1 This is gzip.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.2 from gzip.texi.
3 This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.5, 29 September 2002), and
4 documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
6 Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
8 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
10 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
11 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
12 Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
13 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
14 being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
15 below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
16 "GNU Free Documentation License."
18 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
19 modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
20 the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
22 INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
24 * gzip: (gzip)Invoking gzip. Compress files.
27 INFO-DIR-SECTION Utilities
29 * Gzip: (gzip). The gzip command for compressing files.
33 File: gzip.info, Node: Top, Up: (dir)
38 This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.5, 29 September 2002), and
39 documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
41 Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
43 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
45 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
46 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
47 Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
48 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
49 being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
50 below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
51 "GNU Free Documentation License."
53 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
54 modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
55 the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
59 * Overview:: Preliminary information.
60 * Sample:: Sample output from `gzip'.
61 * Invoking gzip:: How to run `gzip'.
62 * Advanced usage:: Concatenated files.
63 * Environment:: The `GZIP' environment variable
64 * Tapes:: Using `gzip' on tapes.
65 * Problems:: Reporting bugs.
66 * Copying This Manual:: How to make copies of this manual.
67 * Concept Index:: Index of concepts.
70 File: gzip.info, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Up: Top
75 `gzip' reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding
76 (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the
77 extension `.gz', while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
78 modification times. (The default extension is `-gz' for VMS, `z' for
79 MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file
80 name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output.
81 `gzip' will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it
82 will ignore symbolic links.
84 If the new file name is too long for its file system, `gzip'
85 truncates it. `gzip' attempts to truncate only the parts of the file
86 name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the
87 name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
88 For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
89 is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems
90 which do not have a limit on file name length.
92 By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and timestamp in the
93 compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the
94 `-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was truncated
95 or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file transfer.
97 Compressed files can be restored to their original form using `gzip
98 -d' or `gunzip' or `zcat'. If the original name saved in the
99 compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is
100 constructed from the original one to make it legal.
102 `gunzip' takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each
103 file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z', `.Z', `-gz', `-z' or `_z' and
104 which begins with the correct magic number with an uncompressed file
105 without the original extension. `gunzip' also recognizes the special
106 extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for `.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z'
107 respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the `.tgz' extension if
108 necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar' extension.
110 `gunzip' can currently decompress files created by `gzip', `zip',
111 `compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic.
112 When using the first two formats, `gunzip' checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic
113 redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed length.
114 The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency checks.
115 However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file. If you
116 get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that the
117 `.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does not
118 complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does not
119 check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
120 `compress -H' format (`lzh' compression method) does not include a CRC
121 but also allows some consistency checks.
123 Files created by `zip' can be uncompressed by `gzip' only if they
124 have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
125 feature is only intended to help conversion of `tar.zip' files to the
126 `tar.gz' format. To extract a `zip' file with a single member, use a
127 command like `gunzip <foo.zip' or `gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'. To extract
128 `zip' files with several members, use `unzip' instead of `gunzip'.
130 `zcat' is identical to `gunzip -c'. `zcat' uncompresses either a
131 list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the
132 uncompressed data on standard output. `zcat' will uncompress files
133 that have the correct magic number whether they have a `.gz' suffix or
136 `gzip' uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in `zip' and PKZIP. The
137 amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the
138 distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code
139 or English is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally much better
140 than that achieved by LZW (as used in `compress'), Huffman coding (as
141 used in `pack'), or adaptive Huffman coding (`compact').
143 Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
144 slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few
145 bytes for the `gzip' file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an
146 expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
147 of used disk blocks almost never increases. `gzip' preserves the mode,
148 ownership and timestamps of files when compressing or decompressing.
150 The `gzip' file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format
151 specification version 4.3, Internet RFC 1952
152 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The `zip'
153 deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data
154 Format Specification version 1.3, Internet RFC 1951
155 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1951.txt) (May 1996).
158 File: gzip.info, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking gzip, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
163 Here are some realistic examples of running `gzip'.
165 This is the output of the command `gzip -h':
169 usage: gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...]
170 -c --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
171 -d --decompress decompress
172 -f --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
173 -h --help give this help
174 -l --list list compressed file contents
175 -L --license display software license
176 -n --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
177 -N --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
178 -q --quiet suppress all warnings
179 -r --recursive operate recursively on directories
180 -S .suf --suffix .suf use suffix .suf on compressed files
181 -t --test test compressed file integrity
182 -v --verbose verbose mode
183 -V --version display version number
184 -1 --fast compress faster
185 -9 --best compress better
186 file... files to (de)compress. If none given, use standard input.
187 Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.
189 This is the output of the command `gzip -v texinfo.tex':
191 texinfo.tex: 69.7% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
193 The following command will find all `gzip' files in the current
194 directory and subdirectories, and extract them in place without
195 destroying the original:
197 find . -name '*.gz' -print | sed 's/^\(.*\)[.]gz$/gunzip < "&" > "\1"/' | sh
200 File: gzip.info, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top
205 The format for running the `gzip' program is:
209 `gzip' supports the following options:
214 Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
215 If there are several input files, the output consists of a
216 sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better
217 compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.
226 Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
227 links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the
228 compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the
229 input data is not in a format recognized by `gzip', and if the
230 option `--stdout' is also given, copy the input data without
231 change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If `-f'
232 is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip'
233 prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
237 Print an informative help message describing the options then quit.
241 For each compressed file, list the following fields:
243 compressed size: size of the compressed file
244 uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
245 ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
246 uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
248 The uncompressed size is given as `-1' for files not in `gzip'
249 format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed
250 size for such a file, you can use:
254 In combination with the `--verbose' option, the following fields
257 method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack)
258 crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
259 date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file
261 The crc is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
263 With `--verbose', the size totals and compression ratio for all
264 files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With
265 `--quiet', the title and totals lines are not displayed.
267 The `gzip' format represents the the input size modulo 2^32, so
268 the uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly
269 for uncompressed files 4 GB and larger. To work around this
270 problem, you can use the following command to discover a large
271 uncompressed file's true size:
277 Display the `gzip' license then quit.
281 When compressing, do not save the original file name and time
282 stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
283 had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the
284 original file name if present (remove only the `gzip' suffix from
285 the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time
286 stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
287 is the default when decompressing.
291 When compressing, always save the original file name and time
292 stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the
293 original file name and time stamp if present. This option is
294 useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when
295 the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.
299 Suppress all warning messages.
303 Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file
304 names specified on the command line are directories, `gzip' will
305 descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds
306 there (or decompress them in the case of `gunzip').
310 Use suffix `SUF' instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but
311 suffixes other than `.z' and `.gz' should be avoided to avoid
312 confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null
313 suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files
314 regardless of suffix, as in:
316 gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
318 Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed to
319 avoid a conflict with `pack'.
323 Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
327 Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
332 Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then
338 Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit N,
339 where `-1' or `--fast' indicates the fastest compression method
340 (less compression) and `--best' or `-9' indicates the slowest
341 compression method (optimal compression). The default compression
342 level is `-6' (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
346 File: gzip.info, Node: Advanced usage, Next: Environment, Prev: Invoking gzip, Up: Top
351 Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case,
352 `gunzip' will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged,
353 other members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged
354 member. Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are
355 decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.
357 This is an example of concatenating `gzip' files:
359 gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
360 gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
370 In case of damage to one member of a `.gz' file, other members can
371 still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you can
372 get better compression by compressing all members at once:
374 cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
376 compresses better than
378 gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
380 If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better
383 zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz
385 If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed
386 size and CRC reported by the `--list' option applies to the last member
387 only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
391 If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so
392 that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
393 as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip'
394 transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a
398 File: gzip.info, Node: Environment, Next: Tapes, Prev: Advanced usage, Up: Top
403 The environment variable `GZIP' can hold a set of default options for
404 `gzip'. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by
405 explicit command line parameters. For example:
407 for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP
408 for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
409 for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name
411 On Vax/VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to
412 avoid a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.
415 File: gzip.info, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top
417 Using `gzip' on tapes
418 *********************
420 When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to
421 pad the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is
422 read and the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression,
423 `gunzip' detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the
424 compressed data and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains
425 nonzero bytes. You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the
426 warning. This option can be set in the `GZIP' environment variable, as
429 for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
430 for csh: (setenv GZIP "-q"; tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0)
432 In the above example, `gzip' is invoked implicitly by the `-z'
433 option of GNU `tar'. Make sure that the same block size (`-b' option
434 of `tar') is used for reading and writing compressed data on tapes.
435 (This example assumes you are using the GNU version of `tar'.)
438 File: gzip.info, Node: Problems, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top
443 If you find a bug in `gzip', please send electronic mail to
444 <bug-gzip@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can find by
445 running `gzip -V'. Also include in your message the hardware and
446 operating system, the compiler used to compile `gzip', a description of
447 the bug behavior, and the input to `gzip' that triggered the bug.
450 File: gzip.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
457 * GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
460 File: gzip.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
462 GNU Free Documentation License
463 ==============================
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466 Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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758 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
760 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
761 separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
762 a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
763 Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
764 copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
765 called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
766 other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
767 account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
768 derivative works of the Document.
770 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
771 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
772 quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be
773 placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
774 aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
779 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
780 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
781 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
782 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
783 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
784 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
785 translation of this License provided that you also include the
786 original English version of this License. In case of a
787 disagreement between the translation and the original English
788 version of this License, the original English version will prevail.
792 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
793 except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
794 attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
795 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
796 License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
797 from you under this License will not have their licenses
798 terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
800 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
802 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
803 the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
804 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
805 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
806 `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
808 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
809 number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
810 version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
811 have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
812 that specified version or of any later version that has been
813 published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
814 the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
815 you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
816 Free Software Foundation.
818 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
819 ----------------------------------------------------
821 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
822 the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
823 notices just after the title page:
825 Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
826 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
827 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
828 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
829 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
830 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
831 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
832 Free Documentation License''.
834 If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
835 instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
836 Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
837 LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
839 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
840 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
841 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
842 permit their use in free software.
845 File: gzip.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
853 * concatenated files: Advanced usage.
854 * Environment: Environment.
855 * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
856 * invoking: Invoking gzip.
857 * options: Invoking gzip.
858 * overview: Overview.
866 Node: Overview
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868 Node: Invoking gzip
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869 Node: Advanced usage
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870 Node: Environment
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872 Node: Problems
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873 Node: Copying This Manual
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874 Node: GNU Free Documentation License
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875 Node: Concept Index
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