1 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
2 /* SDCCmem.c - 8051 memory management routines */
3 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
8 memmap *xstack= NULL ; /* xternal stack data */
9 memmap *istack= NULL; /* internal stack */
10 memmap *code = NULL; /* code segment */
11 memmap *data = NULL; /* internal data upto 128 */
12 memmap *xdata = NULL; /* external data */
13 memmap *idata = NULL; /* internal data upto 256 */
14 memmap *bit = NULL; /* bit addressable space */
15 memmap *statsg= NULL; /* the constant data segment */
16 memmap *sfr = NULL; /* register space */
17 memmap *reg = NULL; /* register space */
18 memmap *sfrbit= NULL; /* sfr bit space */
19 memmap *generic=NULL; /* is a generic pointer */
20 memmap *overlay=NULL; /* overlay segment */
21 memmap *eeprom =NULL; /* eeprom location */
22 memmap *home =NULL; /* Unswitchable code bank */
24 /* this is a set of sets each set containing
25 symbols in a single overlay */
26 set *ovrSetSets = NULL;
28 extern set *operKeyReset ;
29 extern set *tmpfileSet ;
30 extern symbol *interrupts[];
32 int fatalError = 0 ;/* fatal error flag */
34 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
35 /* allocMap - allocates a memory map */
36 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
37 memmap *allocMap (char rspace, /* sfr space */
38 char farmap, /* far or near segment */
39 char paged , /* can this segment be paged */
40 char direct, /* directly addressable */
41 char bitaddr, /* bit addressable space*/
42 char codemap, /* this is code space */
43 unsigned sloc, /* starting location */
44 const char *name, /* 2 character name */
45 char dbName , /* debug name */
46 int ptrType /* pointer type for this space */
51 if (!(map = GC_malloc(sizeof(memmap)))) {
52 werror(E_OUT_OF_MEM,__FILE__,sizeof(memmap));
56 memset(map, ZERO, sizeof(memmap));
60 map->direct = direct ;
61 map->bitsp = bitaddr ;
62 map->codesp = codemap ;
65 map->dbName = dbName ;
66 map->ptrType= ptrType;
67 if (!(map->oFile = tempfile())) {
68 werror(E_TMPFILE_FAILED);
71 addSetHead (&tmpfileSet,map->oFile);
76 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
77 /* initMem - allocates and initializes all the segments */
78 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
81 /* allocate all the segments */
82 /* xternal stack segment ;
90 POINTER-TYPE - FPOINTER
92 xstack = allocMap (0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, options.xstack_loc, XSTACK_NAME,'A',PPOINTER);
94 /* internal stack segment ;
102 POINTER-TYPE - POINTER
104 istack = allocMap (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,options.stack_loc, ISTACK_NAME,'B',POINTER);
114 POINTER-TYPE - CPOINTER
116 code = allocMap (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, options.code_loc, CODE_NAME,'C',CPOINTER);
126 POINTER-TYPE - CPOINTER
128 home = allocMap (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, options.code_loc, CODE_NAME,'C',CPOINTER);
130 /* Static segment (code for variables );
138 POINTER-TYPE - CPOINTER
140 statsg = allocMap (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1,0, STATIC_NAME,'D',CPOINTER);
142 /* Data segment - internal storage segment ;
150 POINTER-TYPE - POINTER
152 data = allocMap (0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, options.data_loc, DATA_NAME,'E',POINTER);
154 /* overlay segment - same as internal storage segment ;
162 POINTER-TYPE - POINTER
164 overlay = allocMap (0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, options.data_loc, DATA_NAME,'E',POINTER);
166 /* Xternal Data segment -
174 POINTER-TYPE - FPOINTER
176 xdata = allocMap (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, options.xdata_loc, XDATA_NAME,'F',FPOINTER);
178 /* Inderectly addressed internal data segment
186 POINTER-TYPE - IPOINTER
188 idata = allocMap (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, options.idata_loc,IDATA_NAME,'G',IPOINTER);
190 /* Static segment (code for variables );
198 POINTER-TYPE - _NONE_
200 bit = allocMap (0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0,0, BIT_NAME,'H',0);
202 /* Special function register space :-
210 POINTER-TYPE - _NONE_
212 sfr = allocMap (1,0, 0, 1, 0, 0,0, REG_NAME,'I',0);
222 POINTER-TYPE - _NONE_
224 reg = allocMap (1,0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,REG_NAME,' ',0);
234 POINTER-TYPE - _NONE_
236 sfrbit = allocMap (1,0, 0, 1, 1, 0,0, REG_NAME,'J',0);
246 POINTER-TYPE - EEPPOINTER
248 eeprom = allocMap (0,1, 0, 0, 0, 0,0, REG_NAME,'K',EEPPOINTER);
250 /* the unknown map */
251 generic = allocMap (1,0, 0, 1, 1, 0,0, REG_NAME,' ',GPOINTER);
255 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
256 /* allocIntoSeg - puts a symbol into a memory segment */
257 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
258 void allocIntoSeg (symbol *sym)
260 memmap *segment = SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype);
261 addSet (&segment->syms,sym);
264 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
265 /* allocGlobal - aassigns the output segment to a global var */
266 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
267 void allocGlobal ( symbol *sym )
269 /* symbol name is internal name */
270 sprintf (sym->rname,"%s%s", port->fun_prefix, sym->name);
272 /* add it to the operandKey reset */
273 addSet(&operKeyReset,sym);
275 /* if this is a literal e.g. enumerated type */
276 /* put it in the data segment & do nothing */
277 if (IS_LITERAL(sym->etype)) {
278 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = data ;
282 /* if this is a function then assign code space */
283 if (IS_FUNC(sym->type)) {
284 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = code ;
285 /* if this is an interrupt service routine
286 then put it in the interrupt service array */
287 if (IS_ISR(sym->etype)) {
289 if (interrupts[SPEC_INTN(sym->etype)])
290 werror(E_INT_DEFINED,
291 SPEC_INTN(sym->etype),
292 interrupts[SPEC_INTN(sym->etype)]->name);
294 interrupts[SPEC_INTN(sym->etype)] = sym;
296 /* automagically extend the maximum interrupts */
297 if (SPEC_INTN(sym->etype) >= maxInterrupts )
298 maxInterrupts = SPEC_INTN(sym->etype) + 1;
300 /* if it is not compiler defined */
307 /* if this is a SFR or SBIT */
308 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_SFR ||
309 SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_SBIT ) {
311 /* if both absolute address & initial */
312 /* value specified then error */
313 if ( IS_ABSOLUTE (sym->etype) && sym->ival ) {
314 werror(E_SFR_INIT,sym->name);
318 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) =
319 (SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_SFR ? sfr : sfrbit);
325 /* if this is a bit variable and no storage class */
326 if ( SPEC_NOUN(sym->etype) == V_BIT
327 && SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_BIT ) {
328 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = bit ;
333 /* if bit storage class */
334 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_SBIT ) {
335 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = bit;
340 /* register storage class ignored changed to FIXED */
341 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_REGISTER )
342 SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) = S_FIXED ;
344 /* if data specified then */
345 if (SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_DATA) {
346 /* set the output class */
347 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = data ;
348 /* generate the symbol */
353 /* if it is fixed, then allocate depending on the */
354 /* current memory model,same for automatics */
355 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_FIXED ||
356 SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_AUTO ) {
357 /* set the output class */
358 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = port->mem.default_globl_map ;
359 /* generate the symbol */
364 /* if code change to constant */
365 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_CODE ||
366 SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_CONSTANT ) {
367 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = statsg ;
372 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_XDATA ) {
373 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = xdata ;
378 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_IDATA ) {
379 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = idata ;
385 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_EEPROM ) {
386 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = eeprom ;
394 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
395 /* allocParms - parameters are always passed on stack */
396 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
397 void allocParms ( value *val )
402 for ( lval = val ; lval ; lval = lval->next, pNum++ ) {
404 /* check the declaration */
405 checkDecl (lval->sym);
407 /* if this a register parm then allocate
408 it as a local variable by adding it
409 to the first block we see in the body */
410 if (IS_REGPARM(lval->etype))
413 /* mark it as my parameter */
414 lval->sym->ismyparm = 1;
415 lval->sym->localof = currFunc;
418 /* if automatic variables r 2b stacked */
419 if ( options.stackAuto || IS_RENT(currFunc->etype)) {
422 lval->sym->onStack = 1;
424 /* choose which stack 2 use */
425 /* use xternal stack */
426 if ( options.useXstack ) {
427 /* PENDING: stack direction support */
428 SPEC_OCLS(lval->etype) = SPEC_OCLS(lval->sym->etype) = xstack ;
429 SPEC_STAK(lval->etype) = SPEC_STAK(lval->sym->etype) = lval->sym->stack =
430 xstackPtr - getSize(lval->type);
431 xstackPtr -= getSize (lval->type);
433 else { /* use internal stack */
434 SPEC_OCLS(lval->etype) = SPEC_OCLS(lval->sym->etype) = istack ;
435 if (port->stack.direction > 0) {
436 SPEC_STAK(lval->etype) = SPEC_STAK(lval->sym->etype) = lval->sym->stack =
437 stackPtr - ( SPEC_BANK(currFunc->etype) ? port->stack.bank_overhead : 0) -
438 getSize(lval->type) -
439 (IS_ISR(currFunc->etype) ? port->stack.isr_overhead : 0);
440 stackPtr -= getSize (lval->type);
443 /* This looks like the wrong order but it turns out OK... */
444 /* PENDING: isr, bank overhead, ... */
445 SPEC_STAK(lval->etype) = SPEC_STAK(lval->sym->etype) = lval->sym->stack =
447 (IS_BANKEDCALL(currFunc->etype) ? port->stack.banked_overhead : 0) +
448 (IS_ISR(currFunc->etype) ? port->stack.isr_overhead : 0) +
450 stackPtr += getSize (lval->type);
453 allocIntoSeg(lval->sym);
455 else { /* allocate them in the automatic space */
456 /* generate a unique name */
457 sprintf (lval->sym->rname,"%s%s_PARM_%d", port->fun_prefix, currFunc->name,pNum);
458 strcpy (lval->name,lval->sym->rname);
460 /* if declared in external storage */
461 if (SPEC_SCLS(lval->etype) == S_XDATA)
462 SPEC_OCLS(lval->etype) = SPEC_OCLS(lval->sym->etype) = xdata;
464 /* other wise depending on the memory model
465 note here that we put it into the overlay segment
466 first, we will remove it from the overlay segment
467 after the overlay determination has been done */
468 SPEC_OCLS(lval->etype) = SPEC_OCLS(lval->sym->etype) =
469 ( options.model ? port->mem.default_local_map :
470 (options.noOverlay ? port->mem.default_local_map
473 allocIntoSeg(lval->sym);
480 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
481 /* deallocParms - parameters are always passed on stack */
482 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
483 void deallocParms ( value *val )
487 for ( lval = val ; lval ; lval = lval->next ) {
489 /* unmark is myparm */
490 lval->sym->ismyparm = 0;
491 /* if on stack then depending on which stack */
493 /* delete it from the symbol table */
494 deleteSym (SymbolTab,lval->sym,lval->sym->name);
496 if (!lval->sym->isref) {
497 lval->sym->allocreq = 1;
498 werror(W_NO_REFERENCE,currFunc->name,
499 "function argument",lval->sym->name);
502 /* move the rname if any to the name for both val & sym */
503 /* and leave a copy of it in the symbol table */
504 if (lval->sym->rname[0]) {
505 char buffer[SDCC_NAME_MAX];
506 strcpy(buffer,lval->sym->rname);
507 lval->sym = copySymbol(lval->sym);
508 strcpy(lval->sym->rname,buffer);
509 strcpy(lval->name,strcpy(lval->sym->name,lval->sym->rname));
510 addSym (SymbolTab, lval->sym, lval->sym->name,
511 lval->sym->level,lval->sym->block);
512 lval->sym->_isparm = 1;
513 addSet(&operKeyReset,lval->sym);
521 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
522 /* allocLocal - allocate local variables */
523 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
524 void allocLocal ( symbol *sym )
527 /* generate an unique name */
528 sprintf(sym->rname,"%s%s_%s_%d_%d",
530 currFunc->name,sym->name,sym->level,sym->block);
533 sym->localof = currFunc;
535 /* if this is a static variable */
536 if ( IS_STATIC (sym->etype)) {
537 /* SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = (options.model ? xdata : data ); */
538 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = port->mem.default_local_map;
544 /* if volatile then */
545 if (IS_VOLATILE(sym->etype))
548 /* this is automatic */
550 /* if it to be placed on the stack */
551 if ( options.stackAuto || reentrant) {
554 if ( options.useXstack ) {
555 /* PENDING: stack direction for xstack */
556 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = xstack ;
557 SPEC_STAK(sym->etype) = sym->stack = (xstackPtr + 1);
558 xstackPtr += getSize (sym->type) ;
561 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = istack ;
562 if (port->stack.direction > 0) {
563 SPEC_STAK(sym->etype) = sym->stack = ( stackPtr + 1);
564 stackPtr += getSize (sym->type) ;
567 stackPtr -= getSize (sym->type);
568 SPEC_STAK(sym->etype) = sym->stack = stackPtr;
575 /* else depending on the storage class specified */
576 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_XDATA ) {
577 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = xdata ;
582 if ( (SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_CODE ||
583 SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_CONSTANT) &&
585 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = statsg ;
590 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_IDATA ) {
591 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = idata ;
597 /* if this is a function then assign code space */
598 if (IS_FUNC(sym->type)) {
599 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = code ;
603 /* if this is a SFR or SBIT */
604 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_SFR ||
605 SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_SBIT ) {
607 /* if both absolute address & initial */
608 /* value specified then error */
609 if ( IS_ABSOLUTE (sym->etype) && sym->ival ) {
610 werror(E_SFR_INIT,sym->name);
614 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) =
615 (SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_SFR ? sfr : sfrbit);
621 /* if this is a bit variable and no storage class */
622 if ( SPEC_NOUN(sym->etype) == V_BIT
623 && (SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_BIT)) {
624 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = bit ;
629 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_DATA ) {
630 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = (options.noOverlay ? data : overlay );
635 if ( SPEC_SCLS(sym->etype) == S_EEPROM ) {
636 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = eeprom;
641 /* again note that we have put it into the overlay segment
642 will remove and put into the 'data' segment if required after
643 overlay analysis has been done */
644 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = ( options.model ? port->mem.default_local_map :
645 (options.noOverlay ? port->mem.default_local_map
650 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
651 /* deallocLocal - deallocates the local variables */
652 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
653 void deallocLocal ( symbol *csym )
657 for ( sym = csym ; sym ; sym = sym->next) {
661 /* if it is on the stack */
663 if (options.useXstack)
664 xstackPtr -= getSize(sym->type);
666 stackPtr -= getSize(sym->type);
668 /* if not used give a warning */
669 if (!sym->isref && !IS_STATIC(sym->etype))
670 werror(W_NO_REFERENCE,currFunc->name,
671 "local variable",sym->name);
672 /* now delete it from the symbol table */
673 deleteSym (SymbolTab,sym,sym->name);
677 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
678 /* overlay2data - moves declarations from the overlay seg to data */
679 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
684 for (sym = setFirstItem(overlay->syms); sym;
685 sym = setNextItem(overlay->syms)) {
687 SPEC_OCLS(sym->etype) = data;
691 setToNull((void **) &overlay->syms);
695 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
696 /* overlay2Set - will add all symbols from the overlay segment to */
697 /* the set of sets containing the overlable symbols */
698 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
704 for (sym = setFirstItem(overlay->syms); sym;
705 sym = setNextItem(overlay->syms)) {
710 setToNull((void **) &overlay->syms);
711 addSet (&ovrSetSets,oset);
715 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
716 /* allocVariables - creates decl & assign storage class for a v */
717 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
718 int allocVariables ( symbol *symChain )
725 /* go thru the symbol chain */
726 for ( sym = symChain ; sym ; sym = sym->next ) {
728 /* if this is a typedef then add it */
729 /* to the typedef table */
730 if (IS_TYPEDEF(sym->etype)) {
731 /* check if the typedef already exists */
732 csym = findSym (TypedefTab, NULL, sym->name );
733 if ( csym && csym->level == sym->level )
734 werror(E_DUPLICATE_TYPEDEF,sym->name);
736 addSym (TypedefTab, sym , sym->name,sym->level,sym->block);
737 continue ; /* go to the next one */
739 /* make sure it already exist */
740 csym = findSymWithLevel (SymbolTab, sym);
741 if (! csym || (csym && csym->level != sym->level) )
744 /* check the declaration */
747 /* if this is a function or a pointer to function */
748 /* then args processing */
749 if (funcInChain(csym->type)) {
751 processFuncArgs (csym, 1);
752 /* if register bank specified then update maxRegBank */
753 if (maxRegBank < SPEC_BANK(csym->etype))
754 maxRegBank = SPEC_BANK(csym->etype);
757 /* if this is a extern variable then change the */
758 /* level to zero temporarily */
759 if (IS_EXTERN(csym->etype) || IS_FUNC(csym->type) ) {
760 saveLevel = csym->level ;
764 /* if this is a literal then it is an enumerated */
765 /* type so need not allocate it space for it */
766 if (IS_LITERAL(sym->etype))
769 /* generate the actual declaration */
773 stack += getSize(csym->type) ;
778 /* restore the level */
779 if (IS_EXTERN(csym->etype) || IS_FUNC(csym->type))
780 csym->level = saveLevel;
786 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
787 /* redoStackOffsets :- will reassign the values for stack offsets */
788 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
789 void redoStackOffsets ()
795 /* after register allocation is complete we know
796 which variables will need to be assigned space
797 on the stack. We will eliminate those variables
798 which do not have the allocReq flag thus reducing
800 for ( sym = setFirstItem(istack->syms); sym;
801 sym = setNextItem(istack->syms)) {
803 int size = getSize(sym->type);
804 /* nothing to do with parameters so continue */
805 if ((sym->_isparm && !IS_REGPARM(sym->etype)))
808 if ( IS_AGGREGATE(sym->type)) {
809 if (port->stack.direction > 0) {
810 SPEC_STAK(sym->etype) = sym->stack = ( sPtr + 1);
815 SPEC_STAK(sym->etype) = sym->stack = sPtr;
820 /* if allocation not required then subtract
821 size from overall stack size & continue */
822 if (!sym->allocreq) {
823 currFunc->stack -= size;
824 SPEC_STAK(currFunc->etype) -= size;
828 if (port->stack.direction > 0) {
829 SPEC_STAK(sym->etype) = sym->stack = ( sPtr + 1);
834 SPEC_STAK(sym->etype) = sym->stack = sPtr;
838 /* do the same for the external stack */
840 for ( sym = setFirstItem(xstack->syms); sym;
841 sym = setNextItem(xstack->syms)) {
843 int size = getSize(sym->type);
844 /* nothing to do with parameters so continue */
845 if ((sym->_isparm && !IS_REGPARM(sym->etype)))
848 if (IS_AGGREGATE(sym->type)) {
849 SPEC_STAK(sym->etype) = sym->stack = ( xsPtr + 1);
854 /* if allocation not required then subtract
855 size from overall stack size & continue */
856 if (!sym->allocreq) {
857 currFunc->xstack -= size;
858 SPEC_STAK(currFunc->etype) -= size;
862 SPEC_STAK(sym->etype) = sym->stack = ( xsPtr + 1);
866 /* if the debug option is set then output the
867 symbols to the map file */
869 for (sym = setFirstItem(istack->syms); sym;
870 sym = setNextItem(istack->syms))
871 cdbSymbol(sym,cdbFile,FALSE,FALSE);
873 for (sym = setFirstItem(xstack->syms); sym;
874 sym = setNextItem(xstack->syms))
875 cdbSymbol(sym,cdbFile,FALSE,FALSE);
879 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
880 /* printAllocInfoSeg- print the allocation for a given section */
881 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
882 static void printAllocInfoSeg ( memmap *map, symbol *func, FILE *of)
887 if (!map->syms) return;
889 for (sym = setFirstItem(map->syms); sym;
890 sym = setNextItem(map->syms)) {
892 if (sym->level == 0) continue;
893 if (sym->localof != func) continue ;
894 fprintf(of,";%-25s Allocated to ",sym->name);
896 /* if assigned to registers */
897 if (!sym->allocreq && sym->reqv) {
899 sym = OP_SYMBOL(sym->reqv);
900 fprintf(of,"registers ");
901 for (i = 0 ; i < 4 && sym->regs[i] ; i++)
902 fprintf(of,"%s ",port->getRegName(sym->regs[i]));
909 fprintf(of,"stack - offset %d\n",sym->stack);
913 /* otherwise give rname */
914 fprintf(of,"in memory with name '%s'\n",sym->rname);
918 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
919 /* printAllocInfo - prints allocation information for a function */
920 /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
921 void printAllocInfo( symbol * func, FILE *of)
923 if (!of) of = stdout;
925 /* must be called after register allocation is complete */
926 fprintf(of,";------------------------------------------------------------\n");
927 fprintf(of,";Allocation info for local variables in function '%s'\n",func->name);
928 fprintf(of,";------------------------------------------------------------\n");
930 printAllocInfoSeg(xstack,func,of);
931 printAllocInfoSeg(istack,func,of);
932 printAllocInfoSeg(code,func,of);
933 printAllocInfoSeg(data,func,of);
934 printAllocInfoSeg(xdata,func,of);
935 printAllocInfoSeg(idata,func,of);
936 printAllocInfoSeg(sfr,func,of);
937 printAllocInfoSeg(sfrbit,func,of);