-This is gzip.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from gzip.texi.
+This is gzip.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from gzip.texi.
- This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.9, 8 December 2006), and
+This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.4, 3 January 2010), and
documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
- Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2006 Free Software Foundation,
-Inc.
+ Copyright (C) 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
- Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
+ Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
-INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
+INFO-DIR-SECTION Compression
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-* gzip: (gzip)Invoking gzip. Compress files.
+* Gzip: (gzip). General (de)compression of files (lzw).
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-INFO-DIR-SECTION Utilities
+INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-* Gzip: (gzip). The gzip command for compressing files.
+* gunzip: (gzip)Overview. Decompression.
+* gzexe: (gzip)Overview. Compress executables.
+* zcat: (gzip)Overview. Decompression to stdout.
+* zdiff: (gzip)Overview. Compare compressed files.
+* zforce: (gzip)Overview. Force .gz extension on files.
+* zgrep: (gzip)Overview. Search compressed files.
+* zmore: (gzip)Overview. Decompression output by pages.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
\1f
-File: gzip.info, Node: Top, Up: (dir)
+File: gzip.info, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Up: (dir)
-Compressing Files
-*****************
+GNU Gzip: General file (de)compression
+**************************************
-This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.9, 8 December 2006), and documents
-commands for compressing and decompressing data.
+This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.4, 3 January 2010), and
+documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
- Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2006 Free Software Foundation,
-Inc.
+ Copyright (C) 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
- Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
+ Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
* Environment:: The `GZIP' environment variable
* Tapes:: Using `gzip' on tapes.
* Problems:: Reporting bugs.
-* Copying This Manual:: How to make copies of this manual.
-* Concept Index:: Index of concepts.
+* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this manual.
+* Concept index:: Index of concepts.
\1f
-File: gzip.info, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Up: Top
+File: gzip.info, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Prev: Top, Up: Top
1 Overview
**********
is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems
which do not have a limit on file name length.
- By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and timestamp in the
-compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the
-`-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was truncated
-or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file transfer.
-However, due to limitations in the current `gzip' file format,
-fractional seconds are discarded. Also, time stamps must fall within
-the range 1970-01-01 00:00:00 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC, and
-hosts whose operating systems use 32-bit time stamps are further
+ By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and time stamp in
+the compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with
+the `-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was
+truncated or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file
+transfer. However, due to limitations in the current `gzip' file
+format, fractional seconds are discarded. Also, time stamps must fall
+within the range 1970-01-01 00:00:00 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC,
+and hosts whose operating systems use 32-bit time stamps are further
restricted to time stamps no later than 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. The
upper bounds assume the typical case where leap seconds are ignored.
constructed from the original one to make it legal.
`gunzip' takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each
-file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z', `.Z', `-gz', `-z' or `_z' and
-which begins with the correct magic number with an uncompressed file
-without the original extension. `gunzip' also recognizes the special
-extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for `.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z'
-respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the `.tgz' extension if
-necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar' extension.
+file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z' `-gz', `-z', or `_z' (ignoring
+case) and which begins with the correct magic number with an
+uncompressed file without the original extension. `gunzip' also
+recognizes the special extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for
+`.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z' respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the
+`.tgz' extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar'
+extension.
`gunzip' can currently decompress files created by `gzip', `zip',
-`compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic.
+`compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic.
When using the first two formats, `gunzip' checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic
-redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed length.
-The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency checks.
-However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file. If you
-get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that the
-`.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does not
-complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does not
-check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
-`compress -H' format (`lzh' compression method) does not include a CRC
-but also allows some consistency checks.
+redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed
+length. The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency
+checks. However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file.
+If you get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that
+the `.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does
+not complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does
+not check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
+`compress -H' format (LZH compression method) does not include a CRC but
+also allows some consistency checks.
Files created by `zip' can be uncompressed by `gzip' only if they
-have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
+have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
feature is only intended to help conversion of `tar.zip' files to the
`tar.gz' format. To extract a `zip' file with a single member, use a
command like `gunzip <foo.zip' or `gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'. To extract
used in `pack'), or adaptive Huffman coding (`compact').
Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
-slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few
+slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few
bytes for the `gzip' file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an
-expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
+expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
of used disk blocks almost never increases. `gzip' normally preserves
the mode, ownership and time stamps of files when compressing or
decompressing.
\1f
File: gzip.info, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking gzip, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
-2 Sample Output
+2 Sample output
***************
Here are some realistic examples of running `gzip'.
This is the output of the command `gzip -h':
- gzip VERSION-NUMBER
- usage: gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...]
- -c --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
- -d --decompress decompress
- -f --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
- -h --help give this help
- -l --list list compressed file contents
- -L --license display software license
- -n --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
- -N --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
- -q --quiet suppress all warnings
- -r --recursive operate recursively on directories
- -S .suf --suffix .suf use suffix .suf on compressed files
- -t --test test compressed file integrity
- -v --verbose verbose mode
- -V --version display version number
- -1 --fast compress faster
- -9 --best compress better
- file... files to (de)compress. If none given, use standard input.
+ Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
+ Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
+
+ Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
+
+ -c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
+ -d, --decompress decompress
+ -f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
+ -h, --help give this help
+ -l, --list list compressed file contents
+ -L, --license display software license
+ -n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
+ -N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
+ -q, --quiet suppress all warnings
+ -r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
+ -S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
+ -t, --test test compressed file integrity
+ -v, --verbose verbose mode
+ -V, --version display version number
+ -1, --fast compress faster
+ -9, --best compress better
+
+ With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
+
Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.
This is the output of the command `gzip -v texinfo.tex':
- texinfo.tex: 69.7% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
+ texinfo.tex: 69.3% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
- The following command will find all `gzip' files in the current
-directory and subdirectories, and extract them in place without
-destroying the original:
+ The following command will find all regular `.gz' files in the
+current directory and subdirectories (skipping file names that contain
+newlines), and extract them in place without destroying the original,
+stopping on the first failure:
- find . -name '*.gz' -print | sed 's/^\(.*\)[.]gz$/gunzip < "&" > "\1"/' | sh
+ find . -name '*
+ *' -prune -o -name '*.gz' -type f -print |
+ sed "
+ s/'/'\\''/g
+ s/^\\(.*\\)\\.gz$/gunzip <'\\1.gz' >'\\1'/
+ " |
+ sh -e
\1f
File: gzip.info, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top
`-c'
Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
If there are several input files, the output consists of a
- sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better
+ sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better
compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.
`--decompress'
`-f'
Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the
- compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the
+ compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the
input data is not in a format recognized by `gzip', and if the
option `--stdout' is also given, copy the input data without
- change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If `-f'
- is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip'
+ change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If
+ `-f' is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip'
prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
`--help'
ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
- The uncompressed size is given as `-1' for files not in `gzip'
- format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed
+ The uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in `gzip'
+ format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed
size for such a file, you can use:
zcat file.Z | wc -c
crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file
- The crc is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
+ The CRC is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
With `--verbose', the size totals and compression ratio for all
- files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With
+ files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With
`--quiet', the title and totals lines are not displayed.
The `gzip' format represents the input size modulo 2^32, so the
uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly for
- uncompressed files 4 GB and larger. To work around this problem,
+ uncompressed files 4 GiB and larger. To work around this problem,
you can use the following command to discover a large uncompressed
file's true size:
`--no-name'
`-n'
When compressing, do not save the original file name and time
- stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
- had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the
+ stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
+ had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the
original file name if present (remove only the `gzip' suffix from
the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time
- stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
+ stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
is the default when decompressing.
`--name'
`-N'
When compressing, always save the original file name and time
- stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the
- original file name and time stamp if present. This option is
+ stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the
+ original file name and time stamp if present. This option is
useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when
the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.
`--recursive'
`-r'
- Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file
+ Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file
names specified on the command line are directories, `gzip' will
descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds
there (or decompress them in the case of `gunzip').
`--suffix SUF'
`-S SUF'
- Use suffix `SUF' instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but
+ Use suffix SUF instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but
suffixes other than `.z' and `.gz' should be avoided to avoid
confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null
suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files
gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
- Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed to
- avoid a conflict with `pack'.
+ Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed
+ to avoid a conflict with `pack'.
`--test'
`-t'
- Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
+ Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
`--verbose'
`-v'
- Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
+ Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
compressed.
`--version'
`-V'
- Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then
+ Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then
quit.
`--fast'
4 Advanced usage
****************
-Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, `gunzip'
-will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged, other
+Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, `gunzip'
+will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged, other
members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged member.
Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are
decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.
gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
- Then
+Then
gunzip -c foo
- is equivalent to
+is equivalent to
cat file1 file2
In case of damage to one member of a `.gz' file, other members can
-still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you can
-get better compression by compressing all members at once:
+still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you
+can get better compression by compressing all members at once:
cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
- compresses better than
+compresses better than
gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed
size and CRC reported by the `--list' option applies to the last member
-only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
+only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
zcat file.gz | wc -c
If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so
that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
-as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip'
-transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a
+as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip'
+transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a
replacement.
\1f
for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name
- On Vax/VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to
-avoid a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.
+ On VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to avoid
+a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.
\1f
File: gzip.info, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top
***********************
When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad
-the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read and
-the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression, `gunzip'
+the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read
+and the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression, `gunzip'
detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data
and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains nonzero bytes.
-You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the warning. This
+You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the warning. This
option can be set in the `GZIP' environment variable, as in:
for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
(This example assumes you are using the GNU version of `tar'.)
\1f
-File: gzip.info, Node: Problems, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top
+File: gzip.info, Node: Problems, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top
7 Reporting Bugs
****************
the bug behavior, and the input to `gzip' that triggered the bug.
\1f
-File: gzip.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
+File: gzip.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
-Appendix A Copying This Manual
-******************************
+Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
+*****************************************
-* Menu:
+ Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
-* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
-
-\1f
-File: gzip.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
-
-A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
-==================================
-
- Version 1.2, November 2002
-
- Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
+ Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ `http://fsf.org/'
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+ The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
+ of the Document to the public.
+
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
- except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
- attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
- void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
- License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
- from you under this License will not have their licenses
- terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
+ except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
+ otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
+ and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+
+ However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
+ license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
+ provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
+ and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
+ copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
+ reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
+
+ Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+ reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+ violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+ received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
+ that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
+ after your receipt of the notice.
+
+ Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
+ the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from
+ you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and
+ not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of
+ the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
- Free Software Foundation.
+ Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy
+ can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
+ proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
+ authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
+
+ 11. RELICENSING
+
+ "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
+ World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
+ provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
+ public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
+ A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
+ site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
+ site.
+
+ "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+ license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
+ corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
+ California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
+ published by that same organization.
+
+ "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+ in part, as part of another Document.
+
+ An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
+ License, and if all works that were first published under this
+ License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
+ incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
+ texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
+ to November 1, 2008.
+
+ The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
+ site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
+ 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
+
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
- under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
permit their use in free software.
\1f
-File: gzip.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
+File: gzip.info, Node: Concept index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
-Appendix B Concept Index
+Appendix B Concept index
************************
\0\b[index\0\b]
* bugs: Problems. (line 6)
* concatenated files: Advanced usage. (line 6)
* Environment: Environment. (line 6)
-* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
- (line 6)
* invoking: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
* options: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
* overview: Overview. (line 6)
\1f
Tag Table:
-Node: Top\7f1011
-Node: Overview\7f2133
-Node: Sample\7f7309
-Node: Invoking gzip\7f8964
-Node: Advanced usage\7f13942
-Node: Environment\7f15532
-Node: Tapes\7f16101
-Node: Problems\7f17116
-Node: Copying This Manual\7f17575
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f17813
-Node: Concept Index\7f40209
+Node: Top\7f1472
+Node: Overview\7f2683
+Node: Sample\7f7891
+Node: Invoking gzip\7f9827
+Node: Advanced usage\7f14819
+Node: Environment\7f16406
+Node: Tapes\7f16971
+Node: Problems\7f17988
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f18458
+Node: Concept index\7f43626
\1f
End Tag Table
projects / debian / gzip / blobdiff