--nogcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nogcse}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__divsint
+\newline
+_divuint.rel:
+\layout Standard
-\series default
- Will not do global subexpression elimination, this option may be used when
- the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data spaces to store compiler
- temporaries.
- A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler
- will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated.
- It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nogcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
+\family typewriter
+__divuint_a_1_1
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination}
+\family typewriter
+__divuint_PARM_2
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- for a given function only.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family typewriter
+__divuint_reste_1_1
+\layout Standard
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family typewriter
+__divuint_count_1_1
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__divuint
+\newline
+_modsint.rel:
--noinvariant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinvariant}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__modsint_a_1_1
+\layout Standard
-\series default
- Will not do loop invariant optimizations, this may be turned off for reasons
- explained for the previous option.
- For more details of loop optimizations performed see section Loop Invariants.
- It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-noinvariant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant}
+\family typewriter
+__modsint_PARM_2
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family typewriter
+__modsint
+\newline
+_moduint.rel:
+\layout Standard
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\family typewriter
+__moduint_a_1_1
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__moduint_PARM_2
--noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinduction}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__moduint_count_1_1
+\layout Standard
-\series default
- Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction
- for more details.
- It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+\family typewriter
+__moduint
+\newline
+_mulint.rel:
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\family typewriter
+__mulint_PARM_2
+\layout Standard
-\series bold
--
+\family typewriter
+__mulint
+\family default
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+If the source files are compiled using -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--nojtbound
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nojtbound}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
- Will not generate boundary condition check when switch statements
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
+-debug
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- are implemented using jump-tables.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements}
+, the corresponding debug information file .adb will be include in the library
+ file as well.
+ The library files created with sdcclib are plain text files, so they can
+ be viewed with a text editor.
+ It is not recomended to modify a library file created with sdcclib using
+ a text editor, as there are file indexes numbers located accross the file
+ used by the linker to quickly locate the required module to link.
+ Once a .rel file (as well as a .adb file) is added to a library using sdcclib,
+ it can be safely deleted, since all the information required for linking
+ is embedded in the library file itself.
+ Library files created using sdcclib are used as described in the preceding
+ sections.
-\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-Switch Statements for more details.
- It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nojtbound
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
-\end_inset
+\layout Section
+Command Line Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Command Line Options}
- can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function
- only.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\layout Subsection
+Processor Selection Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options processor selection}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--noloopreverse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noloopreverse}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Processor selection options}
+\end_inset
-\series default
-\size large
-
-\size default
-Will not do loop reversal
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing}
-\end_inset
-optimization.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\series bold
+-mmcs51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mmcs51}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--
-\series bold
-nolabelopt
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nolabelopt }
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Intel MCS51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+ family of processors.
+ This is the default processor target.
-Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable).
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mds390
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds390}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--no-xinit-opt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt}
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Dallas DS80C390
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C390}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ processor.
-\series default
- Will not memcpy initialized data from code space into xdata space.
- This saves a few bytes in code space if you don't have initialized data.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mds400
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds400}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nooverlay}
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Dallas DS80C400
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ processor.
-\series default
- The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function,
- see section Parameters and local variables for more details.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mhc08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mhc08}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--no-peep
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep}
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Freescale/Motorola HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ family of processors.
-\series default
- Disable peep-hole optimization.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mz80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mz80}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--peep-file
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Zilog Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
-\SpecialChar ~
-<filename> This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by
- the peep hole optimizer.
- See section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Peephole-Optimizer}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ family of processors.
-\SpecialChar ~
-Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mgbz80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mgbz80}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for the GameBoy Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)}
--peep-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ processor (Not actively maintained).
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\series default
- Pass the inline assembler code through the peep hole optimizer.
- This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler code, please go through
- the peephole optimizer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
+\series bold
+-mavr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mavr}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- rules defined in the source file tree '<target>/peeph.def' before using
- this option.
-\layout Subsection
-Other Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options other}
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Atmel AVR
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AVR}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ processor (Not maintained, not complete).
+ AVR users should probably have a look at winavr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr}
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+ or
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=index}
-\series bold
--c\SpecialChar ~
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+
+.
\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+I think it is fair to direct users there for now.
+ Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work .
+ But I didn't find the 'official' link.
--compile-only
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-compile-only}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-c -\/-compile-only}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-mpic14
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic14}
+\end_inset
-\series default
- will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Microchip PIC 14
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
-\series bold
--
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+-bit processors (p16f84 and variants.
+ In development, not complete).
\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877?
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--c1mode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-c1mode}
-\end_inset
-
-\series default
- reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it.
- The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mpic16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic16}
+
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--E
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Microchip PIC 16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\end_inset
+
+-bit processors (p18f452 and variants.
+ In development, not complete).
-\series default
- Run only the C preprocessor.
- Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard
- output.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-mtlcs900h
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TLCS-900H}
-\series bold
--o\SpecialChar ~
-<path/file>
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-o <path/file>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ processor (Not maintained, not complete).
-
-\series default
-The output path resp.
- file where everything will be placed.
- If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash
- for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path.
-
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\series bold
+-mxa51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mxa51}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for the Phillips XA51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XA51}
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ processor (Not maintained, not complete).
-\series default
-\size large
-\emph on
-
-\size default
-\emph default
-All functions in the source file will be compiled as
-\emph on
-reentrant
-\emph default
+\layout Subsection
+Preprocessor Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options preprocessor}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-, i.e.
- the parameters and local variables will be allocated on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Preprocessor options}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
- see section Parameters and Local Variables for more details.
- If this option is used all source files in the project should be compiled
- with this option.
-
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--callee-saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-callee-saves}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-I<path>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-I<path>}
- function1[,function2][,function3]....
+\end_inset
-\series default
- The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving
- across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing
- & popping when calling small functions from larger functions.
- This option can be used to switch the register saving convention for the
- function names specified.
- The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, no extra
- code will be generated at the entry & exit (function prologue
-\series bold
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
+\series default
+ The additional location where the pre processor will look for <..h> or
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+..h
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+ files.
-\series default
- & epilogue
-\series bold
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue}
+\series bold
+-D<macro[=value]>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-D<macro[=value]>}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
-) for these functions to save & restore the registers used by these functions,
- this can SUBSTANTIALLY reduce code & improve run time performance of the
- generated code.
- In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) will be able
- to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
- DO NOT use this option for built-in functions such as _mulint..., if this
- option is used for a library function the appropriate library function
- needs to be recompiled with the same option.
- If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file
- should be compiled with the same -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\series default
+ Command line definition of macros.
+ Passed to the preprocessor.
-\layout Standard
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-M
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-M}
--callee-saves option string.
- Also see #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-callee_saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-.
+\series default
+ Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make describing the
+ dependencies of each object file.
+ For each source file, the preprocessor outputs one make-rule whose target
+ is the object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are
+ all the files `#include'd in it.
+ This rule may be a single line or may be continued with `
+\backslash
+'-newline if it is long.
+ The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed
+ C program.
+ `-M' implies `-E
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E}
+
+\end_inset
+
+'.
+
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-C
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-C}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments.
+ Used with the `-E' option.
--debug
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-MM
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-MM}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\bar under
+\size large
+\bar under
-\series default
-\bar default
-When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information.
- The debug information collected in a file with .cdb extension can be used
- with the SDCDB.
- For more information see documentation for SDCDB.
- Another file with no extension contains debug information in AOMF or AOMF51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+\series default
+\size default
+\bar default
+Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with
+ `#include
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+file"'.
+ System header files included with `#include <file>' are omitted.
- format which is commonly used by third party tools.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-Aquestion(answer)
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Aquestion(answer)}
-\series bold
--S
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-S}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Assert the answer answer for question, in case it is tested with a preprocessor
+ conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'.
+ `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target
+ machine.
-\size large
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
-Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble.
- The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-Umacro
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Umacro}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Undefine macro macro.
+ `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include'
+ and `-imacros' options.
--int-long-reent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-dM
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dM}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant.
- Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant.
- See section Installation for more details.
+\series default
+ Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that
+ are in effect at the end of preprocessing.
+ Used with the `-E' option.
+
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-dD
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dD}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--cyclomatic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-cyclomatic}
+\series default
+ Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in
+ their proper sequence in the rest of the output.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-dN
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dN}
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\bar default
-This option will cause the compiler to generate an information message for
- each function in the source file.
- The message contains some
-\emph on
-important
-\emph default
- information about the function.
- The number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow
- graph of the function, and most importantly the
-\emph on
-cyclomatic complexity
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\size large
+\bar under
+
+\series default
+\size default
+\bar default
+Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted.
+ Only `#define name' is included in the output.
-\emph default
- see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-pedantic-parse-number
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-pedantic-parse-number}
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\size large
+\bar under
+
+\series default
+\size default
+\bar default
+Pedentic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed properly
+ and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded.
+ See also #pragma pedantic_parse_number in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas}
--float-reent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-float-reent}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+
+\emph on
+Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard!
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
-\series default
- Floating point library is compiled as reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\series bold
+-Wp\SpecialChar ~
+preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wp preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]}
-.
- See section Installation for more details.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+...
+ Pass the preprocessorOption to the preprocessor
+\family typewriter
+sdcpp
+\family default
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+.
+ SDCC uses an adapted version of the preprocessor
+\emph on
+cpp
+\emph default
+ of the GNU Compiler Collection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gcc (GNU Compiler Collection)}
--main-return
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ (
+\emph on
+gcc
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/}
+\end_inset
-\series default
- This option can be used when the code generated is called by a monitor
- program.
- The compiler will generate a 'ret' upon return from the 'main'
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{main return}
+), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\SpecialChar ~
+4.1.1\SpecialChar ~
+CPP\SpecialChar ~
+Manual
+ at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- function.
- The default setting is to lock up i.e.
- generate a '
-\family typewriter
-sjmp .
-\family default
-'.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+.
-\series bold
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Subsection
+Linker Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options linker}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--nostdincl
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdincl}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker options}
+
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-\series default
- This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path
- to the preprocessor.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
+-L\SpecialChar ~
-
+\series default
+
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--nostdlib
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdlib}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+-lib-path
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-lib-path <path>}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
- This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-L -\/-lib-path}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+\SpecialChar ~
+<absolute path to additional libraries> This option is passed to the linkage
+ editor's additional libraries
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+ search path.
+ The path name must be absolute.
+ Additional library files may be specified in the command line.
+ See section Compiling programs for more details.
- path to the linker.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--verbose
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-verbose}
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-\series default
- Shows the various actions the compiler is performing.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--V
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-V}
+-xram-loc
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-loc <Value>}
+\end_inset
-\series default
- Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\SpecialChar ~
+<Value> The start location of the external ram
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+, default value is 0.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--no-c-code-in-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-c-code-in-asm}
-
-\end_inset
-
-\series default
- Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always
- blame the compiler :).
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+-xram-loc 0x8000 or -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--i-code-in-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-i-code-in-asm}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-xram-loc 32768.
-\series default
- Include i-codes in the asm file.
- Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--less-pedantic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-less-pedantic}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-code-loc
+\series default
-\series default
- Disable some of the more pedantic warnings
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Warnings}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (jwk burps: please be more specific here, please!).
- If you want rather more than less warnings you should consider using a
- separate tool dedicated to syntax checking like splint
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{www.splint.org}
+\SpecialChar ~
+<Value> The start location of the code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ segment, default value 0.
+ Note when this option is used the interrupt vector table
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+ is also relocated to the given address.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--print-search-dirs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs}
-
-\end_inset
-
-\series default
- Display the directories in the compiler's search path
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+-code-loc 0x8000 or -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--vc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-code-loc 32768.
-\series default
- Display errors and warnings using MSVC style, so you can use SDCC with
- visual studio.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--use-stdout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-loc
+\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc <Value>}
-\series default
- Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\end_inset
+\SpecialChar ~
+<Value> By default the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
-\series bold
--Wa\SpecialChar ~
-asmOption[,asmOption]
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wa asmOption[,asmOption]}
+ is placed after the data segment.
+ Using this option the stack can be placed anywhere in the internal memory
+ space of the 8051.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-...
- Pass the asmOption to the assembler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options assembler}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler options}
+-stack-loc 0x20 or -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-.
- See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.
-\layout Subsection
-Intermediate Dump Options
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options}
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-loc 32.
+ Since the sp register is incremented before a push or call, the initial
+ sp will be set to one byte prior the provided value.
+ The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as used
+ register banks or the data segment and with enough space for the current
+ application.
+ The
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options intermediate dump}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intermediate dump options}
+-pack-iram
+\series default
+\SpecialChar ~
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ option (which is now a default setting) will override this setting, so
+ you should also specify the
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging
- the compiler.
- These provided a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various stages of
- the compilation process.
- More on iCodes see chapter
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-no-pack-iram
+\series default
+\SpecialChar ~
-
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram}
-The anatomy of the compiler
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+ option if you need to manually place the stack.
-.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--dumpraw
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpraw}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-xstack-loc
+\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack-loc <Value>}
-\series default
- This option will cause the compiler to dump the intermediate code into
- a file of named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumpraw
-\emph default
- just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function, i.e.
- before any optimizations are done.
- The basic blocks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks}
+\end_inset
+
+\SpecialChar ~
+<Value> By default the external stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xstack}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in
- sequence of execution.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ is placed after the pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+ segment.
+ Using this option the xstack can be placed anywhere in the external memory
+ space of the 8051.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
+ -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--dumpgcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpgcse}
+\end_inset
+
+-xstack-loc 0x8000 or -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-\series default
- Will create a dump of iCode's, after global subexpression elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Global subexpression elimination}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-loc 32768.
+ The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as the
+ pdata or xdata segment and with enough space for the current application.
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumpgcse.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--dumpdeadcode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpdeadcode}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-data-loc
+\series default
-\series default
- Will create a dump of iCode's, after deadcode elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumpdeadcode.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\SpecialChar ~
+<Value> The start location of the internal ram data
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+ segment.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
+ -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--dumploop
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumploop}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-data-loc 0x20 or -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\series default
-\size large
-
-\size default
-Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumploop.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+-data-loc 32.
+ (By default, the start location of the internal ram data segment is set
+ as low as possible in memory, taking into account the used register banks
+ and the bit segment at address 0x20.
+ For example if register banks 0 and 1 are used without bit variables, the
+ data segment will be set, if -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--dumprange
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumprange}
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-\series default
-\size large
-
-\size default
-Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range analysis
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-data-loc is not used, to location 0x10.)
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumprange.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--dumlrange
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumlrange}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-idata-loc
+\series default
-\series default
- Will dump the life ranges
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-idata-loc <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- for all symbols.
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\SpecialChar ~
+<Value> The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
--
+ of the 8051, default value is 0x80.
+ The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
+ -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--dumpregassign
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpregassign}
+\end_inset
+
+-idata-loc 0x88 or -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-\bar under
-
-\series default
-\bar default
-Will create a dump of iCode's, after register assignment
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register assignment}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+-idata-loc 136.
-, into a file named
-\emph on
-<source filename>.dumprassgn.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--dumplrange
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumplrange}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-bit-loc
+\series default
+\SpecialChar ~
+<Value> The start location of the bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\end_inset
+
+ addressable internal ram of the 8051.
+ This is
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ implemented yet.
+ Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\SpecialChar ~
+-bBSEG=<Value>.
-\series default
- Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--dumpall
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall}
+\end_inset
+
+-out-fmt-ihx
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-ihx}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\size large
-\bar under
+\bar under
-\series default
-\size default
-\bar default
-Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created.
-\layout Subsection
+\series default
+\bar default
+The linker output (final object code) is in Intel Hex format.
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
-Redirecting output on Windows Shells
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-By default SDCC writes it's error messages to
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+ This is the default option.
+ The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
-standard error
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
.
- To force all messages to
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-standard output
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- use
-\series bold
+\series bold
-
-\series default
-\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\emph default
--
-\series default
-use-stdout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout}
+-out-fmt-s19
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\bar under
+
+\series default
+\bar default
+The linker output (final object code) is in Motorola S19 format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
.
- Additionally, if you happen to have visual studio installed in your windows
- machine, you can use it to compile your sources using a custom build and
- the SDCC -
-\emph on
+ The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\emph default
--vc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc}
+-out-fmt-elf
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- option.
- Something like this should work:
-\newline
-\newline
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Options!-\/-out-fmt-elf}
-\series bold
-c:
-\backslash
-sdcc
-\backslash
-bin
-\backslash
-sdcc.exe -
-\series default
-\emph on
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\bar under
+
+\series default
+\bar default
+The linker output (final object code) is in ELF format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ELF format}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+.
+ (Currently only supported for the HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
-\series bold
-\emph default
--vc -
-\series default
-\emph on
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ processors)
-\layout Standard
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-Wl\SpecialChar ~
+linkOption[,linkOption]
+\series default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wl linkOption[,linkOption]}
-\series bold
-\emph default
--model-large -c $(InputPath)
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-Environment variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Environment variables}
+...
+ Pass the linkOption to the linker.
+ If a bootloader is used an option like
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-Wl\SpecialChar ~
+-bCSEG=0x1000
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+ would be typical to set the start of the code segment.
+ See also #pragma constseg and #pragma codeseg in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-SDCC recognizes the following environment variables:
-\layout List
-\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+ .
+ File sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html has more on linker options.
-\series bold
-SDCC_LEAVE_SIGNALS
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LEAVE\_SIGNALS}
+\layout Subsection
+MCS51 Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options MCS51}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
- SDCC installs a signal handler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{signal handler}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 options}
+
+\end_inset
+
-\end_inset
- to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception.
- If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler
- in order to be able to debug SDCC.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\series bold
-TMP,\SpecialChar ~
-TEMP,\SpecialChar ~
-TMPDIR
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-model-small
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-small}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+\size large
+\emph on
+
+\size default
+\emph default
+Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more
+ details.
+ This is the default model.
-\series default
- Path, where temporary files will be created.
- The order of the variables is the search order.
- In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's
- no need to set them.
- On Windows it's recommended to set one of them.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\series bold
-SDCC_HOME
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_HOME}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-\series default
- Path, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-model-medium
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-medium}
-\SpecialChar ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
- Install Paths
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for Medium model programs, see section Memory Models for
+ more details.
+ If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
+ with this option.
+ It must also be used when invoking the linker.
-.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\series bold
-SDCC_INCLUDE
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_INCLUDE}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-\series default
- Path, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-model-large
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large}
-\SpecialChar ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-Search Paths
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generate code for Large model programs, see section Memory Models for more
+ details.
+ If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
+ with this option.
+ It must also be used when invoking the linker.
-.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\series bold
-SDCC_LIB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LIB}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-\series default
- Path, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-xstack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
-\SpecialChar ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-Search Paths
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Uses a pseudo stack in the pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-..
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these
- are solely used for debugging purposes.
- They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented.
-\layout Section
+ area (usually the first 256 bytes in the external ram) for allocating variables
+ and passing parameters.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:External-Stack}
-Storage Class Language Extensions
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-MCS51/DS390 Storage Class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+\SpecialChar ~
+ External Stack for more details.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- Language Extensions
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51
- specific storage classes:
-\layout Subsubsection
+\layout Standard
-data
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- / near
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{near (storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-iram-size
+\series default
+\SpecialChar ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of
+ the given value.
-This is the
-\series bold
-default
-\series default
- storage class for the Small Memory model (
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
- and
-\emph on
-near
-\emph default
- can be used synonymously).
- Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly
- addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\family typewriter
-data unsigned char test_data;
\layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-75*00 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_test_data,#0x01
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
-xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+-xram-size
+\series default
+\SpecialChar ~
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- / far
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)}
+ Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of
+ the given value.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external
- RAM.
- This is the
-\series bold
-default
-\series default
- storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-xdata unsigned char test_xdata;
-\layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-90s00r00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dptr,#_test_xdata
-\newline
-74\SpecialChar ~
-01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,#0x01
-\newline
-F0\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+-code-size
+\series default
\SpecialChar ~
-movx\SpecialChar ~
-@dptr,a
-\layout Subsubsection
-
-idata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-
-\end_inset
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size <Value>}
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of
+ the given value.
-Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly
- addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\family typewriter
-idata unsigned char test_idata;
\layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-78r00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-r0,#_test_idata
-\newline
-76\SpecialChar ~
-01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-size
+\series default
\SpecialChar ~
-@r0,#0x01
-\layout Standard
+<Value>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-size <Value>}
-Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM
- as the data memory.
- The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have
- 256 byte idata memory.
- The stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ Causes the linker to check if there is at minimum <Value> bytes for stack.
- is located in idata memory.
-\layout Subsubsection
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-Paged xdata access is currently not as straightforward as using the other
- addressing modes of a 8051.
- The following example writes 0x01 to the address pointed to.
- Please note, pdata access physically accesses xdata memory.
- The high byte of the address is determined by port P2
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-pack-iram
+\series default
+\SpecialChar ~
-(or in case of some 8051 variants by a separate Special Function Register,
- see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-).
-\layout Verse
+ Causes the linker to use unused register banks for data variables and pack
+ data, idata and stack together.
+ This is the default now.
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
-\family typewriter
-pdata unsigned char *test_pdata_ptr;
-\newline
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\newline
-void main()
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-test_pdata_ptr = (pdata *)0xfe;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-*test_pdata_ptr = 1;
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-Generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-75*01 FE\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- _test_pdata_ptr,#0xFE
-\newline
-78 FE\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- r0,#0xFE
-\newline
-74 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- a,#0x01
-\newline
-F2\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\end_inset
+
+-no-pack-iram
+\series default
\SpecialChar ~
-movx @r0,a
-\layout Standard
-Be extremely carefull if you use pdata together with the -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ Causes the linker to use old style for allocating memory areas.
--xstack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+DS390 / DS400 Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options DS390}
+
+\end_inset
- option.
-\layout Subsubsection
-code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code
- memory:
-\layout Verse
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\family typewriter
-code unsigned char test_code;
\layout Standard
-Read access to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-90s00r6F\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov dptr,#_test_code
-\newline
-E4\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-clr a
-\newline
-93\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movc a,@a+dptr
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+-model-flat24
+\series default
-\family typewriter
-char
-\family default
- indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-model-flat24}
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'};
-\layout Standard
-Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly
- code:
-\layout Verse
+\size large
+\emph on
+
+\size default
+\emph default
+Generate 24-bit flat mode code.
+ This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now
+ and is default when using
+\emph on
+-mds390
+\emph default
+.
+ See section Memory Models for more details.
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\family typewriter
-E5*00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,_index
-\layout Verse
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+\layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-90s00r41\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov dptr,#_test_array
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-93\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movc a,@a+dptr
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
-bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+-protect-sp-update
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-protect-sp-update}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+ disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates.
-This is a data-type and a storage class specifier.
- When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable
- memory of 8051, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\family typewriter
-bit test_bit;
\layout Standard
-Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-D2*00\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-setb\SpecialChar ~
-_test_bit
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20
- to 0x2f in data memory.
-
-\layout Standard
+-stack-10bit
+\series default
-Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support ANSI-C
- bitfields
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bitfields}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-10bit}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+ Generate code for the 10 bit stack mode of the Dallas DS80C390 part.
+ This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now
+ and is default when using
+\emph on
+-mds390
+\emph default
+.
+ In this mode, the stack is located in the lower 1K of the internal RAM,
+ which is mapped to 0x400000.
+ Note that the support is incomplete, since it still uses a single byte
+ as the stack pointer.
+ This means that only the lower 256 bytes of the potential 1K stack space
+ will actually be used.
+ However, this does allow you to reclaim the precious 256 bytes of low RAM
+ for use for the DATA and IDATA segments.
+ The compiler will not generate any code to put the processor into 10 bit
+ stack mode.
+ It is important to ensure that the processor is in this mode before calling
+ any re-entrant functions compiled with this option.
+ In principle, this should work with the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are
- about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c
-\end_inset
-.
-\layout Subsubsection
+\backslash
+/
-sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
- / sbit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ option, but that has not been tested.
+ It is incompatible with the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-Like the bit keyword,
-\emph on
-sfr / sbit
-\emph default
-signifies both a data-type and storage class, they are used to describe
- the
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-pecial
-\emph on
-f
-\emph default
-unction
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
-egisters and
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-pecial
-\emph on
-bit
-\emph default
- variables of a 8051, eg:
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-sfr at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- 0x80 P0;\SpecialChar ~
- /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */
-\newline
-sbit at 0xd7 CY; /* CY (Carry Flag
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flags}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-xstack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Carry flag}
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ option.
+ It also only makes sense if the processor is in 24 bit contiguous addressing
+ mode (see the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-) */
\layout Standard
-Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by
- 8 are bit-addressable, an
-\emph on
- sbit
-\emph default
- addresses a specific bit within these sfr.
-\layout Subsubsection
-Pointers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces
-\layout Standard
+-model-flat24 option
+\emph default
+).
-SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any
- of the memory spaces
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- of the 8051.
- In addition to the explicit pointers, the compiler uses (by default) generic
- pointers which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces.
-\newline
-\newline
-Pointer declaration examples:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-/* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram
- */
-\newline
-xdata unsigned char * data p;
-\newline
+-stack-probe
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-probe}
-\newline
-/* pointer physically in external ram pointing to object in internal ram
- */
-\newline
-data unsigned char * xdata p;
-\newline
-
-\newline
-/* pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */
-\newline
-xdata unsigned char * code p;
-\newline
-
-\newline
-/* pointer physically in code space pointing to data in code space */
-\newline
-code unsigned char * code p;
-\newline
-
-\newline
-/* the following is a generic pointer physically located in xdata space
- */
-\newline
-char * xdata p;
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Well you get the idea.
-
-\newline
-\newline
-All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390)
-\emph on
-generic
-\emph default
- pointers.
-
-\size small
+\series default
+ insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue.
-\newline
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\newline
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\size default
-The highest order byte of the
-\emph on
-generic
-\emph default
- pointers contains the data space information.
- Assembler support routines are called whenever data is stored or retrieved
- using
-\emph on
-generic
-\emph default
- pointers.
- These are useful for developing reusable library
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
- routines.
- Explicitly specifying the pointer type will generate the most efficient
- code.
-\layout Subsubsection
+\backslash
+/
-Notes on MCS51 memory
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-tini-libid
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-tini-libid}
- layout
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal
- RAM memory which is structured as follows:
-\newline
-\newline
-- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7,
+\series default
+ <nnnn> LibraryID used in -mTININative.
-\newline
-- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold 128 bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
- variables and,
-\newline
-- Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use.
-\newline
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of
- additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory (
-\emph on
-idata
-\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-).
- Furthermore, some chips may have some built in external memory (
-\emph on
-xdata
-\emph default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-
-\end_inset
+-use-accelerator
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-use-accelerator}
-) which should not be confused with the internal, directly addressable RAM
- memory (
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator.
+
-).
- Sometimes this built in
-\emph on
-xdata
-\emph default
- memory has to be activated before using it (you can probably find this
- information on the datasheet of the microcontroller your are using, see
- also section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+Z80 Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options Z80}
-\SpecialChar ~
-Startup-Code).
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Normally SDCC will only use the first bank
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
- of registers (register bank 0), but it is possible to specify that other
- banks of registers should be used in interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- routines.
- By default, the compiler will place the stack after the last byte of allocated
- memory for variables.
- For example, if the first 2 banks of registers are used, and only four
- bytes are used for
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
- variables, it will position the base of the internal stack at address 20
- (0x14).
- This implies that as the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- grows, it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used
- by the 128 bit variables, and 80 bytes for general purpose use.
- If any bit variables are used, the data variables will be placed after
- the byte holding the last bit variable.
- For example, if register banks 0 and 1 are used, and there are 9 bit variables
- (two bytes used),
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
- variables will be placed starting at address 0x22.
- You can also use -
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--data-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc<Value>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-callee-saves-bc
+\series default
- to specify the start address of the
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
- and -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-callee-saves-bc}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--iram-size to specify the size of the total internal RAM (
-\emph on
-data
-\emph default
-+
-\emph on
-idata
-\emph default
-).
+\size large
+\emph on
-\layout Standard
+\size default
+\emph default
+Force a called function to always save BC.
-By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of data
- variables.
- Option -
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--stack-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc<Value>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-no-std-crt0
+\series default
- allows you to specify the start of the stack, i.e.
- you could start it after any data in the general purpose area.
- If your microcontroller has additional indirectly addressable internal
- RAM (
-\emph on
-idata
-\emph default
-) you can place the stack on it.
- You may also need to use -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-no-std-crt0}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file.
+ You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking.
+
--xdata-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xdata-loc<Value>}
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+Optimization Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options optimization}
- to set the start address of the external RAM (
-\emph on
-xdata
-\emph default
-) and -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimization options}
--xram-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- to specify its size.
- Same goes for the code memory, using -
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--code-loc
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-nogcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nogcse}
- and -
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ Will not do global subexpression elimination, this option may be used when
+ the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data spaces to store compiler
+ temporaries (
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+pill
+\emph on
+loc
+\emph default
+ations, sloc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sloc (spill location)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler
+ will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated.
+ It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+nogcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for a given function only.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--code-size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-noinvariant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinvariant}
-.
- If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory
- layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The linker generates two files with memory allocation information.
- The first, with extension .map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Will not do loop invariant optimizations, this may be turned off for reasons
+ explained for the previous option.
+ For more details of loop optimizations performed see Loop Invariants in
+ section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
- shows all the variables and segments.
- The second with extension .mem
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.mem}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+noinvariant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant}
- shows the final memory layout.
- The linker will complain either if memory segments overlap, there is not
- enough memory, or there is not enough space for stack.
- If you get any linking warnings and/or errors related to stack or segments
- allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what
- the problem is.
- The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Z80/Z180 Storage Class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+ can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- Language Extensions
-\layout Subsubsection
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
- (in/out to 8-bit addresses)
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-The Z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-noinduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinduction}
- family has separate address spaces for memory and
-\emph on
-i
-\emph default
-nput/
-\emph on
-o
-\emph default
-utput memory.
- I/O memory
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{I/O memory (Z80, Z180)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- is accessed with special instructions, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\series default
+ Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction
+ for more details.
+ It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+noinduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */
-
-\layout Standard
+ can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only.
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\family typewriter
-3E 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ld a,#0x01
-\newline
-D3 78\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-out (_IoPort),a
-\layout Subsubsection
+\layout Standard
-banked sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- (in/out to 16-bit addresses)
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The keyword
-\emph on
-banked
-\emph default
- is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+-nojtbound
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nojtbound}
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-sfr banked at 0x123 IoPort;
-\layout Standard
-Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-\layout Verse
+\size large
+\bar under
+
+\series default
+\size default
+\bar default
+ Will not generate boundary condition check when switch statements
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
+\end_inset
+
+ are implemented using jump-tables.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements}
+
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-01 23 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ld bc,#_IoPort
-\newline
-3E 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ld a,#0x01
-\newline
-ED 79\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-out (c),a
-\layout Subsubsection
-
-sfr
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
-
-\end_inset
-
- (in0/out0 to 8 bit addresses on Z180
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180}
-
-\end_inset
+Switch Statements for more details.
+ It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+nojtbound
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
-/HD64180
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HD64180}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function
+ only.
-)
-\layout Standard
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-The compiler option -
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--portmode=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-portmode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma portmode}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-noloopreverse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noloopreverse}
-=z180 (z80) is used to turn on (off) the Z180/HD64180 port addressing instructio
-ns
-\family typewriter
-in0/out0
-\family default
- instead of
-\family typewriter
-in/out
-\family default
-.
- If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-Absolute Addressing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Will not do loop reversal
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing}
+
+\end_inset
+
+optimization.
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the
-\emph on
-at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- <address>
-\emph default
- keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+-
+\series bold
+nolabelopt
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nolabelopt }
-\family typewriter
-xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable).
- at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum;
\layout Standard
-In the above example the variable chksum will located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff
- of the external ram.
- The compiler does
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- reserve any space for variables declared in this way (they are implemented
- with an equate in the assembler).
- Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure there are no overlaps with
- other variables that are declared without the absolute address.
- The assembler listing file (.lst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lst}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-) and the linker output files (.rst
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rst}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-no-xinit-opt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt}
-) and (.map
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-) are good places to look for such overlaps.
- Variables with an absolute address are
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- initialized
+\series default
+ Will not memcpy initialized data from code space into xdata space.
+ This saves a few bytes in code space if you don't have initialized data
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
\layout Standard
-In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword
-\emph on
-volatile
-\emph default
- should be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be optimized
- away:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-volatile
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nooverlay}
- xdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\series default
+ The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function,
+ see section Parameters and local variables for more details.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- 0x8000 unsigned char PORTA_8255;
\layout Standard
-For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa
-r) array starts at a block (256 byte) boundary
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{block boundary}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
-.
-\newline
-Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all storage classes,
- e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+-no-peep
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep}
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Disable peep-hole optimization with built-in rules.
- at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- 0x02 bvar;
\layout Standard
-The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab
-le space.
- There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables
- in this manner, unless you want strict control over all the variables allocated.
- One possible use would be to write hardware portable code.
- For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller
- I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you
- can declare the I/O pins in your routine using:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-extern volatile bit SDI;
-\newline
-extern volatile bit SCLK;
-\newline
-extern volatile bit CPOL;
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-void DS1306_put(unsigned char value)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-unsigned char mask=0x80;
-\newline
+-peep-file
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file}
+
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-while(mask)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDI=(value & mask)?1:0;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SCLK=!CPOL;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SCLK=CPOL;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mask/=2;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+<filename> This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by
+ the peep hole optimizer.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Peephole-Optimizer}
+
+\end_inset
+
\SpecialChar ~
-}
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules.
-Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use
-\layout Verse
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\family typewriter
-bit at 0x80 SDI;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 0, bit 0 */
-\newline
-bit at 0x81 SCLK;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 0, bit 1 */
-\newline
-bit CPOL;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* This is a variable, let the linker allocate this one */
\layout Standard
-Similarly, for the second hardware you would use
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-bit at 0x83 SDI;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 0, bit 3 */
-\newline
-bit at 0x91 SCLK;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* I/O port 1, bit 1 */
-\newline
-bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-peep-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm}
- CPOL;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* This is a variable, let the linker allocate this one */
-\layout Standard
-
-and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as
- for example in a library.
- This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be
- specified in the whole project.
-\layout Section
-
-Parameters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameters}
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+\series default
+ Pass the inline assembler code through the peep hole optimizer.
+ This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler code, please go through
+ the peephole optimizer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- & Local Variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+ rules defined in the source file tree '<target>/peeph.def' before using
+ this option.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed
- on the stack or in data-space.
- The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal
- RAM (for small model) or external RAM (for large model).
- This in fact makes them similar to
-\emph on
-static
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{static}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- so by default functions are non-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+-opt-code-speed
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-speed}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
-
-\newline
-\newline
-They can be placed on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\series default
+ The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
+ at the expense of code size.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
- either by using the
-\emph on
- -
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-opt-code-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-size}
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- option or by using the
-\emph on
-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
+ at the expense of code speed.
-\emph default
- keyword in the function declaration, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\layout Subsection
+Other Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options other}
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-unsigned char foo(char i) reentrant
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
-Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the
-\emph on
-reentrant
-\emph default
-keyword or the
-\emph on
- -
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-c\SpecialChar ~
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\emph default
- option should be used sparingly.
- Note that the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local
- variables will be allocated to the stack, it
-\emph on
-does not
-\emph default
- mean that the function is register bank
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- independent.
-\newline
+-compile-only
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-compile-only}
-\newline
-Local variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- can be assigned storage classes and absolute
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-c -\/-compile-only}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- addresses, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\series default
+ will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor.
-\family typewriter
-unsigned char foo()
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-xdata unsigned char i;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-bit bvar;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-data at 0x31 unsigned char j;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-In the above example the variable
-\emph on
-i
-\emph default
- will be allocated in the external ram,
-\emph on
-bvar
-\emph default
- in bit addressable space and
-\emph on
- j
-\emph default
- in internal ram.
- When compiled with
-\emph on
+\series bold
-
+\series default
+
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\emph default
- or when a function is declared as
-\emph on
-reentrant
-\emph default
- this should only be done for static variables.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Parameters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-c1mode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-c1mode}
- however are not allowed any storage class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-, (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is
- governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options.
-\layout Section
+\series default
+ reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it.
+ The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option.
-Overlaying
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Overlaying}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-E
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Overlaying}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Run only the C preprocessor.
+ Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard
+ output.
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+-o\SpecialChar ~
+<path/file>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-o <path/file>}
-For non-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+
+\series default
+The output path resp.
+ file where everything will be placed.
+ If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash
+ for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path.
+
- functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space usage by overlaying
- parameters and local variables of a function (if possible).
- Parameters and local variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- of a function will be allocated to an overlayable segment if the function
- has
-\emph on
-no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory
- model
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
- is small.
+\backslash
+/
-\emph default
- If an explicit storage class
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
- is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlayed.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin
-g the data items.
- Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine should be preceded
- by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+\size large
+\emph on
+
+\size default
+\emph default
+All functions in the source file will be compiled as
+\emph on
+reentrant
+\emph default
- if they are not reentrant.
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
-Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler
- code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters
- of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls
- other c-functions that might use the overlay.
- In that case the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay should be used.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica
-tion
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+, i.e.
+ the parameters and local variables will be allocated on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- or division
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division}
+.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- will NOT be overlayed since these are implemented using external functions,
- e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+ Parameters and Local Variables for more details.
+ If this option is used all source files in the project should be compiled
+ with this option.
+ It automatically implies --int-long-reent and --float-reent.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\family typewriter
-#pragma save
-\newline
-#pragma nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-
-\newline
-void set_error(unsigned char errcd)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-P3 = errcd;
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-#pragma restore
-\newline
-\newline
-void some_isr () interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- 2
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-set_error(10);
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
-
-In the above example the parameter
-\emph on
-errcd
-\emph default
- for the function
-\emph on
-set_error
-\emph default
- would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay was
- not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called
- from an interrupt service routine.
- The #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for
- the function are NOT overlayed.
-\layout Section
+-callee-saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-callee-saves}
-Interrupt Service Routines
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ function1[,function2][,function3]....
+\series default
+ The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving
+ across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing
+ & popping when calling small functions from larger functions.
+ This option can be used to switch the register saving convention for the
+ function names specified.
+ The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, no extra
+ code will be generated at the entry & exit (function prologue
+\series bold
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
-SDCC allows
-\emph on
-i
-\emph default
-nterrupt
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-ervice
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
-outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords.
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-void timer_isr (void) interrupt 1 using 1
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+ & epilogue
+\series bold
-The optional number following the
-\emph on
-interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- keyword is the interrupt number this routine will service.
- When present, the compiler will insert a call to this routine in the interrupt
- vector table for the interrupt number specified.
- If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service routines
- can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr MUST be present
- or included in the file that contains the function
-\emph on
-main
-\emph default
-.
- The
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
- keyword can be used to tell the compiler to use the specified register
- bank (8051 specific) when generating code for this function.
-
-\newline
+\series default
+) for these functions to save & restore the registers used by these functions,
+ this can SUBSTANTIALLY reduce code & improve run time performance of the
+ generated code.
+ In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) will be able
+ to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
+ DO NOT use this option for built-in functions such as _mulint..., if this
+ option is used for a library function the appropriate library function
+ needs to be recompiled with the same option.
+ If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file
+ should be compiled with the same -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-Interrupt numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for the Standard
- 8051/8052 are listed below.
- SDCC will automatically adjust the interrupt vector table to the maximum
- interrupt number specified.
-\newline
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\backslash
+/
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-callee-saves option string.
+ Also see #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+callee_saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
-Interrupt #
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+.
-Description
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-Vector Address
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-0
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-debug
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
-External 0
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-0x0003
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\bar under
+
+\series default
+\bar default
+When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information.
+ The debug information collected in a file with .cdb extension can be used
+ with the SDCDB.
+ For more information see documentation for SDCDB.
+ Another file with no extension contains debug information in AOMF or AOMF51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ format which is commonly used by third party tools.
-\layout Standard
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-Timer 0
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
+-S
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-S}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-0x000B
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\size large
+\bar under
+
+\series default
+\size default
+\bar default
+Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble.
+ The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified.
-2
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-External 1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-0x0013
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-int-long-reent
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
-3
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Timer 1
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series default
+ Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant.
+ Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant.
+ See section Installation for more details.
-\layout Standard
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-0x001B
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-4
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-Serial
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-cyclomatic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-cyclomatic}
-0x0023
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-5
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\bar under
+
+\series default
+\bar default
+This option will cause the compiler to generate an information message for
+ each function in the source file.
+ The message contains some
+\emph on
+important
+\emph default
+ information about the function.
+ The number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow
+ graph of the function, and most importantly the
+\emph on
+cyclomatic complexity
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Timer 2 (8052)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+\emph default
+ see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-0x002B
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\newline
+-float-reent
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-float-reent}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-If the interrupt service routine is defined without
-\emph on
-using
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Floating point library is compiled as reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- a register bank or with register bank 0 (
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
- 0), the compiler will save the registers used by itself on the stack upon
- entry and restore them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine
- calls another function then the entire register bank will be saved on the
- stack.
- This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which
- have low register usage.
-\layout Standard
+.
+ See section Installation for more details.
-If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register
- bank then only
-\emph on
-a, b, dptr
-\emph default
- & psw are save and restored, if such an interrupt service routine calls
- another function (using another register bank) then the entire register
- bank of the called function will be saved on the stack.
- This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines.
-\layout Standard
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs:
-
\layout Standard
-If the interrupt service routines changes variables which are accessed by
- other functions these variables should be declared
-\emph on
-volatile
-\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
-
-\layout Standard
+-funsigned-char
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-funsigned-char}
-If the access to these variables is not
-\emph on
-atomic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic access}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ The default signedness for every type is
+\family typewriter
+ signed
+\family default
+.
+ In some embedded environments the default signedness of
+\family typewriter
+ char
+\family default
+ is
+\family typewriter
+ unsigned
+\family default
+.
+ To set the signess for characters to unsigned, use the option --funsigned-char.
+ If this option is set and no signedness keyword (unsigned/signed) is given,
+ a char will be signed.
+ All other types are unaffected.
-\emph default
- (i.e.
- the processor needs more than one instruction for the access and could
- be interrupted while accessing the variable) the interrupt must disabled
- during the access to avoid inconsistent data.
- Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs
- and should be protected by disabling interrupts.
- You're not automatically on the safe side if you use 8 bit variables though.
- We need an example here: f.e.
- on the 8051 the harmless looking
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\family typewriter
-flags\SpecialChar ~
-|=\SpecialChar ~
-0x80;
-\family default
+\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
- is not atomic if
-\family typewriter
-flags
-\family default
- resides in xdata.
- Setting
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-flags\SpecialChar ~
-|=\SpecialChar ~
-0x40;
-\family default
+-main-return
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return}
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- from within an interrupt routine might get lost if the interrupt occurs
- at the wrong time.
-
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ This option can be used if the code generated is called by a monitor program
+ or if the main routine includes an endless loop.
+ This option results in slightly smaller code and saves two bytes of stack
+ space.
+ The return from the 'main'
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{main return}
-\family typewriter
-counter\SpecialChar ~
-+=\SpecialChar ~
-8;
-\family default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+ function will return to the function calling main.
+ The default setting is to lock up i.e.
+ generate a '
+\family typewriter
+sjmp .
+\family default
+'.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- is not atomic on the 8051 even if
-\family typewriter
-counter
-\family default
- is located in data memory.
- Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can cause a lot of trouble.
-
\layout Standard
-A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-, multiplication
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-nostdinc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdinc}
- & modulus
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Modulus}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- and floating-point
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
+\series default
+ This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path
+ to the preprocessor.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- operations are implemented using external support routines developed in
- ANSI-C.
- If an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then
- the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have to
- be recompiled using the
-\emph on
- -
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\end_inset
+
+-nostdlib
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdlib}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- option and the source file will need to be compiled using the
-\emph on
+\series default
+ This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ path to the linker.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--int-long-reent
-\emph default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
+-verbose
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-verbose}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ Shows the various actions the compiler is performing.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-V
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-V}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- compiler option.
\layout Standard
-Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended,
- avoid it if possible.
- Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine
- it should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- if it is not reentrant.
- Furthermore nonreentrant functions should not be called from the main program
- while the interrupt service routine might be active.
-
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-Also see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Overlaying}
+-no-c-code-in-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-c-code-in-asm}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-about Overlaying and section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always
+ blame the compiler :)
-\SpecialChar ~
-about Functions using private register banks.
-\layout Section
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
-\layout Subsection
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-Critical Functions and Critical Statements
\layout Standard
-A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as
-\emph on
-critical
-\emph default
-.
- SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- upon entry to a critical function and restore the interrupt enable to the
- previous state before returning.
- Nesting critical functions will need one additional byte on the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-no-peep-comments
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep-comments}
- for each call.
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-int foo () critical
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{critical}
+\series default
+ Will not include peep-hole comments in the generated files.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like
-\emph on
-reentrant.
-\emph default
-\newline
-The keyword
-\emph on
-critical
-\emph default
- may also be used to disable interrupts more locally:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-critical{ i++; }
-\layout Standard
+-no-gen-comments
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-gen-comments}
-More than one statement could have been included in the block.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly
-\layout Standard
-Interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\series default
+ Will not include code generator comments in the generated files.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051):
-\layout Verse
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+\layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-EA = 0;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-or:\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-EA_SAVE = EA;
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-EA = 0;
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+-i-code-in-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-i-code-in-asm}
-\family typewriter
-EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-EA = EA_SAVE;
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+ Include i-codes in the asm file.
+ Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself.
-On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling
- interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- (HC08):
-\layout Verse
+\layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-#define CLI _asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-cli\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+-less-pedantic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-less-pedantic}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-;
-\layout Verse
+\series default
+ Disable some of the more pedantic warnings
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Warnings}
-\family typewriter
-#define SEI _asm\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-sei\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm;
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+ (jwk burps: please be more specific here, please!).
-\family typewriter
-...
-\layout Standard
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source
- like f.e.
- a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an
-\emph on
-interrupt mask
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt mask}
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-\emph default
- register.
-
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as
- short as possible.
- This minimizes both
-\emph on
-interrupt latency
-\emph default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt latency}
+-disable-warning\SpecialChar ~
+<nnnn>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-disable-warning}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- (the time between the occurrence of the interrupt and the execution of
- the first code in the interrupt routine) and
-\emph on
-interrupt jitter
-\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt jitter}
+\series default
+ Disable specific warning with number <nnnn>.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- (the difference between the shortest and the longest interrupt latency).
- These really are something different, f.e.
- a serial interrupt has to be served before its buffer overruns so it cares
- for the maximum interrupt latency, whereas it does not care about jitter.
- On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed
- by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas
- a much smaller jitter will be very audible.
\layout Standard
-You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture
-s you can make use of two (or more) levels of
-\emph on
-interrupt priorities
-\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
- On some architectures which don't support interrupt priorities these can
- be implemented by manipulating the interrupt mask and reenabling interrupts
- within the interrupt routine.
- Don't add complexity unless you have to.
-
-\layout Section
+-print-search-dirs
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs}
-Functions using private register banks
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- (mcs51/ds390)
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+ Display the directories in the compiler's search path
-Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets.
- SDCC supports this feature with the
-\emph on
-using
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+\layout Standard
-\emph default
- attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register bank
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- other than the default bank zero).
- It should only be applied to
-\emph on
-interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-vc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc}
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- functions (see footnote below).
- This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient
- since it will not have to save registers on the stack.
-\layout Standard
-The
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
- attribute will have no effect on the generated code for a
-\emph on
-non-interrupt
-\emph default
- function (but may occasionally be useful anyway
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\series default
+ Display errors and warnings using MSVC style, so you can use SDCC with
+ the visual studio IDE
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions
- using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute
- as the calling 'interrupt' functions.
- For instance, if you have several ISRs using bank one, and all of them
- call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy()
- 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero
- to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function
-\end_inset
+.
+ With SDCC both offering a GCC-like (the default) and a MSVC-like
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MSVC output style}
-).
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\emph on
-(pending: I don't think this has been done yet)
-\layout Standard
+ output style, integration into most programming editors should be straightforwa
+rd.
-An
-\emph on
-interrupt
-\emph default
- function using a non-zero bank will assume that it can trash that register
- bank, and will not save it.
- Since high-priority interrupts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends, this means that
- if a high-priority ISR
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
- a particular bank occurs while processing a low-priority ISR
-\emph on
-using
-\emph default
- the same bank, terrible and bad things can happen.
- To prevent this, no single register bank should be
-\emph on
-used
-\emph default
- by both a high priority and a low priority ISR.
- This is probably most easily done by having all high priority ISRs use
- one bank and all low priority ISRs use another.
- If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your
- own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance
- hit.
\layout Standard
-It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions.
- If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions
- use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the
- called functions use bank zero.
- It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank
- from an ISR.
-
-\layout Section
-Startup Code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Startup-Code}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-use-stdout
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Startup code}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr.
-\layout Subsection
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-MCS51/DS390 Startup Code
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+-Wa\SpecialChar ~
+asmOption[,asmOption]
+\series default
-The compiler inserts a call to the C routine
-\emph on
-_sdcc_external_startup()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_sdcc\_external\_startup()}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wa asmOption[,asmOption]}
+
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+...
+ Pass the asmOption to the assembler
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options assembler}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\emph default
-
-\series default
-at the start of the CODE area.
- This routine is in the runtime library
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler options}
+
+\end_inset
.
- By default this routine returns 0, if this routine returns a non-zero value,
- the static & global variable initialization will be skipped and the function
- main will be invoked.
- Otherwise static & global variables will be initialized before the function
- main is invoked.
- You could add a
-\emph on
-_sdcc_external_startup()
-\emph default
- routine to your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware
- or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global variable
- initialization.
- On some mcs51 variants xdata has to be explicitly enabled before it can
- be accessed, this is the place to do it.
- See also the compiler option
-\emph on
+ See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--no-xinit
-\emph default
--
-\emph on
-opt
-\emph default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt}
+-std-sdcc89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc89}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- and section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (default).
-\SpecialChar ~
-about MCS51-variants.
-\layout Subsection
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-HC08 Startup Code
\layout Standard
-The HC08 startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code.
-\layout Subsection
-Z80 Startup Code
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
\layout Standard
-On the Z80 the startup code is inserted by linking with crt0.o which is generated
- from sdcc/device/lib/z80/crt0.s.
- If you need a different startup code you can use the compiler option
-\emph on
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-sdcc99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (incomplete support).
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
-
-\series bold
-\emph default
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-std-c99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard (incomplete support).
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\series default
-\emph on
--no-std-crt0
-\emph default
+-codeseg
+\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-std-crt0}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-codeseg <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- and provide your own crt0.o.
-
-\layout Section
+\SpecialChar ~
+<Name> The name to be used for the code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
-Inline Assembler Code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ segment, default CSEG.
+ This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the code in a special
+ segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment in a special
+ place in memory.
+ Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a
+ bank.
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\layout Subsection
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-A Step by Step Introduction
\layout Standard
-Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51
- how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and
- an array in xdata memory.
- The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures.
- This is a buffer routine which should be optimized:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-unsigned char xdata at 0x7f00 buf[0x100];
-\newline
-unsigned char head,tail;
-\newline
+\end_inset
+
+-constseg
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-constseg <Value>}
+
+\end_inset
-\newline
-void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-if( head != tail-1 )
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-buf[ head++ ] = c;
-\newline
-}
+<Name> The name to be used for the const
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ segment, default CONST.
+ This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the const data in
+ a special segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment
+ in a special place in memory.
+ Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data
+ in a bank.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
\layout Standard
-If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC
- then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated.
- We define a new function
-\family typewriter
-to_buffer_asm()
-\family default
- in file buffer.c in which we cut and paste the generated code, removing
- unwanted comments and some ':'.
- Then add
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-fdollars-in-identifiers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-fdollars-in-identifiers}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ Permit '$' as an identifier character
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+
+\series bold
+more-pedantic
+\series default
+ Actually this is
+\series bold
+\emph on
+not
+\series default
+\emph default
+ a SDCC compiler option but if you want
+\emph on
+more
+\emph default
+ warnings you can use a separate tool dedicated to syntax checking like
+ splint
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ To make your source files parseable by splint you will have to include
+
+\family sans
+lint.h
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in your source file and add brackets around extended keywords (like
+\family sans
+
\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+__at\SpecialChar ~
+
+\series bold
+(
+\series default
+0xab
+\series bold
+)
+\series default
-_asm
\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+\family default
and
+\family sans
+
\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-_endasm;
+__interrupt\SpecialChar ~
+(2)
\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- to the beginning and the end of the function body:
-\layout Verse
+\family default
+).
+
+\newline
+Splint has an excellent on line manual at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org/manual/}
+
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-/* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with.
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-The function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */
-\newline
-void to_buffer_asm( unsigned char c )
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+ and it's capabilities go beyond pure syntax checking.
+ You'll need to tell splint the location of SDCC's include files so a typical
+ command line could look like this:
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+splint\SpecialChar ~
+-I\SpecialChar ~
+/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+myprogram.c
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+Intermediate Dump Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options}
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-r2,dpl
-\newline
-;buffer.c if( head != tail-1 )
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,_tail
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dec\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-r3,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,_head
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-cjne a,ar3,00106$
-\newline
-ret 00106$:
-\newline
-;buffer.c buf[ head++ ] = c;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-r3,_head
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_head
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,r3
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-add\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,#_buf
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dpl,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-clr\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-addc\SpecialChar ~
-a,#(_buf >> 8)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dph,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,r2
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movx @dptr,a
-\newline
-00103$:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ret
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm;
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced
- function argument 'c'.
- Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY
- and finally have:
-\layout Verse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options intermediate dump}
-\family typewriter
-\size footnotesize
-unsigned char xdata at 0x7f00 buf[0x100];
-\newline
-unsigned char head,tail;
-\newline
-#define USE_ASSEMBLY
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-#ifndef USE_ASSEMBLY
-\newline
-void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-if( head != tail-1 )
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-buf[ head++ ] = c;
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-\newline
-#else
-\newline
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intermediate dump options}
-\newline
-void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; save used registers here.
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here.
+\layout Standard
+The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging
+ the compiler.
+ They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
+
+\end_inset
+
+) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various stages of
+ the compilation process.
+ More on iCodes see chapter
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of}
+
+\end_inset
+
-\newline
-; if( head != tail-1 )
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- a,_tail
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dec\SpecialChar ~
- a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-xrl\SpecialChar ~
- a,_head
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; we could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-jz\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- t_b_end$
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-;
-\newline
-; buf[ head++ ] = c;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- a,dpl \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; dpl holds lower byte of function argument
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- dpl,_head \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- dph,#(_buf>>8)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-movx @dptr,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc \SpecialChar ~
-_head
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see above)
-\newline
-t_b_end$:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; restore used registers here
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm;
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-#endif
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler
-, this includes any assembler directives and comment lines
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+The anatomy of the compiler
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments.
- You'll find an 100+ pages assembler manual in sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
-\end_inset
-.
- The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the
-\family typewriter
-_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- ...
- _endasm;
-\family default
- keyword pair.
- Specifically it will not know which registers are used and thus register
- pushing/popping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+-dumpraw
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpraw}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- has to be done manually.
-
-\layout Standard
-It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed
- in a separate line (as the example shows).
- When the -
+\series default
+ This option will cause the compiler to dump the intermediate code into
+ a file of named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumpraw
+\emph default
+ just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function, i.e.
+ before any optimizations are done.
+ The basic blocks
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in
+ sequence of execution.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+-dumpgcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpgcse}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ Will create a dump of iCode's, after global subexpression elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Global subexpression elimination}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumpgcse.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
-
-\emph on
-peep-asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm}
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-\emph default
- command line option is used, the inline assembler code will be passed through
- the peephole optimizer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-.
- There are only a few (if any) cases where this option makes sense, it might
- cause some unexpected changes in the inline assembler code.
- Please go through the peephole optimizer rules defined in file
-\emph on
-SDCCpeeph.def
-\emph default
- before using this option.
-\layout Subsection
+-dumpdeadcode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpdeadcode}
-Naked Functions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Naked-Functions}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ Will create a dump of iCode's, after deadcode elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Naked functions}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumpdeadcode.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as
-\emph on
-_naked
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
-.
+-dumploop
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumploop}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+\size large
-\emph default
-The
-\emph on
-_naked
-\emph default
- function modifier attribute prevents the compiler from generating prologue
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
+\size default
+Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- and epilogue
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue}
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumploop.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- code for that function.
- This means that the user is entirely responsible for such things as saving
- any registers that may need to be preserved, selecting the proper register
- bank, generating the
-\emph on
-return
-\emph default
- instruction at the end, etc.
- Practically, this means that the contents of the function must be written
- in inline assembler.
- This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large
- (and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue.
- For example, compare the code generated by these two functions:
-\layout Verse
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+\layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-volatile
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- data unsigned char counter;
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-void simpleInterrupt(void) interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+-dumprange
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumprange}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- 1
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-counter++;
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-\newline
-void nakedInterrupt(void) interrupt 2 _naked
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\series default
+\size large
+
+\size default
+Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range analysis
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumprange.
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-reti\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function.
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-;
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like:
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
-\family typewriter
-_simpleInterrupt:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-acc
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-b
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dpl
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dph
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-psw
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-psw,#0x00
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_counter
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-psw
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dph
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dpl
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-b
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-acc
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-reti
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-whereas nakedInterrupt looks like:
-\layout Verse
+-dumlrange
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumlrange}
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-_nakedInterrupt:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-inc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-reti\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function
-\layout Standard
-The related directive #pragma exclude
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
+\series default
+ Will dump the life ranges
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- allows a more fine grained control over pushing & popping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+ for all symbols.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- the registers.
\layout Standard
-While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a
-\family typewriter
-_naked
-\family default
- function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this,
- and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler.
-\layout Subsection
-Use of Labels within Inline Assembler
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding
- labels.
- In older versions of the compiler all labels defined within inline assembler
- code
-\emph on
-had to be
-\emph default
- of the form
-\emph on
-nnnnn$
-\emph default
- where nnnn is a number less than 100 (which implies a limit of utmost 100
- inline assembler labels
-\emph on
-per function
-\emph default
-\noun on
-)
-\noun default
-.
-
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+-dumpregassign
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpregassign}
-\family typewriter
-_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\bar under
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-b,#10
-\newline
-00001$:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-djnz\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-b,00001$
-\newline
-_endasm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+\series default
+\bar default
+Will create a dump of iCode's, after register assignment
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register assignment}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+, into a file named
+\emph on
+<source filename>.dumprassgn.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- ;
\layout Standard
-Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference
- labels
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Labels}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- defined by the inline assembler, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+-dumplrange
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumplrange}
-\family typewriter
-foo() {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* some c code */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_asm
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; some assembler code
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ljmp $0003
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* some more c code */
-\newline
-clabel:\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* inline assembler cannot reference this label */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_asm
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-$0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_endasm ;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* some more c code */
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline
- assembly within the scope of the function.
- The same goes the other way, i.e.
- labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements.
-\layout Section
-Interfacing with Assembler Code
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+\series default
+ Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\layout Subsection
+\layout Standard
-Global Registers used for Parameter Passing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameter passing}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+-dumpall
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall}
-The compiler always uses the global registers
-\emph on
-DPL, DPH
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\size large
+\bar under
+
+\series default
+\size default
+\bar default
+Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+Redirecting output on Windows Shells
-, B
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{B (mcs51, ds390 register)}
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+By default SDCC writes it's error messages to
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+standard error
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-
-\emph default
-and
-\emph on
- ACC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ACC (mcs51, ds390 register)}
+.
+ To force all messages to
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+standard output
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+ use
+\series bold
+-
+\series default
+\emph on
-\emph default
- to pass the first parameter to a routine.
- The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant
- routines or if -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--stack-auto is used) or in data / xdata memory (depending on the memory
- model).
-
-\layout Subsection
+\backslash
+/
-Assembler Routine (non-reentrant)
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-In the following example
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+\emph default
+-
+\series default
+use-stdout
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (non-reentrant)}
+.
+ Additionally, if you happen to have visual studio installed in your windows
+ machine, you can use it to compile your sources using a custom build and
+ the SDCC -
+\emph on
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
- the function c_func calls an assembler routine asm_func, which takes two
- parameters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
-.
-\layout Verse
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
-\newline
-\newline
-int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return asm_func(i,j);
-\newline
-}
-\newline
+\emph default
+-vc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc}
-\newline
-int main()
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return c_func(10,9);
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The corresponding assembler function is:
-\layout Verse
+ option.
+ Something like this should work:
+\newline
+\newline
-\family typewriter
-.globl _asm_func_PARM_2
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.globl _asm_func
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.area OSEG
-\newline
-_asm_func_PARM_2:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.ds 1
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-.area CSEG
-\newline
-_asm_func:
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,dpl
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-add\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,_asm_func_PARM_2
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dpl,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-dph
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL}
+\series bold
+c:
+\backslash
+sdcc
+\backslash
+bin
+\backslash
+sdcc.exe -
+\series default
+\emph on
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-,#0x00
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ret
\layout Standard
-Note here that the return values
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- are placed in 'dpl' - One byte return value, 'dpl' LSB & 'dph' MSB for
- two byte values.
- 'dpl', 'dph' and 'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph','
-b' & 'acc' for four byte values.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The parameter naming convention is _<function_name>_PARM_<n>, where n is
- the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left.
- The first parameter is passed in
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-dpl
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+\emph default
+-vc -
+\series default
+\emph on
- for a one byte parameter,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-dptr
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- for two bytes,
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-b,dptr
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- for three bytes and
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-acc,b,dptr
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
- for a four bytes parameter.
- The variable name for the second parameter will be _<function_name>_PARM_2.
-\newline
+\series bold
+\emph default
+-model-large -c $(InputPath)
+\series default
-\newline
-Assemble the assembler routine with the following command:
-\newline
-\newline
-\family sans
-\series bold
-asx8051 -losg asmfunc.asm
-\newline
-\newline
+\layout Section
+Environment variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Environment variables}
-\family default
-\series default
-Then compile and link the assembler routine to the C source file with the
- following command:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel
-\layout Subsection
-Assembler Routine (reentrant)
\layout Standard
+SDCC recognizes the following environment variables:
-In this case
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+SDCC_LEAVE_SIGNALS
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LEAVE\_SIGNALS}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (reentrant)}
+\series default
+ SDCC installs a signal handler
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{signal handler}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- the second parameter
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+ to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception.
+ If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler
+ in order to be able to debug SDCC.
-\end_inset
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
- onwards will be passed on the stack, the parameters are pushed from right
- to left i.e.
- after the call the leftmost parameter will be on the top of the stack.
- Here is an example:
-\layout Verse
+\series bold
+TMP,\SpecialChar ~
+TEMP,\SpecialChar ~
+TMPDIR
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR}
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
-\newline
-\newline
-int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) reentrant
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\series default
+ Path, where temporary files will be created.
+ The order of the variables is the search order.
+ In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's
+ no need to set them.
+ On Windows it's recommended to set one of them.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+SDCC_HOME
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_HOME}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ Path, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths}
+
+\end_inset
+
\SpecialChar ~
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+ Install Paths
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+SDCC_INCLUDE
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_INCLUDE}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ Path, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
+
+\end_inset
+
\SpecialChar ~
-return asm_func(i,j);
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-\newline
-int main()
-\newline
-{
-\newline
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+Search Paths
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series bold
+SDCC_LIB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LIB}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ Path, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
+
+\end_inset
+
\SpecialChar ~
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+Search Paths
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+..
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these
+ are solely used for debugging purposes.
+ They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented.
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+Storage Class Language Extensions
+
+\layout Subsection
+MCS51/DS390 Storage Class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Language Extensions
+
+\layout Standard
+In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51
+ specific storage classes:
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+data
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ / near
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{near (storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_near (storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+This is the
+\series bold
+default
+\series default
+ storage class for the Small Memory model (
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+near
+\emph default
+ or the more ANSI-C compliant forms
+\emph on
+__data
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+__near
+\emph default
+ can be used synonymously).
+ Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly
+ addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__data unsigned char test_data;
+
+\layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+75*00 01\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-return c_func(10,9);
-\newline
-}
+_test_data,#0x01
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ / far
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
\layout Standard
+Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external
+ RAM.
+ This is the
+\series bold
+default
+\series default
+ storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.:
-The corresponding assembler routine is:
\layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+__xdata unsigned char test_xdata;
-\family typewriter
-.globl _asm_func
-\newline
-_asm_func:
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+90s00r00\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+dptr,#_test_xdata
+\newline
+74\SpecialChar ~
+01\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-push _bp
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-mov _bp,sp
-\newline
+mov\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+a,#0x01
+\newline
+F0\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-mov r2,dpl
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,_bp
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
+movx\SpecialChar ~
+@dptr,a
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+idata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly
+ addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__idata unsigned char test_idata;
+
+\layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+78r00\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-add a,#0xfd
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-mov r0,a
-\newline
+r0,#_test_idata
+\newline
+76\SpecialChar ~
+01\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-add a,#0xfc ;?
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+@r0,#0x01
+
+\layout Standard
+Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM
+ as the data memory.
+ The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have
+ 256 byte idata memory.
+ The stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is located in idata memory.
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing
+ modes of a 8051.
+ It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of
+ 256 bytes.
+ The following example writes 0x01 to the pdata variable.
+ Please note, pdata access physically accesses xdata memory.
+ The high byte of the address is determined by port P2
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+(or in case of some 8051 variants by a separate Special Function Register,
+ see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ This is the
+\series bold
+default
+\series default
+ storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__pdata unsigned char test_pdata;
+
+\layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+78r00\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-mov r1,a
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+mov r0,#_test_pdata
+\newline
+74 01\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,@r0
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-add a,r2 ;?
-\newline
+mov a,#0x01
+\newline
+F2\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-mov dpl,a
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-mov dph,#0x00
-\newline
+movx @r0,a
+
+\layout Standard
+If the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-xstack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area
+ and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes.
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_code}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code
+ memory:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__code unsigned char test_code;
+
+\layout Standard
+Read access to this variable generates the assembly code:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+90s00r6F\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+mov dptr,#_test_code
+\newline
+E4\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-mov sp,_bp
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-pop _bp
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+clr a
+\newline
+93\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-ret
-\layout Standard
-
-The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra
- entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp is the stack
- frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters
- and local variables.
-\layout Section
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+movc a,@a+dptr
-int (16 bit)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (16 bit)}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+char
+\family default
+ indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently:
- and long (32 bit)
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long (32 bit)}
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'};
- Support
\layout Standard
+Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly
+ code:
-For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division,
- multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines.
- These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting
- to other MCUs, although some model specific assembler optimizations are
- used.
- The following files contain the described routines, all of them can be
- found in <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib.
-\newline
+\layout Verse
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\family typewriter
+E5*00\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov a,_index
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Verse
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+90s00r41\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov dptr,#_test_array
+\layout Verse
-\series bold
-Function
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+93\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+movc a,@a+dptr
-\layout Standard
+\layout Subsubsection
+bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-Description
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_bit}
-_mulint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-16 bit multiplication
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+This is a data-type and a storage class specifier.
+ When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable
+ memory of 8051, e.g.:
-_divsint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\layout Verse
- signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+__bit test_bit;
\layout Standard
+Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-_divuint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+D2*00\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+setb\SpecialChar ~
+_test_bit
\layout Standard
+The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20
+ to 0x2f in data memory.
+
+\newline
+Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support
+ ANSI-C bitfields
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bitfields}
- unsigned 16 bit division
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-_modsint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
\layout Standard
+Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are
+ about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c
-signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+.
+ In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit
+ signed modifier are implemented as unsigned.
-_moduint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Subsubsection
+sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-unsigned 16 bit modulus
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
-_mullong.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ / sfr16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr16}
-32 bit multiplication
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-_divslong.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr16}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
- signed 32 division (calls _divulong)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ / sfr32
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr32}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-_divulong.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr32}
-unsigned 32 division
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ / sbit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit}
-_modslong.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
- signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-_modulong.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
-unsigned 32 bit modulus
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\layout Standard
+Like the bit keyword,
+\emph on
+sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit
+\emph default
+signify both a data-type and storage class, they are used to describe the
+
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+pecial
+\emph on
+f
+\emph default
+unction
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+egisters and
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+pecial
+\emph on
+bit
+\emph default
+ variables of a 8051, eg:
-\end_inset
+\layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Since they are compiled as
-\emph on
-non-reentrant
-\emph default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ (0x80) P0;\SpecialChar ~
+ /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */
+\newline
-, interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\newline
+/* 16 bit
+ special function register combination for timer 0
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ with the high byte at
+ location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */
+\newline
+__sfr16 __at (0x8C8A)
+ TMR0;
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+__sbit __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
- service routines should not do any of the above operations.
- If this is unavoidable then the above routines will need to be compiled
- with the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ (0xd7) CY;\SpecialChar ~
+ /* CY (Carry Flag
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flags}
+\end_inset
-\emph default
- option, after which the source program will have to be compiled with
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Carry flag}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--int-long-reent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
+) */
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by
+ 8 are bit-addressable, an
+\emph on
+ sbit
+\emph default
+ addresses a specific bit within these sfr.
+\newline
+16 Bit and 32 bit special function
+ register combinations which require a certain access order are better not
+ declared using
+\emph on
+sfr16
+\emph default
+ or
+\emph on
+sfr32.
+\emph default
+ Allthough SDCC usually accesses them Least Significant Byte (LSB) first,
+ this is not guaranteed.
+\newline
-\emph default
- option.
- Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly.
- The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation
- is required.
-\layout Section
-Floating Point Support
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
+\layout Standard
+Please note, if you use a header file which was written for another compiler
+ then the sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit Storage Class extensions will most
+ likely be
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+compatible.
+ Specifically the syntax
+\family typewriter
+\SpecialChar ~
+sfr P0 = 0x80;\SpecialChar ~
-\end_inset
+\family default
+ is compiled
+\emph on
+without warning
+\emph default
+ by SDCC to an assignment of 0x80 to a variable called P0
+\family typewriter
+\begin_inset Marginal
+collapsed true
\layout Standard
-SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers.The
- floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and consist
- of the following routines:
-\newline
+\series bold
+\SpecialChar ~
+!
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\end_inset
-\size footnotesize
+.
+
+\family default
+Nevertheless it is possible to write header files
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-Function
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ which can be shared among different compilers (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers}
-Description
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+).
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+Pointers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fsadd.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
+
+ to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces
\layout Standard
+SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any
+ of the memory spaces
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-add floating point numbers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ of the 8051.
+ In addition to the explicit pointers, the compiler uses (by default) generic
+ pointers which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces.
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+Pointer
+ declaration examples:
+\layout Verse
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fssub.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+/* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram
+ */
+\newline
+__xdata unsigned char * __data p;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+/* pointer physically in external ram
+ pointing to object in internal ram */
+\newline
+__data unsigned char * __xdata p;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+/*
+ pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */
+\newline
+__xdata
+ unsigned char * __code p;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+/* pointer physically in code space pointing to
+ data in code space */
+\newline
+__code unsigned char * __code p;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+/* generic pointer
+ physically located in xdata space */
+\newline
+unsigned char * __xdata p;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+/* generic
+ pointer physically located in default memory space */
+\newline
+unsigned char * p;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+/*
+ the following is a function pointer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function pointer}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ physically located in data space */
+\newline
+char (* __data fp)(void);
\layout Standard
+Well you get the idea.
+
+\newline
+\newline
+All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390)
+\emph on
+generic
+\emph default
+ pointers.
+
+\size small
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-subtract floating point numbers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+\size default
+The highest order byte of the
+\emph on
+generic
+\emph default
+ pointers contains the data space information.
+ Assembler support routines are called whenever data is stored or retrieved
+ using
+\emph on
+generic
+\emph default
+ pointers.
+ These are useful for developing reusable library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fsdiv.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ routines.
+ Explicitly specifying the pointer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pointer}
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-divide floating point numbers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ type will generate the most efficient code.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Subsubsection
+Notes on MCS51 memory
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory}
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fsmul.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ layout
\layout Standard
+The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal
+ RAM memory which is structured as follows:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold
+ up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7,
+\newline
+- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold
+ 128 bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+\end_inset
+
+ variables and,
+\newline
+- Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use.
+\newline
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-multiply floating point numbers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of
+ additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory (
+\emph on
+idata
+\emph default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2uchar.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to unsigned char
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+).
+ Furthermore, some chips may have some built in external memory (
+\emph on
+xdata
+\emph default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2char.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to signed char
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+) which should not be confused with the internal, directly addressable RAM
+ memory (
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2uint.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to unsigned int
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+).
+ Sometimes this built in
+\emph on
+xdata
+\emph default
+ memory has to be activated before using it (you can probably find this
+ information on the datasheet of the microcontroller your are using, see
+ also section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2int.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\SpecialChar ~
+Startup-Code).
\layout Standard
+Normally SDCC will only use the first bank
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to signed int
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+ of registers (register bank 0), but it is possible to specify that other
+ banks of registers (keyword
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+
+\emph on
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2ulong.
-\family default
-\series default
-\shape default
-\size default
-\emph default
-\bar default
-\noun default
-\color default
-c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to unsigned long
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\emph default
+) should be used in interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_fs2long.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert floating point to signed long
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ routines.
+ By default, the compiler will place the stack after the last byte of allocated
+ memory for variables.
+ For example, if the first 2 banks of registers are used, and only four
+ bytes are used for
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
+ variables, it will position the base of the internal stack at address 20
+ (0x14).
+ This implies that as the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_uchar2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ grows, it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used
+ by the 128 bit variables, and 80 bytes for general purpose use.
+ If any bit variables are used, the data variables will be placed in unused
+ register banks and after the byte holding the last bit variable.
+ For example, if register banks 0 and 1 are used, and there are 9 bit variables
+ (two bytes used),
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
+ variables will be placed starting from address 0x10 to 0x20 and continue
+ at address 0x22.
+ You can also use -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert unsigned char to floating point
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+
+-data-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc <Value>}
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_char2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ to specify the start address of the
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
+ and -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert char to floating point number
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+-iram-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_uint2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ to specify the size of the total internal RAM (
+\emph on
+data
+\emph default
++
+\emph on
+idata
+\emph default
+).
+
+\newline
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert unsigned int to floating point
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data
+ variables.
+ Option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_int2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+-stack-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc <Value>}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert int to floating point numbers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
+
+ allows you to specify the start of the stack, i.e.
+ you could start it after any data in the general purpose area.
+ If your microcontroller has additional indirectly addressable internal
+ RAM (
+\emph on
+idata
+\emph default
+) you can place the stack on it.
+ You may also need to use -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_ulong2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+
+-xdata-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xdata-loc<Value>}
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert unsigned long to floating point number
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ to set the start address of the external RAM (
+\emph on
+xdata
+\emph default
+) and -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-_long2fs.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+-xram-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size <Value>}
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-convert long to floating point number
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ to specify its size.
+ Same goes for the code memory, using -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+\layout Standard
-\newline
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space
- and speed improvement.
- Note if all these routines are used simultaneously the data space might
- overflow.
- For serious floating point usage it is recommended that the large model
- be used.
- Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly.
- The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation
- is required.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-Library Routines
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+-code-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc <Value>}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ and -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\emph on
-<pending: this is messy and incomplete - a little more information is in
- sdcc/doc/libdoc.txt
-\emph default
- >
-\layout Subsection
-
-Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.)
-\layout Subsection
-
-Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.)
-\layout Subsubsection
-
-<stdio.h>
-\layout Standard
-
+\backslash
+/
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<stdio.h>}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-code-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size <Value>}
-As usual on embedded systems you have to provide your own
-\family typewriter
-getchar()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{getchar()}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+.
+ If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory
+ layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it.
-
-\family default
-and
-\family typewriter
-putchar()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{putchar()}
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+The linker generates two files with memory allocation information.
+ The first, with extension .map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ shows all the variables and segments.
+ The second with extension .mem
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.mem}
-\family default
- routines.
- SDCC does not know whether the system connects to a serial line with or
- without handshake, LCD, keyboard or other device.
- You'll find examples for serial routines f.e.
- in sdcc/device/lib.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-If you're short on memory you might want to use
-\family typewriter
-printf_small()
-\family default
-
-\emph on
-instead
-\emph default
- of
-\family typewriter
- printf()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf()}
+ shows the final memory layout.
+ The linker will complain either if memory segments overlap, there is not
+ enough memory, or there is not enough space for stack.
+ If you get any linking warnings and/or errors related to stack or segments
+ allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what
+ the problem is.
+ The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem.
-\end_inset
-.
-\family default
- For the mcs51 there is an assembly version
-\family typewriter
-printf_fast()
-\family default
- which should fit the requirements of many embedded systems.
\layout Subsection
+Z80/Z180 Storage Class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Storage class}
-Math functions (sin, pow, sqrt etc.)
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
-Other libraries
-\layout Standard
+ Language Extensions
-Libraries
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+\layout Subsubsection
+sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- included in SDCC should have a license at least as liberal as the GNU Lesser
- General Public License
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
-
-\emph on
-LGPL
-\emph default
-.
-\layout Comment
+\end_inset
-license statements for the libraries are missing.
- sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c
-\layout Comment
+ (in/out to 8-bit addresses)
-or _decdptr f.e.
- come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal
- enough for many embedded programmers.
\layout Standard
+The Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
-If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code
- which f.e.
- falls into any of these categories Busses (I
-\begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{2}}$
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory
- cards, eeprom, flash...), En-/Decryption, Remote debugging, Realtime kernel,
- Keyboard, LCD, RTC, FPGA, PID then the sdcc-user mailing list
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599}
+ family has separate address spaces for memory and
+\emph on
+i
+\emph default
+nput/
+\emph on
+o
+\emph default
+utput memory.
+ I/O memory
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{I/O memory (Z80, Z180)}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-would certainly like to hear about it.
- Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being
- enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl
-e these references are very valuable.
- Let's help to create a climate where information is shared.
-\layout Section
-Memory Models
-\layout Subsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!I/O memory}
-MCS51 Memory Models
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!I/O memory}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory model}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ is accessed with special instructions, e.g.:
+\layout Verse
-\layout Subsubsection
+\family typewriter
+sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */
+
-Small and Large
\layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-SDCC allows two memory models for MCS51 code,
-\shape slanted
-small
-\shape default
- and
-\shape slanted
-large
-\shape default
-.
- Modules compiled with different memory models should
-\emph on
-never
-\emph default
- be combined together or the results would be unpredictable.
- The library routines supplied with the compiler are compiled as both small
- and large.
- The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small
- and large so that you can link to either set.
-
-\layout Standard
+\layout Verse
-When the large model is used all variables declared without a storage class
- will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all parameters and
- local variables (for non-reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\family typewriter
+3E 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ld a,#0x01
+\newline
+D3 78\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+out (_IoPort),a
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsubsection
+banked sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
- functions).
- When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated
- in the internal ram.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
- and the 'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code,
- than using the large model.
- Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the
- large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless
- absolutely required.
-\layout Subsubsection
+\end_inset
-External Stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:External-Stack}
+ (in/out to 16-bit addresses)
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+The keyword
+\emph on
+banked
+\emph default
+ is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.:
+\layout Verse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\family typewriter
+sfr banked at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{External stack (mcs51)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ 0x123 IoPort;
\layout Standard
+Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
-The external stack (-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Verse
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+01 23 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ld bc,#_IoPort
+\newline
+3E 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ld a,#0x01
+\newline
+ED 79\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+out (c),a
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsubsection
+sfr
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
--xstack option
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-) is located in pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- memory (usually at the start of the external ram segment) and is 256 bytes
- in size.
- When -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+ (in0/out0 to 8 bit addresses on Z180
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+/HD64180
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HD64180 (see Z180)}
--xstack option is used to compile the program, the parameters and local
- variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+)
- of all reentrant functions are allocated in this area.
- This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements.
- When used with the -
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+The compiler option -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
--stack-auto
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-portmode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Options!-\/-portmode}
- option, all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external
- stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same
- options).
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment
- into port P2
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
+=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+portmode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Pragmas!\#pragma portmode}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-, therefore when using the External Stack option, this port
-\emph on
-may not
-\emph default
- be used by the application program.
-\layout Subsection
+ z180 (z80) is used to turn on (off) the Z180/HD64180 port addressing instructio
+ns
+\family typewriter
+in0/out0
+\family default
+ instead of
+\family typewriter
+in/out
+\family default
+.
+ If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically.
-DS390 Memory Model
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
-\end_inset
+\layout Subsection
+HC08 Storage Class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Storage class}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390 memory model}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ Language Extensions
+\layout Subsubsection
+data
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (hc08 storage class)}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-The only model supported is Flat 24
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (hc08 storage class)}
-.
- This generates code for the 24 bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas
- DS80C390 part.
- In this mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly
- addressed.
- See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information on this part.
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-Note that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor
- into 24 bitmode (although
-\emph on
-tinibios
-\emph default
- in the ds390 libraries will do that for you).
- If you don't use
-\emph on
-tinibios
-\emph default
+
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tinibios (DS390)}
+\layout Standard
+The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256
+ bytes of memory (the direct page).
+ The HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-, the boot loader or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24
- bit contiguous addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code.
-\newline
+ is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) stored here.
-\newline
-Like the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\layout Subsubsection
+xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (hc08 storage class)}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--model-large
-\emph default
- option, variables will by default be placed into the XDATA segment.
-
-\newline
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (hc08 storage class)}
-\newline
-Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual
- -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+
+
\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in
+ memory.
+ This is the default if no storage class is specified.
+
+
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--*-loc options.
- Note that if any segments are located above 64K, the -r flag must be passed
- to the linker to generate the proper segment relocations, and the Intel
- HEX output format must be used.
- The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option
-\emph on
--Wl-r
-\emph default
- on the SDCC command line.
- However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k.
\layout Section
+Absolute Addressing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing}
-Pragmas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pragmas}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
\layout Standard
+Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the
+\emph on
+at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
-SDCC supports the following #pragma directives:
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-save
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
- - this will save all current options to the save/restore stack.
- See restore.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-restore
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore}
+ <address>
+\emph default
+ keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.:
-\end_inset
+\layout Verse
- - will restore saved options from the last save.
- saves & restores can be nested.
- SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack,
- restore pulls current options from the stack.
- See save.
-\layout Itemize
+\family typewriter
+xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-nogcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- - will stop global common subexpression elimination.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
- - will stop loop induction optimizations.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-nojtbound
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
- - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when switch statements
- are turned into jump-tables (dangerous).
- For more details see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum;
-.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C:
-nooverlay
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum;
- - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a
- function.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff
+ of the external ram.
+ The compiler does
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ reserve any space for variables declared in this way
+\begin_inset Marginal
+collapsed true
-less_pedantic
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma less\_pedantic}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+\SpecialChar ~
+!
- - the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you'r on
- your own now ;-(
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-noloopreverse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noloopreverse}
+ (they are implemented with an equate in the assembler).
+ Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure there are no overlaps with
+ other variables that are declared without the absolute address.
+ The assembler listing file (.lst
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lst}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- - Will not do loop reversal optimization
-\layout Itemize
+) and the linker output files (.rst
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rst}
-exclude
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
+\end_inset
+
+) and (.map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- none | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma disables generation of
- pair of push/pop
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+) are good places to look for such overlaps.
+ Variables with an absolute address are
+\emph on
+not
+\begin_inset Marginal
+collapsed true
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- instruction in ISR function (using interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\series bold
+\SpecialChar ~
+!
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- keyword).
- The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition
- and it affects ALL ISR functions following it.
- To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-exclude\SpecialChar ~
-none
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ initialized
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
+
+\end_inset
.
-\layout Itemize
-noiv
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noiv}
+\layout Standard
+In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword
+\emph on
+volatile
+\emph default
+ has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed:
-\end_inset
+\layout Verse
- - Do not generate interrupt
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+\family typewriter
+volatile
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- vector table entries for all ISR functions defined after the pragma.
- This is useful in cases where the interrupt vector table must be defined
- manually, or when there is a secondary, manually defined interrupt vector
- table (e.g.
- for the autovector feature of the Cypress EZ-USB FX2).
- More elegantly this can be achieved by obmitting the optional interrupt
- number after the interrupt keyword, see section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines}
+ __xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\SpecialChar ~
-about interrupts.
-\layout Itemize
+ __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
-callee_saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ (0x8000) unsigned char PORTA_8255;
+\layout Standard
+For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa
+r) array
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- function1[,function2[,function3...]] - The compiler by default uses a caller
- saves convention for register saving across function calls, however this
- can cause unnecessary register pushing & popping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
-\end_inset
+\family default
+\size default
+ starts at a block (256 byte) boundary
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{block boundary}
- when calling small functions from larger functions.
- This option can be used to switch off the register saving convention for
- the function names specified.
- The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, extra
- code need to be manually inserted at the entry & exit for these functions
- to save & restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIALLY
- reduce code & improve run time performance of the generated code.
- In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) may be able
- to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
- If -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ (section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--callee-saves command line option is used, the function names specified
- in #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-callee_saves
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
+ has an example).
+\newline
+Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all
+ storage classes, e.g.:
-\end_inset
+\layout Verse
- is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line.
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+__bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
-SDCPP supports the following #pragma directives:
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-preproc_asm
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm}
+ __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
+ (0x02) bvar;
- (+ | -) - switch _asm _endasm block preprocessing on / off.
- Default is on.
\layout Standard
+The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab
+le space.
+ There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables
+ in this manner, unless you want strict control over all the variables allocated.
+ One possible use would be to write hardware portable code.
+ For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller
+ I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you
+ can declare the I/O pins in your routine using:
-The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations
- which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to
- store compiler generated temporary variables.
- This usually happens in large functions.
- Pragma directives should be used as shown in the following example, they
- are used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas
- should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside
- a function body could have unpredictable results.
\layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+extern volatile
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
-\family typewriter
-#pragma save
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save}
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- \SpecialChar ~
+ __bit MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+/* master out, slave in */
+\newline
+extern volatile __bit MISO;\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-/* save the current settings */
-\newline
-#pragma nogcse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
-
-\end_inset
+/* master
+ in, slave out */
+\newline
+extern volatile __bit MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* master clock */
+\newline
- \SpecialChar ~
+\newline
+/* Input and
+ Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus.
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+If needed adapt polarity of clock,
+ polarity of data and bit order
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
-/* turnoff global subexpression elimination */
-\newline
-#pragma noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
-
-\end_inset
-
- /* turn off induction optimizations */
-\newline
-int foo ()
-\newline
+*/
+\newline
+unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte)
+
+\newline
{
-\newline
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- ...
-
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- /* large code */
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- ...
-
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-#pragma restore
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore}
-
-\end_inset
-
- /* turn the optimizations back on */
-\layout Standard
-
-The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated.
- It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragma's be used when
- changing options for a function.
-\layout Section
+\SpecialChar ~
+unsigned char i=8;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+do {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+MOSI = out_byte & 0x80;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+out_byte <<= 1;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+MCLK =
+ 1;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* _asm nop _endasm; */\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* for slow peripherals */
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+if(MISO)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+out_byte +=
+ 1;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+MCLK = 0;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+} while(--i);
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+return out_byte;
+\newline
+}
-Defines Created by the Compiler
\layout Standard
+Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use
-The compiler creates the following #defines
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#defines}
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+__bit __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Defines created by the compiler}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
-:
-\newline
+\end_inset
+
+ (0x80) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* I/O port 0, bit 0 */
+\newline
+__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* I/O port 0,
+ bit 1 */
+\newline
+__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* I/O port 0, bit 2 */
\layout Standard
+Similarly, for the second hardware you would use
+\layout Verse
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* I/O port 0, bit 3 */
+\newline
+__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/*
+ I/O port 1, bit 1 */
+\newline
+__bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ __at (0x92) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* I/O port 1, bit 2 */
\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as
+ for example in a library.
+ This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be
+ specified in the whole project.
-\series bold
-#define
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\layout Section
+Parameters
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameters}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-Description
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
-SDCC
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ & Local Variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-this Symbol is always defined
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-SDCC_mcs51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_mcs51}
-\end_inset
- or SDCC_ds390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_ds390}
+\layout Standard
+Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed
+ on the stack or in data-space.
+ The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal
+ RAM (for small model) or external RAM (for large model).
+ This in fact makes them similar to
+\emph on
+static
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{static}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- or SDCC_z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_z80}
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ so by default functions are non-reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
-, etc
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+.
+
+\newline
-depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+They can be placed on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-__mcs51
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_mcs51}
+ by using the
+\emph on
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-, __ds390
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ds390}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
-, __hc08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_hc08}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
-, __z80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_z80}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-, etc
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\emph default
+ option, by using
+\emph on
+#pragma\SpecialChar ~
+stackauto
+\emph default
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto}
-depending on the model used (e.g.
- -mz80)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ or by using the
+\emph on
+reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
-SDCC_STACK_AUTO
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_AUTO}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\emph default
+ keyword in the function declaration, e.g.:
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Verse
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+unsigned char foo(char i) __reentrant
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
-when
-\emph on
--
+\layout Standard
+Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the
+\emph on
+reentrant
+\emph default
+keyword or the
+\emph on
+ -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--stack-auto
-\emph default
- option is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
-SDCC_MODEL_SMALL
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_SMALL}
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+-stack-auto
+\emph default
+ option should be used sparingly.
+ Note that the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local
+ variables will be allocated to the stack, it
+\emph on
+does not
+\emph default
+ mean that the function is register bank
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ independent.
+\newline
-when
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\newline
+Local variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+ can be assigned storage classes and absolute
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing}
--model-small
-\emph default
- is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ addresses, e.g.:
-SDCC_MODEL_LARGE
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_LARGE}
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+unsigned char foo()
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+__xdata unsigned char i;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+__bit bvar;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+__data __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ (0x31) unsigned char j;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
\layout Standard
-
-when
-\emph on
+In the above example the variable
+\emph on
+i
+\emph default
+ will be allocated in the external ram,
+\emph on
+bvar
+\emph default
+ in bit addressable space and
+\emph on
+ j
+\emph default
+ in internal ram.
+ When compiled with
+\emph on
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--model-large
-\emph default
- is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-SDCC_USE_XSTACK
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_USE\_XSTACK}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+-stack-auto
+\emph default
+ or when a function is declared as
+\emph on
+reentrant
+\emph default
+ this should only be done for static variables.
\layout Standard
+Parameters
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
-when
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ however are not allowed any storage class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--xstack
-\emph default
- option is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+, (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is
+ governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options.
\layout Standard
+It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also
+ non-static local bit variables are supported.
+ Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space.
+ They are pushed and popped to stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
-SDCC_STACK_TENBIT
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_TENBIT}
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ as a single byte just like the normal registers.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Section
+Overlaying
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Overlaying}
-when
-\emph on
--mds390
-\emph default
- is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_FLAT24}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Overlaying}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+For non-reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
-when
-\emph on
--mds390
-\emph default
- is used
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space usage by overlaying
+ parameters and local variables of a function (if possible).
+ Parameters and local variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Chapter
+ of a function will be allocated to an overlayable segment if the function
+ has
+\emph on
+no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory
+ model
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
-Debugging with SDCDB
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ is small.
+\emph default
+ If an explicit storage class
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcdb (debugger)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlayed.
-
\layout Standard
+Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin
+g the data items.
+ Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine
+\begin_inset Marginal
+collapsed true
-SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger}
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The debugger uses a command line interface, the command repertoire of the
- debugger has been kept as close to gdb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gdb}
-
-\end_inset
-
- (the GNU debugger) as possible.
- The configuration and build process is part of the standard compiler installati
-on, which also builds and installs the debugger in the target directory
- specified during configuration.
- The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source
- level.
- Sdcdb is available on Unix platforms only.
-\layout Section
-
-Compiling for Debugging
\layout Standard
-The \SpecialChar \-
-\SpecialChar \-
-debug option must be specified for all files for which debug information
- is to be generated.
- The complier generates a .adb file for each of these files.
- The linker creates the .cdb file from the .adb files and the address information.
- This .cdb is used by the debugger.
-\layout Section
-
-How the Debugger Works
-\layout Standard
+\series bold
+!
-When the -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--debug option is specified the compiler generates extra symbol information
- some of which are put into the assembler source and some are put into the
- .adb file.
- Then the linker creates the .cdb file from the individual .adb files with
- the address information for the symbols.
- The debugger reads the symbolic information generated by the compiler &
- the address information generated by the linker.
- It uses the SIMULATOR (Daniel's S51) to execute the program, the program
- execution is controlled by the debugger.
- When a command is issued for the debugger, it translates it into appropriate
- commands for the simulator.
-\layout Section
+ if they are not reentrant.
-Starting the Debugger
\layout Standard
+Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler
+ code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters
+ of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls
+ other c-functions that might use the overlay.
+ In that case the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+nooverlay should be used.
-The debugger can be started using the following command line.
- (Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo).
-\newline
-
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica
+tion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcdb foo
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family default
-\series default
+ or division
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division}
-\newline
-The debugger will look for the following files.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-foo.c - the source file.
-\layout Itemize
+ will NOT be overlayed since these are implemented using external functions,
+ e.g.:
-foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Verse
-foo.ihx - the Intel hex format
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+\family typewriter
+#pragma save
+\newline
+#pragma nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- object file.
-\layout Section
+
+\newline
+void set_error(unsigned char errcd)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+P3 = errcd;
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+#pragma restore
+\newline
-Command Line Options.
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
+void
+ some_isr () __interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+
+ (2)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+set_error(10);
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+In the above example the parameter
+\emph on
+errcd
+\emph default
+ for the function
+\emph on
+set_error
+\emph default
+ would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+nooverlay was
+ not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called
+ from an interrupt service routine.
+ The #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for
+ the function are NOT overlayed.
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
--directory=<source file directory> this option can used to specify the directory
- search list.
- The debugger will look into the directory list specified for source, cdb
- & ihx files.
- The items in the directory list must be separated by ':', e.g.
- if the source files can be in the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2,
- the -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
-\layout Standard
+\layout Section
+Interrupt Service Routines
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines}
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
--directory option should be -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+General Information
\layout Standard
+SDCC allows
+\emph on
+i
+\emph default
+nterrupt
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+ervice
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords.
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\layout Verse
--directory=/home/src1:/home/src2.
- Note there can be no spaces in the option.
+\family typewriter
+void timer_isr (void) __interrupt (1) __using (1)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
-\layout Itemize
-
--cd <directory> - change to the <directory>.
-\layout Itemize
+\newline
+}
--fullname - used by GUI front ends.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
+The optional number following the
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
--cpu <cpu-type> - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the
- simulator docs for details.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
--X <Clock frequency > this options is passed to the simulator please see
- the simulator docs for details.
-\layout Itemize
--s <serial port file> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
--S <serial in,out> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
--k <port number> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
-\layout Section
-Debugger Commands.
-\layout Standard
+\emph default
+ keyword is the interrupt number this routine will service.
+ When present, the compiler will insert a call to this routine in the interrupt
+ vector table
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
-As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel
-y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible.
- This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces
- (like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger.
- If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip the
- next sections.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\end_inset
-break [line | file:line | function | file:function]
-\layout Standard
+ for the interrupt number specified.
+ If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service routines
+ can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr MUST be present
+ or included in the file that contains the function
+\emph on
+main
+\emph default
+.
+ The optional (8051 specific) keyword
+\emph on
+using
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
-Set breakpoint at specified line or function:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcdb>break 100
-\newline
-sdcdb>break foo.c:100
-\newline
-sdcdb>break funcfoo
-\newline
-sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
-clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ]
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Clear breakpoint at specified line or function:
-\newline
-\newline
+\emph default
+ can be used to tell the compiler to use the specified register bank when
+ generating code for this function.
+
+\newline
+Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs:
-\family sans
-\series bold
-sdcdb>clear 100
-\newline
-sdcdb>clear foo.c:100
-\newline
-sdcdb>clear funcfoo
-\newline
-sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
-continue
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+Common interrupt pitfall: variable not declared
+\emph on
+volatile
-finish
\layout Standard
+If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by
+ other functions these variables have to be declared
+\emph on
+volatile
+\emph default
-Execute till the end of the current function.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
-delete [n]
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Delete breakpoint number 'n'.
- If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+.
+ See
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_variable}
-info [break | stack | frame | registers ]
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-info break - list all breakpoints
-\layout Itemize
+ .
-info stack - show the function call stack.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-atomic}
-info frame - show information about the current execution frame.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-info registers - show content of all registers.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+Common interrupt pitfall:
+\emph on
+non-atomic access
-step
\layout Standard
+If the access to these variables is not
+\emph on
+atomic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
-Step program until it reaches a different source line.
- Note: pressing <return> repeats the last command.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\end_inset
-next
-\layout Standard
-Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\emph default
+ (i.e.
+ the processor needs more than one instruction for the access and could
+ be interrupted while accessing the variable) the interrupt must be disabled
+ during the access to avoid inconsistent data.
+
+\newline
+Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs
+ and should be protected by disabling interrupts.
+ You're not automatically on the safe side if you use 8 bit variables though.
+ We need an example here: f.e.
+ on the 8051 the harmless looking
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-run
-\layout Standard
-Start debugged program.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\family typewriter
+flags\SpecialChar ~
+|=\SpecialChar ~
+0x80;
+\family default
-ptype variable
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-Print type information of the variable.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+ is not atomic if
+\family typewriter
+flags
+\family default
+ resides in xdata.
+ Setting
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-print variable
-\layout Standard
-print value of variable.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\family typewriter
+flags\SpecialChar ~
+|=\SpecialChar ~
+0x40;
+\family default
-file filename
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-load the given file name.
- Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+ from within an interrupt routine might get lost if the interrupt occurs
+ at the wrong time.
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-frame
-\layout Standard
-print information about current frame.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\family typewriter
+counter\SpecialChar ~
++=\SpecialChar ~
+8;
+\family default
-set srcmode
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-Toggle between C source & assembly source.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+ is not atomic on the 8051 even if
+\family typewriter
+counter
+\family default
+ is located in data memory.
+\newline
+Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can
+ cause a lot of trouble.
+
-! simulator command
-\layout Standard
+\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-stack-overflow}
-Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is
- displayed.
- Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator,
- so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution
- context and may display incorrect values.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\end_inset
+
+Common interrupt pitfall:
+\emph on
+stack overflow
-quit
\layout Standard
+The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine
+ are saved on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
-"Watch me now.
- Iam going Down.
- My name is Bobby Brown"
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
-Interfacing with XEmacs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XEmacs}
+ so there must be sufficient stack space.
+ If there isn't variables or registers (or even the return address itself)
+ will be corrupted.
+ This
+\emph on
+stack overflow
+\emph default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack overflow}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Emacs}
+ is most likely to happen if the interrupt occurs during the
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+deepest
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
-.
-\layout Standard
+ subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e.
+ many return addresses.
-Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs,
- sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el.
- These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat
-ion is complete.
- These files need to be loaded into XEmacs for the interface to work.
- This can be done at XEmacs startup time by inserting the following into
- your '.xemacs' file (which can be found in your HOME directory):
-\newline
+\layout Subsubsection
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-reentrant}
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\family typewriter
-(load-file sdcdbsrc.el)
-\family default
+Common interrupt pitfall:
+\emph on
+use of non-reentrant functions
-\newline
+\layout Standard
+A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division}
-\newline
-.xemacs is a lisp file so the () around the command is REQUIRED.
- The files can also be loaded dynamically while XEmacs is running, set the
- environment variable 'EMACSLOADPATH' to the installation bin directory
- (<installdir>/bin), then enter the following command ESC-x load-file sdcdbsrc.
- To start the interface enter the following command:
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
+, multiplication
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
-\family sans
-\series bold
-ESC-x sdcdbsrc
-\family default
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\newline
+ & modulus
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Modulus}
-\newline
-You will prompted to enter the file name to be debugged.
-
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are bound
- to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el.
- The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required.
-\layout Itemize
+ and floating-point
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
-sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200
-\layout Itemize
+ operations are implemented using external support routines.
+ If an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then
+ the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have to
+ be recompiled using the
+\emph on
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-sdcdbsrc-serial nil
\layout Standard
-The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface.
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ option and the source file will need to be compiled using the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
\layout Standard
-\SpecialChar ~
-\family typewriter
+\backslash
+/
-\newline
-;; Current Listing ::
-\newline
-;;key\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-binding\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-Comment
-\newline
-;;---\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-------\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
---------
-\newline
-;;
-\newline
-;; n\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdb-next-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB next command
-\newline
-;; b\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdb-back-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB back command
-\newline
-;; c\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdb-cont-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB continue command
-\newline
-;; s\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdb-step-from-src\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB step command
-\newline
-;; ?\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
+\end_inset
+
+-int-long-reent
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ compiler option.
+
+\newline
+Note, the type promotion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ required by ANSI C can cause 16 bit routines to be used
+\begin_inset Marginal
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\SpecialChar ~
+!
+
+\end_inset
+
+ without the programmer being aware of it.
+ See f.e.
+ the cast
+\family typewriter
+(unsigned char)(tail-1)
+\family default
+ within the if clause in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended,
+ avoid it if possible.
+ Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine
+ it should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+nooverlay
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ if it is not reentrant.
+ Furthermore nonreentrant functions should not be called from the main program
+ while the interrupt service routine might be active.
+ They also must not be called from low priority interrupt service routines
+ while a high priority interrupt service routine might be active.
+ You could use semaphores or make the function
+\emph on
+ critical
+\emph default
+ if all parameters are passed in registers.
+\newline
+ Also see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Overlaying}
+
+\end_inset
+
+\SpecialChar ~
+about Overlaying and section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
+
+\end_inset
+
+\SpecialChar ~
+about Functions using private register banks.
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines
+
+\layout Standard
+Interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for the Standard 8051/8052
+ are listed below.
+ SDCC will automatically adjust the
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ to the maximum interrupt number specified.
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Interrupt #
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Description
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Vector Address
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+External 0
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0x0003
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Timer 0
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0x000b
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+2
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+External 1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0x0013
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+3
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Timer 1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0x001b
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+4
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Serial
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0x0023
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+5
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Timer 2 (8052)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0x002b
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+...
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+...
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+n
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0x0003 + 8*n
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Standard
+If the interrupt service routine is defined without
+\emph on
+using
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ a register bank or with register bank 0 (
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ 0), the compiler will save the registers used by itself on the stack upon
+ entry and restore them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine
+ calls another function then the entire register bank will be saved on the
+ stack.
+ This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which
+ have low register usage.
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register
+ bank then only
+\emph on
+a, b, dptr
+\emph default
+ & psw are saved and restored, if such an interrupt service routine calls
+ another function (using another register bank) then the entire register
+ bank of the called function will be saved on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines.
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Interrupt Service Routines
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+Since the number of interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ available is chip specific and the interrupt vector table always ends at
+ the last byte of memory, the interrupt numbers corresponds to the interrupt
+ vectors in reverse order of address.
+ For example, interrupt 1 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffc, interrupt
+ 2 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffa, and so on.
+ However, interrupt 0 (the reset vector at 0xfffe) is not redefinable in
+ this way; instead see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for details on customizing startup.
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Z80 Interrupt Service Routines
+
+\layout Standard
+The Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ uses several different methods for determining the correct interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ vector depending on the hardware implementation.
+ Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt
+ to generate an interrupt vector table.
+
+\layout Standard
+By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI
+ instruction to return from the interrupt.
+ To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs
+ a RETN instruction instead, add the
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+ keyword:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+However if you need to create a non-interruptable interrupt service routine
+ you would also require the
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+ keyword.
+ To distinguish between this and an nmi_isr you must provide an interrupt
+ number.
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
+
+\layout Subsection
+Critical Functions and Critical Statements
+
+\layout Standard
+A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring
+ it as
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+.
+ SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ upon entry to a critical function and restore the interrupt enable to the
+ previous state before returning.
+ Nesting critical functions will need one additional byte on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for each call.
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+int foo () __critical
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{critical}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_critical}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like
+\emph on
+reentrant.
+\emph default
+
+\newline
+The keyword
+\emph on
+critical
+\emph default
+ may also be used to disable interrupts more locally:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__critical{ i++; }
+
+\layout Standard
+More than one statement could have been included in the block.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly
+
+\layout Standard
+Interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051):
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+EA = 0;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+or:\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+EA_SAVE = EA;
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+EA = 0;
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+EA = EA_SAVE;
+
+\layout Standard
+On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling
+ interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+):
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+#define CLI _asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+cli\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+;
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+#define SEI _asm\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sei\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_endasm;
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+...
+
+\layout Standard
+Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source
+ like f.e.
+ a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an
+\emph on
+interrupt mask
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt mask}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ register.
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as
+ short as possible.
+ This minimizes both
+\emph on
+interrupt latency
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt latency}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (the time between the occurrence of the interrupt and the execution of
+ the first code in the interrupt routine) and
+\emph on
+interrupt jitter
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt jitter}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (the difference between the shortest and the longest interrupt latency).
+ These really are something different, f.e.
+ a serial interrupt has to be served before its buffer overruns so it cares
+ for the maximum interrupt latency, whereas it does not care about jitter.
+ On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed
+ by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas
+ a much smaller jitter will be very audible.
+
+\layout Standard
+You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture
+s you can make use of two (or more) levels of
+\emph on
+interrupt priorities
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ On some architectures which don't support interrupt priorities these can
+ be implemented by manipulating the interrupt mask and reenabling interrupts
+ within the interrupt routine.
+ Check there is sufficient space on the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and don't add complexity unless you have to.
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Semaphore
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{semaphore}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ locking (mcs51/ds390)
+
+\layout Standard
+Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ bit test and
+\emph on
+
+\emph default
+clear
+\emph on
+
+\emph default
+instruction.
+ These type of instructions are typically used in preemptive multitasking
+ systems, where a routine f.e.
+ claims the use of a data structure ('acquires a lock
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lock}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ on it'), makes some modifications and then releases the lock when the data
+ structure is consistent again.
+ The instruction may also be used if interrupt and non-interrupt code have
+ to compete for a resource.
+ With the atomic bit test and clear instruction interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ don't have to be disabled for the locking operation.
+
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+volatile
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ bit resource_is_free;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+if (resource_is_free)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+resource_is_free=0;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+resource_is_free=1;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ bit test and
+\emph on
+clear
+\emph default
+ instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and
+\emph on
+set).
+
+\layout Section
+Functions using private register banks
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (mcs51/ds390)
+
+\layout Standard
+Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets.
+ SDCC supports this feature with the
+\emph on
+using
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register bank
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ other than the default bank zero).
+ It should only be applied to
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ functions (see footnote below).
+ This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient
+ since it will not have to save registers on the stack.
+
+\layout Standard
+The
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ attribute will have no effect on the generated code for a
+\emph on
+non-interrupt
+\emph default
+ function (but may occasionally be useful anyway
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions
+ using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute
+ as the calling 'interrupt' functions.
+ For instance, if you have several ISRs using bank one, and all of them
+ call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy()
+ 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero
+ to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\newline
+
+\emph on
+(pending: Note, nowadays the
+\emph default
+using
+\emph on
+ attribute has an effect on
+\emph default
+
+\emph on
+the generated code for a
+\emph default
+non-interrupt
+\emph on
+ function
+\emph default
+.
+\emph on
+)
+
+\layout Standard
+An
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\emph default
+ function using a non-zero bank will assume that it can trash that register
+ bank, and will not save it.
+ Since high-priority interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupts}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends, this means that
+ if a high-priority ISR
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ a particular bank occurs while processing a low-priority ISR
+\emph on
+using
+\emph default
+ the same bank, terrible and bad things can happen.
+ To prevent this, no single register bank should be
+\emph on
+used
+\emph default
+ by both a high priority and a low priority ISR.
+ This is probably most easily done by having all high priority ISRs use
+ one bank and all low priority ISRs use another.
+ If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your
+ own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance
+ hit.
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions.
+ If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions
+ use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the
+ called functions use bank zero.
+ It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank
+ from an ISR.
+
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+Startup Code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Startup-Code}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Startup code}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+MCS51/DS390 Startup Code
+
+\layout Standard
+The compiler triggers the linker to link certain initialization modules
+ from the runtime library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ called crt<something>.
+ Only the necessary ones are linked, for instance crtxstack.asm (GSINIT1,
+ GSINIT5) is not linked unless the --xstack option is used.
+ These modules are highly entangled by the use of special segments/areas,
+ but a common layout is shown below:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(main.asm)
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area HOME (CODE)
+\newline
+__interrupt_vect:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ljmp __sdcc_gsinit_startup
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtstart.asm)
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area GSINIT0 (CODE)
+\newline
+__sdcc_gsinit_startup::
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov sp,#__start__stack - 1
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtxstack.asm)
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area GSINIT1 (CODE)
+\newline
+__sdcc_init_xstack::
+\newline
+; Need to initialize in GSINIT1 in
+ case the user's __sdcc_external_startup uses the xstack.
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov __XPAGE,#(__start__x
+stack >> 8)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov _spx,#__start__xstack
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtstart.asm)
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area GSINIT2 (CODE)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+lcall __sdcc_external_startup
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov a,dpl
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+jz __sdcc_init_data
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ljmp
+ __sdcc_program_startup
+\newline
+__sdcc_init_data:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtxinit.asm)
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area GSINIT3 (CODE)
+\newline
+__mcs51_genXINIT::
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov r1,#l_XINIT
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov a,r1
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+orl a,#(l_XINIT
+ >> 8)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+jz 00003$
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov r2,#((l_XINIT+255) >> 8)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov dptr,#s_XINIT
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov r0,#s_XISEG
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov
+ __XPAGE,#(s_XISEG >> 8)
+\newline
+00001$:\SpecialChar ~
+clr a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+movc a,@a+dptr
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+movx @r0,a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc dptr
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc
+ r0
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+cjne r0,#0,00002$
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc __XPAGE
+\newline
+00002$:\SpecialChar ~
+djnz r1,00001$
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+djnz r2,00001$
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov __XPAGE,#0
+xFF
+\newline
+00003$:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtclear.asm)
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area GSINIT4 (CODE)
+\newline
+__mcs51_genRAMCLEAR::
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+clr a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov r0,#(l_IRAM-1)
+\newline
+00004$:\SpecialChar ~
+mov
+ @r0,a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+djnz r0,00004$
+\newline
+; _mcs51_genRAMCLEAR() end
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtxclear.asm)
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area GSINIT4 (CODE)
+\newline
+__mcs51_genXRAMCLEAR::
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov r0,#l_PSEG
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov a,r0
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+jz 00006$
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov
+ r1,#s_PSEG
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov __XPAGE,#(s_PSEG >> 8)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+clr a
+\newline
+00005$:\SpecialChar ~
+movx @r1,a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc r1
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+djnz r0,00005$
+\newline
+0
+0006$:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov r0,#l_XSEG
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov a,r0
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+orl a,#(l_XSEG >> 8)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+jz 00008$
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov r1,#((l_XSEG
+ + 255) >> 8)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov dptr,#s_XSEG
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+clr a
+\newline
+00007$:\SpecialChar ~
+movx @dptr,a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc dptr
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+djnz r0,00007$
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+djnz
+ r1,00007$
+\newline
+00008$:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(crtxstack.asm)
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area GSINIT5 (CODE)
+\newline
+; Need to initialize in GSINIT5 because __mcs51_genXINIT
+ modifies __XPAGE
+\newline
+; and __mcs51_genRAMCLEAR modifies _spx.
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov __XPAGE,#(__start__x
+stack >> 8)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov _spx,#__start__xstack
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(application modules)
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area GSINIT (CODE)
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+(main.asm)
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area GSFINAL (CODE)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ljmp __sdcc_program_startup
+\newline
+;---------------------------------
+-----------------------
+\newline
+; Home
+\newline
+;--------------------------------------------------
+------
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area HOME (CODE)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area CSEG (CODE)
+\newline
+__sdcc_program_startup:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+lcall _main
+\newline
+;
+ return from main will lock up
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sjmp .
+
+\layout Standard
+One of these modules (crtstart.asm) contains a call to the C routine
+\emph on
+_sdcc_external_startup()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_sdcc\_external\_startup()}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+\emph default
+
+\series default
+at the start of the CODE area.
+ This routine is also in the runtime library
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and returns 0 by default.
+ If this routine returns a non-zero value, the static & global variable
+ initialization will be skipped and the function main will be invoked.
+ Otherwise static & global variables will be initialized before the function
+ main is invoked.
+ You could add an
+\emph on
+_sdcc_external_startup()
+\emph default
+ routine to your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware
+ or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global variable
+ initialization
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ On some mcs51 variants xdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ memory has to be explicitly enabled before it can be accessed or if the
+ watchdog
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{watchdog}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ needs to be disabled, this is the place to do it.
+ The startup code clears all internal data memory, 256 bytes by default,
+ but from 0 to n-1 if
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-iram-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
+
+\end_inset
+
+n
+\emph default
+ is used.
+ (recommended for Chipcon CC1010).
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+See also the compiler options
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-no-xinit
+\emph default
+-
+\emph on
+opt
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-main-return
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ about MCS51-variants.
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+HC08 Startup Code
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+The HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code.
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Z80 Startup Code
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+On the Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ the startup code is inserted by linking with crt0.o which is generated from
+ sdcc/device/lib/z80/crt0.s.
+ If you need a different startup code you can use the compiler option
+\emph on
+-
+\series bold
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+\emph on
+-no-std-crt0
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-std-crt0}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and provide your own crt0.o.
+
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+Inline Assembler Code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+A Step by Step Introduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51
+ how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and
+ an array in xdata memory.
+ The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures.
+ This is a buffer routine which should be optimized:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+unsigned char __far
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ __at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
+
+\end_inset
+
+(0x7f00) buf[0x100];
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+unsigned char head, tail;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* if interrupts
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are involved see
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ about
+\series bold
+ volatile
+\series default
+ */
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1)
+ )\SpecialChar ~
+/* cast
+\series bold
+needed
+\series default
+ to avoid promotion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ to integer */
+\begin_inset Marginal
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\SpecialChar ~
+!
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+buf[ head++ ] = c;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* access to a 256 byte aligned array */
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC
+ then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated.
+ We define a new function
+\family typewriter
+to_buffer_asm()
+\family default
+ in file buffer.c in which we cut and paste the generated code, removing
+ unwanted comments and some ':'.
+ Then add
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+_asm
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+_endasm;
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ to the beginning and the end of the function body:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+/* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with.
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+The
+ function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */
+\newline
+void to_buffer_asm(
+ unsigned char c )
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+r2,dpl
+\newline
+;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \SpecialChar ~
+/* cast
+\series bold
+needed
+\series default
+ to avoid promotion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ to integer */
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+a,_tail
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dec\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+r3,a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+a,_head
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+cjne a,ar3,00106$
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ret
+\newline
+00106$:
+
+\newline
+;buffer.c buf[ head++ ] = c; /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+r3,_head
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_head
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dpl,r3
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dph,#(_buf >> 8)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+a,r2
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+movx @dptr,a
+
+\newline
+00103$:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ret
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+;
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced
+ function argument 'c'.
+ Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY
+ (1) and finally have:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+unsigned char __far __at(0x7f00) buf[0x100];
+\newline
+unsigned char head, tail;
+\newline
+#define
+ USE_ASSEMBLY (1)
+\newline
+
+\newline
+#if !USE_ASSEMBLY
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+if(
+ head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+buf[ head++ ] = c;
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+
+\newline
+#else
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void to_buffer(
+ unsigned char c )
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+; save used registers here.
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here.
+
+\newline
+; if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+ a,_tail
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dec\SpecialChar ~
+ a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+xrl\SpecialChar ~
+ a,_head
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+; we
+ could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+jz\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ t_b_end$
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+;
+\newline
+;
+ buf[ head++ ] = c;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+ a,dpl \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+; dpl holds lower byte of function argument
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+
+ dpl,_head \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+ dph,#(_bu
+f>>8)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+movx @dptr,a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc \SpecialChar ~
+_head
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a
+ smaller buffer (see above)
+\newline
+t_b_end$:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+; restore used registers here
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+;
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+#endif
+
+\layout Standard
+The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler
+, this includes any assembler directives and comment lines.
+ The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments.
+ You'll find an 100+ pages assembler manual in sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or online at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html}
+
+\end_inset
+
+\SpecialChar ~
+.
+
+\layout Standard
+The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the
+\family typewriter
+_asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ ...
+ _endasm
+\size footnotesize
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\size default
+;
+\family default
+ keyword pair.
+ Specifically it will not know which registers are used and thus register
+ pushing/popping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ has to be done manually.
+
+
+\layout Standard
+It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed
+ in a separate line (as the example shows).
+ When the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\emph on
+peep-asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ command line option is used, the inline assembler code will be passed through
+ the peephole optimizer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ There are only a few (if any) cases where this option makes sense, it might
+ cause some unexpected changes in the inline assembler code.
+ Please go through the peephole optimizer rules defined in file
+\emph on
+SDCCpeeph.def
+\emph default
+ before using this option.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Naked Functions
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Naked-Functions}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Naked functions}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as
+\emph on
+_naked
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\emph default
+The
+\emph on
+_naked
+\emph default
+ function modifier attribute prevents the compiler from generating prologue
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and epilogue
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ code for that function.
+ This means that the user is entirely responsible for such things as saving
+ any registers that may need to be preserved, selecting the proper register
+ bank, generating the
+\emph on
+return
+\emph default
+ instruction at the end, etc.
+ Practically, this means that the contents of the function must be written
+ in inline assembler.
+ This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large
+ (and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue.
+ For example, compare the code generated by these two functions:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+volatile
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ data unsigned char counter;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void simpleInterrupt(void) __interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (1)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+counter++;
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void nakedInterrupt(void) __interrupt (2) __naked
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+reti\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+; MUST explicitly
+ include ret or reti in _naked function.
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+;
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+Note, this is an
+\emph on
+outdated
+\emph default
+ example, recent versions of SDCC generate
+\newline
+the
+\emph on
+same
+\emph default
+ code for simpleInterrupt() and nakedInterrupt()!
+\newline
+
+\newline
+_simpleInterrupt:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+push\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+acc
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+push\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+b
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pu
+sh\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dpl
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+push\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dph
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+push\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+psw
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+psw,#0x00
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_counter
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+psw
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dph
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dpl
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+b
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+acc
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+reti
+
+\layout Standard
+whereas nakedInterrupt looks like:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+_nakedInterrupt:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+inc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+reti\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+;
+ MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function
+
+\layout Standard
+The related directive #pragma exclude
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ allows a more fine grained control over pushing & popping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ the registers.
+
+\layout Standard
+While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a
+\family typewriter
+_naked
+\family default
+ function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this,
+ and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Use of Labels within Inline Assembler
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding
+ labels.
+ In older versions of the compiler all labels defined within inline assembler
+ code
+\emph on
+had to be
+\emph default
+ of the form
+\emph on
+nnnnn$
+\emph default
+ where nnnn is a number less than 100 (which implies a limit of utmost 100
+ inline assembler labels
+\emph on
+per function
+\emph default
+\noun on
+)
+\noun default
+.
+
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+_asm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+b,#10
+\newline
+00001$:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+djnz\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+b,00001$
+\newline
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ ;
+
+\layout Standard
+Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference
+ labels
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Labels}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ defined by the inline assembler, e.g.:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+foo() {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* some c code */
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_asm
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+; some assembler code
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ljmp $0003
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_endasm;
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* some more c code */
+\newline
+clabel:\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* inline assembler cannot reference this
+ label */
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_asm
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+$0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only)
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_endasm
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ ;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* some more c code */
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline
+ assembly within the scope of the function.
+ The same goes the other way, i.e.
+ labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements.
+
+\layout Section
+Interfacing with Assembler Code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Global Registers used for Parameter Passing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameter passing}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The compiler always uses the global registers
+\emph on
+DPL, DPH
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, B
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{B (mcs51, ds390 register)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+and
+\emph on
+ ACC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ACC (mcs51, ds390 register)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ to pass the first parameter to a routine.
+ The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant
+ routines or if -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-auto is used) or in data / xdata memory (depending on the memory
+ model).
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Assembler Routine (non-reentrant)
+
+\layout Standard
+In the following example
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (non-reentrant)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ the function c_func calls an assembler routine asm_func, which takes two
+ parameters
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
+\newline
+
+\newline
+int c_func (unsigned char
+ i, unsigned char j)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+return asm_func(i,j);
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+
+\newline
+int main()
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+return c_func(10,9);
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+The corresponding assembler function is:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+.globl _asm_func_PARM_2
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.globl _asm_func
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area OSEG
+\newline
+_asm_func_PARM_2:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.ds
+ 1
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+.area CSEG
+\newline
+_asm_func:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+a,dpl
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+add\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+a,_asm_func_PARM_2
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dpl,a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+dph
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL}
+
+\end_inset
+
+,#0x00
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ret
+
+\layout Standard
+Note here that the return values
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are placed in 'dpl' - One byte return value, 'dpl' LSB & 'dph' MSB for
+ two byte values.
+ 'dpl', 'dph' and 'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph','
+b' & 'acc' for four byte values.
+
+\layout Standard
+The parameter naming convention is _<function_name>_PARM_<n>, where n is
+ the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left.
+ The first parameter is passed in
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+dpl
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ for a one byte parameter,
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+dptr
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ for two bytes,
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+b,dptr
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ for three bytes and
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+acc,b,dptr
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ for a four bytes parameter.
+ The variable name for the second parameter will be _<function_name>_PARM_2.
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Assem
+ble the assembler routine with the following command:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+asx8051 -losg asmfunc.asm
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family default
+\series default
+Then compile and link the assembler routine to the C source file with the
+ following command:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel
+
+\layout Subsection
+Assembler Routine (reentrant)
+
+\layout Standard
+In this case
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (reentrant)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ the second parameter
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ onwards will be passed on the stack, the parameters are pushed from right
+ to left i.e.
+ after the call the leftmost parameter will be on the top of the stack.
+ Here is an example:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
+\newline
+
+\newline
+int c_func (unsigned char
+ i, unsigned char j) reentrant
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+return asm_func(i,j);
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+
+\newline
+int main()
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+return
+ c_func(10,9);
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+The corresponding assembler routine is:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+.globl _asm_func
+\newline
+_asm_func:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+push _bp
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov _bp,sp
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov r2,dpl
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov a,_bp
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+add
+ a,#0xfd
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov r0,a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+add a,#0xfc ;?
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov r1,a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov a,@r0
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+add a,r2 ;?
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov dpl,a
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov dph,#0x00
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov sp,_bp
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop _bp
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ret
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra
+ entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp is the stack
+ frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters
+ and local variables.
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+int (16 bit)
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (16 bit)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and long (32 bit)
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long (32 bit)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Support
+
+\layout Standard
+For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division,
+ multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines.
+ These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting
+ to other MCUs, although some model specific assembler optimizations are
+ used.
+ The following files contain the described routines, all of them can be
+ found in <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib.
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Function
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Description
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_mulint.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+16 bit multiplication
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_divsint.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+ signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_divuint.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+ unsigned 16 bit division
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_modsint.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_moduint.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+unsigned 16 bit modulus
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_mullong.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+32 bit multiplication
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_divslong.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+ signed 32 division (calls _divulong)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_divulong.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+unsigned 32 division
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_modslong.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+ signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_modulong.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+unsigned 32 bit modulus
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Since they are compiled as
+\emph on
+non-reentrant
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ service routines should not do any of the above operations.
+ If this is unavoidable then the above routines will need to be compiled
+ with the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ option, after which the source program will have to be compiled with
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-int-long-reent
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ option.
+ Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly.
+ The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation
+ is required.
+
+\layout Section
+Floating Point Support
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers.
+ The floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and
+ consist of the following routines:
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Function
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Description
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fsadd.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+add floating point numbers
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fssub.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+subtract floating point numbers
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fsdiv.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+divide floating point numbers
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fsmul.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+multiply floating point numbers
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fs2uchar.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert floating point to unsigned char
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fs2char.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert floating point to signed char
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fs2uint.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert floating point to unsigned int
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fs2int.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert floating point to signed int
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fs2ulong.
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\noun default
+c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert floating point to unsigned long
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_fs2long.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert floating point to signed long
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_uchar2fs.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert unsigned char to floating point
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_char2fs.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert char to floating point number
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_uint2fs.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert unsigned int to floating point
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_int2fs.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert int to floating point numbers
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_ulong2fs.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert unsigned long to floating point number
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+_long2fs.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+convert long to floating point number
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space
+ and speed improvement
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+These floating point routines (
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ sinf(), cosf(), ...) for the mcs51 are implemented in assembler.
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Note if all these routines are used simultaneously the data space might
+ overflow.
+ For serious floating point usage the large model might be needed.
+ Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly.
+ The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation
+ is required.
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+Library Routines
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+<pending: this is messy and incomplete - a little more information is in
+ sdcc/doc/libdoc.txt
+\emph default
+ >
+
+\layout Subsection
+Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.)
+
+\layout Subsection
+Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.)
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+<stdio.h>
+
+\layout Paragraph
+getchar(), putchar()
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<stdio.h>}
+
+\end_inset
+
+As usual on embedded systems you have to provide your own
+\family typewriter
+getchar()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{getchar()}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+and
+\family typewriter
+putchar()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{putchar()}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ routines.
+ SDCC does not know whether the system connects to a serial line with or
+ without handshake, LCD, keyboard or other device.
+ And whether a
+\family typewriter
+lf
+\family default
+ to
+\family typewriter
+crlf
+\family default
+ conversion within
+\family typewriter
+putchar()
+\family default
+ is intended.
+ You'll find examples for serial routines f.e.
+ in sdcc/device/lib.
+ For the mcs51 this minimalistic polling
+\family typewriter
+putchar()
+\family default
+ routine might be a start:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+void putchar (char c) {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+while (!TI)\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ /* assumes UART is initialized */
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+TI
+ = 0;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+SBUF = c;
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Paragraph
+printf()
+
+\layout Standard
+The default
+\family typewriter
+ printf()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf()}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ implementation in
+\family typewriter
+ printf_large.c
+\family default
+ does not support float (except on ds390).
+ To enable this recompile it with the option
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+DUSE_FLOATS=1
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{USE\_FLOATS}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ on the command line.
+ Use
+\emph on
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-model-large
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ for the mcs51 port, since this uses a lot of memory.
+
+\layout Standard
+If you're short on code memory you might want to use
+\family typewriter
+printf_small()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_small()}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+
+\emph on
+instead
+\emph default
+ of
+\family typewriter
+ printf().
+
+\family default
+ For the mcs51 there additionally are assembly versions
+\family typewriter
+printf_tiny()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_tiny() (mcs51)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ (subset of printf using less than 270 bytes) and
+\family typewriter
+printf_fast()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast() (mcs51)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+and
+\family typewriter
+ printf_fast_f()
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast\_f() (mcs51)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ (floating-point aware version of printf_fast) which should fit the requirements
+ of many embedded systems (printf_fast() can be customized by unsetting
+ #defines to
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ support long variables and field widths).
+ Be sure to use only one of these printf options within a project.
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Feature matrix of different
+\emph on
+printf
+\emph default
+ options on mcs51.
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="14" columns="7">
+<features islongtable="true">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="center" leftline="true" width="14col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="12col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="10col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="12col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true" endhead="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\size large
+mcs51
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+printf
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+printf
+\size scriptsize
+USE_FLOATS=1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+printf_small
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+printf_fast
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+printf_fast_f
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+printf_tiny
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" endhead="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+filename
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size scriptsize
+printf_large.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size scriptsize
+printf_large.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size scriptsize
+printfl.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size scriptsize
+printf_fast.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size scriptsize
+printf_fast_f.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size scriptsize
+printf_tiny.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" endhead="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+Hello World
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ size
+
+\layout Standard
+small / large
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1.7k / 2.4k
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+4.3k / 5.6k
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1.2k / 1.8k
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1.3k / 1.3k
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1.9k / 1.9k
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.44k / 0.44k
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" endhead="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+code size
+
+\layout Standard
+small / large
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1.4k / 2.0k
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+2.8k / 3.7k
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.45k / 0.47k (+ _ltoa)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1.2k / 1.2k
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1.6k / 1.6k
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.26k / 0.26k
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+formats
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+cdi
+\emph on
+o
+\emph default
+psux
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+cd
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\noun default
+f
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+i
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph on
+\bar default
+\noun default
+o
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+psux
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+c
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+d
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph on
+\bar default
+\noun default
+o
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+s
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\noun default
+x
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+cdsux
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+cdfsux
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+cdsux
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+long (32 bit) support
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+x
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+x
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+x
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+x
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+x
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+byte arguments on stack
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+b
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+b
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+float format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+%f
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+%f
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+Range limited to +/- 4294967040, precision limited to 8 digits past decimal
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+float formats %e %g
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+field width
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+x
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+x
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+x
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+x
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+string speed
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+Execution time of printf("%s%c%s%c%c%c", "Hello", ' ', "World", '!', '
+\backslash
+r', '
+\backslash
+n'); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar()
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
+\layout Standard
+small / large
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1.52 / 2.59 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1.53 / 2.62 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.92 / 0.93 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.45 / 0.45 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.46 / 0.46 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.45 / 0.45 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+int speed
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+Execution time of printf("%d", -12345); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty
+ putchar()
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
+\layout Standard
+small / large
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+3.01 / 3.61 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+3.01 / 3.61 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+3.51 / 18.13 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.22 / 0.22 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.23 / 0.23 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.25 / 0.25 ms
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+printf_tiny integer speed is data dependent, worst case is 0.33 ms
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+long speed
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+Execution time of printf("%ld", -123456789); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz,
+ empty putchar()
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
+\layout Standard
+small / large
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+5.37 / 6.31 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+5.37 / 6.31 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+8.71 / 40.65 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.40 / 0.40 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0.40 / 0.40 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+float speed
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+Execution time of printf("%.3f", -12345.678); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz,
+ empty putchar()
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
+\layout Standard
+small / large
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+7.49 / 22.47 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1.04 / 1.04 ms
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+<malloc.h>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{malloc.h}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+As of SDCC 2.6.2 you no longer need to call an initialization routine before
+ using dynamic memory allocation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{dynamic memory allocation (malloc)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and a default heap
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{heap (malloc)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ space of 1024 bytes is provided for malloc to allocate memory from.
+ If you need a different heap size you need to recompile _heap.c with the
+ required size defined in HEAP_SIZE.
+ It is recommended to make a copy of this file into your project directory
+ and compile it there with:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+sdcc -c _heap.c -D HEAD_SIZE=2048
+
+\layout Standard
+And then link it with:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+sdcc main.rel _heap.rel
+
+\layout Subsection
+Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.)
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+<math.h>
+
+\layout Standard
+See definitions in file <math.h>.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Other libraries
+
+\layout Standard
+Libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ included in SDCC should have a license at least as liberal as the GNU Lesser
+ General Public License
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph on
+LGPL
+\emph default
+.
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+license statements for the libraries are missing.
+ sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c
+
+\layout Standard
+or _decdptr f.e.
+ come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal
+ enough for many embedded programmers.
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code
+ which f.e.
+ falls into any of these categories Busses (I
+\begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{2}}$
+\end_inset
+
+C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory
+ cards, eeprom, flash...), En-/Decryption, Remote debugging, Realtime kernel,
+ Keyboard, LCD, RTC, FPGA, PID then the sdcc-user mailing list
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599}
+
+\end_inset
+
+\SpecialChar ~
+would certainly like to hear about it.
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being
+ enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl
+e these references are very valuable.
+ Let's help to create a climate where information is shared.
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+Memory Models
+
+\layout Subsection
+MCS51 Memory Models
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory model}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+Small, Medium and Large
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code,
+\shape slanted
+small, medium
+\shape default
+ and
+\shape slanted
+large
+\shape default
+.
+ Modules compiled with different memory models should
+\emph on
+never
+\emph default
+ be combined together or the results would be unpredictable.
+ The library routines supplied with the compiler are compiled as small,
+ medium and large.
+ The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small,
+ medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set.
+
+\layout Standard
+When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a
+ storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all
+ parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ functions).
+ When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated
+ in the internal ram.
+
+\layout Standard
+Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and the 'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code,
+ than using the large model.
+ Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the
+ large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless
+ absolutely required.
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+External Stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:External-Stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{External stack (mcs51)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The external stack (-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-xstack option
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+) is located in pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ memory (usually at the start of the external ram segment) and uses all
+ unused space in pdata (max.
+ 256 bytes).
+ When -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-xstack option is used to compile the program, the parameters and local
+ variables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ of all reentrant functions are allocated in this area.
+ This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements.
+ When used with the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ option, all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external
+ stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same
+ options.
+ There is a predefined target in the library makefile).
+
+\layout Standard
+The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment
+ into port P2
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (see also section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
+
+\end_inset
+
+), therefore when using the External Stack option, this port
+\emph on
+may not
+\emph default
+ be used by the application program.
+
+\layout Subsection
+DS390 Memory Model
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390 memory model}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The only model supported is Flat 24
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ This generates code for the 24 bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas
+ DS80C390 part.
+ In this mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly
+ addressed.
+ See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information on this part.
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Note
+ that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor into
+ 24 bitmode (although
+\emph on
+tinibios
+\emph default
+ in the ds390 libraries will do that for you).
+ If you don't use
+\emph on
+tinibios
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tinibios (DS390)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, the boot loader or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24
+ bit contiguous addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code.
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Like
+ the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-model-large
+\emph default
+ option, variables will by default be placed into the XDATA segment.
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual
+ -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-*-loc options.
+ Note that if any segments are located above 64K, the -r flag must be passed
+ to the linker to generate the proper segment relocations, and the Intel
+ HEX output format must be used.
+ The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option
+\emph on
+-Wl-r
+\emph default
+ on the SDCC command line.
+ However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k.
+
+\layout Section
+Pragmas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Pragmas}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pragmas}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC supports the following #pragma directives:
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+save
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - this will save most current options to the save/restore stack.
+ See #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+restore.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+restore
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - will restore saved options from the last save.
+ saves & restores can be nested.
+ SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack,
+ restore pulls current options from the stack.
+ See #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+save.
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+callee_saves
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ function1[,function2[,function3...]] - The compiler by default uses a caller
+ saves convention for register saving across function calls, however this
+ can cause unnecessary register pushing & popping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ when calling small functions from larger functions.
+ This option can be used to switch off the register saving convention for
+ the function names specified.
+ The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, extra
+ code need to be manually inserted at the entry & exit for these functions
+ to save & restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIALLY
+ reduce code & improve run time performance of the generated code.
+ In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) may be able
+ to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
+ If -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-callee-saves command line option is used, the function names specified
+ in #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+callee_saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+exclude
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ none | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma disables the generation
+ of pairs of push/pop
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ instructions in
+\emph on
+I
+\emph default
+nterrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph on
+S
+\emph default
+ervice
+\emph on
+R
+\emph default
+outines.
+ The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition
+ and it affects ALL ISR functions following it.
+ To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+exclude\SpecialChar ~
+none
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ See also the related keyword _naked
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+less_pedantic
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma less\_pedantic}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you'r on
+ your own now ;-(
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+disable_warning
+\series default
+ <nnnn>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma disable\_warning}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number <nnnn>.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+nogcse
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - will stop global common subexpression elimination.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+noinduction
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - will stop loop induction optimizations.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+noinvariant
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - will not do loop invariant optimizations.
+ For more details see Loop Invariants in section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+noiv
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noiv}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - Do not generate interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ vector table
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ entries for all ISR functions defined after the pragma.
+ This is useful in cases where the interrupt vector table must be defined
+ manually, or when there is a secondary, manually defined interrupt vector
+ table (e.g.
+ for the autovector feature of the Cypress EZ-USB FX2).
+ More elegantly this can be achieved by obmitting the optional interrupt
+ number after the interrupt keyword, see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines}
+
+\end_inset
+
+\SpecialChar ~
+about interrupts.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+nojtbound
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when switch statements
+ are turned into jump-tables (dangerous).
+ For more details see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+noloopreverse
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noloopreverse}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - Will not do loop reversal optimization
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+nooverlay
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a
+ function.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+stackauto
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto}
+
+\end_inset
+
+- See option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Parameters and Local Variables.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+opt_code_speed
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_speed}
+
+\end_inset
+
+- The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
+ at the expense of code size.
+ Currently this has little effect.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+opt_code_size
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_size}
+
+\end_inset
+
+- The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
+ at the expense of code speed.
+ Currently this has little effect.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+opt_code_balanced
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_balanced}
+
+\end_inset
+
+- The compiler will attempt to generate code that is both compact and fast,
+ as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the
+ default).
+
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+std_sdcc89
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc89}
+
+\end_inset
+
+- Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (default).
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+std_c89
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c89}
+
+\end_inset
+
+- Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+std_sdcc99
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc99}
+
+\end_inset
+
+- Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
+ with the standard (incomplete support).
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+std_c99
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c99}
+
+\end_inset
+
+- Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
+ standard (incomplete support).
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+codeseg
+\series default
+ <name>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma codeseg}
+
+\end_inset
+
+- Use this name (max.
+ 8 characters) for the code segment.
+ See option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-codeseg.
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+constseg
+\series default
+ <name>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma constseg}
+
+\end_inset
+
+- Use this name (max.
+ 8 characters) for the const segment.
+ See option -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-constseg.
+
+\layout Standard
+The preprocessor SDCPP
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ supports the following #pragma directives:
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+pedantic_parse_number
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (+ | -) - Pedantic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are
+ parsed properly and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded.
+ Default is off.
+ Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
+
+\emph on
+ Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard!
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+#pragma pedantic_parse_number +
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+#define LO_B(x) ((x) & 0xff)
+\newline
+
+\newline
+unsigned char foo(void)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3)
+;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+return c;
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+preproc_asm
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (+ | -) - switch _asm _endasm block preprocessing on / off.
+ Default is on.
+ You use this prama to define multilines of assembly code.
+ This will prevent the preprocessor from changing the formating required
+ by assembly code.
+ Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+#pragma preproc_asm -
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+#define MYDELAY _asm
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+nop ;my assembly comment...
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+nop
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+nop
+\newline
+_endasm
+\newline
+#pragma preproc_asm
+ +
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void foo (void)
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ MYDELAY;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ ...
+
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+sdcc_hash
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma sdcc\_hash}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (+ | -) - Allow "naked" hash in macro definition, for example:
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+#define DIR_LO(x) #(x & 0xff)
+\family default
+
+\newline
+Default is off.
+ Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+#pragma preproc_asm +
+\newline
+#pragma sdcc_hash +
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma sdcc\_hash}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+#define ROMCALL(x)
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov R6_B3, #(x & 0xff)
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov R7_B3, #((x >> 8) & 0xff)
+\backslash
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+lcall __romcall
+\newline
+
+\newline
+...
+\newline
+_asm
+\newline
+ROMCALL(72)
+\newline
+_endasm;
+\newline
+...
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations
+ which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to
+ store compiler generated temporary variables.
+ This usually happens in large functions.
+ Pragma directives should be used as shown in the following example, they
+ are used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas
+ should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside
+ a function body could have unpredictable results.
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+#pragma save
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* save the current settings */
+\newline
+#pragma nogcse
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ \SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* turnoff global subexpression elimination */
+\newline
+#pragma noinduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ /* turn off induction optimizations */
+\newline
+int foo ()
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ /* large code */
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ ...
+
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+#pragma restore
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ /* turn the optimizations back on */
+
+\layout Standard
+The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated.
+ It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragma's be used when
+ changing options for a function.
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Section
+Defines Created by the Compiler
+
+\layout Standard
+The compiler creates the following #defines
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#defines}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Defines created by the compiler}
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3in">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="3in">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+#define
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Description
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Always defined.
+ Since version 2.5.6 the version number as an int (ex.
+ 256)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC_mcs51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_mcs51}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or SDCC_ds390
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_ds390}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or SDCC_z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_z80}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, etc.
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+__mcs51
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_mcs51}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, __ds390
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ds390}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, __hc08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_hc08}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, __z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_z80}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, etc
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+depending on the model used (e.g.
+ -mz80)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC_STACK_AUTO
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_AUTO}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-auto
+\emph default
+ option is used
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_SMALL
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_SMALL}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-model-small
+\emph default
+ is used
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_MEDIUM}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-model-medium
+\emph default
+ is used
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_LARGE
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_LARGE}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-model-large
+\emph default
+ is used
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC_USE_XSTACK
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_USE\_XSTACK}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-xstack
+\emph default
+ option is used
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC_STACK_TENBIT
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_TENBIT}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-mds390
+\emph default
+ is used
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_FLAT24}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+when
+\emph on
+-mds390
+\emph default
+ is used
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Chapter
+Notes on supported Processors
+
+\layout Section
+MCS51 variants
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:MCS51-variants}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different
+ flavours.
+ While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers
+ the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible.
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+pdata access by SFR
+
+\layout Standard
+With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices
+ using port P2
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ as dedicated I/O port is becoming more popular.
+ Switching the high byte for pdata
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ access which was formerly done by port P2 is then achieved by a Special
+ Function Register
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ In well-established MCS51 tradition the address of this
+\emph on
+sfr
+\emph default
+ is where the chip designers decided to put it.
+ Needless to say that they didn't agree on a common name either.
+ So that the startup code can correctly initialize xdata variables, you
+ should define an sfr with the name _XPAGE
+\family typewriter
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_XPAGE (mcs51)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this.
+ Some examples are:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0x85) _XPAGE; /* Ramtron VRS51 family a.k.a.
+ MPAGE */
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family, Texas Instruments (Chipcon)
+ a.k.a.
+ MPAGE */
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0x91) _XPAGE; /* Infineon (Siemens) C500 family a.k.a.
+ XPAGE */
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips a.k.a.
+ EMI0CN */
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+__sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips a.k.a.
+ EMI0CN */
+
+\layout Standard
+For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for other possibilities.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Other Features available by SFR
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, multiple DPTR, decrementing DPTR, 16x16 Multiply.
+ These are currently not used for the MCS51 port.
+ If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit
+ a patch to SDCC.
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+DS400 port
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+The DS80C400
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS400}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ microcontroller has a rich set of peripherals.
+ In its built-in ROM library it includes functions to access some of the
+ features, among them is a TCP stack with IP4 and IP6 support.
+ Library headers (currently in beta status) and other files are provided
+ at
+\size footnotesize
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.dalsemi.com/pub/tini/ds80c400/c_libraries/sdcc/index.html}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+The Z80 and gbz80 port
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC can target both the Zilog Z80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and the Nintendo Gameboy's Z80-like gbz80
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The Z80 port is passed through the same
+\emph on
+regressions tests
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+ (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
+
+\end_inset
+
+) as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long
+ variables and bitfield support is fine.
+ See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines.
+
+\layout Standard
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and
+ z80/gen.c.
+ The stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ frame is similar to that generated by the IAR Z80 compiler.
+ IX is used as the base pointer, HL and IY are used as a temporary registers,
+ and BC and DE are available for holding variables.
+ Return values
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!return value}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for the Z80 port are stored in L (one byte), HL (two bytes), or DEHL (four
+ bytes).
+ The gbz80 port use the same set of registers for the return values, but
+ in a different order of significance: E (one byte), DE (two bytes), or
+ HLDE (four bytes).
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+The HC08 port
+
+\layout Standard
+The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ family has been added in October 2003, and is still undergoing some basic
+ development.
+ The code generator is complete, but the register allocation is still quite
+ unoptimized.
+ Some of the SDCC's standard C library functions have embedded non-HC08
+ inline assembly and so are not yet usable.
+
+\layout Standard
+\pagebreak_bottom
+\added_space_bottom bigskip
+The HC08 port passes the regression test suite (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+The PIC14 port
+
+\layout Standard
+The 14bit PIC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port still requires a major effort from the development community.
+ However it can work for simple code.
+ It passes its (smaller set of) regression tests
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in the directory
+\shape italic
+sdcc/src/regression
+\shape default
+.
+
+\layout Subsection
+C code and 14bit PIC code page
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code page (pic14)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and RAM banks
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{RAM bank (pic14)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks.
+ It does not have intimate knowledge of the code flow.
+ It will put all the code section of a single asm file into a single code
+ page.
+ In order to make use of multiple code pages, separate asm files must be
+ used.
+ The compiler treats all functions of a single C file as being in the same
+ code page unless it is non static.
+\newline
+
+\newline
+To get the best follow these guide lines:
+
+\layout Enumerate
+Make local functions static, as non static functions require code page selection
+ overhead.
+
+\layout Enumerate
+For devices that have multiple code pages it is more efficient to use the
+ same number of files as pages, i.e.
+ for the 16F877 use 4 separate files and i.e.
+ for the 16F874 use 2 separate files.
+ This way the linker can put the code for each file into different code
+ pages and there's less page selection overhead.
+
+\layout Enumerate
+And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC 14 as they have a very simple
+ instruction set), use 'unsigned char' whereever possible instead of 'int'.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Creating a device include file
+
+\layout Standard
+For generating a device include file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Header files}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ use the support perl script inc2h.pl kept in directory support/script.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Interrupt code
+
+\layout Standard
+For the interrupt function, use the keyword '__interrupt'
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with level number of 0 (PIC14 only has 1 interrupt so this number is only
+ there to avoid a syntax error - it ought to be fixed).
+ E.g.:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+void Intr(void) __interrupt 0
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+T0IF = 0; /* Clear timer interrupt */
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Subsection
+Linking and assembling
+
+\layout Standard
+For assembling you can use either GPUTILS'
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ gpasm.exe or MPLAB's mpasmwin.exe.
+ GPUTILS is available from
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ For linking you can use either GPUTIL's gplink or MPLAB's mplink.exe.
+ If you use MPLAB and an interrupt function then the linker script file
+ vectors section will need to be enlarged to link with mplink.
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Here is a
+\family typewriter
+Makefile
+\family default
+ using GPUTILS:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+.c.o:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $<
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+gpasm -c $*.asm
+\newline
+
+\newline
+$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+gplink
+ -m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
+
+\layout Standard
+Here is a
+\family typewriter
+Makefile
+\family default
+ using MPLAB:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+.c.o:
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $<
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm
+\newline
+
+\newline
+$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mplink /v $(PRJ).lkr /m $(PRJ).map /o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
+
+\layout Standard
+Please note that indentations within a
+\family typewriter
+ Makefile
+\family default
+ have to be done with a tabulator character.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Command-line options
+
+\layout Standard
+Besides the switches common to all SDCC backends, the PIC14 port accepts
+ the following options (for an updated list see sdcc -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-help):
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-debug-extra
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-debug-extra}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ emit debug info in assembly output
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-no-pcode-opt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-no-pcode-opt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ disable (slightly faulty) optimization on pCode
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-loc
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-stack-loc}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ sets the lowest address of the argument passing stack (defaults to a suitably
+ large shared databank to reduce BANKSEL overhead)
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-stack-size
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-stack-size}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ sets the size if the argument passing stack (default: 16, minimum: 4)
+
+\layout Subsection
+The library
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+error: missing definition for symbol
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+__gptrget1
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The PIC14 port uses library routines to provide more complex operations
+ like multiplication, division/modulus and (generic) pointer dereferencing.
+ In order to add these routines to your project, you must link with PIC14's
+
+\family typewriter
+libsdcc.lib
+\family default
+.
+ For single source file projects this is done automatically, more complex
+ projects must add
+\family typewriter
+libsdcc.lib
+\family default
+ to the linker's arguments.
+ Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch
+ to the linker)!
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+Processor mismatch in file
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+XXX
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Standard
+This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst
+ 14 bit PIC
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ devices.
+
+\layout Standard
+You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device
+ by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in
+\family typewriter
+device/lib/pic/Makefile.in
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+device/lib/pic/Makefile
+\family default
+ to reflect your device.
+ This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unneccesary
+ BANKSELs migth be removed.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Known bugs
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+initialized data
+
+\layout Standard
+\pagebreak_bottom
+Currently, data can only be initialized if it resides in the source file
+ together with
+\emph on
+main()
+\emph default
+.
+ Data in other source files will silently
+\series bold
+not
+\series default
+ be initialized.
+\family typewriter
+\size footnotesize
+
+\begin_inset Marginal
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\SpecialChar ~
+!
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+The PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port
+
+\layout Standard
+The PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port is the portion of SDCC that is responsible to produce code for the
+ Microchip
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Microchip}
+
+\end_inset
+
+(TM) microcontrollers with 16 bit core.
+ Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx.
+ Currently supported devices are:
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="6">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F242
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F248
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F252
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F258
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F442
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F448
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F452
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F458
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F1220
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F2220
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F2550
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F4331
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F4455
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F6520
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F6620
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F6680
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F6720
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F8520
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F8620
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F8680
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+18F8720
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Global Options
+
+\layout Standard
+PIC16 port supports the standard command line arguments as supposed, with
+ the exception of certain cases that will be mentioned in the following
+ list:
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-callee-saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-callee-saves}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ See -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-all-callee-saves
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-all-callee-saves
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-all-callee-saves}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ All function arguments are passed on stack by default.
+
+\emph on
+There is no need to specify this in the command line.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-fommit-frame-pointer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-fommit-frame-pointer}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses no local variables.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Port Specific Options
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options PIC16}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc --help
+ output.
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+General Options
+
+\layout Standard
+General options enable certain port features and optimizations.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-pstack-model=[model] Used in conjuction with the command above.
+ Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are :
+
+\begin_deeper
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\emph on
+small
+\emph default
+ Selects small stack model.
+ 8 bit stack and frame pointers.
+ Supports 256 bytes stack size.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\emph on
+large
+\emph default
+ Selects large stack model.
+ 16 bit stack and frame pointers.
+ Supports 65536 bytes stack size.
+
+\end_deeper
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating
+ unitialized data variables with [kword].
+ Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr".
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-ivt-loc <nnnn> positions the Interrupt Vector Table at location <nnnn>.
+ Useful for bootloaders.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-asm= sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-link= sets the full path and name of an external linker to call.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-mplab-comp MPLAB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!MPLAB}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ compatibility option.
+ Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives.
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+Optimization Options
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-optimize-goto Try to use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-obanksel=nn Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs.
+\newline
+
+
+\begin_deeper
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+0 no optimization
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit
+ BANKSEL, accounts only for labels.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs
+ if they are in the same bank.
+
+\newline
+
+\emph on
+Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections
+ across bank borders!
+
+\end_deeper
+\layout Subsubsection
+Linking Options
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-nodefaultlibs do not link default libraries when linking
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-use-crt= Use a custom run-time module instead of the defaults.
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+Debugging Options
+
+\layout Standard
+Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-debug-xtra Similar to -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-debug
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, but dumps more information.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-debug-ralloc Force register allocator to dump <source>.d file with debugging
+ information.
+ <source> is the name of the file compiled.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-pcode-verbose Enable pcode debugging information in translation.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes.
+ Use with care.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-call-tree dump call tree in .calltree file
+
+\layout Subsection
+Enviromental Variables
+
+\layout Standard
+There is a number of enviromental variables that can be used when running
+ SDCC to enable certain optimizations or force a specific program behaviour.
+ these variables are primarily for debugging purposes so they can be enabled/dis
+abled at will.
+
+\layout Standard
+Currently there is only two such variables available:
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure
+ bitfields is optimized by directly loading FSR0 with the address of the
+ bitfield structure.
+ Normally SDCC will cast the bitfield structure to a bitfield pointer and
+ then load FSR0.
+ This step saves data ram and code space for functions that perform heavy
+ use of bitfields.
+ (ie.
+ 80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this option).
+
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+NO_REG_OPT do not perform pCode registers optimization.
+ This should be used for debugging purposes.
+ In some where bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit
+ from temporarily disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Preprocessor Macros
+
+\layout Standard
+PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port defines the following preprocessor macros while translating a source.
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Macro
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Description
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC_pic16
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Port identification
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+_pic16
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Port identification (same as above)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+pic18fxxxx
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+MCU Identification.
+
+\emph on
+xxxx
+\emph default
+ is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
+ 452, 6620, etc
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+_
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+_18Fxxxx
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+MCU Identification (same as above)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+STACK_MODEL_nnn
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler:
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Macro
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Description
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+__18Fxxxx
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+MCU Identification.
+
+\emph on
+xxxx
+\emph default
+ is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
+ 452, 6620, etc
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC_MODEL_nnn
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for
+ SDCC
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+STACK_MODEL_nnn
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Directories
+
+\layout Standard
+PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port uses the following directories for searching header files and libraries.
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Directory
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Description
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Target
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Command prefix
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+PIC16 specific headers
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Compiler
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-I
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+PIC16 specific libraries
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Linker
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+-L
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Pragmas
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Pragmas}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port currently supports the following pragmas:
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ pragma stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ forces the code generator to initialize the stack & frame pointers at a
+ specific address.
+ This is an adhoc solution for cases where no STACK directive is available
+ in the linker script or gplink is not instructed to create a stack section.
+\newline
+The
+ stack pragma should be used only once in a project.
+ Multiple pragmas may result in indeterminate behaviour of the program.
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+The old format (ie.
+ #pragma stack 0x5ff) is deprecated and will cause the stack pointer to
+ cross page boundaries (or even exceed the available data RAM) and crash
+ the program.
+ Make sure that stack does not cross page boundaries when using the SMALL
+ stack model.
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+The format is as follows:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+#pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size]
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+bottom_address
+\emph default
+ is the lower bound of the stack section.
+ The stack pointer initially will point at address (bottom_address+stack_size-1).
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+Example:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+/* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+#pragma stack 0x200 100
+
+\layout Standard
+If the stack_size field is omitted then a stack is created with the default
+ size of 64.
+ This size might be enough for most programs, but its not enough for operations
+ with deep function nesting or excessive stack usage.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+code
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma code}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ place a function symbol at static FLASH address
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+Example:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+/* place function test_func at 0x4000 */
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+#pragma code test_func 0x4000
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+library instructs the linker to use a library module.
+\newline
+Usage:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+#pragma library module_name
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+module_name
+\emph default
+ can be any library or object file (including its path).
+ Note that there are four reserved keywords which have special meaning.
+ These are:
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="20page%">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Keyword
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Description
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Module to link
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+ignore
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+ignore all library pragmas
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+(none)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+link the C library
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+libc18f
+\emph default
+.lib
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+math
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+link the Math libarary
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+libm18f
+\emph default
+.lib
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+io
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+link the I/O library
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+libio18f*
+\emph default
+.lib
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+debug
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+link the debug library
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+libdebug
+\emph default
+.lib
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+* is the device number, i.e.
+ 452 for PIC18F452 MCU.
+
+\layout Standard
+This feature allows for linking with specific libraries withoug having to
+ explicit name them in the command line.
+ Note that the
+\noun on
+ignore
+\noun default
+ keyword will reject all modules specified by the library pragma.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+udata pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker will
+ place a variable at a specific memory bank
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+Example:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+/* places variable foo at bank2 */
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+#pragma udata bank2 foo
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+char foo;
+
+\layout Standard
+In order for this pragma to work extra SECTION directives should be added
+ in the .lkr script.
+ In the following example a sample .lkr file is shown:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+// Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+LIBPATH .
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5
+
+\layout Standard
+The linker will recognise the section name set in the pragma statement and
+ will position the variable at the memory bank set with the RAM field at
+ the SECTION line in the linker script file.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Header Files
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Header-Files}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+There is one main header file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Header files}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ that can be included to the source files using the pic16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port.
+ That file is the
+\series bold
+pic18fregs.h
+\series default
+.
+ This header file contains the definitions for the processor special registers,
+ so it is necessary if the source accesses them.
+ It can be included by adding the following line in the beginning of the
+ file:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+#include <pic18fregs.h>
+
+\layout Standard
+The specific microcontroller is selected within the pic18fregs.h automatically,
+ so the same source can be used with a variety of devices.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Libraries
+
+\layout Standard
+The libraries
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Libraries}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ that PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port depends on are the microcontroller device libraries which contain
+ the symbol definitions for the microcontroller special function registers.
+ These libraries have the format pic18fxxxx.lib, where
+\emph on
+xxxx
+\emph default
+ is the microcontroller identification number.
+ The specific library is selected automatically by the compiler at link
+ stage according to the selected device.
+
+\layout Standard
+Libraries are created with gplib which is part of the gputils package
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+Building the libraries
+
+\layout Standard
+Before using SDCC/pic16 there are some libraries that need to be compiled.
+ This process is not done automatically by SDCC since not all users use
+ SDCC for pic16 projects.
+ So each user should compile the libraries separately.
+
+\layout Standard
+The steps to compile the pic16 libraries under Linux are:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+cd device/lib/pic16
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+./configure
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+make
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+cd ..
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+make model-pic16
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password
+
+\layout Standard
+If you need to install the headers too, do:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+cd device/include
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password
+
+\layout Standard
+There exist a special target to build the I/O libraries.
+ This target is not automatically build because it will build the I/O library
+ for
+\emph on
+every
+\emph default
+ supported device.
+ This way building will take quite a lot of time.
+ Users are advised to edit the
+\series bold
+device/lib/pic16/pics.build
+\series default
+ file and then execute:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+make lib-io
+
+\layout Subsection
+Memory Models
+
+\layout Standard
+The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port:
+
+\layout Itemize
+small model
+
+\layout Itemize
+large model
+
+\layout Standard
+Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source.
+ The sizes are shown in the next table:
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Pointer sizes according to memory model
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+small model
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+large model
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+code pointers
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+16-bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+24-bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+data pointers
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+16-bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+16-bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+It is advisable that all sources within a project are compiled with the
+ same memory model.
+ If one wants to override the default memory model, this can be done by
+ declaring a pointer as
+\series bold
+far
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+near
+\series default
+.
+ Far selects large memory model's pointers, while near selects small memory
+ model's pointers.
+
+\layout Standard
+The standard device libraries (see
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:PIC16_Header-Files}
+
+\end_inset
+
+) contain no reference to pointers, so they can be used with both memory
+ models.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Stack
+
+\layout Standard
+The stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ implementation for the PIC16 port uses two indirect registers, FSR1 and
+ FSR2.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer
+
+\layout Standard
+The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\noun on
+small
+\noun default
+ model
+
+\layout Itemize
+
+\noun on
+large
+\noun default
+ model
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\noun on
+Small
+\noun default
+ model means that only the FSRxL byte is used to access stack and frame,
+ while
+\emph on
+\noun on
+large
+\emph default
+\noun default
+ uses both FSRxL and FSRxH registers.
+ The following table shows the stack/frame pointers sizes according to stack
+ model and the maximum space they can address:
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+small
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+large
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Stack pointer FSR1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+8-bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+16-bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Frame pointer FSR2
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+8-bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+16-bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\noun on
+Large
+\noun default
+stack model is currently not working properly throughout the code generator.
+ So its use is not advised.
+ Also there are some other points that need special care:
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Enumerate
+Do not create stack sections with size more than one physical bank (that
+ is 256 bytes)
+
+\layout Enumerate
+Stack sections should no cross physical bank limits (i.e.
+ #pragma stack 0x50 0x100)
+
+\layout Standard
+These limitations are caused by the fact that only FSRxL is modified when
+ using SMALL stack model, so no more than 256 bytes of stack can be used.
+ This problem will disappear after LARGE model is fully implemented.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Functions
+
+\layout Standard
+In addition to the standard SDCC function keywords, PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port makes available two more:
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+wparam
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!wparam}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Use the WREG to pass one byte of the first function argument.
+ This improves speed but you may not use this for functions with arguments
+ that are called via function pointers, otherwise the first byte of the
+ first parameter will get lost.
+ Usage:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+void func_wparam(int a) wparam
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+{
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ /* WREG hold the lower part of a */
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ /* the high part of a is stored in FSR2+2 (or +3 for large stack model)
+ */
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+...
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+}
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+shadowregs
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!shadowregs}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ When entering/exiting an ISR, it is possible to take advantage of the PIC18F
+ hardware shadow registers which hold the values of WREG, STATUS and BSR
+ registers.
+ This can be done by adding the keyword
+\emph on
+shadowregs
+\emph default
+ before the
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\emph default
+ keyword in the function's header.
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+{
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+...
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+shadowregs
+\emph default
+ instructs the code generator not to store/restore WREG, STATUS, BSR when
+ entering/exiting the ISR.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Function return values
+
+\layout Standard
+Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following
+ a modified Microchip policy optimized for SDCC.
+ The following table shows these registers:
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+size
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+destination register
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+8 bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+WREG
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+16 bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+PRODL:WREG
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+24 bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+PRODH:PRODL:WREG
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+32 bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+>32 bits
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Interrupts
+
+\layout Standard
+An interrupt
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!interrupt}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ service routine (ISR) is declared using the
+\emph on
+interrupt
+\emph default
+ keyword.
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+void isr(void) interrupt
+\emph on
+n
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+{
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+...
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+n
+\emph default
+ is the interrupt number, which for PIC18F devices can be:
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+n
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Interrupt Vector
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Interrupt Vector Address
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+RESET vector
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0x000000
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+HIGH priority interrupts
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0x000008
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+2
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+LOW priority interrupts
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0x000018
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+When generating assembly code for ISR the code generator places a
+\noun on
+goto
+\noun default
+instruction at the
+\emph on
+Interrupt Vector Address
+\emph default
+ which points at the genetated ISR.
+ This single GOTO instruction is part of an automatically generated
+\emph on
+interrupt entry point
+\emph default
+ function.
+ The actuall ISR code is placed as normally would in the code space.
+ Upon interrupt request, the GOTO instruction is executed which jumps to
+ the ISR code.
+ When declaring interrupt functions as _naked this GOTO instruction is
+\series bold
+not
+\series default
+ generated.
+ The whole interrupt functions is therefore placed at the Interrupt Vector
+ Address of the specific interrupt.
+ This is not a problem for the LOW priority interrupts, but it is a problem
+ for the RESET and the HIGH priority interrupts because code may be written
+ at the next interrupt´s vector address and cause undeterminate program
+ behaviour if that interrupt is raised.
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+This is not a problem when
+
+\layout Enumerate
+this is a HIGH interrupt ISR and LOW interrupts are
+\emph on
+disabled
+\emph default
+ or not used.
+
+\layout Enumerate
+when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt´s vector address.
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\emph on
+n
+\emph default
+ is possible to be omitted.
+ This way a function is generated similar to an ISR, but it is not assigned
+ to any interrupt.
+
+\layout Standard
+When entering an interrupt, currently the PIC16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port automatically saves the following registers:
+
+\layout Itemize
+WREG
+
+\layout Itemize
+STATUS
+
+\layout Itemize
+BSR
+
+\layout Itemize
+PROD (PRODL and PRODH)
+
+\layout Itemize
+FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H)
+
+\layout Standard
+These registers are restored upon return from the interrupt routine.
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+NOTE that when the _naked attribute is specified for an interrupt routine,
+ then NO registers are stored or restored.
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Generic Pointers
+
+\layout Standard
+Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types.
+ There are 3 types of generic pointers currently implemented data, code
+ and eeprom pointers.
+ They are differentiated by the value of the 7th and 6th bits of the upper
+ byte:
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+pointer type
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+7th bit
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+6th bit
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+rest of the pointer
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+description
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+data
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
+\emph on
+uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+code
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
+\emph on
+uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+eeprom
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
+\emph on
+uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+(unimplemented)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
+\emph on
+xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+unimplemented pointer type
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Generic pointer are read and written with a set of library functions which
+ read/write 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes.
+
+\layout Subsection
+PIC16 C Libraries
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+Standard I/O Streams
+
+\layout Standard
+In the
+\emph on
+stdio.h
+\emph default
+ the type FILE is defined as:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+typedef char * FILE;
+
+\layout Standard
+This type is the stream type implemented I/O in the PIC18F devices.
+ Also the standard input and output streams are declared in stdio.h:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+extern FILE * stdin;
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+extern FILE * stdout;
+
+\layout Standard
+The FILE type is actually a generic pointer which defines one more type
+ of generic pointers, the
+\emph on
+stream
+\emph default
+pointer.
+ This new type has the format:
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="7">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+pointer type
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+<7:6>
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+<5>
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+<4>
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+<3:0>
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+rest of the pointer
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+descrption
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+stream
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+00
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+0
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+nnnn
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+\shape slanted
+\emph on
+uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined:
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+stream type
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+value
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+module
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+description
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+STREAM_USART
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+0x200000UL
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+USART
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+STREAM_MSSP
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+0x210000UL
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+MSSP
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+STREAM_USER
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+0x2f0000UL
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+(none)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header.
+
+\layout Standard
+In the libc library there exist the functions that are used to write to
+ each of the above streams.
+ These are
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+_
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+_stream_usart_putchar writes a character at the USART stream
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+_
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+_stream_mssp_putchar writes a character at the MSSP stream
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+putchar dummy function.
+ This writes a character to a user specified manner.
+
+\layout Standard
+In order to increase performance
+\emph on
+putchar
+\emph default
+is declared in stdio.h as having its parameter in WREG (it has the wparam
+ keyword).
+ In stdio.h exists the macro PUTCHAR(arg) that defines the putchar function
+ in a user-friendly way.
+
+\emph on
+arg
+\emph default
+ is the name of the variable that holds the character to print.
+ An example follows:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+#include <pic18fregs.h>
+\newline
+#include <stdio.h>
+\newline
+
+\newline
+PUTCHAR( c )
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+{
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+}
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void main(void)
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+{
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessary, since stdout points
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ * by default to STREAM_USER */
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ printf (¨This is a printf test
+\backslash
+n¨);
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+}
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+Printing functions
+
+\layout Standard
+PIC16 contains an implementation of the printf-family of functions.
+ There exist the following functions:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...);
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap);
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...);
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap);
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...);
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap);
+
+\layout Standard
+For sprintf and vsprintf
+\emph on
+buf
+\emph default
+should normally be a data pointer where the resulting string will be placed.
+ No range checking is done so the user should allocate the necessery buffer.
+ For fprintf and vfprintf
+\emph on
+fp
+\emph default
+ should be a stream pointer (i.e.
+ stdout, STREAM_MSSP, etc...).
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+Signals
+
+\layout Standard
+The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources.
+ A list of these interrupts is shown in the following table:
+
+\layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="4">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+signal name
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+description
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+signal name
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+descritpion
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_RB
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+PORTB change interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_EE
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_INT0
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+INT0 external interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_BCOL
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Bus collision interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_INT1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+INT1 external interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_LVD
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Low voltage detect interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_INT2
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+INT2 external interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_PSP
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Parallel slave port interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_CCP1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+CCP1 module interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_AD
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+AD convertion complete interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_CCP2
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+CCP2 module interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_RC
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+USART receive interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_TMR0
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+TMR0 overflow interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_TX
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+USART transmit interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_TMR1
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+TMR1 overflow interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_MSSP
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SSP receive/transmit interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_TMR2
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SIG_TMR3
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+TMR3 overflow interrupt
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The prototypes for these names are defined in the header file
+\emph on
+signal.h
+\emph default
+ .
+
+\layout Standard
+In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided:
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for
+ high priority interrupts.
+
+\emph on
+name
+\emph default
+ is the function name to use.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo
+ low priority interrupt.
+
+\emph on
+name
+\emph default
+ is the function name to use.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+DEF_HANDLER(sig,handler) define a handler for signal
+\emph on
+sig.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table.
+
+\layout Standard
+Additionally there are two more macros to simplify the declaration of the
+ signal handler:
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\series medium
+SIGHANDLER(handler)
+\series default
+this declares the function prototype for the
+\emph on
+handler
+\emph default
+ function.
+
+\layout List
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function.
+
+\layout Standard
+An example of using the macros above is shown below:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+#include <pic18fregs.h>
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+#include <signal.h>
+\newline
+
+\newline
+DEF_INTHIGH(high_int)
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler)
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler)
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+END_DEF
+\newline
+
+\newline
+SIGHANDLER(_tmr0_handler)
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+{
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ /* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+}
+\newline
+
+\newline
+SIGHANDLERNAKED(_bcol_handler)
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+{
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ _asm
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ /* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ retfie
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+ _endasm;
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+NOTES:
+\series default
+ Special care should be taken when using the above scheme:
+
+\layout Itemize
+do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros.
+
+\layout Itemize
+when declaring SIGHANDLERNAKED handler never forget to use
+\emph on
+retfie
+\emph default
+ for proper returning.
+
+\layout Subsection
+PIC16 Port -- Tips
+
+\layout Standard
+Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16.
+
+\layout Subsubsection
+Stack size
+
+\layout Standard
+The default stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ size (that is 64 bytes) probably is enough for many programs.
+ One must take care that when there are many levels of function nesting,
+ or there is excessive usage of stack, its size should be extended.
+ An example of such a case is the printf/sprintf family of functions.
+ If you encounter problems like not being able to print integers, then you
+ need to set the stack size around the maximum (256 for small stack model).
+ The following diagram shows what happens when calling printf to print an
+ integer:
+
+\layout LyX-Code
+printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar ()
+
+\layout Standard
+It is should be understood that stack is easily consumed when calling complicate
+d functions.
+ Using command line arguments like -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-fommit-frame-pointer might reduce stack usage by not creating unnecessery
+ stack frames.
+ Other ways to reduce stack usage may exist.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Known bugs
+
+\layout Standard
+The PIC16 Port currently does not pass SDCC's regression test
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC16)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ suite (see section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
+
+\end_inset
+
+) and thus the snapshot build regression tests for the PIC16 target are
+ currently disabled for all hosts
+\emph on
+.
+
+\layout Chapter
+Debugging
+
+\layout Standard
+There are several approaches to debugging your code.
+ This chapter is meant to show your options and to give detail on some of
+ them:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+When writing your code:
+
+\layout Itemize
+write your code with debugging in mind (avoid duplicating code, put conceptually
+ similar variables into structs, use structured code, have strategic points
+ within your code where all variables are consistent, ...)
+
+\layout Itemize
+run a syntax-checking tool like splint
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (see -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-more-pedantic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
+
+\end_inset
+
+) over the code.
+
+\layout Itemize
+for the high level code use a C-compiler (like f.e.
+ GCC) to compile run and debug the code on your host.
+ See (see -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-more-pedantic
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ ) on howto handle syntax extensions like __xdata, __at(), ...
+
+
+\layout Itemize
+use another C-compiler to compile code for your target.
+ Always an option but not recommended:) And not very likely to help you.
+ If you seriously consider walking this path you should at least occasionally
+ check portability of your code.
+ Most commercial compiler vendors will offer an evaluation version so you
+ can test compile your code or snippets of your code.
+
+\layout Standard
+Debugging on a simulator:
+
+\layout Itemize
+there is a separate section about SDCDB (section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
+
+\end_inset
+
+) below.
+
+\layout Itemize
+or (8051 specific) use a freeware/commercial simulator which interfaces
+ to the AOMF
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ file (see
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file}
+
+\end_inset
+
+) optionally generated by SDCC.
+
+\layout Standard
+Debugging On-target:
+
+\layout Itemize
+use a MCU port pin to serially output debug data to the RS232 port of your
+ host.
+ You'll probably want some level shifting device typically involving a MAX232
+ or similar IC.
+ If the hardware serial port of the MCU is not available search for 'Software
+ UART' in your favourite search machine.
+
+\layout Itemize
+use an on-target monitor.
+ In this context a monitor is a small program which usually accepts commands
+ via a serial line and allows to set program counter, to single step through
+ a program and read/write memory locations.
+ For the 8051 good examples of monitors are paulmon and cmon51 (see section
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Related-open-source-tools}
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+
+\layout Itemize
+toggle MCU port pins at strategic points within your code and use an oscilloscop
+e.
+ A
+\emph on
+digital oscilloscope
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Oscilloscope}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with deep trace memory is really helpful especially if you have to debug
+ a realtime application.
+ If you need to monitor more pins than your oscilloscope provides you can
+ sometimes get away with a small R-2R network.
+ On a single channel oscilloscope you could f.e.
+ monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\SpecialChar ~
+k
+\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
+\end_inset
+
+ resistor and the other one by a 5\SpecialChar ~
+k
+\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
+\end_inset
+
+ resistor to the oscilloscope probe (check output drive capability of the
+ pins you want to monitor).
+ If you need to monitor many more pins a
+\emph on
+logic analyzer
+\emph default
+ will be handy.
+
+\layout Itemize
+use an ICE (
+\emph on
+i
+\emph default
+n
+\emph on
+c
+\emph default
+ircuit
+\emph on
+e
+\emph default
+mulator
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ICE (in circuit emulator)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ Usually very expensive.
+ And very nice to have too.
+ And usually locks you (for years...) to the devices the ICE can emulate.
+
+
+\layout Itemize
+use a remote debugger.
+ In most 8-bit systems the symbol information is not available on the target,
+ and a complete debugger is too bulky for the target system.
+ Therefore usually a debugger on the host system connects to an on-target
+ debugging stub which accepts only primitive commands.
+
+\newline
+Terms to enter into your favourite search engine could be 'remote debugging',
+ 'gdb stub' or 'inferior debugger'.
+ (is there one?)
+
+\layout Itemize
+use an on target hardware debugger.
+ Some of the more modern MCUs include hardware support for setting break
+ points and monitoring/changing variables by using dedicated hardware pins.
+ This facility doesn't require additional code to run on the target and
+
+\emph on
+usually
+\emph default
+ doesn't affect runtime behaviour until a breakpoint is hit.
+ For the mcs51 most hardware debuggers use the AOMF
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ file (see
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file}
+
+\end_inset
+
+) as input file.
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Last not least:
+
+\layout Itemize
+if you are not familiar with any of the following terms you're likely to
+ run into problems rather sooner than later:
+\emph on
+volatile
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+atomic
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+memory map
+\emph default
+,
+\emph on
+overlay
+\emph default
+.
+ As an embedded programmer you
+\emph on
+have
+\emph default
+ to know them so why not look them up
+\emph on
+before
+\emph default
+ you have problems?)
+
+\layout Itemize
+tell someone else about your problem (actually this is a surprisingly effective
+ means to hunt down the bug even if the listener is not familiar with your
+ environment).
+ As 'failure to communicate' is probably one of the job-induced deformations
+ of an embedded programmer this is highly encouraged.
+
+\layout Section
+Debugging with SDCDB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The debugger uses a command line interface, the command repertoire of the
+ debugger has been kept as close to gdb
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gdb}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (the GNU debugger) as possible.
+ The configuration and build process is part of the standard compiler installati
+on, which also builds and installs the debugger in the target directory
+ specified during configuration.
+ The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source
+ level.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Compiling for Debugging
+
+\layout Standard
+The -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-debug
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ option must be specified for all files for which debug information is to
+ be generated.
+ The compiler generates a .adb file for each of these files.
+ The linker creates the .cdb
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.cdb}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ file from the .adb
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.adb}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ files and the address information.
+ This .cdb is used by the debugger.
+
+\layout Subsection
+How the Debugger Works
+
+\layout Standard
+When the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-debug option is specified the compiler generates extra symbol information
+ some of which are put into the assembler source and some are put into the
+ .adb file.
+ Then the linker creates the .cdb file from the individual .adb files with
+ the address information for the symbols.
+ The debugger reads the symbolic information generated by the compiler &
+ the address information generated by the linker.
+ It uses the SIMULATOR (Daniel's S51) to execute the program, the program
+ execution is controlled by the debugger.
+ When a command is issued for the debugger, it translates it into appropriate
+ commands for the simulator.
+ (Currently SDCDM only connects to the simulator but
+\emph on
+newcdb
+\emph default
+ at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://ec2drv.sf.net/}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is an effort to connect directly to the hardware.)
+
+\layout Subsection
+Starting the Debugger SDCDB
+
+\layout Standard
+The debugger can be started using the following command line.
+ (Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo).
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcdb foo
+\newline
+
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\newline
+The debugger will look for the following files.
+
+\layout Itemize
+foo.c - the source file.
+
+\layout Itemize
+foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file.
+
+\layout Itemize
+foo.ihx - the Intel hex format
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ object file.
+
+\layout Subsection
+SDCDB Command Line Options
+
+\layout Itemize
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-directory=<source file directory> this option can used to specify the directory
+ search list.
+ The debugger will look into the directory list specified for source, cdb
+ & ihx files.
+ The items in the directory list must be separated by ':', e.g.
+ if the source files can be in the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2,
+ the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-directory option should be -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-directory=/home/src1:/home/src2.
+ Note there can be no spaces in the option.
+
+
+\layout Itemize
+-cd <directory> - change to the <directory>.
+
+\layout Itemize
+-fullname - used by GUI front ends.
+
+\layout Itemize
+-cpu <cpu-type> - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the
+ simulator docs for details.
+
+\layout Itemize
+-X <Clock frequency > this options is passed to the simulator please see
+ the simulator docs for details.
+
+\layout Itemize
+-s <serial port file> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
+
+\layout Itemize
+-S <serial in,out> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
+
+\layout Itemize
+-k <port number> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
+
+\layout Subsection
+SDCDB Debugger Commands
+
+\layout Standard
+As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel
+y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible.
+ This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces
+ (like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger.
+ If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip this
+ section.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+break [line | file:line | function | file:function]
+
+\layout Standard
+Set breakpoint at specified line or function:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcdb>break 100
+\newline
+sdcdb>break foo.c:100
+\newline
+sdcdb>break funcfoo
+\newline
+sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ]
+
+\layout Standard
+Clear breakpoint at specified line or function:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcdb>clear 100
+\newline
+sdcdb>clear foo.c:100
+\newline
+sdcdb>clear funcfoo
+\newline
+sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+continue
+
+\layout Standard
+Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+finish
+
+\layout Standard
+Execute till the end of the current function.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+delete [n]
+
+\layout Standard
+Delete breakpoint number 'n'.
+ If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+info [break | stack | frame | registers ]
+
+\layout Itemize
+info break - list all breakpoints
+
+\layout Itemize
+info stack - show the function call stack.
+
+\layout Itemize
+info frame - show information about the current execution frame.
+
+\layout Itemize
+info registers - show content of all registers.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+step
+
+\layout Standard
+Step program until it reaches a different source line.
+ Note: pressing <return> repeats the last command.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+next
+
+\layout Standard
+Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+run
+
+\layout Standard
+Start debugged program.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+ptype variable
+
+\layout Standard
+Print type information of the variable.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+print variable
+
+\layout Standard
+print value of variable.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+file filename
+
+\layout Standard
+load the given file name.
+ Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+frame
+
+\layout Standard
+print information about current frame.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+set srcmode
+
+\layout Standard
+Toggle between C source & assembly source.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+! simulator command
+
+\layout Standard
+Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is
+ displayed.
+ Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator,
+ so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution
+ context and may display incorrect values.
+
+\layout Subsubsection*
+quit
+
+\layout Standard
+"Watch me now.
+ Iam going Down.
+ My name is Bobby Brown"
+
+\layout Subsection
+Interfacing SDCDB with DDD
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+The screenshot was converted from png to eps with:
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+bmeps -c -e8f -p3 ddd_example.png >ddd_example.eps
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ which produces a pretty compact eps file which is free from compression
+ artifacts.
+
+\layout Standard
+The screenshot was included in sdccman.lyx cvs version 1.120 but later removed
+ as this broke the build system on Sourceforge (pdf-file was broken.
+ pdflatex does not accept eps files).
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The
+\emph on
+p
+\emph default
+ortable
+\emph on
+n
+\emph default
+etwork
+\emph on
+g
+\emph default
+raphics File
+\size footnotesize
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/figures/ddd_example.png}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\size default
+ shows a screenshot of a debugging session with DDD
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (Unix only) on a simulated 8032.
+ The debugging session might not run as smoothly as the screenshot suggests.
+ The debugger allows setting of breakpoints, displaying and changing variables,
+ single stepping through C and assembler code.
+
+\newline
+The source was compiled with
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+sdcc -
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+-debug ddd_example.c
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\newline
+and DDD was invoked with
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+ddd -debugger "sdcdb -cpu 8032 ddd_example"
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+Check that the double quotes or an apostroph within the command line survive
+ the LyX tool chain.
+ Previously the apostrophs got slanted in the PDF output so a cut and paste
+ did not work.
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Interfacing SDCDB with XEmacs
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XEmacs}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Emacs}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs,
+ sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el.
+ These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat
+ion is complete.
+ These files need to be loaded into XEmacs for the interface to work.
+ This can be done at XEmacs startup time by inserting the following into
+ your '.xemacs' file (which can be found in your HOME directory):
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+(load-file sdcdbsrc.el)
+\family default
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+.xemacs is a lisp file so the () around the command is REQUIRED.
+ The files can also be loaded dynamically while XEmacs is running, set the
+ environment variable 'EMACSLOADPATH' to the installation bin directory
+ (<installdir>/bin), then enter the following command ESC-x load-file sdcdbsrc.
+ To start the interface enter the following command:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+ESC-x sdcdbsrc
+\family default
+\series default
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+You will prompted to enter the file name to be debugged.
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are
+ bound to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el.
+ The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required.
+
+\layout Itemize
+sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51
+
+\layout Itemize
+sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200
+
+\layout Itemize
+sdcdbsrc-serial nil
+
+\layout Standard
+The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface.
+
+\layout Standard
+\pagebreak_bottom
+\SpecialChar ~
+
+\family typewriter
+
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+Current Listing ::
+\newline
+;;key\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+binding\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+Comment
+\newline
+;;---\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+-------\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+-------
+\newline
+;;
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+n\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdb-next-fro
+m-src\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+SDCDB next command
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+b\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdb-back-from-src\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+SDCDB back command
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+c\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdb-cont-f
+rom-src\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+SDCDB continue command
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+s\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdb-step-from-src\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+SDCDB step command
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+?\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdb-w
+hatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+SDCDB ptypecommand for data at
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+buffer point
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+x\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+SDCD
+B Delete all breakpoints if no arg
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+given or delete arg (C-u arg x)
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+m\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdbsrc
+-frame\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+SDCDB Display current frame if no arg,
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+given or display frame arg
+
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+buffer point
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+!\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+Goto the SDCDB output buffer
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+p\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdb-prin
+t-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+SDCDB print command for data at
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdb-whatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB ptypecommand for data at
-\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+buffer point
+\newline
;;\SpecialChar ~
+g\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+Got
+o the SDCDB output buffer
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+t\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it
+ off)
+\newline
+;;
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+C-c\SpecialChar ~
+C-f\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdb-finish-from-src\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- buffer point
-\newline
-;; x\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+SDCDB finish command
+\newline
+;;
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+C-x\SpecialChar ~
+SPC\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdb-brea
+k\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB Delete all breakpoints if no arg
-\newline
+Set break for line with point
+\newline
;;\SpecialChar ~
+ESC\SpecialChar ~
+t\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode
+\newline
+;;\SpecialChar ~
+ESC\SpecialChar ~
+m\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+sdc
+dbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+Toggle list mode
+\newline
+;;
+\newline
+
+\family default
+
+
+
+\layout Chapter
+TIPS
+
+\layout Standard
+Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient
+ code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally
+ good programming practice.
+
+\layout Itemize
+Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value.
+ If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then
+ use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'.
+ Please note, that ANSI C requires both signed and unsigned chars to be
+ promoted to 'signed int'
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Marginal
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\SpecialChar ~
+!
+
+\end_inset
+
+ before doing any operation.
+ This promotion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{type promotion}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ can be omitted, if the result is the same.
+ The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often
+ surprising:
+
+\begin_deeper
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+unsigned char uc = 0xfe;
+\newline
+if (uc * uc < 0) /* this is true! */
+\newline
+{
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+....
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+uc * uc
+\family default
+ is evaluated as
+\family typewriter
+(int) uc * (int) uc = (int) 0xfe * (int) 0xfe = (int) 0xfc04 = -1024
+\family default
+.
+
+\newline
+Another one:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+(unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ...
+
+\layout Standard
+No, the result is not 4:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+(int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 =
+\newline
+(int) (unsigned char)
+ 0xf4 / (int) (signed char) 0xfd =
+\newline
+(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd =
+\newline
+(int) 0x00f4
+ / (int) 0xfffd =
+\newline
+(int) 244 / (int) -3 =
+\newline
+(int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf;
+
+\layout Standard
+Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result.
+ gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints.
+ Therefore the results are different.
+\newline
+From
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+comp.lang.c FAQ
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+:
+
+\layout Quote
+
+\emph on
+If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values
+ are not, or if you want to steer clear of sign-extension problems when
+ manipulating bits or bytes, use one of the corresponding unsigned types.
+ (Beware when mixing signed and unsigned values in expressions, though.)
+\newline
+Although
+ character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny" integers,
+ doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredictable
+ sign extension and increased code size.
+
+\end_deeper
+\layout Itemize
+Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to
+ be negative.
+ This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting
+ or are using an array index.
+
+\layout Itemize
+NEVER jump into a LOOP.
+
+\layout Itemize
+Declare the variables to be local
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction).
+
+\layout Itemize
+Have a look at the assembly listing to get a
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+feeling
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ for the code generation.
+
+\layout Section
+Porting code from or to other compilers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Itemize
+check whether endianness of the compilers differs and adapt where needed.
+
+\layout Itemize
+check the device specific header files
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for compiler specific syntax.
+ Eventually include the file <compiler.h
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{compiler.h (include file)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+>
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/compiler.h?view=markup}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ to allow using common header files.
+ (see f.e.
+ cc2510fx.h
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/cc2510fx.h?view=markup}
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+
+\layout Itemize
+check whether the startup code contains the correct initialization (watchdog,
+ peripherals).
+
+\layout Itemize
+check whether the sizes of short, int, long match.
+
+\layout Itemize
+check if some 16 or 32 bit hardware registers require a specific addressing
+ order (least significant or most significant byte first) and adapt if needed
+ (
+\emph on
+first
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+last
+\emph default
+ relate to time and not to lower/upper memory location here, so this is
+
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ the same as endianness).
+
+\layout Itemize
+check whether the keyword
+\emph on
+volatile
+\emph default
+ is used where needed.
+ The compilers might differ in their optimization characteristics (as different
+ versions of the same compiler might also use more clever optimizations
+ this is good idea anyway).
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Itemize
+check that the compilers are not told to supress warnings.
+
+\layout Itemize
+check and convert compiler specific extensions (interrupts, memory areas,
+ pragmas etc.).
+
+\layout Itemize
+check for differences in type promotion.
+ Especially check for math operations on
+\family typewriter
+char
+\family default
+ or
+\family typewriter
+unsigned char
+\family default
+ variables.
+ For the sake of C99 compatibility SDCC will probably promote these to
+\family typewriter
+int
+\family default
+ more often than other compilers.
+ Eventually insert explicit casts to
+\family typewriter
+(char)
+\family default
+or
+\family typewriter
+ (unsigned char)
+\family default
+.
+ Also check that the ~\SpecialChar ~
+operator
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is not used on
+\family typewriter
+bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ variables, use the !\SpecialChar ~
+operator instead.
+ See sections
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{type promotion}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Itemize
+check the assembly code generated for interrupt routines (f.e.
+ for calls to possibly non-reentrant library functions).
+
+\layout Itemize
+check whether timing loops result in proper timing (or preferably consider
+ a rewrite of the code with timer based delays instead).
+
+\layout Itemize
+check for differences in printf parameters (some compilers push (va_arg
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg}
+
+\end_inset
+
+) char variables as
+\family typewriter
+int
+\family default
+ others push them as
+\family typewriter
+char
+\family default
+.
+ See section
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+
+\layout Itemize
+check the resulting memory map
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Usage of different memory spaces: code, stack, data (for mcs51/ds390 additional
+ly idata, pdata, xdata).
+ Eventually check if unexpected library functions are included.
+
+\layout Section
+Tools
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tools}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ included in the distribution
+
+\layout Standard
+\align left
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Name
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Purpose
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Directory
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+uCsim
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Simulator for various architectures
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+sdcc/sim/ucsim
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+keil2sdcc.pl
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+header file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ conversion
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+sdcc/support/scripts
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+mh2h.c
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+header file conversion
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+sdcc/support/scripts
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+as-gbz80
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Assembler
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+as-z80
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Assembler
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+asx8051
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Assembler
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCDB
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Simulator
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+aslink
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Linker
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+link-z80
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Linker
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+link-gbz80
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Linker
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+packihx
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Intel Hex packer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/bin
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Section
+Documentation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ included in the distribution
+
+\layout Standard
+\align left
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="40col%">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="60col%">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true" endhead="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Subject / Title
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Filename / Where to get
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC Compiler User Guide
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+You're reading it right now
+\emph on
+ \SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+
+\hfill
+online at:
+\emph default
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Changelog of SDCC
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+sdcc/Changelog
+\emph on
+ \SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+
+\hfill
+online at:
+\emph default
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+ASXXXX
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Assemblers and
+\newline
+ASLINK
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker documentation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Relocating Linker
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
+\emph on
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+
+\hfill
+online at:
+\emph default
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC regression test
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf
+\emph on
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-given or delete arg (C-u arg x)
-\newline
-;; m\SpecialChar ~
+
+\hfill
+online at:
+\emph default
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Various notes
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+sdcc/doc/*
+\emph on
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+
+\hfill
+online at:
+\emph default
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Notes on debugging with SDCDB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+sdcc/debugger/README
+\emph on
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+
+\hfill
+online at
+\emph default
+:
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/debugger/README}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+uCsim
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Software simulator for microcontrollers
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\noun default
+/index.html
+\emph on
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+
+\hfill
+online at:
+\emph default
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc/index.html}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Temporary notes on the pic16
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ port
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES
+\emph on
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+
+\hfill
+online at:
+\newline
+
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+sdcc/doc/
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+cdbfileformat.pd
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\noun default
+f
+\emph on
+ \SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdbsrc-frame\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+
+\hfill
+online at:
+\emph default
+
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/cdbfileformat.pdf}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Section
+Related open source tools
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Related-open-source-tools}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Related tools}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+\align left
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="14" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="30line%">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Name
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Purpose
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Where to get
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+gpsim
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gpsim (pic simulator)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+PIC simulator
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+gputils
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+GNU PIC utilities
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+flP5
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+PIC programmer
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+ec2drv/newcdb
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Tools for Silicon Laboratories JTAG debug adapter, partly based on SDCDB
+ (Unix only)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ec2drv}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+indent
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{indent (source formatting tool)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Formats C source - Master of the white spaces
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+srecord
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Object file conversion, checksumming, ...
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/srecord}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+objdump
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Object file conversion, ...
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Part of binutils (should be there anyway)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+cmon51
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmon51}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+doxygen
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{doxygen (source documentation tool)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Source code documentation system
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+kdevelop
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+paulmon
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/paulmon2.html}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+splint
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Statically checks c sources (see
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+ddd
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to SDCDB
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (Unix only)
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Section
+Related documentation / recommended reading
+
+\layout Standard
+\align left
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Name
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Subject / Title
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+Where to get
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+c-refcard.pdf
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+C Reference Card
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C Reference card}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, 2 pages
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+c-faq
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+C-FAQ
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C FAQ}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.c-faq.com}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+ISO/IEC 9899:TC2
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+C-Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+ISO/IEC DTR 18037
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+Extensions for Embedded C
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Latest datasheet of target CPU
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+vendor
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+Revision history of datasheet
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+vendor
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\newline
+
+
+\layout Section
+Application notes specifically for SDCC
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC makes no claims about the completeness of this list and about up-to-datenes
+s or correctness of the application notes
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Application notes}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Standard
+\align left
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="17col%">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="27col%">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="57col%">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+Vendor
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+Subject / Title
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+\size footnotesize
+Where to get
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Maxim / Dallas
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3346.pdf}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Maxim / Dallas
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none" width="30line%">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS89C4x0}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Family of Microcontrollers
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3477.pdf}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Silicon Laboratories / Cygnal
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.silabs.com/public/documents/tpub_doc/anote/Microcontrollers/en/an198.pdf}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Texas Instruments
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+MSC12xx Programming with SDCC
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+Some Questions
+
+\layout Standard
+Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn
+ ask
+\emph on
+you
+\emph default
+ some questions:
+
+\layout Itemize
+can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you
+ find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever?
+ Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit?
+
+\layout Itemize
+should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU
+ and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating
+ system on the target device help?
+
+\layout Itemize
+if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy?
+
+\layout Itemize
+if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy?
+
+\layout Itemize
+if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer
+ in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside?
+
+\layout Itemize
+is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro
+tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s),
+ internationali(z|s)ation, packaging, labels, 2nd source for components,
+ electromagnetic compatability/interference, documentation for production,
+ production test software, update mechanism, patent issues?
+
+\layout Itemize
+is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune,
+ fun?
+
+\layout Standard
+Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may
+ even be
+\emph on
+no
+\emph default
+, nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them...
+
+\layout Chapter
+Support
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Support}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC has grown to be a large project.
+ The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is
+ well over 150,000 lines of code (blank stripped).
+ The open source nature of this project is a key to its continued growth
+ and support.
+ You gain the benefit and support of many active software developers and
+ end users.
+ Is SDCC perfect? No, that's why we need your help.
+ The developers take pride in fixing reported bugs.
+ You can help by reporting the bugs and helping other SDCC users.
+ There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part
+ in making SDCC a great software package.
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ You'll find the complete set of mailing lists
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, forums, bug reporting system, patch submission
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ system, download
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ area and Subversion code repository
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ there.
+
+\layout Section
+Reporting Bugs
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bug reporting}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Reporting bugs}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the
+ sourceforge site.
+ You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about
+ the known bugs.
+
+\layout Standard
+Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and
+ will be fixed ASAP.
+ When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program
+ (the smaller the better) which reproduces the problem.
+ If you can isolate the problem by looking at the generated assembly code,
+ this can be very helpful.
+ Compiling your program with the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-dumpall
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems.
+ When reporting a bug please make sure you:
+
+\layout Enumerate
+Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC.
+
+
+\layout Enumerate
+Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile.
+
+
+\layout Enumerate
+Specify the SDCC version (type "
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc -v
+\family default
+\series default
+"), your platform, and operating system.
+
+
+\layout Enumerate
+Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output.
+
+
+\layout Enumerate
+Put something meaningful in the subject of your message.
+
+\layout Standard
+Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all
+ requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC.
+ Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your
+ chance that SDCC users and developers will be able to help you.
+ Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided
+ that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please
+ be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug!
+
+\layout Standard
+Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and
+ the bug is not yet known.
+ This is the link for reporting bugs:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=100599}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ With SDCC on average having more than 200 downloads
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ on sourceforge per day
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+220 daily downloads on average Jan-Sept 2006 and about 150 daily downloads
+ between 2002 and 2005.
+ This does not include other methods of distribution.
+
+\end_inset
+
+ there must be some users.
+ So it's not exactly easy to find a new bug.
+ If you find one we need it:
+\emph on
+reporting bugs is good
+\emph default
+.
+
+\layout Section
+Requesting Features
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Requesting-Features}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing
+ list.
+ This is the link for requesting features:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Section
+Submitting patches
+
+\layout Standard
+Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing
+ list.
+ This is the link for submitting patches
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=300599}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Standard
+You need to specify some parameters to the
+\family typewriter
+diff
+\family default
+ command for the patches to be useful.
+ If you modified more than one file a patch created f.e.
+ with
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+diff -Naur unmodified_directory modified_directory >my_changes.patch
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+\series default
+ will be fine, otherwise
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+diff -u sourcefile.c.orig sourcefile.c >my_changes.patch
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\family default
+will do.
+
+\layout Section
+Getting Help
+
+\layout Standard
+These links should take you directly to the
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Mailing lists]{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting
+ automated messages (mid 2003)
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and the
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Forums]{http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=599}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, lists
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and forums are archived and searchable so if you are lucky someone already
+ had a similar problem.
+ While mails to the lists themselves are delivered promptly their web front
+ end on sourceforge sometimes shows a severe time lag (up to several weeks),
+ if you're seriously using SDCC please consider subscribing to the lists.
+
+\layout Section
+ChangeLog
+
+\layout Standard
+You can follow the status of the Subversion version
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ of SDCC by watching the Changelog
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Changelog}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in the Subversion repository
+\size footnotesize
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Section
+Subversion Source Code Repository
+
+\layout Standard
+The output of
+\family sans
+\series bold
+sdcc --version
+\family default
+\series default
+ or the filenames of the snapshot versions of SDCC include date and its
+ Subversion
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ number.
+ Subversion allows to download the source of recent or previous versions
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/svn/?group_id=599}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (by number or by date).
+ An on-line source code browser and detailled instructions are also available
+ there.
+ SDCC versions starting from 1999 up to now are available (currently the
+ versions prior to the conversion from cvs
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cvs|see{Subversion}}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ to Subversion (April 2006) are either by accessible by Subversion or by
+ cvs).
+
+\layout Section
+Release policy
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release policy}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Historically there often were long delays between official releases and
+ the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all.
+ Excuses in the past might have referred to problems with live range analysis,
+ but as this was fixed a while ago, the current problem is that another
+ excuse has to be found.
+ Kidding aside, we have to get better there! On the other hand there are
+ daily snapshots available at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[snap]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, and you can always build the very last version (hopefully with many bugs
+ fixed, and features added) from the source code available at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[Source]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php#Source}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ A release wiki
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release wiki}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/release_wiki/}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ also holds some information about past and future releases.
+
+\layout Section
+Examples
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+You'll find some small examples in the directory
+\emph on
+sdcc/device/examples/.
+
+\emph default
+More examples and libraries are available at
+\emph on
+ The SDCC Open Knowledge Resource
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdccokr.dl9sec.de/}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph default
+web site or at
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
+
+\layout Standard
+I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather
+ dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e.
+ shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor.
+ Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized
+ development boards anyway).
+
+\layout Standard
+Maybe we should include some links to real world applications.
+ Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays
+ manageable here?
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Section
+Quality control
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Quality-control}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Quality control}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The compiler is passed through snaphot build compile and build checks.
+ The so called
+\shape italic
+regression tests
+\shape default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ check that SDCC itself compiles flawlessly on several host platforms (i386,
+ Opteron, 64 bit Alpha, ppc64, MacOS X on PPC, Solaris on Sparc) and checks
+ the quality of the code generated by SDCC by running the code for several
+ target platforms through simulators.
+ The regression test suite comprises more than 100 files which expand to
+ more than 500 test cases which include more than 4500 tests.
+ The results of these tests are published daily on SDCC's snapshot page
+ (click on the red or green symbols on the right side of
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+
+\layout Standard
+There is a separate document
+\shape italic
+test_suite.pdf
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Test suite}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\shape default
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ about the regression test suite.
+
+\layout Standard
+You'll find the test code in the directory
+\shape italic
+sdcc/support/regression
+\shape default
+.
+ You can run these tests manually by running
+\family sans
+make
+\family default
+ in this directory (or f.e.
+
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+make test-mcs51
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+\series default
+ if you don't want to run the complete tests).
+ The test code might also be interesting if you want to look for examples
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ checking corner cases of SDCC or if you plan to submit patches
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Standard
+The 14bit pic port uses a different set of regression tests
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, you'll find them in the directory
+\shape italic
+sdcc/src/regression
+\shape default
+.
+
+\layout Section
+Use of SDCC in Education
+
+\layout Standard
+In short:
+\emph on
+highly
+\emph default
+ encouraged
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
+
+\layout Standard
+the phrase "use in education" might evoke the association "
+\emph on
+only
+\emph default
+ fit for use in education".
+ This connotation is not intended but nevertheless risked as the licensing
+ of SDCC makes it difficult to offer educational discounts
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ If your rationales are to:
+
+\layout Enumerate
+give students a chance to understand the
+\emph on
+complete
+\emph default
+ steps of code generation
+
+\layout Enumerate
+have a curriculum that can be extended for years.
+ Then you could use an fpga board as target and your curriculum will seamlessly
+ extend from logic synthesis (
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[http://www.opencores.org]{opencores.org}
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Oregano]{http://www.oregano.at/ip/ip01.htm}
+
+\end_inset
+
+), over assembly programming, to C to FPGA compilers (
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[FPGAC]{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac}
+
+\end_inset
+
+) and to C.
+
+\layout Enumerate
+be able to insert excursions about skills like using a revision control
+ system, submitting/applying patches, using a type-setting (as opposed to
+ word-processing) engine LyX/LaTeX, using
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[SourceForge]{http://www.sf.net}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, following some
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[netiquette]{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiquette}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, understanding BSD/LGPL/GPL/Proprietary licensing, growth models of Open
+ Source Software, CPU simulation, compiler regression tests
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\newline
+And if there should be a shortage of ideas then you can always point students
+ to the ever-growing feature request list
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Enumerate
+not tie students to a specific host platform and instead allow them to use
+ a host platform of
+\emph on
+their
+\emph default
+ choice (among them Alpha, i386, i386_64, MacOs, Mips, Sparc, Windows and
+ eventually
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[OLPC]{http://www.laptop.org}
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+
+\layout Enumerate
+not encourage students to use illegal copies of educational software
+
+\layout Enumerate
+be immune to licensing/availability/price changes of the chosen tool chain
+
+\layout Enumerate
+be able to change to a new target platform without having to adopt a new
+ tool chain
+
+\layout Enumerate
+have complete control over and insight into the tool chain
+
+\layout Enumerate
+make your students aware about the pros and cons of open source software
+ development
+
+\layout Enumerate
+give back to the public as you are probably at least partially publically
+ funded
+
+\layout Enumerate
+give students a chance to publically prove their skills and to possibly
+ see a world wide impact
+
+\layout Standard
+\pagebreak_bottom
+then SDCC is probably among the first choices.
+ Well, probably SDCC might be the only choice.
+
+
+\layout Chapter
+SDCC Technical Data
+
+\layout Section
+Optimizations
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific
+ optimizations.
+
+
+\layout Subsection
+Sub-expression Elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+The compiler does local and
+\emph on
+g
+\emph default
+lobal
+\emph on
+c
+\emph default
+ommon
+\emph on
+s
+\emph default
+ubexpression
+\emph on
+e
+\emph default
+limination, e.g.:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+i = x + y + 1;
+\newline
+j = x + y;
+
+\layout Standard
+will be translated to
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+iTemp = x + y;
+\newline
+i = iTemp + 1;
+\newline
+j = iTemp;
+
+\layout Standard
+Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+a->b[i].c = 10;
+\newline
+a->b[i].d = 11;
+
+\layout Standard
+In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once;
+ the equivalent code in C would be.
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+iTemp = a->b[i];
+\newline
+iTemp.c = 10;
+\newline
+iTemp.d = 11;
+
+\layout Standard
+The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Dead-Code Elimination
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+int global;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void f () {
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+int i;
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+i = 1; \SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+/* dead store */
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+global = 1;\SpecialChar ~
+/* dead
+ store */
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+global = 2;
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB Display current frame if no arg,
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+return;
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+global = 3;\SpecialChar ~
+/* unreachable */
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+will be changed to
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+int global;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+void f () {
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+global = 2;
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Subsection
+Copy-Propagation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Copy propagation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+int f() {
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+int i, j;
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+i = 10;
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+j = i;
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+return j;
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+will be changed to
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+int f() {
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+int i, j;
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+i = 10;
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+j = 10;
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+return 10;
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated
+ by dead-code elimination.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Loop Optimizations
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC
+\emph on
+loop invariant
+\emph default
+ lifting and
+\emph on
+ strength reduction
+\emph default
+ of loop induction variables.
+ In addition to the strength reduction the optimizer marks the induction
+ variables and the register allocator tries to keep the induction variables
+ in registers for the duration of the loop.
+ Because of this preference of the register allocator
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, loop induction optimization causes an increase in register pressure, which
+ may cause unwanted spilling of other temporary variables into the stack
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ / data space.
+ The compiler will generate a warning message when it is forced to allocate
+ extra space either on the stack or data space.
+ If this extra space allocation is undesirable then induction optimization
+ can be eliminated either for the entire source file (with -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
+
+\layout Standard
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+
+\end_inset
+
+-noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\SpecialChar ~
+noinduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Loop Invariant:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++)
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+f += k + l;
+
+\layout Standard
+changed to
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+itemp = k + l;
+\newline
+for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+f += itemp;
+
+\layout Standard
+As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static
+ address computations are also moved out of the loop.
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Strength Reduction
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction}
+
+\end_inset
+
+, this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+for (i=0;i < 100; i++)
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+ar[i*5] = i*3;
+
+\layout Standard
+changed to
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+itemp1 = 0;
+\newline
+itemp2 = 0;
+\newline
+for (i=0;i< 100;i++) {
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+ar[itemp1] = itemp2;
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+itemp1
+ += 5;
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+itemp2 += 3;
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+The more expensive multiplication
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is changed to a less expensive addition.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Loop Reversing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries
+ for every iteration.
+ Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+decrement and jump if not zero
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ instruction.
+ SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible
+ (note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make
+ this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis).
+
+\layout Itemize
+The 'for' loop is of the form
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\family typewriter
+for(<symbol> = <expression>; <sym> [< | <=] <expression>; [<sym>++ | <sym>
+ += 1])
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
-given or display frame arg
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+<for body>
+
+\layout Itemize
+The <for body> does not contain
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+continue
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ or 'break
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+
+\layout Itemize
+All goto's are contained within the loop.
+
+\layout Itemize
+No function calls within the loop.
+
+\layout Itemize
+The loop control variable <sym> is not assigned any value within the loop
+
+\layout Itemize
+The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation
+ within the loop.
+
+\layout Itemize
+There are NO switch statements in the loop.
+
+\layout Subsection
+Algebraic Simplifications
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set
+ of these optimizations.
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+ /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+ i = j;
+\newline
+i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+ /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+ i >>= 1;
+\newline
+i
+ = j - j;\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+ /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+ i = 0;
+\newline
+i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+ /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+ i = j;
+
+\layout Standard
+Note the subexpressions
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result
+ of copy/constant propagation.
+
+\layout Subsection
+'switch' Statements
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:'switch'-Statements}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+
+\layout Standard
+SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{jump tables}
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ It makes the decision based on an estimate of the generated code size.
+ SDCC is quite liberal in the requirements for jump table generation:
+
+\layout Itemize
+The labels need not be in order, and the starting number need not be one
+ or zero, the case labels are in numerical sequence or not too many case
+ labels are missing.
+
+\begin_deeper
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-buffer point
-\newline
-;; !\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+switch (i) {
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-Goto the SDCDB output buffer
-\newline
-;; p\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdb-print-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 0: ...
+
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB print command for data at
-\newline
-;;\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 1: ...
+
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- buffer point
-\newline
-;; g\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-Goto the SDCDB output buffer
-\newline
-;; t\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 3: ...
+
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 7: ...\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it off)
-\newline
-;;
-\newline
-;; C-c C-f\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdb-finish-from-src\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 4: ...
+
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-SDCDB finish command
-\newline
-;;
-\newline
-;; C-x SPC\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdb-break\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 5: ...
+
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
-Set break for line with point
-\newline
-;; ESC t\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode
-\newline
-;; ESC m\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 6: ...
+
+\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
+case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 7: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 11: ...\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 8: ...
+
+\newline
+}\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- sdcdbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
- Toggle list mode
-\newline
-;;
-\newline
-
-\layout Chapter
-\pagebreak_top
-TIPS
-\layout Standard
-
-Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient
- code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally
- good programming practice.
-\layout Itemize
-
-Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value.
- If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then
- use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'.
- Please note, that ANSI C requires both signed and unsigned chars to be
- promoted to 'signed int' before doing any operation.
- This promotion can be omitted, if the result is the same.
- The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often
- supprising:
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-unsigned char uc = 0xfe;
-\newline
-if (uc * uc < 0) /* this is true! */
-\newline
-{
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-....
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\family typewriter
-uc * uc
-\family default
- is evaluated as
-\family typewriter
-(int) uc * (int) uc = (int) 0xfe * (int) 0xfe = (int) 0xfc04 = -1024
-\family default
-.
-
-\newline
-Another one:
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-(unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ...
-\layout Standard
-
-No, the result is not 4:
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-(int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 =
-\newline
-(int) (unsigned char) 0xf4 / (int) (signed char) 0xfd =
-\newline
-(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd =
-\newline
-(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd =
-\newline
-(int) 244 / (int) -3 =
-\newline
-(int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf;
-\layout Standard
-
-Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result.
- gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints.
- Therefore the results are different.
-\newline
-From
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-
-comp.lang.c FAQ
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
-:
-\layout Quote
-
-If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values
- are not, or if you want to steer clear of sign-extension problems when
- manipulating bits or bytes, use one of the corresponding unsigned types.
- (Beware when mixing signed and unsigned values in expressions, though.)
-\newline
-Although character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny"
- integers, doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredicta
-ble sign extension and increased code size.
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
-
-Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to
- be negative.
- This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting
- or are using an array index.
-\layout Itemize
-
-NEVER jump into a LOOP.
-\layout Itemize
-
-Declare the variables to be local
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
-
-\end_inset
-
- whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction).
-\layout Itemize
-
-Since the compiler does not always do implicit integral promotion, the programme
-r should do an explicit cast when integral promotion is required.
-\layout Itemize
-
-Reducing the size of division, multiplication & modulus operations can reduce
- code size substantially.
- Take the following code for example.
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-unsigned char ch1 = p1 % ch ;
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-....
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
-
-For the modulus operation the variable ch will be promoted to unsigned int
- first then the modulus operation will be performed (this will lead to a
- call to support routine _moduint()), and the result will be casted to a
- char.
- If the code is changed to
-\layout Verse
-
-
-\family typewriter
-foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch)
-\newline
-{
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-unsigned char ch1 = (unsigned char)p1 % ch ;
-\newline
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-....
-\newline
}
-\layout Standard
-
-It would substantially reduce the code generated (future versions of the
- compiler will be smart enough to detect such optimization opportunities).
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
-
-Have a look at the assembly listing to get a
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
-
-feeling
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
-
- for the code generation.
-\layout Section
-
-Tools
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tools}
-
-\end_inset
-
- included in the distribution
-\layout Standard
-\align center
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-Name
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-Purpose
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-Directory
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-uCsim
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-Simulator for various architectures
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-sdcc/sim/ucsim
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-keil2sdcc.pl
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-header file conversion
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-sdcc/support/scripts
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-mh2h.c
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-header file conversion
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-sdcc/support/scripts
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-as-gbz80
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-Assembler
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-as-z80
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-Assembler
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-asx8051
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-Assembler
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table.
+ The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for
+ the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed.
-sdcdb
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_deeper
+\layout Itemize
+The number of case labels is not larger than supported by the target architectur
+e.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Itemize
+If the case labels are not in numerical sequence ('gaps' between cases)
+ SDCC checks whether a jump table with additionally inserted dummy cases
+ is still attractive.
+
-Simulator
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Itemize
+If the starting number is not zero and a check for the lower boundary of
+ the jump-table can thus be eliminated SDCC might insert dummy cases 0,
+ ...
+ .
\layout Standard
+Switch statements which have large gaps in the numeric sequence or those
+ that have too many case labels can be split into more than one switch statement
+ for efficient code generation, e.g.:
+\layout Verse
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+switch (i) {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 1: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 2: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 3: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 4: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 5: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 6: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 7: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 101: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 102: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 103: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 104: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 105: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 106: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 107: ...
+
+\newline
+}
\layout Standard
+If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements
-aslink
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\layout Verse
-Linker
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+switch (i) {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 1: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 2: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 3: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 4: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 5: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 6: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 7: ...
+
+\newline
+}
\layout Standard
+and
+\layout Verse
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+switch (i) {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 101: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 102: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 103: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 104: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 105: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 106: ...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+case 107: ...
+
+\newline
+}
\layout Standard
+then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas
+ the unmodified switch statement will not be.
-link-z80
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
\layout Standard
+There might be reasons which SDCC cannot know about to either favour or
+ not favour jump tables.
+ If the target system has to be as quick for the last switch case as for
+ the first (pro jump table), or if the switch argument is known to be zero
+ in the majority of the cases (contra jump table).
+
+\end_inset
+
-Linker
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+The pragma nojtbound
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ can be used to turn off checking the
+\emph on
+j
+\emph default
+ump
+\emph on
+t
+\emph default
+able
+\emph on
+bound
+\emph default
+aries.
+ It has no effect if a default label is supplied.
+ Use of this pragma is dangerous: if the switch
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-link-gbz80
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ argument is not matched by a case statement the processor will happily
+ jump into Nirvana.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Subsection
+Bit-shifting Operations
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit shifting}
-Linker
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
+
+.
\layout Standard
+Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin
+g.
+ SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way
+ possible, e.g.:
+\layout Verse
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+unsigned char i;
+\newline
+...
+
+\newline
+i >>= 4;
+\newline
+...
\layout Standard
+generates the following code:
-packihx
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+ a,_i
+\newline
+swap a
+\newline
+anl\SpecialChar ~
+ a,#0x0f
+\newline
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+ _i,a
\layout Standard
+In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known.
+ Another example:
-ihx packer
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+unsigned int i;
+\newline
+...
+
+\newline
+i >>= 9;
+\newline
+...
\layout Standard
+will generate:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+a,(_i + 1)
+\newline
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+(_i + 1),#0x00
+\newline
+clr\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+c
+\newline
+rrc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+a
+\newline
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_i,a
+
+\layout Subsection
+Bit-rotation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit rotation}
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/bin
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{rotating bits}
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Section
+, SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation:
-Documentation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation}
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+unsigned
+\series default
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+char i;\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* unsigned is needed for rotation */
+\newline
+...
+
+\newline
+i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7));
+\family default
- included in the distribution
-\layout Standard
-\align center
+\newline
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+...
\layout Standard
+will generate the following code:
-Subject / Title
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+a,_i
+\newline
+rl\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+a
+\newline
+mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+_i,a
\layout Standard
+SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio
+ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.:
-Where to get / filename
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Verse
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */
-SDCC Compiler User Guide
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Subsection
+Nibble and Byte Swapping
\layout Standard
+Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{swapping nibbles/bytes}
-You're reading it right now
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+, SDCC recognizes the following expressions:
-Changelog of SDCC
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Verse
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+unsigned
+\series default
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+char i;
+\newline
-sdcc/Changelog
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
+unsigned
+\series default
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+int j;
+\newline
+...
+
+\newline
+i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4));
+\family default
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-ASXXXX Assemblers and ASLINK Relocating Linker
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8));
\layout Standard
+and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Nibble swapping}
-sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ or move instructions for the byte swapping
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Byte swapping}
-SDCC regression test
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+j
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+ example can be used to convert from little to big-endian or vice versa.
+ If you want to change the endianness of a
+\emph on
+signed
+\emph default
+ integer you have to cast to
+\family typewriter
+(unsigned int)
+\family default
+ first.
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian
+\begin_inset Foot
+collapsed false
\layout Standard
+Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness.
+ This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction
+ to increment its
+\emph on
+dptr
+\emph default
-sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Various notes
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+-datapointer
+\emph on
+
+\emph default
+so little-endian is the more efficient byte order.
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-sdcc/doc/*
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{little-endian}
-Notes on debugging with sdcdb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcdb (debugger)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Endianness}
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ format (i.e.
+ lowest order first).
-sdcc/debugger/README
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Subsection
+Highest Order Bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Highest Order Bit}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Software simulator for microcontrollers
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ / Any Order Bit
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Any Order Bit}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc
-\family default
-\series default
-\shape default
-\size default
-\emph default
-\bar default
-\noun default
-\color default
-/index.html
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral
+ type (long, int, short or char types).
+ Also obtaining any other order bit is not uncommon.
+ SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the highest order bit
+ and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
-Temporary notes on the pic16
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+unsigned int gint;
+\newline
- port
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+foo () {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+unsigned char hob1, aob1;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+bit hob2, hob3, aob2,
+ aob3;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+hob1 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+hob2 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+hob3 = gint & 0x8000;
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+aob1 = (gint >> 9) & 1;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+aob2 = (gint >> 8) & 1;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+aob3 = gint & 0x0800;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+..
+
+\newline
+}
+
+\layout Standard
+will generate the following code:
+
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 61 ;\SpecialChar ~
+ hob.c 7
+\newline
+000A E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 62\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a,(_gint + 1)
+\newline
+000C 23\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 63\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ rl\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a
+\newline
+000D 54 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
-\layout Standard
+ 64\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ anl\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a,#0x01
+\newline
+000F F5*02\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 65\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ _foo_hob1_1_1,a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 66 ;\SpecialChar ~
+ hob.c 8
+\newline
+0011 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
-sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ 67\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a,(_gint + 1)
+\newline
+0013 33\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 68\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ rlc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a
+\newline
+0014 92*00\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 69\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ _foo_hob2_1_1,c
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 66 ;\SpecialChar ~
+ hob.c 9
+\newline
+0016 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 67\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a,(_gint + 1)
+\newline
+0018 33\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 68\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ rlc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a
+\newline
+0019 92*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
-\layout Standard
+ 69\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ _foo_hob3_1_1,c
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 70 ;\SpecialChar ~
+ hob.c 10
+\newline
+001B E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 71\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a,(_gint + 1)
+\newline
+001D
+ 03\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 72\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ rr\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a
+\newline
+001E 54 01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 73\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ anl\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a,#0x01
+\newline
+0020 F5*03\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 74\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ _foo_aob1_1_1,a
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 75 ;\SpecialChar ~
+ hob.c 11
+\newline
+0022 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 76\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a,(_gint + 1)
+\newline
+0024 13\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 77\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ rrc\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a
+\newline
+0025 92*02\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
-SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ 78\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ _foo_aob2_1_1,c
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 79 ;\SpecialChar ~
+ hob.c 12
+\newline
+0027 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 80\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ a,(_gint + 1)
+\newline
+0029
+ A2 E3\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 81\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ c,acc[3]
+\newline
+002B 92*03\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 82\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ _foo_aob3_1_1,c
\layout Standard
+Other variations of these cases however will
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ be recognized.
+ They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only
+ way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable).
+ Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions,
+ e.g.:
-sdcc/doc/
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-cdbfileformat.pd
-\family default
-\series default
-\shape default
-\size default
-\emph default
-\bar default
-\noun default
-\color default
-f
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\newline
-
-\layout Section
-
-Related open source tools
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Related tools}
-
-\end_inset
+\layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1);
\layout Standard
-\align center
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="30line%">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+will still be recognized.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Subsection
+Higher Order Byte
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Byte}
-Name
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ / Higher Order Word
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Word}
-Purpose
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Where to get
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+It is also frequently required to obtain a higher order byte or word of
+ a larger integral type (long, int or short types).
+ SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the higher order byte
+ or word and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
-gpsim
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gpsim (PIC simulator)}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Verse
-\layout Standard
+\family typewriter
+unsigned int gint;
+\newline
+unsigned long int glong;
+\newline
-PIC simulator
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+foo () {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+unsigned char hob1,
+ hob2;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+unsigned int how1, how2;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+hob1 = (gint >> 8) & 0xFF;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+hob2 = glong >> 24;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+how2 = glong >> 8;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+..
+
+\newline
+}
\layout Standard
+will generate the following code:
+\layout Verse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html}
-
-\end_inset
+\family typewriter
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 91 ;\SpecialChar ~
+ hob.c 15
+\newline
+0037 85*01*06\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 92\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ _foo_hob1_1_1,(_gint + 1)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 93 ;\SpecialChar ~
+ hob.c
+ 16
+\newline
+003A 85*05*07\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 94\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ _foo_hob2_1_1,(_glong + 3)
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 95 ;\SpecialChar ~
+ hob.c 17
+\newline
+003D 85*04*08\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 96\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ _foo_how1_1_1,(_glong + 2)
+\newline
+0040 85*05*09\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 97\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ (_foo_how1_1_1 +
+ 1),(_glong + 3)
+\newline
+0043 85*03*0A\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ 98\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ _foo_how2_1_1,(_glong + 1)
+\newline
+0046 85*04*0B\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ 99\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ mov\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+ (_foo_how2_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 2)
\layout Standard
+Again, variations of these cases may
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ be recognized.
+ They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only
+ way to get the higher order byte/word, (it is portable).
+ Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions,
+ e.g.:
-flP5
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\layout Verse
-PIC programmer
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+xyz = gint + ((gint >> 8) & 0xFF);
\layout Standard
+will still be recognized.
+\layout Subsection
+Peephole Optimizer
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Peephole-Optimizer}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://digilander.libero.it/fbradasc/FLP5.html}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-
-indent
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{indent (source formatting tool)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Formats C source - Master of the white spaces
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://home.hccnet.nl/d.ingamells/beautify.html}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism
+ for peep-hole optimization.
+ It is inspired by
+\emph on
+copt
+\emph default
+ a peep-hole optimizer by Christopher W.
+ Fraser (cwfraser\SpecialChar ~
+@\SpecialChar ~
+microsoft.com).
+ A default set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules
+ may be added with the
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-srecord
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (tool)}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
-Object file conversion, checksumming, ...
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+-peep-file
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://srecord.sourceforge.net/}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ <filename>
+\emph default
+ option.
+ The rule language is best illustrated with examples.
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+replace {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov %1,a
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov a,%1
+\newline
+} by {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+mov %1,a
+\newline
+}
\layout Standard
+The above rule will change the following assembly
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
-objdump
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ sequence:
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+mov r1,a
+\newline
+mov a,r1
\layout Standard
+to
-Object file conversion, ...
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\layout Standard
+\layout Verse
-Part of binutils (should be there anyway)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+mov r1,a
\layout Standard
+Note: All occurrences of a
+\emph on
+%n
+\emph default
+ (pattern variable) must denote the same string.
+ With the above rule, the assembly sequence:
-doxygen
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{doxygen (source documentation tool)}
-
-\end_inset
-
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+mov r1,a
+\newline
+mov a,r2
\layout Standard
+will remain unmodified.
+\newline
-Source code documentation system
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\newline
+Other special case optimizations may be added by the
+ user (via
+\emph on
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org}
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+-peep-file option
+\emph default
+).
+ E.g.
+ some variants of the 8051 MCU
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-kdevelop
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ allow only
+\family typewriter
+ajmp
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+acall
+\family default
+.
+ The following two rules will change all
+\family typewriter
+ljmp
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+lcall
+\family default
+ to
+\family typewriter
+ajmp
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+acall
-\layout Standard
+\layout Verse
-IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & sdcdb? Unix only)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 }
+\newline
+replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 }
\layout Standard
+The
+\emph on
+inline-assembler code
+\emph default
+ is also passed through the peep hole optimizer, thus the peephole optimizer
+ can also be used as an assembly level macro expander.
+ The rules themselves are MCU dependent whereas the rule language infra-structur
+e is MCU independent.
+ Peephole optimization rules for other MCU can be easily programmed using
+ the rule language.
+\newline
+\newline
+The syntax for a rule is as follows:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org}
-
-\end_inset
-
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+rule := replace [ restart ] '{' <assembly sequence> '
+\backslash
+n'
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ '}' by '{' '
+\backslash
+n'
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ <assembly sequence> '
+\backslash
+n'
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ '}' [if <functionName> ] '
+\backslash
+n'
\layout Standard
+<assembly sequence> := assembly instruction (each instruction including
+ labels must be on a separate line).
+\newline
-splint
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
-
-\end_inset
+\newline
+The optimizer will apply to the rules
+ one by one from the top in the sequence of their appearance, it will terminate
+ when all rules are exhausted.
+ If the 'restart' option is specified, then the optimizer will start matching
+ the rules again from the top, this option for a rule is expensive (performance)
+, it is intended to be used in situations where a transformation will trigger
+ the same rule again.
+ An example of this (not a good one, it has side effects) is the following
+ rule:
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+replace restart {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+pop %1
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+push %1 } by {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+; nop
+\newline
+}
\layout Standard
+Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment line.
+ Without the 'restart' option only the innermost 'pop' 'push' pair would
+ be eliminated, i.e.:
-Statically checks c sources
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Verse
+
+\family typewriter
+pop ar1
+\newline
+pop ar2
+\newline
+push ar2
+\newline
+push ar1
\layout Standard
+would result in:
+\layout Verse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org}
+\family typewriter
+pop ar1
+\newline
+; nop
+\newline
+push ar1
+
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\emph on
+with
+\emph default
+ the restart option the rule will be applied again to the resulting code
+ and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated to yield:
+\layout Verse
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+; nop
+\newline
+; nop
\layout Standard
+A conditional function can be attached to a rule.
+ Attaching rules are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with
+ an example.
-ddd
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ddd (debugger)}
-
-\end_inset
+\layout Verse
+\family typewriter
+replace {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ljmp %5
+\newline
+%2:
+\newline
+} by {
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+ \SpecialChar ~
+sjmp %5
+\newline
+%2:
+\newline
+} if labelInRange
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function
+
+\emph on
+callFuncByName
+\emph default
+ in the source file SDCCpeeph.c, with the name
+\emph on
+labelInRange
+\emph default
+.
+ If it finds a corresponding entry the function is called.
+ Note there can be no parameters specified for these functions, in this
+ case the use of
+\emph on
+%5
+\emph default
+ is crucial, since the function
+\emph on
+labelInRange
+\emph default
+ expects to find the label in that particular variable (the hash table containin
+g the variable bindings is passed as a parameter).
+ If you want to code more such functions, take a close look at the function
+ labelInRange and the calling mechanism in source file SDCCpeeph.c.
+ Currently implemented are
+\emph on
+labelInRange, labelRefCount, labelIsReturnOnly, operandsNotSame, xramMovcOption,
+ 24bitMode, portIsDS390, 24bitModeAndPortDS390
+\emph default
+and
+\emph on
+ notVolatile
+\emph default
+.
\layout Standard
+I know this whole thing is a little kludgey, but maybe some day we will
+ have some better means.
+ If you are looking at this file, you will see the default rules that are
+ compiled into the compiler, you can add your own rules in the default set
+ there if you get tired of specifying the -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to sdcdb
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcdb (debugger)}
-
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- (Unix only)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\backslash
+/
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/}
+-peep-file option.
-\end_inset
+\layout Section
+ANSI-Compliance
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:ANSI-Compliance}
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\layout Section
-Related documentation / recommended reading
\layout Standard
-\align center
+The latest publically available version of the standard
+\emph on
+ISO/IEC 9899 - Programming languages - C
+\emph default
+ should be available at:
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899}
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="30line%">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+.
+\newline
-Name
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+Deviations from the compliance:
-Subject / Title
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\layout Itemize
+functions are not reentrant
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Where to get
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ unless explicitly declared as such or the
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\family roman
-\series medium
-\shape up
-\size normal
-\emph off
-\bar no
-\noun off
-\color none
-c-refcard.pdf
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+/
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-C Reference Card
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C Reference card}
+-stack-auto
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-, 2 pages
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\layout Standard
+\series default
+ command line option is specified.
+\layout Itemize
+structures
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{struct}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.refcards.com/about/c.html}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ and unions
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{union}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ cannot be assigned values directly, cannot be passed as function parameters
+ or assigned to each other and cannot be a return value
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-c-faq
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ from a function, e.g.:
-\layout Standard
+\begin_deeper
+\layout Verse
-C-FAQ-list
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\family typewriter
+struct s { ...
+ };
+\newline
+struct s s1, s2;
+\newline
+foo()
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
+\newline
+
+\series bold
+struct
+\series default
+ s foo1 (
+\series bold
+struct
+\series default
+ s parms) /* invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+struct s rets;
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+return rets; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
+\newline
+}
-\layout Standard
+\end_deeper
+\layout Itemize
+initialization of structure arrays must be fully braced.
+\begin_deeper
+\layout Verse
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/top.html}
+\family typewriter
+struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+/* invalid in SDCC */
+\newline
+struct s { char x
+ } a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */
-\end_inset
+\end_deeper
+\layout Itemize
+'long long
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long long (not supported)}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+' (64 bit integers
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (64 bit) (not supported)}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-S.
- S.
- Muchnick
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+) not supported.
-\layout Standard
+\layout Itemize
+'double
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{double (not supported)}
-Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+' precision floating point
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
-bookstore (very dedicated, probably read other books first)
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+not supported.
+\layout Itemize
+Old K&R style
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{K\&R style}
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\layout Section
+ function declarations are NOT allowed.
-Some Questions
-\layout Standard
+\begin_deeper
+\layout Verse
-Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn
- ask
-\emph on
-you
-\emph default
- some questions:
-\layout Itemize
+\family typewriter
+foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */
+\newline
+int i,j; /* are valid
+ in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */
+\newline
+{
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+...
+
+\newline
+}
-can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you
- find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever?
- Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit?
+\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
+Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, f.e.:
-should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU
- and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating
- system on the target device help?
-\layout Itemize
+\begin_deeper
+\layout Verse
-if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy?
-\layout Itemize
+\family typewriter
+\series bold
+inline
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{inline (not supported)}
-if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy?
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer
- in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside?
-\layout Itemize
-is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro
-tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s),
- internationalization, packaging, labels, electromagnetic compatability/interfer
-ence, documentation for production, production test software, update mechanism,
- patent issues?
-\layout Itemize
+\series default
+ int increment (int a) { return a+1; } /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed
+ in C99.
+ An empty define
+\emph on
+#define inline
+\emph default
+ can be used as a work around */
+\newline
-is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune,
- fun?
-\layout Standard
+\newline
+for (
+\series bold
+int
+\series default
+ i=0; i<10; i++) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99 */
-Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may
- even be
-\emph on
-no
-\emph default
-, nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\end_deeper
+\layout Itemize
+Certain words that are valid identifiers in the standard may be reserved
+ words in SDCC unless the
+\series bold
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres
-\end_inset
-.
- Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them...
-\layout Chapter
+\backslash
+/
-Support
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Support}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+-std-c89
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89}
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+ or -
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
-SDCC has grown to be a large project.
- The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is
- well over 100,000 lines of code (blank stripped).
- The open source nature of this project is a key to its continued growth
- and support.
- You gain the benefit and support of many active software developers and
- end users.
- Is SDCC perfect? No, that's why we need your help.
- The developers take pride in fixing reported bugs.
- You can help by reporting the bugs and helping other SDCC users.
- There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part
- in making SDCC a great software package.
-
\layout Standard
-The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc}
-
-\end_inset
-.
- You'll find the complete set of mailing lists
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list}
+\backslash
+/
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-, forums, bug reporting system, patch submission
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
+-std-c99
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c99}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- system, download
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download}
-\end_inset
+\series default
+ command line options are used.
+ These may include (depending on the selected processor): 'at', 'banked',
+ 'bit', 'code', 'critical', 'data', 'eeprom', 'far', 'flash', 'idata', 'interrup
+t', 'near', 'nonbanked', 'pdata', 'reentrant', 'sbit', 'sfr', 'shadowregs',
+ 'sram', 'using', 'wparam', 'xdata', '_overlay', '_asm', '_endasm', and
+ '_naked'.
+ Compliant equivalents of these keywords are always available in a form
+ that begin with two underscores
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ (prefix for extended keywords)}
- area and cvs code repository
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cvs code repository}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+, f.e.
+ '__data' instead of 'data'.
- there.
\layout Section
+Cyclomatic Complexity
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity}
-Reporting Bugs
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bug reporting}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Reporting bugs}
+\layout Standard
+Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent
+ paths the program can take during execution of the function.
+ This is an important number since it defines the number test cases you
+ have to generate to validate the function.
+ The accepted industry standard for complexity number is 10, if the cyclomatic
+ complexity reported by SDCC exceeds 10 you should think about simplification
+ of the function logic.
+ Note that the complexity level is not related to the number of lines of
+ code in a function.
+ Large functions can have low complexity, and small functions can have large
+ complexity levels.
+
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+SDCC uses the following formula to compute the complexity:
+\newline
\layout Standard
+complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - (number of nodes
+ in control flow graph) + 2;
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Having said that the industry standard is 10,
+ you should be aware that in some cases it be may unavoidable to have a
+ complexity level of less than 10.
+ For example if you have switch statement with more than 10 case labels,
+ each case label adds one to the complexity level.
+ The complexity level is by no means an absolute measure of the algorithmic
+ complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting point
+ for which functions you might look at for further optimization.
+
+\layout Section
+Retargetting for other Processors
-The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the
- sourceforge site.
- You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about
- the known bugs.
\layout Standard
+The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be covered
+ by this document.
+ What follows is a brief description of each of the seven phases of the
+ compiler and its MCU dependency.
-Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and
- will be fixed ASAP.
- When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program
- (the smaller the better) which reproduces the problem.
- If you can isolate the problem by looking at the generated assembly code,
- this can be very helpful.
- Compiling your program with the -
+\layout Itemize
+Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree.
+ This phase is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions).
+ Syntax & semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial
+ optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations
+ like bit-rotation etc.
+
+\layout Itemize
+The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy
+ manipulated during the later phases.
+ This phase is entirely MCU independent.
+ The intermediate code generation assumes the target machine has unlimited
+ number of registers, and designates them with the name iTemp.
+ The compiler can be made to dump a human readable form of the code generated
+ by using the -
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--dumpall
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall}
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+/
- option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems.
- When reporting a bug please maker sure you:
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
-Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC.
-
-\layout Enumerate
+-dumpraw option.
-Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile.
-
-\layout Enumerate
+\layout Itemize
+This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also MCU independe
+nt.
+ This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases:
+\newline
+
+\newline
+Break down intermediate
+ code (iCode) into basic blocks.
+\newline
+Do control flow & data flow analysis on the
+ basic blocks.
+\newline
+Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpressio
+n elimination
+\newline
+Dead code elimination
+\newline
+Loop optimizations
+\newline
+If loop optimizations
+ caused any changes then do 'global subexpression elimination' and 'dead
+ code elimination' again.
-Specify the SDCC version (type "sdcc -v"), your platform, and operating
- system.
-
-\layout Enumerate
+\layout Itemize
+This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those iTemp
+ variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all the optimization
+s.
+ Live range analysis
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
-Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output.
-
-\layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
-Put something meaningful in the subject of your message.
-\layout Standard
+ is essential for register allocation, since these computation determines
+ which of these iTemps will be assigned to registers, and for how long.
-Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all
- requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC.
- Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your
- chance that SDCC users and developers will be able to help you.
- Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided
- that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please
- be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug!
-\layout Standard
+\layout Itemize
+Phase five is register allocation.
+ There are two parts to this process.
+\newline
-Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and
- the bug is not yet known.
- This is the link for reporting bugs:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=100599}
+\newline
+The first part I call 'register packing'
+ (for lack of a better term).
+ In this case several MCU specific expression folding is done to reduce
+ register pressure.
+\newline
-\end_inset
+\newline
+The second part is more MCU independent and deals with
+ allocating registers to the remaining live ranges.
+ A lot of MCU specific code does creep into this phase because of the limited
+ number of index registers available in the 8051.
-.
-\layout Section
+\layout Itemize
+The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and very
+ little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU.
+ However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand for each
+ iCode operand may be reused.
-Requesting Features
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Requesting-Features}
+\layout Itemize
+As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is rule
+ based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs.
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+More information is available in a wiki
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request}
+ (preliminary link
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/release_wiki/index.php?page=SDCC+internals+and+porting}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+) and in the thread
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=13954144}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
+ .
+\layout Chapter
+Compiler internals
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compiler internals}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing
- list.
- This is the link for requesting features:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599}
-\end_inset
-.
\layout Section
+The anatomy of the compiler
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:The-anatomy-of}
-Getting Help
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
-These links should take you directly to the
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Mailing lists]{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599}
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\shape italic
+This is an excerpt from an article published in Circuit Cellar Magazine
+ in
+\series bold
+August 2000
+\series default
+.
+ It's a little outdated (the compiler is much more efficient now and user/develo
+per friendly), but pretty well exposes the guts of it all.
+\shape default
-\layout Standard
+\newline
-Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting
- automated messages (mid 2003)
-\end_inset
+\newline
+The current version of SDCC can generate code for Intel 8051 and Z80 MCU.
+ It is fairly easy to retarget for other 8-bit MCU.
+ Here we take a look at some of the internals of the compiler.
+
- and the
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Forums]{http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=599}
+\layout Paragraph*
+Parsing
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parsing}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-, lists and forums are archived and searchable so if you are lucky someone
- already had a similar problem.
-\layout Section
+
-ChangeLog
\layout Standard
+Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Annotated syntax tree}
-You can follow the status of the cvs version
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version}
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ This phase also involves propagating types (annotating each node of the
+ parse tree with type information) and semantic analysis.
+ There are some MCU specific parsing rules.
+ For example the storage classes, the extended storage classes are MCU specific
+ while there may be a xdata storage class for 8051 there is no such storage
+ class for z80 or Atmel AVR.
+ SDCC allows MCU specific storage class extensions, i.e.
+ xdata will be treated as a storage class specifier when parsing 8051 C
+ code but will be treated as a C identifier when parsing z80 or ATMEL AVR
+ C code.
-\end_inset
+\layout Paragraph*
+Generating iCode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
- of SDCC by watching the Changelog
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Changelog}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
- in the cvs-repository
-\newline
-\size footnotesize
+\layout Standard
+Intermediate code generation.
+ In this phase the AST is broken down into three-operand form (iCode).
+ These three operand forms are represented as doubly linked lists.
+ ICode is the term given to the intermediate form generated by the compiler.
+ ICode example section shows some examples of iCode generated for some simple
+ C source functions.
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://cvs.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/sdcc/ChangeLog?rev=HEAD&content-type=text/plain}
+\layout Paragraph*
+Optimizations
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
.
-\layout Section
-Release policy
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release policy}
+\layout Standard
+Bulk of the target independent optimizations is performed in this phase.
+ The optimizations include constant propagation, common sub-expression eliminati
+on, loop invariant code movement, strength reduction of loop induction variables
+ and dead-code elimination.
+
+\layout Paragraph*
+Live range analysis
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
-Historically there often were long delays between official releases and
- the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all.
- Current excuses might refer to problems with live range analysis, but if
- this is fixed, the next problem rising is that another excuse will have
- to be found.
- Kidding aside, we have to get better there! On the other hand there are
- daily snapshots available at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[snap]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
+\layout Standard
+During intermediate code generation phase, the compiler assumes the target
+ machine has infinite number of registers and generates a lot of temporary
+ variables.
+ The live range computation determines the lifetime of each of these compiler-ge
+nerated temporaries.
+ A picture speaks a thousand words.
+ ICode example sections show the live range annotations for each of the
+ operand.
+ It is important to note here, each iCode is assigned a number in the order
+ of its execution in the function.
+ The live ranges are computed in terms of these numbers.
+ The from number is the number of the iCode which first defines the operand
+ and the to number signifies the iCode which uses this operand last.
-\end_inset
+\layout Paragraph*
+Register Allocation
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
-, and you can always built the very last version (hopefully with many bugs
- fixed, and features added) from the source code available at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[Source]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php#Source}
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
-.
-\layout Section
-Examples
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples}
+\layout Standard
+The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed
+ by each operand.
+ In most MCUs only a few registers can be used for indirect addressing.
+ In case of 8051 for example the registers R0 & R1 can be used to indirectly
+ address the internal ram and DPTR to indirectly address the external ram.
+ The compiler will try to allocate the appropriate register to pointer variables
+ if it can.
+ ICode example section shows the operands annotated with the registers assigned
+ to them.
+ The compiler will try to keep operands in registers as much as possible;
+ there are several schemes the compiler uses to do achieve this.
+ When the compiler runs out of registers the compiler will check to see
+ if there are any live operands which is not used or defined in the current
+ basic block being processed, if there are any found then it will push that
+ operand and use the registers in this block, the operand will then be popped
+ at the end of the basic block.
+
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+There are other MCU specific considerations in this phase.
+ Some MCUs have an accumulator; very short-lived operands could be assigned
+ to the accumulator instead of a general-purpose register.
+\layout Paragraph*
+Code generation
\layout Standard
+Figure II gives a table of iCode
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
-You'll find some small examples in the directory
-\emph on
-sdcc/device/examples/.
-
-\emph default
-More examples and libraries are available at
-\emph on
- The SDCC Open Knowledge Resource
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.qsl.net/dl9sec/SDCC_OKR.html}
-
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+ operations supported by the compiler.
+ The code generation involves translating these operations into corresponding
+ assembly code for the processor.
+ This sounds overly simple but that is the essence of code generation.
+ Some of the iCode operations are generated on a MCU specific manner for
+ example, the z80 port does not use registers to pass parameters so the
+ SEND and RECV iCode operations will not be generated, and it also does
+ not support JUMPTABLES.
-\emph default
-web site or at
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/}
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\layout Comment
-
-I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather
- dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e.
- shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor.
- Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized
- development boards anyway).
-\layout Comment
-
-Maybe we should include some links to real world applications.
- Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays
- manageable here?
-\layout Section
+\newline
-Quality control
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Quality control}
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+Figure II
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="39" columns="4">
+<features islongtable="true" headBottomDL="true">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="13col%">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="13col%">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="22col%">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="40col%">
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true" endhead="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-The compiler is passed through nightly compile and build checks.
- The so called
-\shape italic
-regression tests
-\shape default
+\series bold
+iCode
+\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
- check that SDCC itself compiles flawlessly on several platforms and checks
- the quality of the code generated by SDCC by running the code through simulator
-s.
- There is a separate document
-\shape italic
-test_suite.pdf
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Test suite}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\shape default
- about this.
\layout Standard
-You'll find the test code in the directory
-\shape italic
-sdcc/support/regression
-\shape default
-.
- You can run these tests manually by running
-\family sans
-make
-\family default
- in this directory (or f.e.
-
-\family sans
-make test-mcs51
-\family default
- if you don't want to run the complete tests).
- The test code might also be interesting if you want to look for examples
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples}
+\series bold
+Operands
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- checking corner cases of SDCC or if you plan to submit patches
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
+\series bold
+Description
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
\layout Standard
-The pic port uses a different set of regression tests, you'll find them
- in the directory
-\shape italic
-sdcc/src/regression
-\shape default
-.
-\layout Chapter
-\pagebreak_top
-SDCC Technical Data
-\layout Section
+\series bold
+C Equivalent
-Optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+'!'
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific
- optimizations.
-
-\layout Subsection
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-Sub-expression Elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+NOT operation
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-The compiler does local and
-\emph on
-g
-\emph default
-lobal
-\emph on
-c
-\emph default
-ommon
-\emph on
-s
-\emph default
-ubexpression
-\emph on
-e
-\emph default
-limination, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = ! IC_LEFT;
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-i = x + y + 1;
-\newline
-j = x + y;
\layout Standard
-will be translated to
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+'~'
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-iTemp = x + y;
-\newline
-i = iTemp + 1;
-\newline
-j = iTemp;
\layout Standard
-Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-a->b[i].c = 10;
-\newline
-a->b[i].d = 11;
\layout Standard
-In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once;
- the equivalent code in C would be.
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+Bitwise complement of
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-iTemp = a->b[i];
-\newline
-iTemp.c = 10;
-\newline
-iTemp.d = 11;
\layout Standard
-The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers.
-\layout Subsection
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = ~IC_LEFT;
-Dead-Code Elimination
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+RRC
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-int global;
-\newline
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-\newline
-void f () {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-int i;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-i = 1; \SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* dead store */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-global = 1;\SpecialChar ~
-/* dead store */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-global = 2;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-global = 3;\SpecialChar ~
-/* unreachable */
-\newline
-}
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-will be changed to
-\layout Verse
+\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+Rotate right with carry
-\family typewriter
-int global;
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-void f () {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-global = 2;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return;
-\newline
-}
-\layout Subsection
+\layout Standard
-Copy-Propagation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Copy propagation}
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << 1) | (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8-1));
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+RLC
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-int f() {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-int i, j;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-i = 10;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-j = i;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return j;
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-will be changed to
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\family typewriter
-int f() {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-int i, j;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-i = 10;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-j = 10;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return 10;
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated
- by dead-code elimination.
-\layout Subsection
+\size footnotesize
+Rotate left with carry
-Loop Optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << (sizeof(LC_LEFT)*8-1) ) | (IC_LEFT >> 1);
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC loop invariant lifting
- and strength reduction of loop induction variables.
- In addition to the strength reduction the optimizer marks the induction
- variables and the register allocator tries to keep the induction variables
- in registers for the duration of the loop.
- Because of this preference of the register allocator
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
+\size footnotesize
+GETHBIT
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-, loop induction optimization causes an increase in register pressure, which
- may cause unwanted spilling of other temporary variables into the stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
- / data space.
- The compiler will generate a warning message when it is forced to allocate
- extra space either on the stack or data space.
- If this extra space allocation is undesirable then induction optimization
- can be eliminated either for the entire source file (with -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+Get the highest order bit of IC_LEFT
--noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\SpecialChar ~
-noinduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-.
-\newline
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8 -1));
-\newline
-Loop Invariant:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+UNARYMINUS
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-f += k + l;
\layout Standard
-changed to
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-itemp = k + l;
-\newline
-for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-f += itemp;
\layout Standard
-As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static
- address computations are also moved out of the loop.
-\newline
+\size footnotesize
+Unary minus
-\newline
-Strength Reduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-, this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = - IC_LEFT;
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-for (i=0;i < 100; i++)
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ar[i*5] = i*3;
\layout Standard
-changed to
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IPUSH
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-itemp1 = 0;
-\newline
-itemp2 = 0;
-\newline
-for (i=0;i< 100;i++) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-ar[itemp1] = itemp2;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-itemp1 += 5;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-itemp2 += 3;
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-The more expensive multiplication
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT()
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- is changed to a less expensive addition.
-\layout Subsection
+\layout Standard
-Loop Reversing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing}
+\size footnotesize
+Push the operand into stack
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+NONE
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries
- for every iteration.
- Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IPOP
-decrement and jump if not zero
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- instruction.
- SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible
- (note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make
- this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis).
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
-The 'for' loop is of the form
-\newline
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT()
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-for(<symbol> = <expression>; <sym> [< | <=] <expression>; [<sym>++ | <sym>
- += 1])
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-<for body>
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
-The <for body> does not contain
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+Pop the operand from the stack
-continue
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- or 'break
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-.
-\layout Itemize
+\size footnotesize
+NONE
-All goto's are contained within the loop.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-No function calls within the loop.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
-The loop control variable <sym> is not assigned any value within the loop
-\layout Itemize
+\size footnotesize
+CALL
-The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation
- within the loop.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-There are NO switch statements in the loop.
-\layout Subsection
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Algebraic Simplifications
\layout Standard
-SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set
- of these optimizations.
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+Call the function represented by IC_LEFT
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT();
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- i = j;
-\newline
-i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- i >>= 1;
-\newline
-i = j - j;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- i = 0;
-\newline
-i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- i = j;
\layout Standard
-Note the subexpressions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression}
+\size footnotesize
+PCALL
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result
- of copy/constant propagation.
-\layout Subsection
+\layout Standard
-'switch' Statements
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:'switch'-Statements}
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+Call via function pointer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT)();
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-SDCC changes switch statements to jump tables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{jump tables}
+\size footnotesize
+RETURN
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- when the following conditions are true.
-
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
-The case labels are in numerical sequence, the labels need not be in order,
- and the starting number need not be one or zero.
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT()
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Return the value in operand IC_LEFT
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+return IC_LEFT;
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+LABEL
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-switch (i) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 0: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 1: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 2: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 3: ...
-
-\newline
-}\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-}
\layout Standard
-Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table.
- The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for
- the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed.
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LABEL()
-The number of case labels is at least three, since it takes two conditional
- statements to handle the boundary conditions.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The number of case labels is less than 84, since each label takes 3 bytes
- and a jump-table can be utmost 256 bytes long.
\layout Standard
-Switch statements which have gaps in the numeric sequence or those that
- have more that 84 case labels can be split into more than one switch statement
- for efficient code generation, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+Label
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-switch (i) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 1: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 2: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 3: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 4: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 9: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 10: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 11: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 12: ...
-
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LABEL:
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-switch (i) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 1: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 2: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 3: ...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 4: ...
-
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-and
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+GOTO
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-switch (i) {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 9:\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 10:\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 11:\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-case 12:\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas
- the unmodified switch statement will not be.
- You might also consider inserting dummy cases 0 and 5 to 8 in this example.
-
-\newline
-The pragma nojtbound
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LABEL()
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- can be used to turn off checking the
-\emph on
-j
-\emph default
-ump
-\emph on
-t
-\emph default
-able
-\emph on
-bound
-\emph default
-aries.
- It has no effect if a default label is supplied.
- Use of this pragma is dangerous: if the switch argument is not matched
- by a case statement the processor will happily jump into Nirvana.
-\layout Subsection
+\layout Standard
-Bit-shifting Operations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit shifting}
+\size footnotesize
+Goto label
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
\layout Standard
-Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin
-g.
- SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way
- possible, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+goto IC_LABEL();
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-unsigned char i;
-\newline
-...
-
-\newline
-i >>= 4;
-\newline
-...
\layout Standard
-generates the following code:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+'+'
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- a,_i
-\newline
-swap a
-\newline
-anl\SpecialChar ~
- a,#0x0f
-\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
- _i,a
\layout Standard
-In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known.
- Another example:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-unsigned int i;
-\newline
-...
-
-\newline
-i >>= 9;
-\newline
-...
\layout Standard
-will generate:
-\layout Verse
-
+\size footnotesize
+Addition
-\family typewriter
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,(_i + 1)
-\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-(_i + 1),#0x00
-\newline
-clr\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-c
-\newline
-rrc\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a
-\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_i,a
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Bit-rotation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit rotation}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT + IC_RIGHT
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{rotating bits}
+\size footnotesize
+'-'
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-, SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation:
-\layout Verse
+\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\family typewriter
-\series bold
-unsigned
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-char i;\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-/* unsigned is needed for rotation */
-\newline
-...
-
-\newline
-i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7));
-\family default
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
-\newline
+\size footnotesize
+Subtraction
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-...
\layout Standard
-will generate the following code:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT - IC_RIGHT
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a,_i
-\newline
-rl\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-a
-\newline
-mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-_i,a
\layout Standard
-SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio
-ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+'*'
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */
-\layout Subsection
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Nibble and Byte Swapping
\layout Standard
-Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{swapping nibbles/bytes}
+\size footnotesize
+Multiplication
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-, SDCC recognizes the following expressions:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT * IC_RIGHT;
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-\series bold
-unsigned
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-char i;
-\newline
+\layout Standard
-\series bold
-unsigned
-\series default
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-int j;
-\newline
-...
-
-\newline
-i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4));
-\family default
+\size footnotesize
+'/'
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8));
\layout Standard
-and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Nibble swapping}
-
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
- or move instructions for the byte swapping
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Byte swapping}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-.
- The
-\begin_inset Quotes sld
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+Division
-j
-\begin_inset Quotes srd
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- example can be used to convert from little to big-endian or vice versa.
- If you want to change the endianness of a
-\emph on
-signed
-\emph default
- integer you have to cast to
-\family typewriter
-(unsigned int)
-\family default
- first.
\layout Standard
-Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian
-\begin_inset Foot
-collapsed false
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT / IC_RIGHT;
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness.
- This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction
- to increment its
-\emph on
-dptr
-\emph default
+\size footnotesize
+'%'
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
--datapointer
-\emph on
-
-\emph default
-so little-endian is the more efficient byte order.
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{little-endian}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+Modulus
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Endianness}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT % IC_RIGHT;
- format (i.e.
- lowest order first).
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Highest Order Bit
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Highest Order Bit}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+'<'
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral
- type (long, int, short or char types).
- SDCC recognizes the following expression to yield the highest order bit
- and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
-\layout Verse
-
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\family typewriter
-unsigned int gint;
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-foo () {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-unsigned char hob;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-hob = (gint >> 15) & 1;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-..
-
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-will generate the following code:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+Less than
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 61 ;\SpecialChar ~
- hob.c 7
-\newline
-000A E5*01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 62\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a,(_gint + 1)
-\newline
-000C 23\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 63\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- rl\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a
-\newline
-000D 54 01\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 64\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- anl\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- a,#0x01
-\newline
-000F F5*02\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- 65\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- mov\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
- _foo_hob_1_1,a
\layout Standard
-Variations of this case however will
-\emph on
-not
-\emph default
- be recognized.
- It is a standard C expression, so I heartily recommend this be the only
- way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable).
- Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions,
- e.g.:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT < IC_RIGHT;
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1);
\layout Standard
-will still be recognized.
-\layout Subsection
+\size footnotesize
+'>'
-Peephole Optimizer
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Peephole-Optimizer}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Greater than
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism
- for peep-hole optimization.
- It is inspired by
-\emph on
-copt
-\emph default
- a peep-hole optimizer by Christopher W.
- Fraser (cwfraser@microsoft.com).
- A default set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules
- may be added with the
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT > IC_RIGHT;
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+EQ_OP
--peep-file
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- <filename>
-\emph default
- option.
- The rule language is best illustrated with examples.
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-replace {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov %1,a
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov a,%1
-\newline
-} by {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-mov %1,a
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-The above rule will change the following assembly
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
+\size footnotesize
+Equal to
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- sequence:
-\layout Verse
+\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT == IC_RIGHT;
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-mov r1,a
-\newline
-mov a,r1
\layout Standard
-to
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+AND_OP
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-mov r1,a
\layout Standard
-Note: All occurrences of a
-\emph on
-%n
-\emph default
- (pattern variable) must denote the same string.
- With the above rule, the assembly sequence:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-mov r1,a
-\newline
-mov a,r2
\layout Standard
-will remain unmodified.
-\newline
+\size footnotesize
+Logical and operation
-\newline
-Other special case optimizations may be added by the user (via
-\emph on
--
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT && IC_RIGHT;
--peep-file option
-\emph default
-).
- E.g.
- some variants of the 8051 MCU allow only
-\family typewriter
-ajmp
-\family default
- and
-\family typewriter
-acall
-\family default
-.
- The following two rules will change all
-\family typewriter
-ljmp
-\family default
- and
-\family typewriter
-lcall
-\family default
- to
-\family typewriter
-ajmp
-\family default
- and
-\family typewriter
-acall
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+OR_OP
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 }
-\newline
-replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 }
\layout Standard
-The
-\emph on
-inline-assembler code
-\emph default
- is also passed through the peep hole optimizer, thus the peephole optimizer
- can also be used as an assembly level macro expander.
- The rules themselves are MCU dependent whereas the rule language infra-structur
-e is MCU independent.
- Peephole optimization rules for other MCU can be easily programmed using
- the rule language.
-\newline
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\newline
-The syntax for a rule is as follows:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Logical or operation
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-rule := replace [ restart ] '{' <assembly sequence> '
-\backslash
-n'
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- '}' by '{' '
-\backslash
-n'
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- <assembly sequence> '
-\backslash
-n'
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- '}' [if <functionName> ] '
-\backslash
-n'
\layout Standard
-<assembly sequence> := assembly instruction (each instruction including
- labels must be on a separate line).
-\newline
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT || IC_RIGHT;
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+'^'
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+Exclusive OR
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT ^ IC_RIGHT;
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+
+\size footnotesize
+'|'
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-The optimizer will apply to the rules one by one from the top in the sequence
- of their appearance, it will terminate when all rules are exhausted.
- If the 'restart' option is specified, then the optimizer will start matching
- the rules again from the top, this option for a rule is expensive (performance)
-, it is intended to be used in situations where a transformation will trigger
- the same rule again.
- An example of this (not a good one, it has side effects) is the following
- rule:
-\layout Verse
+\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-replace restart {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-pop %1
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-push %1 } by {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-; nop
-\newline
-}
\layout Standard
-Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment line.
- Without the 'restart' option only the innermost 'pop' 'push' pair would
- be eliminated, i.e.:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+Bitwise OR
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-pop ar1
-\newline
-pop ar2
-\newline
-push ar2
-\newline
-push ar1
\layout Standard
-would result in:
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT | IC_RIGHT;
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-pop ar1
-\newline
-; nop
-\newline
-push ar1
\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+BITWISEAND
-\emph on
-with
-\emph default
- the restart option the rule will be applied again to the resulting code
- and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated to yield:
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-; nop
-\newline
-; nop
\layout Standard
-A conditional function can be attached to a rule.
- Attaching rules are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with
- an example.
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+Bitwise AND
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-replace {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
-ljmp %5
-\newline
-%2:
-\newline
-} by {
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
- \SpecialChar ~
-sjmp %5
-\newline
-%2:
-\newline
-} if labelInRange
\layout Standard
-The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function
-
-\emph on
-callFuncByName
-\emph default
- in the source file SDCCpeeph.c, with the name
-\emph on
-labelInRange
-\emph default
-.
- If it finds a corresponding entry the function is called.
- Note there can be no parameters specified for these functions, in this
- case the use of
-\emph on
-%5
-\emph default
- is crucial, since the function
-\emph on
-labelInRange
-\emph default
- expects to find the label in that particular variable (the hash table containin
-g the variable bindings is passed as a parameter).
- If you want to code more such functions, take a close look at the function
- labelInRange and the calling mechanism in source file SDCCpeeph.c.
- Currently implemented are
-\emph on
-labelInRange, labelRefCount, labelIsReturnOnly, operandsNotSame, xramMovcOption,
- 24bitMode, portIsDS390, 24bitModeAndPortDS390
-\emph default
-and
-\emph on
- notVolatile
-\emph default
-.
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT & IC_RIGHT;
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
\layout Standard
-I know this whole thing is a little kludgey, but maybe some day we will
- have some better means.
- If you are looking at this file, you will see the default rules that are
- compiled into the compiler, you can add your own rules in the default set
- there if you get tired of specifying the -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\size footnotesize
+LEFT_OP
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
--peep-file option.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-ANSI-Compliance
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+Left shift
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:ANSI-Compliance}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT << IC_RIGHT
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-Deviations from the compliance:
-\layout Itemize
+\size footnotesize
+RIGHT_OP
-functions are not always reentrant
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-.
-\layout Itemize
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-structures cannot be assigned values directly, cannot be passed as function
- parameters or assigned to each other and cannot be a return value from
- a function, e.g.:
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-struct s { ...
- };
-\newline
-struct s s1, s2;
-\newline
-foo()
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\newline
-struct s foo1 (struct s parms) /* invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI
- */
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-struct s rets;
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-return rets;/* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
-\newline
-}
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\size footnotesize
+Right shift
-'long long
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long long (not supported)}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
-' (64 bit integers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (64 bit) (not supported)}
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT >> IC_RIGHT
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-) not supported.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
-'double
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{double (not supported)}
+\size footnotesize
+GET_VALUE_
+\newline
+AT_ ADDRESS
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-' precision floating point
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-not supported.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-No support for setjmp
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{setjmp (not supported)}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+Indirect fetch
- and longjmp
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{longjmp (not supported)}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- (for now).
-\layout Itemize
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT);
-Old K&R style
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{K\&R style}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- function declarations are NOT allowed.
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\size footnotesize
+POINTER_SET
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\family typewriter
-foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */
-\newline
-int i,j; /* are valid in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */
-\newline
-{
-\newline
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-\SpecialChar ~
-...
-
-\newline
-}
-\end_deeper
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
-functions declared as pointers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer (to function)}
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function pointers}
+\size footnotesize
+Indirect set
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- must be dereferenced during the call.
-\begin_deeper
-\layout Verse
+\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+(*IC_RESULT) = IC_RIGHT;
-\family typewriter
-int (*foo)();
-\newline
-...
-
-\newline
-/* has to be called like this */
-\newline
-(*foo)(); /* ANSI standard allows calls to be made like 'foo()' */
-\end_deeper
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Cyclomatic Complexity
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+'='
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent
- paths the program can take during execution of the function.
- This is an important number since it defines the number test cases you
- have to generate to validate the function.
- The accepted industry standard for complexity number is 10, if the cyclomatic
- complexity reported by SDCC exceeds 10 you should think about simplification
- of the function logic.
- Note that the complexity level is not related to the number of lines of
- code in a function.
- Large functions can have low complexity, and small functions can have large
- complexity levels.
-
-\newline
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT()
-\newline
-SDCC uses the following formula to compute the complexity:
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - (number of nodes
- in control flow graph) + 2;
-\newline
-
-\newline
-Having said that the industry standard is 10, you should be aware that in
- some cases it be may unavoidable to have a complexity level of less than
- 10.
- For example if you have switch statement with more than 10 case labels,
- each case label adds one to the complexity level.
- The complexity level is by no means an absolute measure of the algorithmic
- complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting point
- for which functions you might look at for further optimization.
-\layout Section
+\size footnotesize
+Assignment
-Notes on supported Processors
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-MCS51 variants
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:MCS51-variants}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = IC_RIGHT;
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IFX
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different
- flavours.
- While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers
- the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible.
-
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\size footnotesize
+IC_COND IC_TRUE IC_LABEL
-pdata access by SFR
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices
- using port P2
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+Conditional jump.
+ If true label is present then jump to true label if condition is true else
+ jump to false label if condition is false
- as dedicated I/O port is becoming more popular.
- Switching the high byte for pdata
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
- access which was formerly done by port P2 is then achieved by a Special
- Function Register
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
+\size footnotesize
+if (IC_COND) goto IC_TRUE;
+\newline
+\SpecialChar ~
+\SpecialChar ~
+Or
+\newline
+If (!IC_COND) goto IC_FALSE;
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
- In well-established MCS51 tradition the address of this
-\emph on
-sfr
-\emph default
- is where the chip designers decided to put it.
- Needless to say that they didn't agree on a common name either.
- As pdata addressing is used in the startup code for the initialization
- of xdata variables a separate startup code should be used as described
- in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+ADDRESS_OF
-.
-\layout Subsubsection*
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Other Features available by SFR
\layout Standard
-Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
-
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-, multiple DPTR, decrementing DPTR, 16x16 Multiply.
- These are currently not used for the MCS51 port.
- If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit
- a patch to SDCC.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The Z80 and gbz80 port
\layout Standard
-SDCC can target both the Zilog
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
+\size footnotesize
+Address of
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- and the Nintendo Gameboy's Z80-like gbz80
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = &IC_LEFT();
-.
- The Z80 port is passed through the same
-\emph on
-regressions tests
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+JUMPTABLE
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\emph default
- as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long
- variables and bitfield support is fine.
- See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines.
\layout Standard
-As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and
- z80/gen.c.
- The stack
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
+\size footnotesize
+IC_JTCOND IC_JTLABELS
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- frame is similar to that generated by the IAR Z80 compiler.
- IX is used as the base pointer, HL is used as a temporary register, and
- BC and DE are available for holding variables.
- IY is currently unused.
- Return values
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+Jump to list of labels depending on the value of JTCOND
- are stored in HL.
- One bad side effect of using IX as the base pointer is that a functions
- stack frame is limited to 127 bytes - this will be fixed in a later version.
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The HC08 port
\layout Standard
-The port to the Motorola HC08
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
-
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+Switch statement
- family has been added in October 2003, thank you Erik!
-\layout Subsection
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The PIC16 port
\layout Standard
-You'll find some additional notes about this port in the file src/pic16/NOTES.
-\layout Section
+\size footnotesize
+CAST
-Retargetting for other Processors
-\layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be covered
- by this document.
- What follows is a brief description of each of the seven phases of the
- compiler and its MCU dependency.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
-Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree.
- This phase is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions).
- Syntax & semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial
- optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations
- like bit-rotation etc.
-\layout Itemize
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RIGHT() IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT()
-The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy
- manipulated during the later phases.
- This phase is entirely MCU independent.
- The intermediate code generation assumes the target machine has unlimited
- number of registers, and designates them with the name iTemp.
- The compiler can be made to dump a human readable form of the code generated
- by using the -
-\begin_inset ERT
-status Collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-\backslash
-/
-\end_inset
-
--dumpraw option.
-\layout Itemize
+\size footnotesize
+Cast types
-This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also MCU independe
-nt.
- This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases:
-\newline
-
-\newline
-Break down intermediate code (iCode) into basic blocks.
-\newline
-Do control flow & data flow analysis on the basic blocks.
-\newline
-Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpression elimination
-\newline
-Dead code elimination
-\newline
-Loop optimizations
-\newline
-If loop optimizations caused any changes then do 'global subexpression eliminati
-on' and 'dead code elimination' again.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those iTemp
- variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all the optimization
-s.
- Live range analysis
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT = (typeof IC_LEFT) IC_RIGHT;
- is essential for register allocation, since these computation determines
- which of these iTemps will be assigned to registers, and for how long.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Phase five is register allocation.
- There are two parts to this process.
-\newline
+\layout Standard
-\newline
-The first part I call 'register packing' (for lack of a better term).
- In this case several MCU specific expression folding is done to reduce
- register pressure.
-\newline
+\size footnotesize
+SEND
-\newline
-The second part is more MCU independent and deals with allocating registers
- to the remaining live ranges.
- A lot of MCU specific code does creep into this phase because of the limited
- number of index registers available in the 8051.
-\layout Itemize
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and very
- little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU.
- However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand for each
- iCode operand may be reused.
-\layout Itemize
+\layout Standard
-As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is rule
- based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs.
-\layout Chapter
+\size footnotesize
+IC_LEFT()
-Compiler internals
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compiler internals}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+This is used for passing parameters in registers;
+\newline
+move IC_LEFT to the next
+ available parameter register.
-\layout Section
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The anatomy of the compiler
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:The-anatomy-of}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+None
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
+\size footnotesize
+RECV
-\shape italic
-This is an excerpt from an article published in Circuit Cellar Magazine
- in august 2000.
- It's a little outdated (the compiler is much more efficient now and user/develo
-per friendly), but pretty well exposes the guts of it all.
-\shape default
-
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newline
-The current version of SDCC can generate code for Intel 8051 and Z80 MCU.
- It is fairly easy to retarget for other 8-bit MCU.
- Here we take a look at some of the internals of the compiler.
-
-\layout Paragraph*
+\layout Standard
-Parsing
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parsing}
+\size footnotesize
+IC_RESULT()
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
\layout Standard
-Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Annotated syntax tree}
+\size footnotesize
+This is used for receiving parameters passed in registers;
+\newline
+Move the values
+ in the next parameter register to IC_RESULT
-\end_inset
-
-).
- This phase also involves propagating types (annotating each node of the
- parse tree with type information) and semantic analysis.
- There are some MCU specific parsing rules.
- For example the storage classes, the extended storage classes are MCU specific
- while there may be a xdata storage class for 8051 there is no such storage
- class for z80 or Atmel AVR.
- SDCC allows MCU specific storage class extensions, i.e.
- xdata will be treated as a storage class specifier when parsing 8051 C
- code but will be treated as a C identifier when parsing z80 or ATMEL AVR
- C code.
-\layout Paragraph*
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Generating iCode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\size footnotesize
+None
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-Intermediate code generation.
- In this phase the AST is broken down into three-operand form (iCode).
- These three operand forms are represented as doubly linked lists.
- ICode is the term given to the intermediate form generated by the compiler.
- ICode example section shows some examples of iCode generated for some simple
- C source functions.
-\layout Paragraph*
-
-Optimizations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
+\shape slanted
+\size footnotesize
+(some more have been added)
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
\layout Standard
-Bulk of the target independent optimizations is performed in this phase.
- The optimizations include constant propagation, common sub-expression eliminati
-on, loop invariant code movement, strength reduction of loop induction variables
- and dead-code elimination.
-\layout Paragraph*
-Live range analysis
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\layout Standard
-During intermediate code generation phase, the compiler assumes the target
- machine has infinite number of registers and generates a lot of temporary
- variables.
- The live range computation determines the lifetime of each of these compiler-ge
-nerated temporaries.
- A picture speaks a thousand words.
- ICode example sections show the live range annotations for each of the
- operand.
- It is important to note here, each iCode is assigned a number in the order
- of its execution in the function.
- The live ranges are computed in terms of these numbers.
- The from number is the number of the iCode which first defines the operand
- and the to number signifies the iCode which uses this operand last.
-\layout Paragraph*
+\shape slanted
+\size footnotesize
+see f.e.
+
+\family typewriter
+gen51Code()
+\family default
+ in
+\family typewriter
+src/mcs51/gen.c
-Register Allocation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\end_inset
\layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed true
-The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed
- by each operand.
- In most MCUs only a few registers can be used for indirect addressing.
- In case of 8051 for example the registers R0 & R1 can be used to indirectly
- address the internal ram and DPTR to indirectly address the external ram.
- The compiler will try to allocate the appropriate register to pointer variables
- if it can.
- ICode example section shows the operands annotated with the registers assigned
- to them.
- The compiler will try to keep operands in registers as much as possible;
- there are several schemes the compiler uses to do achieve this.
- When the compiler runs out of registers the compiler will check to see
- if there are any live operands which is not used or defined in the current
- basic block being processed, if there are any found then it will push that
- operand and use the registers in this block, the operand will then be popped
- at the end of the basic block.
-
\layout Standard
+In the original article Figure II was announced to be downloadable on
+\shape italic
+Circuit Cellar
+\shape default
+'s web site.
+ ftp://ftp.circuitcellar.com/pub/Circuit_Cellar/2000/121/dutta.ZIP
-There are other MCU specific considerations in this phase.
- Some MCUs have an accumulator; very short-lived operands could be assigned
- to the accumulator instead of a general-purpose register.
-\layout Paragraph*
+\end_inset
-Code generation
-\layout Standard
-Figure II gives a table of iCode operations supported by the compiler.
- The code generation involves translating these operations into corresponding
- assembly code for the processor.
- This sounds overly simple but that is the essence of code generation.
- Some of the iCode operations are generated on a MCU specific manner for
- example, the z80 port does not use registers to pass parameters so the
- SEND and RECV iCode operations will not be generated, and it also does
- not support JUMPTABLES.
-
-\newline
-\series bold
-\shape italic
-\color red
-<Where is Figure II ?>
\layout Paragraph*
-
ICode Example
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
This section shows some details of iCode.
The example C code does not do anything useful; it is used as an example
to illustrate the intermediate code generated by the compiler.
-\layout Verse
+\layout Verse
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
1.\SpecialChar ~
xdata int * p;
-\newline
+\newline
2.\SpecialChar ~
int gint;
-\newline
+\newline
3.\SpecialChar ~
/* This function does nothing useful.
It is used
-\newline
+\newline
4.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
for the purpose of explaining iCode */
-\newline
+\newline
5.\SpecialChar ~
-short function (data int *x)
-\newline
+short function (data
+ int *x)
+\newline
6.\SpecialChar ~
{
-\newline
+\newline
7.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
short i=10; \SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
/* dead initialization eliminated */
-\newline
+\newline
8.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-short sum=10; /* dead initialization eliminated */
-\newline
+short sum=10;
+ /* dead initialization eliminated */
+\newline
9.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
short mul;
-\newline
+\newline
10.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
int j ;
-\newline
+\newline
11.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-while (*x) *x++ = *p++;
-\newline
+while (*x) *x++
+ = *p++;
+\newline
12.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
sum = 0 ;
-\newline
+\newline
13.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mul = 0;
-\newline
+\newline
14.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-/* compiler detects i,j to be induction variables */
-\newline
+/* compiler detects i,j to be induction
+ variables */
+\newline
15.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
for (i = 0, j = 10 ; i < 10 ; i++, j
-\family default
+\family default
-
\begin_inset ERT
status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-\backslash
+
+\backslash
/
-\end_inset
+
+\end_inset
-
-\family typewriter
+\family typewriter
) {
-\newline
+\newline
16.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
sum += i;
-\newline
+\newline
17.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mul += i * 3; \SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
/* this multiplication remains */
-\newline
+\newline
18.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
-gint += j * 3;\SpecialChar ~
+gint +=
+ j * 3;\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
/* this multiplication changed to addition */
-\newline
+\newline
19.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
}
-\newline
+\newline
20.\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
return sum+mul;
-\newline
+\newline
21.\SpecialChar ~
}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
In addition to the operands each iCode contains information about the filename
and line it corresponds to in the source file.
The first field in the listing should be interpreted as follows:
-\newline
+\newline
-\shape italic
-\size footnotesize
+\shape italic
+\size footnotesize
Filename(linenumber: iCode Execution sequence number : ICode hash table
key : loop depth of the iCode).
-\shape default
-\size default
+\shape default
+\size default
-\newline
+\newline
Then follows the human readable form of the ICode operation.
Each operand of this triplet form can be of three basic types a) compiler
generated temporary b) user defined variable c) a constant value.
Live ranges
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
are computed only for temporaries (i.e.
live ranges are not computed for global variables).
Registers
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
are allocated for temporaries only.
Operands are formatted in the following manner:
-\newline
+\newline
-\shape italic
-\size footnotesize
+\shape italic
+\size footnotesize
Operand Name [lr live-from : live-to ] { type information } [ registers
allocated ].
-\shape default
-\size default
+\shape default
+\size default
-\newline
+\newline
As mentioned earlier the live ranges are computed in terms of the execution
sequence number of the iCodes, for example
-\newline
+\newline
the iTemp0 is live from (i.e.
first defined in iCode with execution sequence number 3, and is last used
in the iCode with sequence number 5).
For induction variables such as iTemp21 the live range computation extends
the lifetime from the start to the end of the loop.
-\newline
-The register allocator used the live range information to allocate registers,
- the same registers may be used for different temporaries if their live
- ranges do not overlap, for example r0 is allocated to both iTemp6 and to
- iTemp17 since their live ranges do not overlap.
+\newline
+The register allocator
+ used the live range information to allocate registers, the same registers
+ may be used for different temporaries if their live ranges do not overlap,
+ for example r0 is allocated to both iTemp6 and to iTemp17 since their live
+ ranges do not overlap.
In addition the allocator also takes into consideration the type and usage
of a temporary, for example itemp6 is a pointer to near space and is used
as to fetch data from (i.e.
iTemp13 is allocated to a pseudo register CC which tells the back end that
the temporary is used only for a conditional jump the code generation makes
use of this information to optimize a compare and jump ICode.
-\newline
-There are several loop optimizations
+\newline
+There are several
+ loop optimizations
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
performed by the compiler.
It can detect induction variables iTemp21(i) and iTemp23(j).
Also note the compiler does selective strength reduction
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
, i.e.
the multiplication of an induction variable in line 18 (gint = j * 3) is
The compiler does not change the multiplication
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
in line 17 however since the processor does support an 8 * 8 bit multiplication.
-\newline
+\newline
+
Note the dead code elimination
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
optimization eliminated the dead assignments in line 7 & 8 to I and sum
respectively.
-\newline
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c (5:1:0:0) _entry($9) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(5:2:1:0) proc _function [lr0:0]{function short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:3:2:0) iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:4:53:0) preHeaderLbl0($11) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:5:55:0) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near
* int}[r2]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:6:5:1) _whilecontinue_0($1) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:7:7:1) iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near *
int}[r0]]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:8:8:1) if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:9:14:1) iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far
* int}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:10:15:1) _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2
{short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:13:18:1) iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far
* int}[DPTR]]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:14:19:1) *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int
}[r2 r3]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:15:12:1) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near
* int}[r0] + 0x2 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:16:20:1) goto _whilecontinue_0($1)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(11:17:21:0)_whilebreak_0($3) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(12:18:22:0) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(13:19:23:0) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:20:54:0)preHeaderLbl1($13) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:21:56:0) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:22:57:0) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:23:58:0) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:24:26:1)_forcond_0($4) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:25:27:1) iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
< 0xa {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:26:28:1) if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(16:27:31:1) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2]
+ ITemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(17:29:33:1) iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
* 0x3 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(17:30:34:1) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3]
+ iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(18:32:36:1:1) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7
r0]- 0x3 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(18:33:37:1) _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{
int}[r7 r0]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:36:42:1) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
+ 0x1 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(15:37:45:1) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5
r6]- 0x1 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(19:38:47:1) goto _forcond_0($4)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(19:39:48:0)_forbreak_0($7) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:40:49:0) iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}[DPTR] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2]
+ ITemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:41:50:0) ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:42:51:0)_return($8) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
Sample.c(20:43:52:0) eproc _function [lr0:0]{ ia0 re0 rm0}{function short}
-\size default
+\size default
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
Finally the code generated for this function:
-\newline
+\newline
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
.area DSEG (DATA)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
_p::
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
.ds 2
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
_gint::
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
.ds 2
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; sample.c 5
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; ----------------------------------------------
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; function function
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; ----------------------------------------------
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
_function:
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r2,dpl
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov ar0,r2
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
;_whilecontinue_0($1) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00101$:
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov ar2,@r0
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
inc r0
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov ar3,@r0
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
dec r0
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r2
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
orl a,r3
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
jz 00103$
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00114$:
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov dpl,_p
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov dph,(_p + 1)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov a,#0x02
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
add a,_p
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov _p,a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
clr a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
addc a,(_p + 1)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov (_p + 1),a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
movx a,@dptr
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r2,a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
inc dptr
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
movx a,@dptr
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r3,a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov @r0,ar2
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
inc r0
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov @r0,ar3
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] =
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] +
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; 0x2 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
inc r0
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; goto _whilecontinue_0($1)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
sjmp 00101$
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _whilebreak_0($3) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00103$:
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r2,#0x00
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r3,#0x00
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r4,#0x00
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r5,#0x0A
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r6,#0x00
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r7,#0x1E
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r0,#0x00
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _forcond_0($4) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00104$:
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
clr c
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r4
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
xrl a,#0x80
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
subb a,#0x8a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
jnc 00107$
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00115$:
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] +
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r4
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
add a,r2
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r2,a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov b,#0x03
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r4
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mul ab
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r1,a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] +
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
add a,r3
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r3,a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r7
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
add a,#0xfd
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r7,a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r0
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
addc a,#0xff
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov r0,a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r7
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
add a,_gint
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov _gint,a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r0
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
addc a,(_gint + 1)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov (_gint + 1),a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
inc r4
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
dec r5
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
cjne r5,#0xff,00104$
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
dec r6
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; goto _forcond_0($4)
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
sjmp 00104$
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _forbreak_0($7) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00107$:
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov a,r3
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
add a,r2
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
mov dpl,a
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
; _return($8) :
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
00108$:
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
-\size footnotesize
+\size footnotesize
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
ret
-\newline
+\newline
-\layout Section
+\layout Section
A few words about basic block successors, predecessors and dominators
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
Successors are basic blocks
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
that might execute after this basic block.
-\newline
-Predecessors are basic blocks that might execute before reaching this basic
- block.
-\newline
-Dominators are basic blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic
- block.
-\newline
+\newline
+Predecessors are basic blocks
+ that might execute before reaching this basic block.
+\newline
+Dominators are basic
+ blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic block.
+\newline
-\layout Standard
-[basic block 1]
\layout Standard
+[basic block 1]
-if (something)
\layout Standard
+if (something)
+\layout Standard
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
[basic block 2]
-\layout Standard
-else
\layout Standard
+else
+\layout Standard
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
\SpecialChar ~
[basic block 3]
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
[basic block 4]
-\newline
+\newline
-\layout Standard
-a) succList of [BB2] = [BB4], of [BB3] = [BB4], of [BB1] = [BB2,BB3]
\layout Standard
+a) succList of [BB2] = [BB4], of [BB3] = [BB4], of [BB1] = [BB2,BB3]
-b) predList of [BB2] = [BB1], of [BB3] = [BB1], of [BB4] = [BB2,BB3]
\layout Standard
+b) predList of [BB2] = [BB1], of [BB3] = [BB1], of [BB4] = [BB2,BB3]
+\layout Standard
c) domVect of [BB4] = BB1 ...
here we are not sure if BB2 or BB3 was executed but we are SURE that BB1
was executed.
-\layout Chapter
+\layout Chapter
Acknowledgments
-\layout Standard
-
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net#Who}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
-\newline
+\newline
-\newline
+\newline
-\emph on
+\emph on
Thanks to all the other volunteer developers who have helped with coding,
testing, web-page creation, distribution sets, etc.
You know who you are :-)
-\emph default
+\emph default
+
+\newline
+
+\newline
+
+\emph on
+Also thanks to Sourceforge
+\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.sf.net}
+
+\end_inset
-\newline
+ which has hosted the project since 1999 and donates significant download
+ bandwidth and probably more than
+\begin_inset ERT
+status Collapsed
\layout Standard
-This document was initially written by Sandeep Dutta
+$10^{13}$
+
+\end_inset
+
+CPU cycles per day.
+\newline
+
+\begin_inset Note
+collapsed false
+
\layout Standard
+more than 10^13 is an estimate: on my Athlon 2800+ it takes about (0.5+6.5+20)
+ minutes for (configure+make+regression test), and there is (i386, amd64,
+ alpha, ppc64, (mingw32), sparc, macosx).
+
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\layout Standard
+This document was initially written by Sandeep Dutta
+
+\layout Standard
All product names mentioned herein may be trademarks
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Trademarks}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
of their respective companies.
-\layout Section*
+\layout Section*
Alphabetical index
-\layout Standard
+\layout Standard
To avoid confusion, the installation and building options for SDCC itself
(chapter 2) are not part of the index.
-\layout Standard
-
+\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \printindex{}
-\end_inset
+\end_inset
+
\the_end
projects / fw / sdcc / blobdiff