correct branch names

[debian/sudo] / sudo.cat

SUDO(1m)               MAINTENANCE COMMANDS              SUDO(1m)


N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
       sudo, sudoedit - execute a command as another user

S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo -\b-h\bh | -\b-K\bK | -\b-k\bk | -\b-L\bL | -\b-l\bl | -\b-V\bV | -\b-v\bv

       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo [-\b-b\bbE\bEH\bHP\bPS\bS] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\b__\bt_\by_\bp_\be] [-\b-c\bc _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs|_\b-] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt]
       [-\b-u\bu _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be|_\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd] [V\bVA\bAR\bR=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] {-\b-i\bi | -\b-s\bs | _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd}

       s\bsu\bud\bdo\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bt [-\b-S\bS] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\b__\bt_\by_\bp_\be] [-\b-c\bc _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs|_\b-] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt]
       [-\b-u\bu _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be|_\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd] file ...

D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo allows a permitted user to execute a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd as the
       superuser or another user, as specified in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs
       file.  The real and effective uid and gid are set to match
       those of the target user as specified in the passwd file
       and the group vector is initialized based on the group
       file (unless the -\b-P\bP option was specified).  If the invok­
       ing user is root or if the target user is the same as the
       invoking user, no password is required.  Otherwise, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
       requires that users authenticate themselves with a pass­
       word by default (NOTE: in the default configuration this
       is the user's password, not the root password).  Once a
       user has been authenticated, a timestamp is updated and
       the user may then use sudo without a password for a short
       period of time (5 minutes unless overridden in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs).

       When invoked as s\bsu\bud\bdo\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bt, the -\b-e\be option (described below),
       is implied.

       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo determines who is an authorized user by consulting
       the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs.  By giving s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo the -\b-v\bv flag, a user
       can update the time stamp without running a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. The
       password prompt itself will also time out if the user's
       password is not entered within 5 minutes (unless overrid­
       den via _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs).

       If a user who is not listed in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file tries to
       run a command via s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo, mail is sent to the proper author­
       ities, as defined at configure time or in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file
       (defaults to root).  Note that the mail will not be sent
       if an unauthorized user tries to run sudo with the -\b-l\bl or
       -\b-v\bv flags.  This allows users to determine for themselves
       whether or not they are allowed to use s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo.

       If s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is run by root and the SUDO_USER environment vari­
       able is set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will use this value to determine who the
       actual user is.  This can be used by a user to log com­
       mands through sudo even when a root shell has been
       invoked.  It also allows the -\b-e\be flag to remain useful even
       when being run via a sudo-run script or program.  Note
       however, that the sudoers lookup is still done for root,
       not the user specified by SUDO_USER.



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SUDO(1m)               MAINTENANCE COMMANDS              SUDO(1m)


       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo can log both successful and unsuccessful attempts (as
       well as errors) to _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3), a log file, or both.  By
       default s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will log via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3) but this is changeable
       at configure time or via the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.

O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo accepts the following command line options:

       -a  The -\b-a\ba (_\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\be_\bn_\bt_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bt_\by_\bp_\be) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to use
           the specified authentication type when validating the
           user, as allowed by _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf.  The system
           administrator may specify a list of sudo-specific
           authentication methods by adding an "auth-sudo" entry
           in _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn_\b._\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf.  This option is only available on
           systems that support BSD authentication.

       -b  The -\b-b\bb (_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd) option tells s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to run the given
           command in the background.  Note that if you use the
           -\b-b\bb option you cannot use shell job control to manipu­
           late the process.

       -c  The -\b-c\bc (_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to run the specified
           command with resources limited by the specified login
           class.  The _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs argument can be either a class name
           as defined in /etc/login.conf, or a single '-' charac­
           ter.  Specifying a _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs of - indicates that the com­
           mand should be run restricted by the default login
           capabilities for the user the command is run as.  If
           the _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs argument specifies an existing user class,
           the command must be run as root, or the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo command
           must be run from a shell that is already root.  This
           option is only available on systems with BSD login
           classes.

       -E  The -\b-E\bE (_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be _\be_\bn_\bv_\bi_\br_\bo_\bn_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt) option will override the
           _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\br_\be_\bs_\be_\bt option in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4)).  It is only available
           when either the matching command has the SETENV tag or
           the _\bs_\be_\bt_\be_\bn_\bv option is set in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4).

       -e  The -\b-e\be (_\be_\bd_\bi_\bt) option indicates that, instead of run­
           ning a command, the user wishes to edit one or more
           files.  In lieu of a command, the string "sudoedit" is
           used when consulting the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.  If the user is
           authorized by _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs the following steps are taken:

           1.  Temporary copies are made of the files to be
               edited with the owner set to the invoking user.

           2.  The editor specified by the VISUAL or EDITOR envi­
               ronment variables is run to edit the temporary
               files.  If neither VISUAL nor EDITOR are set, the
               program listed in the _\be_\bd_\bi_\bt_\bo_\br _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs variable is
               used.




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SUDO(1m)               MAINTENANCE COMMANDS              SUDO(1m)


           3.  If they have been modified, the temporary files
               are copied back to their original location and the
               temporary versions are removed.

           If the specified file does not exist, it will be cre­
           ated.  Note that unlike most commands run by s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo, the
           editor is run with the invoking user's environment
           unmodified.  If, for some reason, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is unable to
           update a file with its edited version, the user will
           receive a warning and the edited copy will remain in a
           temporary file.

       -H  The -\b-H\bH (_\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE) option sets the HOME environment vari­
           able to the homedir of the target user (root by
           default) as specified in _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4).  By default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
           does not modify HOME (see _\bs_\be_\bt_\b__\bh_\bo_\bm_\be and _\ba_\bl_\bw_\ba_\by_\bs_\b__\bs_\be_\bt_\b__\bh_\bo_\bm_\be
           in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4)).

       -h  The -\b-h\bh (_\bh_\be_\bl_\bp) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to print a usage mes­
           sage and exit.

       -i  The -\b-i\bi (_\bs_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bl_\ba_\bt_\be _\bi_\bn_\bi_\bt_\bi_\ba_\bl _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn) option runs the shell
           specified in the _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4) entry of the user that the
           command is being run as.  The command name argument
           given to the shell begins with a `-' to tell the shell
           to run as a login shell.  s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo attempts to change to
           that user's home directory before running the shell.
           It also initializes the environment, leaving _\bT_\bE_\bR_\bM
           unchanged, setting _\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE, _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL, _\bU_\bS_\bE_\bR, _\bL_\bO_\bG_\bN_\bA_\bM_\bE, and
           _\bP_\bA_\bT_\bH, and unsetting all other environment variables.
           Note that because the shell to use is determined
           before the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file is parsed, a _\br_\bu_\bn_\ba_\bs_\b__\bd_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt
           setting in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs will specify the user to run the
           shell as but will not affect which shell is actually
           run.

       -K  The -\b-K\bK (sure _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option is like -\b-k\bk except that it
           removes the user's timestamp entirely.  Like -\b-k\bk, this
           option does not require a password.

       -k  The -\b-k\bk (_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option to s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo invalidates the user's
           timestamp by setting the time on it to the Epoch.  The
           next time s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is run a password will be required.
           This option does not require a password and was added
           to allow a user to revoke s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo permissions from a
           .logout file.

       -L  The -\b-L\bL (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt defaults) option will list out the param­
           eters that may be set in a _\bD_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt_\bs line along with a
           short description for each.  This option is useful in
           conjunction with _\bg_\br_\be_\bp(1).

       -l  The -\b-l\bl (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt) option will list out the allowed (and
           forbidden) commands for the invoking user on the



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SUDO(1m)               MAINTENANCE COMMANDS              SUDO(1m)


           current host.

       -P  The -\b-P\bP (_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bv_\be_\bc_\bt_\bo_\br) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to
           preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered.
           By default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will initialize the group vector to
           the list of groups the target user is in.  The real
           and effective group IDs, however, are still set to
           match the target user.

       -p  The -\b-p\bp (_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt) option allows you to override the
           default password prompt and use a custom one.  The
           following percent (`%') escapes are supported:

           %H  expanded to the local hostname including the
               domain name (on if the machine's hostname is fully
               qualified or the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs option is set)

           %h  expanded to the local hostname without the domain
               name

           %p  expanded to the user whose password is being asked
               for (respects the _\br_\bo_\bo_\bt_\bp_\bw, _\bt_\ba_\br_\bg_\be_\bt_\bp_\bw and _\br_\bu_\bn_\ba_\bs_\bp_\bw
               flags in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs)

           %U  expanded to the login name of the user the command
               will be run as (defaults to root)

           %u  expanded to the invoking user's login name

           %%  two consecutive % characters are collapsed into a
               single % character

       -S  The -\b-S\bS (_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to read the password
           from the standard input instead of the terminal
           device.

       -s  The -\b-s\bs (_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl) option runs the shell specified by the
           _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL environment variable if it is set or the shell
           as specified in _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4).

       -u  The -\b-u\bu (_\bu_\bs_\be_\br) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to run the specified
           command as a user other than _\br_\bo_\bo_\bt.  To specify a _\bu_\bi_\bd
           instead of a _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, use _\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd.  When running com­
           mands as a _\bu_\bi_\bd, many shells require that the '#' be
           escaped with a backslash ('\').  Note that if the _\bt_\ba_\br_\b­
           _\bg_\be_\bt_\bp_\bw Defaults option is set (see _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4)) it is
           not possible to run commands with a uid not listed in
           the password database.

       -V  The -\b-V\bV (_\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to print the ver­
           sion number and exit.  If the invoking user is already
           root the -\b-V\bV option will print out a list of the
           defaults s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo was compiled with as well as the
           machine's local network addresses.



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SUDO(1m)               MAINTENANCE COMMANDS              SUDO(1m)


       -v  If given the -\b-v\bv (_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bi_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be) option, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will update
           the user's timestamp, prompting for the user's pass­
           word if necessary.  This extends the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo timeout for
           another 5 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set to
           in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs) but does not run a command.

       --  The -\b--\b- flag indicates that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo should stop processing
           command line arguments.  It is most useful in conjunc­
           tion with the -\b-s\bs flag.

       Environment variables to be set for the command may also
       be passed on the command line in the form of V\bVA\bAR\bR=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be,
       e.g.  L\bLD\bD_\b_L\bLI\bIB\bBR\bRA\bAR\bRY\bY_\b_P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH=_\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bl_\bo_\bc_\ba_\bl_\b/_\bp_\bk_\bg_\b/_\bl_\bi_\bb.  Variables
       passed on the command line are subject to the same
       restrictions as normal environment variables with one
       important exception.  If the _\bs_\be_\bt_\be_\bn_\bv option is set in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\b­
       _\be_\br_\bs, the command to be run has the SETENV tag set or the
       command matched is ALL, the user may set variables that
       would overwise be forbidden.  See _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4) for more
       information.

R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN V\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUE\bES\bS
       Upon successful execution of a program, the return value
       from s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will simply be the return value of the program
       that was executed.

       Otherwise, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo quits with an exit value of 1 if there is
       a configuration/permission problem or if s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo cannot exe­
       cute the given command.  In the latter case the error
       string is printed to stderr.  If s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo cannot _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) one
       or more entries in the user's PATH an error is printed on
       stderr.  (If the directory does not exist or if it is not
       really a directory, the entry is ignored and no error is
       printed.)  This should not happen under normal circum­
       stances.  The most common reason for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) to return
       "permission denied" is if you are running an automounter
       and one of the directories in your PATH is on a machine
       that is currently unreachable.

S\bSE\bEC\bCU\bUR\bRI\bIT\bTY\bY N\bNO\bOT\bTE\bES\bS
       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo tries to be safe when executing external commands.

       There are two distinct ways to deal with environment vari­
       ables.  By default, the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\br_\be_\bs_\be_\bt _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs option is
       enabled.  This causes commands to be executed with a mini­
       mal environment containing TERM, PATH, HOME, SHELL, LOG­
       NAME, USER and USERNAME in addition to variables from the
       invoking process permitted by the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bc_\bh_\be_\bc_\bk and _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bk_\be_\be_\bp
       _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs options.  There is effectively a whitelist for
       environment variables.

       If, however, the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\br_\be_\bs_\be_\bt option is disabled in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs,
       any variables not explicitly denied by the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bc_\bh_\be_\bc_\bk and
       _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bd_\be_\bl_\be_\bt_\be options are inherited from the invoking



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       process.  In this case, _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bc_\bh_\be_\bc_\bk and _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bd_\be_\bl_\be_\bt_\be behave
       like a blacklist.  Since it is not possible to blacklist
       all potentially dangerous environment variables, use of
       the default _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\br_\be_\bs_\be_\bt behavior is encouraged.

       In all cases, environment variables with a value beginning
       with () are removed as they could be interpreted as b\bba\bas\bsh\bh
       functions.  The list of environment variables that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
       allows or denies is contained in the output of sudo -V
       when run as root.

       Note that the dynamic linker on most operating systems
       will remove variables that can control dynamic linking
       from the environment of setuid executables, including
       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo.  Depending on the operating system this may include
       _RLD*, DYLD_*, LD_*, LDR_*, LIBPATH, SHLIB_PATH, and oth­
       ers.  These type of variables are removed from the envi­
       ronment before s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo even begins execution and, as such, it
       is not possible for s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to preserve them.

       To prevent command spoofing, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo checks "." and "" (both
       denoting current directory) last when searching for a com­
       mand in the user's PATH (if one or both are in the PATH).
       Note, however, that the actual PATH environment variable
       is _\bn_\bo_\bt modified and is passed unchanged to the program
       that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo executes.

       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will check the ownership of its timestamp directory
       (_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo by default) and ignore the directory's con­
       tents if it is not owned by root or if it is writable by a
       user other than root.  On systems that allow non-root
       users to give away files via _\bc_\bh_\bo_\bw_\bn(2), if the timestamp
       directory is located in a directory writable by anyone
       (e.g., _\b/_\bt_\bm_\bp), it is possible for a user to create the
       timestamp directory before s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is run.  However, because
       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo checks the ownership and mode of the directory and
       its contents, the only damage that can be done is to
       "hide" files by putting them in the timestamp dir.  This
       is unlikely to happen since once the timestamp dir is
       owned by root and inaccessible by any other user, the user
       placing files there would be unable to get them back out.
       To get around this issue you can use a directory that is
       not world-writable for the timestamps (_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\ba_\bd_\bm_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo for
       instance) or create _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo with the appropriate
       owner (root) and permissions (0700) in the system startup
       files.

       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will not honor timestamps set far in the future.
       Timestamps with a date greater than current_time + 2 *
       TIMEOUT will be ignored and sudo will log and complain.
       This is done to keep a user from creating his/her own
       timestamp with a bogus date on systems that allow users to
       give away files.




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       Please note that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will normally only log the command
       it explicitly runs.  If a user runs a command such as sudo
       su or sudo sh, subsequent commands run from that shell
       will _\bn_\bo_\bt be logged, nor will s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo's access control affect
       them.  The same is true for commands that offer shell
       escapes (including most editors).  Because of this, care
       must be taken when giving users access to commands via
       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to verify that the command does not inadvertently
       give the user an effective root shell.  For more informa­
       tion, please see the PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES section in
       _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4).

E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo utilizes the following environment variables:

       EDITOR          Default editor to use in -\b-e\be (sudoedit)
                       mode if VISUAL is not set

       HOME            In -\b-s\bs or -\b-H\bH mode (or if sudo was config­
                       ured with the --enable-shell-sets-home
                       option), set to homedir of the target user

       PATH            Set to a sane value if the _\bs_\be_\bc_\bu_\br_\be_\b__\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh
                       sudoers option is set.

       SHELL           Used to determine shell to run with -s
                       option

       SUDO_PROMPT     Used as the default password prompt

       SUDO_COMMAND    Set to the command run by sudo

       SUDO_USER       Set to the login of the user who invoked
                       sudo

       SUDO_UID        Set to the uid of the user who invoked
                       sudo

       SUDO_GID        Set to the gid of the user who invoked
                       sudo

       SUDO_PS1        If set, PS1 will be set to its value

       USER            Set to the target user (root unless the -\b-u\bu
                       option is specified)

       VISUAL          Default editor to use in -\b-e\be (sudoedit)
                       mode

F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
       _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs            List of who can run what

       _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo           Directory containing timestamps




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E\bEX\bXA\bAM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bES\bS
       Note: the following examples assume suitable _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4)
       entries.

       To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:

        $ sudo ls /usr/local/protected

       To list the home directory of user yazza on a machine
       where the file system holding ~yazza is not exported as
       root:

        $ sudo -u yazza ls ~yazza

       To edit the _\bi_\bn_\bd_\be_\bx_\b._\bh_\bt_\bm_\bl file as user www:

        $ sudo -u www vi ~www/htdocs/index.html

       To shutdown a machine:

        $ sudo shutdown -r +15 "quick reboot"

       To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home
       partition.  Note that this runs the commands in a sub-
       shell to make the cd and file redirection work.

        $ sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE"

S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
       _\bg_\br_\be_\bp(1), _\bs_\bu(1), _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2), _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn_\b__\bc_\ba_\bp(3), _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4),
       _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(5), _\bv_\bi_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m)

A\bAU\bUT\bTH\bHO\bOR\bRS\bS
       Many people have worked on s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo over the years; this ver­
       sion consists of code written primarily by:

               Todd C. Miller
               Chris Jepeway

       See the HISTORY file in the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo distribution or visit
       http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/history.html for a short history
       of s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo.

C\bCA\bAV\bVE\bEA\bAT\bTS\bS
       There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root
       shell if that user is allowed to run arbitrary commands
       via s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo.  Also, many programs (such as editors) allow the
       user to run commands via shell escapes, thus avoiding
       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo's checks.  However, on most systems it is possible to
       prevent shell escapes with s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo's _\bn_\bo_\be_\bx_\be_\bc functionality.
       See the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4) manual for details.

       It is not meaningful to run the cd command directly via
       sudo, e.g.,



1.6.9p15                  March 23, 2008                        8





SUDO(1m)               MAINTENANCE COMMANDS              SUDO(1m)


        $ sudo cd /usr/local/protected

       since when the command exits the parent process (your
       shell) will still be the same.  Please see the EXAMPLES
       section for more information.

       If users have sudo ALL there is nothing to prevent them
       from creating their own program that gives them a root
       shell regardless of any '!' elements in the user specifi­
       cation.

       Running shell scripts via s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo can expose the same kernel
       bugs that make setuid shell scripts unsafe on some operat­
       ing systems (if your OS has a /dev/fd/ directory, setuid
       shell scripts are generally safe).

B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
       If you feel you have found a bug in s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo, please submit a
       bug report at http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/

S\bSU\bUP\bPP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bT
       Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mail­
       ing list, see http://www.sudo.ws/mail­
       man/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the
       archives.

D\bDI\bIS\bSC\bCL\bLA\bAI\bIM\bME\bER\bR
       s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied war­
       ranties, including, but not limited to, the implied war­
       ranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
       purpose are disclaimed.  See the LICENSE file distributed
       with s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for com­
       plete details.
























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