1 #LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
5 \pdfoptionpdfminorversion=3
7 pdftitle={SDCC Compiler User Guide},
8 pdfauthor={SDCC development team},
9 pdfsubject={installation, user manual},
10 pdfkeywords={68hc08 8032 8051 ansi c compiler assembler CPU DS390 embedded development free Floating Point Arithmetic Freescale GPL HC08 inline Intel ISO/IEC 9899:1990 Linux MAC OS X manual Maxim mcs51 Microchip microcontroller open source PIC Unix Windows Z80 Zilog},
11 pdfpagemode=UseOutlines,
13 linkcolor=blue] {hyperref}
17 \emergencystretch=30pt
22 \inputencoding default
25 \paperfontsize default
27 \papersize letterpaper
32 \use_numerical_citations 0
33 \paperorientation portrait
40 \paragraph_separation indent
42 \quotes_language swedish
50 Please note: double dashed longoptions (e.g.
51 --version) are written this way: -
65 three consecutive dashes simply result in a long resp.
69 Architecture specific stuff (like memory models, code examples) should maybe
73 into seperate sections/chapters/appendices (it is hard to document PIC or
77 a 8051 centered document) - for now simply add.
80 SDCC Compiler User Guide
94 The above strings enclosed in $ are automatically updated by Subversion
98 \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
131 ompiler) is an open source, retargettable, optimizing ANSI-C compiler by
136 designed for 8 bit Microprocessors.
137 The current version targets Intel MCS51 based Microprocessors (8031, 8032,
139 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{8031, 8032, 8051, 8052, mcs51 CPU}
143 , etc.), Dallas DS80C390 variants, Freescale (formerly Motorola) HC08 and
144 Zilog Z80 based MCUs.
145 It can be retargeted for other microprocessors, support for Microchip PIC,
146 Atmel AVR is under development.
147 The entire source code for the compiler is distributed under GPL.
149 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
154 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink}
158 , an open source retargetable assembler & linker.
159 SDCC has extensive language extensions suitable for utilizing various microcont
160 rollers and underlying hardware effectively.
165 In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of standard
169 global sub expression elimination,
172 loop optimizations (loop invariant, strength reduction of induction variables
176 constant folding & propagation,
182 dead code elimination
192 For the back-end SDCC uses a global register allocation scheme which should
193 be well suited for other 8 bit MCUs.
198 The peep hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which is
204 Supported data-types are:
209 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="5">
211 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
212 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
213 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
214 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
215 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="20text%">
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217 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
225 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
233 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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259 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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291 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
301 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
309 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
317 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
325 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
333 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
343 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
351 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
359 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
367 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
375 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
385 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
393 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
401 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
409 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
417 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
426 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
427 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
435 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
443 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
451 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
456 -2.147.483.648, +2.147.483.647
459 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
468 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
469 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
477 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
485 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
493 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
518 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
519 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
527 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
535 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
543 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
550 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
564 The compiler also allows
566 inline assembler code
568 to be embedded anywhere in a function.
569 In addition, routines developed in assembly can also be called.
573 SDCC also provides an option (-
583 -cyclomatic) to report the relative complexity of a function.
584 These functions can then be further optimized, or hand coded in assembly
590 SDCC also comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB, the debugger
591 currently uses ucSim a freeware simulator for 8051 and other micro-controllers.<
595 The latest version can be downloaded from
596 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
606 Please note: the compiler will probably always be some steps ahead of this
611 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation}
621 Obviously this has pros and cons
630 All packages used in this compiler system are
638 ; source code for all the sub-packages (pre-processor, assemblers, linkers
639 etc) is distributed with the package.
640 This documentation is maintained using a freeware word processor (LyX).
642 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
643 under the terms of the GNU General Public License
644 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU General Public License, GPL}
648 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at
649 your option) any later version.
650 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
651 ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
652 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{warranty}
656 of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
657 See the GNU General Public License for more details.
658 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
659 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple
660 Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
661 In other words, you are welcome to use, share and improve this program.
662 You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve what
664 Help stamp out software-hoarding!
667 Typographic conventions
668 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Typographic conventions}
675 Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention.
676 Commands you have to type in are printed in
684 Code samples are printed in
689 Interesting items and new terms are printed in
695 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
699 with previous versions
700 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compatibility with previous versions}
707 This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version.
708 But we also introduced some incompatibilities with older versions.
709 Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable, efficient
711 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance}
716 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:ANSI-Compliance}
720 for ANSI-Compliance).
726 short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char
727 (8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant.
730 the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation
731 files are stored is now in /usr/local/share.
734 char type parameters to vararg
735 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg}
739 functions are casted to int unless explicitly casted
740 \begin_inset Marginal
767 will push a as an int and as a char resp.
780 -regextend has been removed.
793 -noregparms has been removed.
806 -stack-after-data has been removed.
810 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
815 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit}
820 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit}
824 types now consistently behave like the C99 _Bool type with respect to type
826 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type conversion}
831 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
836 The most common incompatibility resulting from this change is related to
838 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit toggling}
853 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator}
857 b; /* equivalent to b=1 instead of toggling b */
858 \begin_inset Marginal
873 b = !b; /* toggles b */
877 In previous versions, both forms would have toggled the bit.
882 <pending: more incompatibilities?>
888 What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and
890 The preferred method of installation is to compile SDCC from source using
892 For Windows some pre-compiled binary distributions are available for your
894 You should have some experience with command line tools and compiler use.
900 The SDCC home page at
901 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/}
905 is a great place to find distribution sets.
906 You can also find links to the user mailing lists that offer help or discuss
907 SDCC with other SDCC users.
908 Web links to other SDCC related sites can also be found here.
909 This document can be found in the DOC directory of the source package as
911 A pdf version of this document is available at
912 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf}
917 Some of the other tools (simulator and assembler) included with SDCC contain
918 their own documentation and can be found in the source distribution.
919 If you want the latest unreleased software, the complete source package
920 is available directly from Subversion on https://svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/sdcc
924 Wishes for the future
927 There are (and always will be) some things that could be done.
928 Here are some I can think of:
935 char KernelFunction3(char p) at 0x340;
943 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code banking (limited support)}
953 If you can think of some more, please see the section
954 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Requesting-Features}
958 about filing feature requests
959 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features}
964 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request}
974 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Installation}
981 For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section
982 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux}
987 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Windows-Install}
992 More detailed instructions follow below.
996 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options SDCC configuration}
1003 The install paths, search paths and other options are defined when running
1005 The defaults can be overridden by:
1007 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1019 -prefix see table below
1021 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1033 -exec_prefix see table below
1035 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1047 -bindir see table below
1049 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1061 -datadir see table below
1065 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1069 docdir environment variable, see table below
1071 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1075 include_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below
1077 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1081 lib_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below
1083 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1087 sdccconf_h_dir_separator environment variable, either / or
1092 This character will only be used in sdccconf.h; don't forget it's a C-header,
1093 therefore a double-backslash is needed there.
1097 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1109 -disable-mcs51-port Excludes the Intel mcs51 port
1111 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1123 -disable-gbz80-port Excludes the Gameboy gbz80 port
1125 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1137 -disable-z80-port Excludes the z80 port
1139 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1151 -disable-avr-port Excludes the AVR port
1153 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1165 -disable-ds390-port Excludes the DS390 port
1167 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1179 -disable-hc08-port Excludes the HC08 port
1181 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1193 -disable-pic-port Excludes the PIC port
1195 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1207 -disable-xa51-port Excludes the XA51 port
1209 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1221 -disable-ucsim Disables configuring and building of ucsim
1223 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1235 -disable-device-lib Disables automatically building device libraries
1237 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1249 -disable-packihx Disables building packihx
1253 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1265 -enable-doc Build pdf, html and txt files from the lyx sources
1267 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1279 -enable-libgc Use the Bohem memory allocator.
1280 Lower runtime footprint.
1283 Furthermore the environment variables CC, CFLAGS, ...
1284 the tools and their arguments can be influenced.
1285 Please see `configure -
1295 -help` and the man/info pages of `configure` for details.
1299 The names of the standard libraries STD_LIB, STD_INT_LIB, STD_LONG_LIB,
1300 STD_FP_LIB, STD_DS390_LIB, STD_XA51_LIB and the environment variables SDCC_DIR_
1301 NAME, SDCC_INCLUDE_NAME, SDCC_LIB_NAME are defined by `configure` too.
1302 At the moment it's not possible to change the default settings (it was
1303 simply never required).
1307 These configure options are compiled into the binaries, and can only be
1308 changed by rerunning 'configure' and recompiling SDCC.
1309 The configure options are written in
1313 to distinguish them from run time environment variables (see section search
1319 \begin_inset Quotes sld
1323 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1326 are used by the SDCC team to build the official Win32 binaries.
1327 The SDCC team uses Mingw32 to build the official Windows binaries, because
1334 a gcc compiler and last but not least
1337 the binaries can be built by cross compiling on Sourceforge's compile farm.
1340 See the examples, how to pass the Win32 settings to 'configure'.
1341 The other Win32 builds using Borland, VC or whatever don't use 'configure',
1342 but a header file sdcc_vc_in.h is the same as sdccconf.h built by 'configure'
1353 \begin_inset Tabular
1354 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="3">
1356 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
1357 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
1358 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
1359 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
1360 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1368 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1376 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1385 <row topline="true">
1386 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1396 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1404 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1415 <row topline="true">
1416 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1426 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1436 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1447 <row topline="true">
1448 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1458 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1470 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1485 <row topline="true">
1486 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1496 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1508 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1519 <row topline="true">
1520 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1530 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1542 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1557 <row topline="true">
1558 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1568 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1576 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1585 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
1586 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1596 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1604 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1622 'configure' also computes relative paths.
1623 This is needed for full relocatability of a binary package and to complete
1624 search paths (see section search paths below):
1630 \begin_inset Tabular
1631 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
1633 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
1634 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
1635 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
1636 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
1637 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1645 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1653 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1662 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
1663 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1673 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1681 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1690 <row bottomline="true">
1691 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1701 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1709 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1718 <row bottomline="true">
1719 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1729 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1737 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1770 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1774 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1788 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1792 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1820 To cross compile on linux for Mingw32 (see also 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_mingw
1829 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1832 i586-mingw32msvc-gcc
1833 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1837 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1840 i586-mingw32msvc-g++
1841 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1849 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1852 i586-mingw32msvc-ranlib
1853 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1861 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1864 i586-mingw32msvc-strip
1865 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1883 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1887 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1905 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1909 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1917 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1921 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1929 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1933 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1941 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1945 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1952 sdccconf_h_dir_separator=
1953 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1965 \begin_inset Quotes srd
1996 -host=i586-mingw32msvc
2010 -build=unknown-unknown-linux-gnu
2014 \begin_inset Quotes sld
2018 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2021 compile on Cygwin for Mingw32 (see also sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32
2040 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2044 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2062 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2066 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2074 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2078 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2086 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2090 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2098 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2102 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2109 sdccconf_h_dir_separator=
2110 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2122 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2130 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2134 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2142 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2146 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2152 'configure' is quite slow on Cygwin (at least on windows before Win2000/XP).
2163 -C' turns on caching, which gives a little bit extra speed.
2164 However if options are changed, it can be necessary to delete the config.cache
2169 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-paths}
2174 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install paths}
2180 \added_space_top medskip \align center
2182 \begin_inset Tabular
2183 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="4">
2185 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
2186 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
2187 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
2188 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
2189 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2190 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2200 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2210 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2220 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2231 <row topline="true">
2232 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2240 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2250 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2258 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2271 <row topline="true">
2272 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2280 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2287 $DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX
2290 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2295 /usr/local/share/sdcc/include
2298 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2311 <row topline="true">
2312 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2320 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2327 $DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX
2330 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2335 /usr/local/share/sdcc/lib
2338 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2351 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2352 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2360 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2370 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2375 /usr/local/share/sdcc/doc
2378 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2400 *compiler, preprocessor, assembler, and linker
2406 is auto-appended by the compiler, e.g.
2407 small, large, z80, ds390 etc
2410 The install paths can still be changed during `make install` with e.g.:
2413 make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc
2416 Of course this doesn't change the search paths compiled into the binaries.
2420 Moreover the install path can be changed by defining DESTDIR
2421 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DESTDIR}
2428 make install DESTDIR=$(HOME)/sdcc.rpm/
2431 Please note that DESTDIR must have a trailing slash!
2435 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Search-Paths}
2440 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Search path}
2447 Some search paths or parts of them are determined by configure variables
2452 , see section above).
2453 Further search paths are determined by environment variables during runtime.
2456 The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first catch
2462 Binary files (preprocessor, assembler and linker)
2468 \begin_inset Tabular
2469 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
2471 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
2472 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
2473 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
2474 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2475 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2483 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2491 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2500 <row topline="true">
2501 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2511 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2519 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2530 <row topline="true">
2531 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2536 Path of argv[0] (if available)
2539 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2547 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2556 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2557 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2565 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2573 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2598 \begin_inset Tabular
2599 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
2601 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.5in">
2602 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.5in">
2603 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
2604 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2605 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2613 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2630 <row topline="true">
2631 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2649 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2667 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2686 <row topline="true">
2687 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2695 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2703 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2712 <row topline="true">
2713 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2727 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2739 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2750 <row topline="true">
2751 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2769 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2819 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2832 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2833 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2849 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2854 /usr/local/share/sdcc/
2859 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2887 -nostdinc disables the last two search paths.
2897 With the exception of
2898 \begin_inset Quotes sld
2912 \begin_inset Quotes srd
2919 is auto-appended by the compiler (e.g.
2920 small, large, z80, ds390 etc.).
2927 \begin_inset Tabular
2928 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
2930 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.7in">
2931 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="1.2in">
2932 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="1.2in">
2933 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2934 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2942 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2950 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2959 <row topline="true">
2960 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2978 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2996 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3015 <row topline="true">
3016 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3028 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3040 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3055 <row topline="true">
3056 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3067 $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
3070 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3084 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3101 <row topline="true">
3102 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3117 $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
3120 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3173 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3229 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
3230 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3239 $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/<model>
3242 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3247 /usr/local/share/sdcc/
3254 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3272 Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking
3273 the HTML output (last line)!
3289 -nostdlib disables the last two search paths.
3293 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Building SDCC}
3300 Building SDCC on Linux
3301 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux}
3310 Download the source package
3312 either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the nightly snapshots
3314 , it will be named something like sdcc
3325 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
3334 Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm.
3339 Unpack the file using a command like:
3342 "tar -xvzf sdcc.src.tar.gz
3347 , this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources.
3350 Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type:
3367 This configures the package for compilation on your system.
3383 All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while.
3399 This copies the binary executables, the include files, the libraries and
3400 the documentation to the install directories.
3401 Proceed with section
3402 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Testing-the-SDCC}
3409 Building SDCC on OSX 2.x
3412 Follow the instruction for Linux.
3416 On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease
3417 )) fails to compile SDCC.
3418 Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine.
3419 This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with:
3422 ./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2
3425 Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows
3428 With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32.
3429 See section 'Configure Options'.
3432 Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32
3435 For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions
3441 \begin_inset Quotes sld
3445 \begin_inset Quotes srd
3448 Win32-binary can be built, which will not need the Cygwin-DLL.
3449 For the necessary 'configure' options see section 'configure options' or
3450 the script 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32'.
3454 In order to install Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from
3455 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[www.cygwin.com]{http://www.cygwin.com/}
3461 \begin_inset Quotes sld
3464 default text file type
3465 \begin_inset Quotes srd
3469 \begin_inset Quotes sld
3473 \begin_inset Quotes srd
3476 and download/install at least the following packages.
3477 Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected
3478 because of dependencies with the manually selected packages.
3479 Never deselect these packages!
3488 gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x
3491 binutils ; selected with gcc
3497 rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below)
3500 man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
3504 less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or
3508 svn ; only if you use Subversion access
3511 If you want to develop something you'll need:
3514 python ; for the regression tests
3517 gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI
3518 \begin_inset Quotes sld
3522 \begin_inset Quotes srd
3528 openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes
3531 autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't
3532 use autoconf-stable!
3535 rxvt is a nice console with history.
3536 Replace in your cygwin.bat the line
3555 rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red
3558 -bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash -
3571 Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting
3572 works with shift-insert.
3576 The other good tip is to make sure you have no //c/-style paths anywhere,
3577 use /cygdrive/c/ instead.
3578 Using // invokes a network lookup which is very slow.
3580 \begin_inset Quotes sld
3584 \begin_inset Quotes srd
3587 is too long, you can change it with e.g.
3593 SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF.
3594 Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted
3596 And use an editor which can handle LF-only line endings.
3597 Make sure not to commit files with windows line endings.
3598 The tabulator spacing
3599 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tabulator spacing (8 columns)}
3603 used in the project is 8.
3604 Although a tabulator spacing of 8 is a sensible choice for programmers
3605 (it's a power of 2 and allows to display 8/16 bit signed variables without
3606 loosing columns) the plan is to move towards using only spaces in the source.
3609 Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC)
3614 Download the source package
3616 either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the
3617 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[nightly snapshots]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
3623 , it will be named something like sdcc
3630 SDCC is distributed with all the projects, workspaces, and files you need
3631 to build it using Visual C++ 6.0/NET (except for SDCDB and ucSim).
3632 The workspace name is 'sdcc.dsw'.
3633 Please note that as it is now, all the executables are created in a folder
3637 Once built you need to copy the executables from sdcc
3641 bin before running SDCC.
3646 WARNING: Visual studio is very picky with line terminations; it expects
3647 the 0x0d, 0x0a DOS style line endings, not the 0x0a Unix style line endings.
3648 When using the Subversion repository it's easiest to configure the svn
3649 client to convert automatically for you.
3650 If however you are getting a message such as "This makefile was not generated
3651 by Developer Studio etc.
3653 \begin_inset Quotes srd
3656 when opening the sdcc.dsw workspace or any of the *.dsp projects, then you
3657 need to convert the Unix style line endings to DOS style line endings.
3658 To do so you can use the
3659 \begin_inset Quotes sld
3663 \begin_inset Quotes srd
3666 utility freely available on the internet.
3667 Doug Hawkins reported in the sdcc-user list that this works:
3675 SDCC> unix2dos sdcc.dsw
3681 SDCC> for /R %I in (*.dsp) do @unix2dos "%I"
3685 In order to build SDCC with MSVC you need win32 executables of bison.exe,
3686 flex.exe, and gawk.exe.
3687 One good place to get them is
3688 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[here]{http://unxutils.sourceforge.net}
3696 Download the file UnxUtils
3697 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{UnxUtils}
3702 Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the
3704 Here there are two alternatives (choose one!):
3711 a) Extract UnxUtils.zip to your C:
3713 hard disk PRESERVING the original paths, otherwise bison won't work.
3714 (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is selected)
3718 b) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab,
3719 in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories
3720 window add a new path: 'C:
3730 (As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that could be useful,
3731 such as diff and patch.)
3738 This one avoids extracting a bunch of files you may not use, but requires
3743 a) Create a directory were to put the tools needed, or use a directory already
3751 b) Extract 'bison.exe', 'bison.hairy', 'bison.simple', 'flex.exe', and gawk.exe
3752 to such directory WITHOUT preserving the original paths.
3753 (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is not selected)
3757 c) Rename bison.exe to '_bison.exe'.
3761 d) Create a batch file 'bison.bat' in 'C:
3765 ' and add these lines:
3785 _bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
3789 Steps 'c' and 'd' are needed because bison requires by default that the
3790 files 'bison.simple' and 'bison.hairy' reside in some weird Unix directory,
3791 '/usr/local/share/' I think.
3792 So it is necessary to tell bison where those files are located if they
3793 are not in such directory.
3794 That is the function of the environment variables BISON_SIMPLE and BISON_HAIRY.
3798 e) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab,
3799 in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories
3800 window add a new path: 'c:
3803 Note that you can use any other path instead of 'c:
3805 util', even the path where the Visual C++ tools are, probably: 'C:
3809 Microsoft Visual Studio
3814 So you don't have to execute step 'e' :)
3818 Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy
3819 the executables from sdcc
3823 bin, and you can compile using SDCC.
3826 Building SDCC Using Borland
3829 From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc".
3830 This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for
3834 If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci
3835 es may not be correctly calculated.
3836 The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again.
3837 From a Cygwin BASH prompt, this can easily be done with the command (be
3838 sure you are in the sdcc directory):
3848 ( -name '*.obj' -o -name '*.lib' -o -name '*.rul'
3850 ) -print -exec rm {}
3859 or on Windows NT/2000/XP from the command prompt with the command:
3866 del /s *.obj *.lib *.rul
3869 from the sdcc directory.
3872 Windows Install Using a ZIP Package
3875 Download the binary zip package from
3876 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
3880 and unpack it using your favorite unpacking tool (gunzip, WinZip, etc).
3881 This should unpack to a group of sub-directories.
3882 An example directory structure after unpacking the mingw32 package is:
3887 bin for the executables, c:
3895 lib for the include and libraries.
3898 Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin
3899 directory or start sdcc using the full path.
3902 Windows Install Using the Setup Program
3903 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Windows-Install}
3910 Download the setup program
3912 sdcc-x.y.z-setup.exe
3914 for an official release from
3917 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=599}
3921 or a setup program for one of the snapshots
3923 sdcc-yyyymmdd-xxxx-setup.exe
3926 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
3931 A windows typical installer will guide you through the installation process.
3935 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{VPATH}
3942 SDCC supports the VPATH feature provided by configure and make.
3943 It allows to separate the source and build trees.
3975 tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\SpecialChar ~
3976 # extract source to directory sdcc
3981 mkdir sdcc.build\SpecialChar ~
3990 # put output in sdcc.build
4000 ../sdcc/configure\SpecialChar ~
4008 # configure is doing all the magic!
4020 will create the directory tree will all the necessary Makefiles in ~/sdcc.build.
4021 It automagically computes the variables srcdir, top_srcdir and top_buildir
4027 the generated files will be in ~/sdcc.build, while the source files stay
4030 This is not only usefull for building different binaries, e.g.
4031 when cross compiling.
4032 It also gives you a much better overview in the source tree when all the
4033 generated files are not scattered between the source files.
4034 And the best thing is: if you want to change a file you can leave the original
4035 file untouched in the source directory.
4036 Simply copy it to the build directory, edit it, enter `make clean`, `rm
4037 Makefile.dep` and `make`.
4042 will do the rest for you!
4045 Building the Documentation
4058 -enable-doc to the configure arguments to build the documentation together
4059 with all the other stuff.
4060 You will need several tools (LyX, LaTeX, LaTeX2HTML, pdflatex, dvipdf,
4061 dvips and makeindex) to get the job done.
4062 Another possibility is to change to the doc directory and to type
4066 \begin_inset Quotes srd
4070 \begin_inset Quotes srd
4077 You're invited to make changes and additions to this manual (sdcc/doc/sdccman.ly
4080 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org}
4084 as editor is straightforward.
4085 Prebuilt documentation in html and pdf format is available from
4086 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php}
4093 Reading the Documentation
4094 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation}
4101 Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown
4102 reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they
4109 If you should know why please drop us a note
4115 You'll find the pdf version
4116 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PDF version of this document}
4121 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.pdf}
4129 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HTML version of this document}
4134 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.html/index.html}
4140 This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation:
4144 It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document
4145 (commercially these probably would be separate documents/products).
4147 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation}
4151 currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati
4153 Z80, PIC14, PIC16 and HC08.
4156 There are many references pointing away from this documentation.
4157 Don't let this distract you.
4159 was a reference like
4160 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.opencores.org}
4164 together with a statement
4165 \begin_inset Quotes sld
4168 some processors which are targetted by SDCC can be implemented in a
4185 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FPGA (field programmable gate array)}
4190 \begin_inset Quotes srd
4194 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac}
4199 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FpgaC ((subset of) C to FPGA compiler)}
4204 \begin_inset Quotes sld
4207 have you ever heard of an open source compiler that compiles a subset of
4209 \begin_inset Quotes srd
4212 we expect you to have a quick look there and come back.
4213 If you read this you are on the right track.
4216 Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings
4217 than to the solution.
4220 The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating.
4223 There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles
4227 Testing the SDCC Compiler
4228 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Testing-the-SDCC}
4235 The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to
4251 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version}
4258 at the prompt, and the program should run and output its version like:
4263 SDCC : mcs51/z80/avr/ds390/pic16/pic14/ds400/hc08 2.5.6 #4169 (May 8 2006)
4267 If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then
4268 you need to check over your installation.
4269 Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path
4270 defined by the PATH environment setting (
4275 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
4282 Install trouble-shooting for suggestions
4285 Make sure that the sdcc program is in the bin folder, if not perhaps something
4286 did not install correctly.
4294 is commonly installed as described in section
4295 \begin_inset Quotes sld
4298 Install and search paths
4299 \begin_inset Quotes srd
4308 Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example.
4309 Type in the following test.c program using your favorite
4335 Compile this using the following command:
4344 If all goes well, the compiler will generate a test.asm and test.rel file.
4345 Congratulations, you've just compiled your first program with SDCC.
4346 We used the -c option to tell SDCC not to link the generated code, just
4347 to keep things simple for this step.
4355 The next step is to try it with the linker.
4365 If all goes well the compiler will link with the libraries and produce
4366 a test.ihx output file.
4371 (no test.ihx, and the linker generates warnings), then the problem is most
4380 usr/local/share/sdcc/lib directory
4387 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
4394 Install trouble-shooting for suggestions).
4402 The final test is to ensure
4410 header files and libraries.
4411 Edit test.c and change it to the following:
4428 strcpy(str1, "testing");
4435 Compile this by typing
4442 This should generate a test.ihx output file, and it should give no warnings
4443 such as not finding the string.h file.
4444 If it cannot find the string.h file, then the problem is that
4448 cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include directory
4455 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
4462 Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions).
4480 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs}
4484 to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files.
4487 Install Trouble-shooting
4488 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting}
4493 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install trouble-shooting}
4500 If SDCC does not build correctly
4503 A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package
4504 again in an empty directory.
4512 ./configure 2>&1 | tee configure.log
4526 make 2>&1 | tee make.log
4533 If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem.
4534 Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful
4535 when requesting help from the mailing list.
4539 \begin_inset Quotes sld
4543 \begin_inset Quotes srd
4550 \begin_inset Quotes sld
4554 \begin_inset Quotes srd
4557 command is a script that analyzes your system and performs some configuration
4558 to ensure the source package compiles on your system.
4559 It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine
4560 what compiler features are installed.
4564 \begin_inset Quotes sld
4568 \begin_inset Quotes srd
4574 This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source
4575 packages into the final installed binary executables.
4579 \begin_inset Quotes sld
4583 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4589 This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include
4590 files into the appropriate directories.
4592 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths}
4598 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
4603 about install and search paths.
4605 On most systems you will need super-user privileges to do this.
4611 SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers.
4612 These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components.
4613 Here is a summary of some of the components.
4614 Note that the included simulator and assembler have separate documentation
4615 which you can find in the source package in their respective directories.
4616 As SDCC grows to include support for other processors, other packages from
4617 various developers are included and may have their own sets of documentation.
4621 You might want to look at the files which are installed in <installdir>.
4622 At the time of this writing, we find the following programs for gcc-builds:
4626 In <installdir>/bin:
4629 sdcc - The compiler.
4632 sdcpp - The C preprocessor.
4635 asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors.
4642 as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers.
4645 aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors.
4652 link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers.
4655 s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator.
4658 sdcdb - The source debugger.
4661 packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files.
4664 In <installdir>/share/sdcc/include
4670 In <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib
4673 the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled
4677 In <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc
4683 As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include
4684 executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc.
4690 This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes
4691 the assembler and linkage editor.
4694 sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor
4698 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
4702 is a modified version of the GNU cpp
4703 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cpp|see{sdcpp}}
4708 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/}
4713 The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef
4714 statements, #defines and so on.
4725 - The Assemblers and Linkage Editors
4728 This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan
4730 John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some
4731 enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC.
4738 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51}
4742 is a freeware, opensource simulator developed by Daniel Drotos.
4743 The simulator is built as part of the build process.
4744 For more information visit Daniel's web site at:
4745 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51}
4750 It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips
4754 sdcdb - Source Level Debugger
4758 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
4762 is the companion source level debugger.
4763 More about SDCDB in section
4764 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
4769 The current version of the debugger uses Daniel's Simulator S51
4770 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51}
4774 , but can be easily changed to use other simulators.
4783 Single Source File Projects
4786 For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple.
4787 Compile your programs with the following command
4790 "sdcc sourcefile.c".
4794 This will compile, assemble and link your source file.
4795 Output files are as follows:
4799 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.asm}
4804 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler source}
4808 file created by the compiler
4812 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lst}
4817 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing}
4821 file created by the Assembler
4825 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rst}
4830 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing}
4834 file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor
4838 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.sym}
4843 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Symbol listing}
4847 for the sourcefile, created by the assembler
4851 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
4856 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.o}
4861 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Object file}
4865 created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor
4869 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
4874 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map}
4878 for the load module, created by the Linker
4882 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.mem}
4886 - A file with a summary of the memory usage
4890 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.ihx}
4894 - The load module in Intel hex format
4895 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
4899 (you can select the Motorola S19 format
4900 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format}
4915 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
4920 If you need another format you might want to use
4927 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)}
4938 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
4943 Both formats are documented in the documentation of srecord
4944 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
4952 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.adb}
4956 - An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the
4968 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
4976 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.cdb}
4980 - An optional file (with -
4990 -debug) containing debug information.
4991 The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf
4996 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file> (no extension)}
5000 An optional AOMF or AOMF51
5001 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
5006 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{OMF file}
5010 file containing debug information (generated with option -
5037 ormat is commonly used by third party tools (debuggers
5038 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger}
5042 , simulators, emulators)
5046 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.dump*}
5050 - Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option -
5060 -dumpall) (see section
5061 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options}
5067 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of}
5073 \begin_inset Quotes sld
5076 Anatomy of the compiler
5077 \begin_inset Quotes srd
5083 Postprocessing the Intel Hex
5084 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
5091 In most cases this won't be needed but the Intel Hex file
5092 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.ihx}
5096 which is generated by SDCC might include lines of varying length and the
5097 addresses within the file are not guaranteed to be strictly ascending.
5098 If your toolchain or a bootloader does not like this you can use the tool
5104 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)}
5108 which is part of the SDCC distribution:
5115 packihx sourcefile.ihx >sourcefile.hex
5122 The separately available
5127 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
5131 package additionally allows to set undefined locations to a predefined
5132 value, to insert checksums
5133 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{checksum}
5137 of various flavours (crc, add, xor) and to perform other manipulations
5138 (convert, split, crop, offset, ...).
5146 srec_cat\SpecialChar ~
5148 sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~
5150 -o sourcefile.hex -intel
5157 An example for a more complex command line
5163 the command backfills
5164 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{backfill unused memory}
5168 unused memory with 0x12 and the overall 16 bit sum of the complete 64 kByte
5170 If the program counter on an mcs51 runs wild the backfill pattern 0x12
5171 will be interpreted as an
5179 (where an emergency routine could sit).
5190 srec_cat\SpecialChar ~
5191 sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~
5193 -fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\SpecialChar ~
5194 -little-endian-checksum-nega
5195 tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\SpecialChar ~
5197 -o sourcefile.hex -intel
5206 The srecord package is available at
5207 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/srecord}
5214 Projects with Multiple Source Files
5217 SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time.
5218 Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following
5223 foo1.c (contains some functions)
5225 foo2.c (contains some more functions)
5227 foomain.c (contains more functions and the function main)
5235 The first two files will need to be compiled separately with the commands:
5267 Then compile the source file containing the
5272 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker}
5276 the files together with the following command:
5284 foomain.c\SpecialChar ~
5285 foo1.rel\SpecialChar ~
5290 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
5302 can be separately compiled as well:
5313 sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel
5320 The file containing the
5335 file specified in the command line, since the linkage editor processes
5336 file in the order they are presented to it.
5337 The linker is invoked from SDCC using a script file with extension .lnk
5338 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lnk}
5343 You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising
5344 from missing libraries.
5347 Projects with Additional Libraries
5348 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
5355 Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation
5356 for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in <installdir>/share/sdcc/doc)
5360 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lib}
5367 Libraries created in this manner can be included in the command line.
5368 Make sure you include the -L <library-path> option to tell the linker where
5369 to look for these files if they are not in the current directory.
5370 Here is an example, assuming you have the source file
5382 (if that is not the same as your current project):
5389 sdcc foomain.c foolib.lib -L mylib
5400 must be an absolute path name.
5404 The most efficient way to use libraries is to keep separate modules in separate
5406 The lib file now should name all the modules.rel
5407 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rel}
5412 For an example see the standard library file
5416 in the directory <installdir>/share/lib/small.
5419 Using sdcclib to Create and Manage Libraries
5420 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
5427 Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library
5428 file as described in the preceding section, sdcclib can be used to embed
5429 all the modules belonging to such library in the library file itself.
5430 This results in a larger library file, but it greatly reduces the number
5431 of disk files accessed by the linker.
5432 Additionally, the packed library file contains an index of all include
5433 modules and symbols that significantly speeds up the linking process.
5434 To display a list of options supported by sdcclib type:
5443 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
5454 To create a new library file, start by compiling all the required modules.
5492 This will create files _divsint.rel, _divuint.rel, _modsint.rel, _moduint.rel,
5494 The next step is to add the .rel files to the library file:
5502 sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel
5505 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
5515 sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel
5521 sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel
5527 sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel
5533 sdcclib libint.lib _mulint.rel
5540 If the file already exists in the library, it will be replaced.
5541 To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s
5542 and -m are available.
5550 sdcclib -s libint.lib
5553 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib}
5662 \added_space_bottom bigskip
5663 If the source files are compiled using -
5674 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
5678 , the corresponding debug information file .adb will be include in the library
5680 The library files created with sdcclib are plain text files, so they can
5681 be viewed with a text editor.
5682 It is not recomended to modify a library file created with sdcclib using
5683 a text editor, as there are file indexes numbers located accross the file
5684 used by the linker to quickly locate the required module to link.
5685 Once a .rel file (as well as a .adb file) is added to a library using sdcclib,
5686 it can be safely deleted, since all the information required for linking
5687 is embedded in the library file itself.
5688 Library files created using sdcclib are used as described in the preceding
5692 Command Line Options
5693 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Command Line Options}
5700 Processor Selection Options
5701 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options processor selection}
5706 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Processor selection options}
5712 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5717 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mmcs51}
5723 Generate code for the Intel MCS51
5724 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51}
5728 family of processors.
5729 This is the default processor target.
5731 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5736 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds390}
5742 Generate code for the Dallas DS80C390
5743 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C390}
5749 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5754 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds400}
5760 Generate code for the Dallas DS80C400
5761 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
5767 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5772 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mhc08}
5778 Generate code for the Freescale/Motorola HC08
5779 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
5783 family of processors.
5785 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5790 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mz80}
5796 Generate code for the Zilog Z80
5797 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
5801 family of processors.
5803 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5808 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mgbz80}
5814 Generate code for the GameBoy Z80
5815 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)}
5819 processor (Not actively maintained).
5821 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5826 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mavr}
5832 Generate code for the Atmel AVR
5833 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AVR}
5837 processor (Not maintained, not complete).
5838 AVR users should probably have a look at winavr
5839 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr}
5844 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=index}
5851 I think it is fair to direct users there for now.
5852 Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work .
5853 But I didn't find the 'official' link.
5855 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5860 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic14}
5866 Generate code for the Microchip PIC 14
5867 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
5871 -bit processors (p16f84 and variants.
5872 In development, not complete).
5875 p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877?
5877 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5882 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic16}
5888 Generate code for the Microchip PIC 16
5889 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
5893 -bit processors (p18f452 and variants.
5894 In development, not complete).
5896 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5902 Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H
5903 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TLCS-900H}
5907 processor (Not maintained, not complete).
5909 \added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5914 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mxa51}
5920 Generate code for the Phillips XA51
5921 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XA51}
5925 processor (Not maintained, not complete).
5928 Preprocessor Options
5929 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options preprocessor}
5934 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Preprocessor options}
5939 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
5945 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5950 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-I<path>}
5956 The additional location where the pre processor will look for <..h> or
5957 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5961 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5966 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5971 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-D<macro[=value]>}
5977 Command line definition of macros.
5978 Passed to the preprocessor.
5980 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5985 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-M}
5991 Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make describing the
5992 dependencies of each object file.
5993 For each source file, the preprocessor outputs one make-rule whose target
5994 is the object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are
5995 all the files `#include'd in it.
5996 This rule may be a single line or may be continued with `
5998 '-newline if it is long.
5999 The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed
6002 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E}
6008 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6013 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-C}
6019 Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments.
6020 Used with the `-E' option.
6022 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6027 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-MM}
6038 Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with
6040 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6044 System header files included with `#include <file>' are omitted.
6046 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6051 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Aquestion(answer)}
6057 Assert the answer answer for question, in case it is tested with a preprocessor
6058 conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'.
6059 `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target
6062 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6067 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Umacro}
6073 Undefine macro macro.
6074 `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include'
6075 and `-imacros' options.
6077 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6082 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dM}
6088 Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that
6089 are in effect at the end of preprocessing.
6090 Used with the `-E' option.
6092 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6097 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dD}
6103 Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in
6104 their proper sequence in the rest of the output.
6106 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6111 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dN}
6122 Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted.
6123 Only `#define name' is included in the output.
6125 \added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6130 preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]
6133 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wp preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]}
6138 Pass the preprocessorOption to the preprocessor
6143 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
6148 SDCC uses an adapted version of the preprocessor
6152 of the GNU Compiler Collection
6153 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gcc (GNU Compiler Collection)}
6162 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/}
6166 ), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\SpecialChar ~
6171 \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/}
6179 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options linker}
6184 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker options}
6190 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6210 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-lib-path <path>}
6215 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-L -\/-lib-path}
6222 <absolute path to additional libraries> This option is passed to the linkage
6223 editor's additional libraries
6224 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
6229 The path name must be absolute.
6230 Additional library files may be specified in the command line.
6231 See section Compiling programs for more details.
6233 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6250 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-loc <Value>}
6255 <Value> The start location of the external ram
6256 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
6260 , default value is 0.
6261 The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
6271 -xram-loc 0x8000 or -
6283 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6300 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc <Value>}
6305 <Value> The start location of the code
6306 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
6310 segment, default value 0.
6311 Note when this option is used the interrupt vector table
6312 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
6316 is also relocated to the given address.
6317 The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: -
6327 -code-loc 0x8000 or -
6339 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6356 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc <Value>}
6361 <Value> By default the stack
6362 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
6366 is placed after the data segment.
6367 Using this option the stack can be placed anywhere in the internal memory
6369 The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
6380 -stack-loc 0x20 or -
6391 Since the sp register is incremented before a push or call, the initial
6392 sp will be set to one byte prior the provided value.
6393 The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as used
6394 register banks or the data segment and with enough space for the current
6412 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram}
6416 option (which is now a default setting) will override this setting, so
6417 you should also specify the
6433 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram}
6437 option if you need to manually place the stack.
6439 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6456 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack-loc <Value>}
6461 <Value> By default the external stack
6462 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xstack}
6466 is placed after the pdata
6467 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
6472 Using this option the xstack can be placed anywhere in the external memory
6474 The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.
6485 -xstack-loc 0x8000 or -
6496 The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as the
6497 pdata or xdata segment and with enough space for the current application.
6499 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6516 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc <Value>}
6521 <Value> The start location of the internal ram data
6522 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
6527 The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
6549 (By default, the start location of the internal ram data segment is set
6550 as low as possible in memory, taking into account the used register banks
6551 and the bit segment at address 0x20.
6552 For example if register banks 0 and 1 are used without bit variables, the
6553 data segment will be set, if -
6563 -data-loc is not used, to location 0x10.)
6565 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6582 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-idata-loc <Value>}
6587 <Value> The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram
6588 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
6592 of the 8051, default value is 0x80.
6593 The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg.
6604 -idata-loc 0x88 or -
6616 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6633 <Value> The start location of the bit
6634 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
6638 addressable internal ram of the 8051.
6644 Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\SpecialChar ~
6647 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6662 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-ihx}
6671 The linker output (final object code) is in Intel Hex format.
6672 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
6676 This is the default option.
6677 The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord
6678 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
6684 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6699 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
6708 The linker output (final object code) is in Motorola S19 format
6709 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format}
6714 The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord.
6716 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6731 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19}
6736 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Options!-\/-out-fmt-elf}
6745 The linker output (final object code) is in ELF format
6746 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ELF format}
6751 (Currently only supported for the HC08
6752 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
6758 \added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6763 linkOption[,linkOption]
6766 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wl linkOption[,linkOption]}
6771 Pass the linkOption to the linker.
6772 If a bootloader is used an option like
6773 \begin_inset Quotes sld
6778 \begin_inset Quotes srd
6781 would be typical to set the start of the code segment.
6782 See also #pragma constseg and #pragma codeseg in section
6783 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas}
6788 File sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html has more on linker options.
6792 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options MCS51}
6797 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 options}
6803 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6818 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-small}
6829 Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more
6831 This is the default model.
6833 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6848 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-medium}
6854 Generate code for Medium model programs, see section Memory Models for
6856 If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
6858 It must also be used when invoking the linker.
6860 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6875 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large}
6881 Generate code for Large model programs, see section Memory Models for more
6883 If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled
6885 It must also be used when invoking the linker.
6887 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6902 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
6908 Uses a pseudo stack in the pdata
6909 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
6913 area (usually the first 256 bytes in the external ram) for allocating variables
6914 and passing parameters.
6916 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:External-Stack}
6921 External Stack for more details.
6923 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6941 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
6945 Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of
6948 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6966 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size <Value>}
6970 Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of
6973 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6991 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size <Value>}
6995 Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of
6998 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7016 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-size <Value>}
7020 Causes the linker to check if there is at minimum <Value> bytes for stack.
7022 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7040 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram}
7044 Causes the linker to use unused register banks for data variables and pack
7045 data, idata and stack together.
7046 This is the default now.
7048 \added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7066 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram}
7070 Causes the linker to use old style for allocating memory areas.
7073 DS390 / DS400 Options
7074 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options DS390}
7079 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390}
7085 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7102 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-model-flat24}
7112 Generate 24-bit flat mode code.
7113 This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now
7114 and is default when using
7119 See section Memory Models for more details.
7121 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7136 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-protect-sp-update}
7142 disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates.
7144 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7161 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-10bit}
7165 Generate code for the 10 bit stack mode of the Dallas DS80C390 part.
7166 This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now
7167 and is default when using
7172 In this mode, the stack is located in the lower 1K of the internal RAM,
7173 which is mapped to 0x400000.
7174 Note that the support is incomplete, since it still uses a single byte
7175 as the stack pointer.
7176 This means that only the lower 256 bytes of the potential 1K stack space
7177 will actually be used.
7178 However, this does allow you to reclaim the precious 256 bytes of low RAM
7179 for use for the DATA and IDATA segments.
7180 The compiler will not generate any code to put the processor into 10 bit
7182 It is important to ensure that the processor is in this mode before calling
7183 any re-entrant functions compiled with this option.
7184 In principle, this should work with the
7197 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
7203 option, but that has not been tested.
7204 It is incompatible with the
7217 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
7224 It also only makes sense if the processor is in 24 bit contiguous addressing
7237 -model-flat24 option
7241 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7256 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-probe}
7262 insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue.
7264 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7279 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-tini-libid}
7285 <nnnn> LibraryID used in -mTININative.
7288 \added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7303 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-use-accelerator}
7309 generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator.
7314 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options Z80}
7319 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
7325 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7342 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-callee-saves-bc}
7352 Force a called function to always save BC.
7354 \added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7371 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-no-std-crt0}
7375 When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file.
7376 You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking.
7380 Optimization Options
7381 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options optimization}
7386 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimization options}
7392 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7407 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nogcse}
7413 Will not do global subexpression elimination, this option may be used when
7414 the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data spaces to store compiler
7424 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sloc (spill location)}
7429 A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler
7430 will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated.
7431 It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
7433 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
7437 can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination
7438 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination}
7442 for a given function only.
7444 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7459 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinvariant}
7465 Will not do loop invariant optimizations, this may be turned off for reasons
7466 explained for the previous option.
7467 For more details of loop optimizations performed see Loop Invariants in
7469 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
7474 It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
7476 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant}
7480 can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only.
7482 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7497 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinduction}
7503 Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction
7505 It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
7507 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
7511 can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only.
7513 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7528 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nojtbound}
7539 Will not generate boundary condition check when switch statements
7540 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
7544 are implemented using jump-tables.
7546 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements}
7551 Switch Statements for more details.
7552 It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~
7554 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
7558 can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function
7561 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7576 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noloopreverse}
7585 Will not do loop reversal
7586 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing}
7592 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7609 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nolabelopt }
7613 Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable).
7615 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7630 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt}
7636 Will not memcpy initialized data from code space into xdata space.
7637 This saves a few bytes in code space if you don't have initialized data
7638 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
7644 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7659 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nooverlay}
7665 The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function,
7666 see section Parameters and local variables for more details.
7668 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7683 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep}
7689 Disable peep-hole optimization with built-in rules.
7691 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7708 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file}
7713 <filename> This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by
7714 the peep hole optimizer.
7716 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Peephole-Optimizer}
7721 Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules.
7723 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7738 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm}
7744 Pass the inline assembler code through the peep hole optimizer.
7745 This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler code, please go through
7746 the peephole optimizer
7747 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
7751 rules defined in the source file tree '<target>/peeph.def' before using
7754 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7769 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-speed}
7775 The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
7776 at the expense of code size.
7778 \added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7793 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-size}
7799 The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
7800 at the expense of code speed.
7804 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options other}
7810 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7826 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-compile-only}
7831 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-c -\/-compile-only}
7837 will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor.
7839 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7858 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-c1mode}
7864 reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it.
7865 The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option.
7867 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7872 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E}
7878 Run only the C preprocessor.
7879 Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard
7882 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7888 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-o <path/file>}
7894 The output path resp.
7895 file where everything will be placed.
7896 If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash
7897 for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path.
7900 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7915 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
7926 All functions in the source file will be compiled as
7931 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
7936 the parameters and local variables will be allocated on the stack
7937 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
7943 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
7947 Parameters and Local Variables for more details.
7948 If this option is used all source files in the project should be compiled
7950 It automatically implies --int-long-reent and --float-reent.
7953 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
7968 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-callee-saves}
7972 function1[,function2][,function3]....
7975 The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving
7976 across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing
7977 & popping when calling small functions from larger functions.
7978 This option can be used to switch the register saving convention for the
7979 function names specified.
7980 The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, no extra
7981 code will be generated at the entry & exit (function prologue
7984 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
7993 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue}
7999 ) for these functions to save & restore the registers used by these functions,
8000 this can SUBSTANTIALLY reduce code & improve run time performance of the
8002 In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) will be able
8003 to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
8004 DO NOT use this option for built-in functions such as _mulint..., if this
8005 option is used for a library function the appropriate library function
8006 needs to be recompiled with the same option.
8007 If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file
8008 should be compiled with the same -
8018 -callee-saves option string.
8019 Also see #pragma\SpecialChar ~
8021 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
8027 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8042 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
8051 When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information.
8052 The debug information collected in a file with .cdb extension can be used
8054 For more information see documentation for SDCDB.
8055 Another file with no extension contains debug information in AOMF or AOMF51
8056 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
8060 format which is commonly used by third party tools.
8062 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8067 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-S}
8078 Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble.
8079 The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified.
8081 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8096 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
8102 Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant.
8103 Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant.
8104 See section Installation for more details.
8106 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8121 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-cyclomatic}
8130 This option will cause the compiler to generate an information message for
8131 each function in the source file.
8132 The message contains some
8136 information about the function.
8137 The number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow
8138 graph of the function, and most importantly the
8140 cyclomatic complexity
8141 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity}
8147 see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details.
8149 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8164 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-float-reent}
8170 Floating point library is compiled as reentrant
8171 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
8176 See section Installation for more details.
8178 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8193 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return}
8199 This option can be used if the code generated is called by a monitor program
8200 or if the main routine includes an endless loop.
8201 This option results in slightly smaller code and saves two bytes of stack
8203 The return from the 'main'
8204 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{main return}
8208 function will return to the function calling main.
8209 The default setting is to lock up i.e.
8216 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8231 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdinc}
8237 This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path
8238 to the preprocessor.
8240 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8255 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdlib}
8261 This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default library
8262 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
8268 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8283 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-verbose}
8289 Shows the various actions the compiler is performing.
8291 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8296 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-V}
8302 Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing.
8304 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8319 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-c-code-in-asm}
8325 Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always
8326 blame the compiler :)
8328 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8343 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep-comments}
8349 Will not include peep-hole comments in the generated files.
8351 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8366 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-i-code-in-asm}
8372 Include i-codes in the asm file.
8373 Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself.
8375 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8390 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-less-pedantic}
8396 Disable some of the more pedantic warnings
8397 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Warnings}
8401 (jwk burps: please be more specific here, please!).
8403 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8417 -disable-warning\SpecialChar ~
8419 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-disable-warning}
8425 Disable specific warning with number <nnnn>.
8427 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8442 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs}
8448 Display the directories in the compiler's search path
8450 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8465 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc}
8471 Display errors and warnings using MSVC style, so you can use SDCC with
8472 the visual studio IDE
8473 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE}
8478 With SDCC both offering a GCC-like (the default) and a MSVC-like
8479 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MSVC output style}
8483 output style, integration into most programming editors should be straightforwa
8486 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8501 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout}
8507 Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr.
8509 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8514 asmOption[,asmOption]
8517 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wa asmOption[,asmOption]}
8522 Pass the asmOption to the assembler
8523 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options assembler}
8528 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler options}
8533 See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd
8535 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8550 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc89}
8556 Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
8557 with the standard (default).
8559 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8574 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89}
8580 Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
8583 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8598 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99}
8604 Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
8605 with the standard (incomplete support).
8607 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8622 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99}
8628 Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
8629 standard (incomplete support).
8631 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8648 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-codeseg <Value>}
8653 <Name> The name to be used for the code
8654 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
8658 segment, default CSEG.
8659 This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the code in a special
8660 segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment in a special
8662 Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a
8665 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8682 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-constseg <Value>}
8687 <Name> The name to be used for the const
8688 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
8692 segment, default CONST.
8693 This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the const data in
8694 a special segment so you can later on tell the linker to put this segment
8695 in a special place in memory.
8696 Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data
8699 \added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8711 a SDCC compiler option but if you want
8715 warnings you can use a separate tool dedicated to syntax checking like
8717 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
8722 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)}
8727 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org}
8732 To make your source files parseable by splint you will have to include
8738 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
8742 in your source file and add brackets around extended keywords (like
8745 \begin_inset Quotes sld
8758 \begin_inset Quotes srd
8766 \begin_inset Quotes sld
8769 __interrupt\SpecialChar ~
8771 \begin_inset Quotes srd
8779 Splint has an excellent on line manual at
8780 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org/manual/}
8784 and it's capabilities go beyond pure syntax checking.
8785 You'll need to tell splint the location of SDCC's include files so a typical
8786 command line could look like this:
8790 splint\SpecialChar ~
8792 /usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\SpecialChar ~
8797 Intermediate Dump Options
8798 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options}
8803 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options intermediate dump}
8808 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intermediate dump options}
8815 The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging
8817 They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode
8818 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
8822 ) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various stages of
8823 the compilation process.
8824 More on iCodes see chapter
8825 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of}
8830 \begin_inset Quotes srd
8833 The anatomy of the compiler
8834 \begin_inset Quotes srd
8839 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8854 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpraw}
8860 This option will cause the compiler to dump the intermediate code into
8863 <source filename>.dumpraw
8865 just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function, i.e.
8866 before any optimizations are done.
8868 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks}
8872 at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in
8873 sequence of execution.
8875 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8890 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpgcse}
8896 Will create a dump of iCode's, after global subexpression elimination
8897 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Global subexpression elimination}
8903 <source filename>.dumpgcse.
8905 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8920 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpdeadcode}
8926 Will create a dump of iCode's, after deadcode elimination
8927 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
8933 <source filename>.dumpdeadcode.
8935 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8950 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumploop}
8959 Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations
8960 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
8966 <source filename>.dumploop.
8968 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
8983 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumprange}
8992 Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range analysis
8993 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
8999 <source filename>.dumprange.
9001 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
9016 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumlrange}
9022 Will dump the life ranges
9023 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
9029 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
9044 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpregassign}
9053 Will create a dump of iCode's, after register assignment
9054 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register assignment}
9060 <source filename>.dumprassgn.
9062 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
9077 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumplrange}
9083 Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's
9085 \added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
9100 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall}
9111 Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created.
9114 Redirecting output on Windows Shells
9116 \added_space_bottom bigskip
9117 By default SDCC writes it's error messages to
9118 \begin_inset Quotes sld
9122 \begin_inset Quotes srd
9126 To force all messages to
9127 \begin_inset Quotes sld
9131 \begin_inset Quotes srd
9155 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout}
9160 Additionally, if you happen to have visual studio installed in your windows
9161 machine, you can use it to compile your sources using a custom build and
9177 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc}
9182 Something like this should work:
9226 -model-large -c $(InputPath)
9229 Environment variables
9230 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Environment variables}
9237 SDCC recognizes the following environment variables:
9239 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
9244 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LEAVE\_SIGNALS}
9250 SDCC installs a signal handler
9251 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{signal handler}
9255 to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception.
9256 If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler
9257 in order to be able to debug SDCC.
9259 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
9266 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR}
9272 Path, where temporary files will be created.
9273 The order of the variables is the search order.
9274 In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's
9275 no need to set them.
9276 On Windows it's recommended to set one of them.
9278 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
9283 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_HOME}
9290 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths}
9296 \begin_inset Quotes sld
9300 \begin_inset Quotes srd
9305 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
9310 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_INCLUDE}
9317 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
9323 \begin_inset Quotes sld
9327 \begin_inset Quotes srd
9332 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
9337 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LIB}
9344 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths}
9350 \begin_inset Quotes sld
9354 \begin_inset Quotes srd
9359 \added_space_bottom bigskip
9360 There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these
9361 are solely used for debugging purposes.
9362 They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented.
9365 Storage Class Language Extensions
9368 MCS51/DS390 Storage Class
9369 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
9376 In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51
9377 specific storage classes:
9378 \layout Subsubsection
9381 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
9386 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
9391 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{near (storage class)}
9396 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_near (storage class)}
9407 storage class for the Small Memory model (
9415 or the more ANSI-C compliant forms
9423 can be used synonymously).
9424 Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly
9425 addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.:
9430 __data unsigned char test_data;
9433 Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
9438 75*00 01\SpecialChar ~
9444 \layout Subsubsection
9447 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
9452 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
9457 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)}
9462 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)}
9469 Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external
9475 storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.:
9480 __xdata unsigned char test_xdata;
9483 Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
9488 90s00r00\SpecialChar ~
9517 \layout Subsubsection
9520 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
9525 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
9532 Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly
9533 addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.:
9538 __idata unsigned char test_idata;
9541 Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
9570 Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM
9572 The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have
9573 256 byte idata memory.
9575 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
9579 is located in idata memory.
9580 \layout Subsubsection
9583 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
9588 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
9595 Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing
9597 It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of
9599 The following example writes 0x01 to the pdata variable.
9600 Please note, pdata access physically accesses xdata memory.
9601 The high byte of the address is determined by port P2
9602 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
9606 (or in case of some 8051 variants by a separate Special Function Register,
9608 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
9617 storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.:
9622 __pdata unsigned char test_pdata;
9625 Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
9669 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
9673 option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area
9674 and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes.
9675 \layout Subsubsection
9678 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code}
9683 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_code}
9690 'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code
9696 __code unsigned char test_code;
9699 Read access to this variable generates the assembly code:
9704 90s00r6F\SpecialChar ~
9707 mov dptr,#_test_code
9736 indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently:
9741 __code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'};
9744 Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly
9761 90s00r41\SpecialChar ~
9764 mov dptr,#_test_array
9779 \layout Subsubsection
9782 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
9787 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_bit}
9794 This is a data-type and a storage class specifier.
9795 When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable
9796 memory of 8051, e.g.:
9804 Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code:
9820 The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20
9821 to 0x2f in data memory.
9824 Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support ANSI-C
9826 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bitfields}
9836 Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are
9837 about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c
9841 In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit
9842 signed modifier are implemented as unsigned.
9843 \layout Subsubsection
9846 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
9851 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
9856 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr16}
9861 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr16}
9866 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr32}
9871 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr32}
9876 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit}
9881 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit}
9888 Like the bit keyword,
9890 sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit
9892 signify both a data-type and storage class, they are used to describe the
9913 variables of a 8051, eg:
9919 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
9924 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
9928 (0x80) P0;\SpecialChar ~
9929 /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */
9933 /* 16 bit special function register combination for timer 0
9937 with the high byte at location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */
9939 __sfr16 __at (0x8C8A) TMR0;
9944 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
9949 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
9953 (0xd7) CY;\SpecialChar ~
9955 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flags}
9960 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Carry flag}
9967 Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by
9968 8 are bit-addressable, an
9972 addresses a specific bit within these sfr.
9974 16 Bit and 32 bit special function register combinations which require a
9975 certain access order are better not declared using
9984 Allthough SDCC usually accesses them Least Significant Byte (LSB) first,
9985 this is not guaranteed.
9990 Please note, if you use a header file which was written for another compiler
9991 then the sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit Storage Class extensions will most
9997 Specifically the syntax
10000 sfr P0 = 0x80;\SpecialChar ~
10007 by SDCC to an assignment of 0x80 to a variable called P0
10010 \begin_inset Marginal
10024 Nevertheless it is possible to write header files
10025 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
10030 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
10034 which can be shared among different compilers (see section
10035 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers}
10041 \layout Subsubsection
10044 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer}
10048 to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces
10051 SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any
10052 of the memory spaces
10053 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
10058 In addition to the explicit pointers, the compiler uses (by default) generic
10059 pointers which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces.
10063 Pointer declaration examples:
10068 /* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram
10071 __xdata unsigned char * __data p;
10075 /* pointer physically in external ram pointing to object in internal ram
10078 __data unsigned char * __xdata p;
10082 /* pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */
10084 __xdata unsigned char * __code p;
10088 /* pointer physically in code space pointing to data in code space */
10090 __code unsigned char * __code p;
10094 /* generic pointer physically located in xdata space */
10096 unsigned char * __xdata p;
10100 /* generic pointer physically located in default memory space */
10106 /* the following is a function pointer
10107 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function pointer}
10111 physically located in data space */
10113 char (* __data fp)(void);
10116 Well you get the idea.
10121 All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390)
10134 The highest order byte of the
10138 pointers contains the data space information.
10139 Assembler support routines are called whenever data is stored or retrieved
10145 These are useful for developing reusable library
10146 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
10151 Explicitly specifying the pointer
10152 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pointer}
10156 type will generate the most efficient code.
10157 \layout Subsubsection
10159 Notes on MCS51 memory
10160 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory}
10167 The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal
10168 RAM memory which is structured as follows:
10172 - Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7,
10175 - Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold 128 bit
10176 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
10182 - Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use.
10187 Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of
10188 additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory (
10193 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
10198 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
10203 Furthermore, some chips may have some built in external memory (
10208 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
10213 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
10217 ) which should not be confused with the internal, directly addressable RAM
10223 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
10228 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
10233 Sometimes this built in
10237 memory has to be activated before using it (you can probably find this
10238 information on the datasheet of the microcontroller your are using, see
10240 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
10248 Normally SDCC will only use the first bank
10249 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
10253 of registers (register bank 0), but it is possible to specify that other
10254 banks of registers (keyword
10261 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
10266 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
10272 ) should be used in interrupt
10273 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
10278 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
10283 By default, the compiler will place the stack after the last byte of allocated
10284 memory for variables.
10285 For example, if the first 2 banks of registers are used, and only four
10290 variables, it will position the base of the internal stack at address 20
10292 This implies that as the stack
10293 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
10297 grows, it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used
10298 by the 128 bit variables, and 80 bytes for general purpose use.
10299 If any bit variables are used, the data variables will be placed in unused
10300 register banks and after the byte holding the last bit variable.
10301 For example, if register banks 0 and 1 are used, and there are 9 bit variables
10306 variables will be placed starting from address 0x10 to 0x20 and continue
10319 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc <Value>}
10323 to specify the start address of the
10338 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
10342 to specify the size of the total internal RAM (
10356 By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data
10369 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc <Value>}
10373 allows you to specify the start of the stack, i.e.
10374 you could start it after any data in the general purpose area.
10375 If your microcontroller has additional indirectly addressable internal
10380 ) you can place the stack on it.
10381 You may also need to use -
10392 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xdata-loc<Value>}
10396 to set the start address of the external RAM (
10411 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size <Value>}
10415 to specify its size.
10416 Same goes for the code memory, using -
10427 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc <Value>}
10442 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size <Value>}
10447 If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory
10448 layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it.
10450 \added_space_bottom bigskip
10451 The linker generates two files with memory allocation information.
10452 The first, with extension .map
10453 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
10457 shows all the variables and segments.
10458 The second with extension .mem
10459 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.mem}
10463 shows the final memory layout.
10464 The linker will complain either if memory segments overlap, there is not
10465 enough memory, or there is not enough space for stack.
10466 If you get any linking warnings and/or errors related to stack or segments
10467 allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what
10469 The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem.
10472 Z80/Z180 Storage Class
10473 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Storage class}
10477 Language Extensions
10478 \layout Subsubsection
10481 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
10486 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
10490 (in/out to 8-bit addresses)
10494 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
10498 family has separate address spaces for memory and
10508 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{I/O memory (Z80, Z180)}
10513 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!I/O memory}
10518 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!I/O memory}
10522 is accessed with special instructions, e.g.:
10527 sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\SpecialChar ~
10529 /* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */
10533 Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
10538 3E 01\SpecialChar ~
10546 D3 78\SpecialChar ~
10553 \layout Subsubsection
10556 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
10561 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
10565 (in/out to 16-bit addresses)
10572 is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.:
10578 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
10583 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
10590 Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code:
10595 01 23 01\SpecialChar ~
10600 3E 01\SpecialChar ~
10608 ED 79\SpecialChar ~
10615 \layout Subsubsection
10618 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
10623 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr}
10627 (in0/out0 to 8 bit addresses on Z180
10628 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180}
10633 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HD64180 (see Z180)}
10639 \added_space_bottom bigskip
10640 The compiler option -
10651 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Options!-\/-portmode}
10655 =180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\SpecialChar ~
10657 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Pragmas!\#pragma portmode}
10661 =z180 (z80) is used to turn on (off) the Z180/HD64180 port addressing instructio
10671 If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically.
10675 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Storage class}
10679 Language Extensions
10680 \layout Subsubsection
10683 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (hc08 storage class)}
10688 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (hc08 storage class)}
10695 The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256
10696 bytes of memory (the direct page).
10698 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
10702 is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) stored here.
10703 \layout Subsubsection
10706 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (hc08 storage class)}
10711 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (hc08 storage class)}
10717 \added_space_bottom bigskip
10718 The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in
10720 This is the default if no storage class is specified.
10724 Absolute Addressing
10725 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing}
10732 Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the
10735 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
10740 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
10746 keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.:
10752 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
10757 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
10762 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
10767 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
10771 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum;
10774 or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C:
10779 __xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum;
10782 In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff
10783 of the external ram.
10788 reserve any space for variables declared in this way
10789 \begin_inset Marginal
10800 (they are implemented with an equate in the assembler).
10801 Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure there are no overlaps with
10802 other variables that are declared without the absolute address.
10803 The assembler listing file (.lst
10804 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.lst}
10808 ) and the linker output files (.rst
10809 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.rst}
10814 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.map}
10818 ) are good places to look for such overlaps.
10819 Variables with an absolute address are
10822 \begin_inset Marginal
10836 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
10843 In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword
10847 has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed:
10853 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
10858 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
10863 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
10867 (0x8000) unsigned char PORTA_8255;
10870 For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa
10875 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
10882 starts at a block (256 byte) boundary
10883 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{block boundary}
10888 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
10894 Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all storage classes,
10901 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
10906 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
10913 The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab
10915 There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables
10916 in this manner, unless you want strict control over all the variables allocated.
10917 One possible use would be to write hardware portable code.
10918 For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller
10919 I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you
10920 can declare the I/O pins in your routine using:
10926 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
10930 __bit MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
10934 /* master out, slave in */
10936 extern volatile __bit MISO;\SpecialChar ~
10940 /* master in, slave out */
10942 extern volatile __bit MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
10950 /* Input and Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus.
10955 If needed adapt polarity of clock, polarity of data and bit order
10960 unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte)
10984 MOSI = out_byte & 0x80;
11014 /* _asm nop _endasm; */\SpecialChar ~
11022 /* for slow peripherals */
11073 Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use
11079 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
11084 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
11088 (0x80) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
11092 /* I/O port 0, bit 0 */
11094 __bit __at (0x81) MISO;\SpecialChar ~
11098 /* I/O port 0, bit 1 */
11100 __bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
11104 /* I/O port 0, bit 2 */
11107 Similarly, for the second hardware you would use
11112 __bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~
11116 /* I/O port 0, bit 3 */
11118 __bit __at (0x91) MISO;\SpecialChar ~
11122 /* I/O port 1, bit 1 */
11125 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
11129 __at (0x92) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~
11133 /* I/O port 1, bit 2 */
11135 \added_space_bottom bigskip
11136 and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as
11137 for example in a library.
11138 This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be
11139 specified in the whole project.
11143 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameters}
11148 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
11153 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
11158 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
11165 Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed
11166 on the stack or in data-space.
11167 The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal
11168 RAM (for small model) or external RAM (for large model).
11169 This in fact makes them similar to
11172 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{static}
11178 so by default functions are non-reentrant
11179 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
11188 They can be placed on the stack
11189 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
11206 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
11214 #pragma\SpecialChar ~
11218 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto}
11225 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
11231 keyword in the function declaration, e.g.:
11236 unsigned char foo(char i) __reentrant
11250 Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the
11268 option should be used sparingly.
11269 Note that the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local
11270 variables will be allocated to the stack, it
11274 mean that the function is register bank
11275 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
11284 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
11288 can be assigned storage classes and absolute
11289 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing}
11298 unsigned char foo()
11306 __xdata unsigned char i;
11319 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
11323 (0x31) unsigned char j;
11335 In the above example the variable
11339 will be allocated in the external ram,
11343 in bit addressable space and
11362 or when a function is declared as
11366 this should only be done for static variables.
11370 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
11374 however are not allowed any storage class
11375 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
11379 , (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is
11380 governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options.
11383 It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also
11384 non-static local bit variables are supported.
11385 Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space.
11386 They are pushed and popped to stack
11387 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
11391 as a single byte just like the normal registers.
11395 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Overlaying}
11400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Overlaying}
11408 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
11412 functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space usage by overlaying
11413 parameters and local variables of a function (if possible).
11414 Parameters and local variables
11415 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
11419 of a function will be allocated to an overlayable segment if the function
11422 no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory
11424 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
11431 If an explicit storage class
11432 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
11436 is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlayed.
11439 Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin
11441 Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine
11442 \begin_inset Marginal
11452 should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
11454 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
11458 if they are not reentrant.
11461 Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler
11462 code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters
11463 of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls
11464 other c-functions that might use the overlay.
11465 In that case the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
11466 nooverlay should be used.
11469 Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica
11471 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
11476 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division}
11480 will NOT be overlayed since these are implemented using external functions,
11489 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
11495 void set_error(unsigned char errcd)
11511 void some_isr () __interrupt
11512 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
11541 \added_space_bottom bigskip
11542 In the above example the parameter
11550 would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\SpecialChar ~
11552 not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called
11553 from an interrupt service routine.
11554 The #pragma\SpecialChar ~
11555 nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for
11556 the function are NOT overlayed.
11559 Interrupt Service Routines
11560 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines}
11567 General Information
11582 outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords.
11587 void timer_isr (void) __interrupt (1) __using (1)
11601 The optional number following the
11604 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
11609 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
11615 keyword is the interrupt number this routine will service.
11616 When present, the compiler will insert a call to this routine in the interrupt
11618 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
11622 for the interrupt number specified.
11623 If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service routines
11624 can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr MUST be present
11625 or included in the file that contains the function
11630 The optional (8051 specific) keyword
11633 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
11638 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
11644 can be used to tell the compiler to use the specified register bank when
11645 generating code for this function.
11648 Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs:
11649 \layout Subsubsection
11652 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
11656 Common interrupt pitfall: variable not declared
11661 If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by
11662 other functions these variables have to be declared
11667 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
11673 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_variable}
11678 \layout Subsubsection
11681 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-atomic}
11685 Common interrupt pitfall:
11690 If the access to these variables is not
11693 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
11700 the processor needs more than one instruction for the access and could
11701 be interrupted while accessing the variable) the interrupt must be disabled
11702 during the access to avoid inconsistent data.
11705 Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs and
11706 should be protected by disabling interrupts.
11707 You're not automatically on the safe side if you use 8 bit variables though.
11708 We need an example here: f.e.
11709 on the 8051 the harmless looking
11710 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11715 flags\SpecialChar ~
11720 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11729 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11734 flags\SpecialChar ~
11739 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11742 from within an interrupt routine might get lost if the interrupt occurs
11745 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11750 counter\SpecialChar ~
11755 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11758 is not atomic on the 8051 even if
11762 is located in data memory.
11764 Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can cause a lot of trouble.
11766 \layout Subsubsection
11769 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-stack-overflow}
11773 Common interrupt pitfall:
11778 The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine
11779 are saved on the stack
11780 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
11784 so there must be sufficient stack space.
11785 If there isn't variables or registers (or even the return address itself)
11792 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack overflow}
11796 is most likely to happen if the interrupt occurs during the
11797 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11801 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11804 subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e.
11805 many return addresses.
11806 \layout Subsubsection
11809 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-reentrant}
11813 Common interrupt pitfall:
11815 use of non-reentrant functions
11818 A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division
11819 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division}
11824 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
11829 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Modulus}
11834 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
11838 operations are implemented using external support routines.
11839 If an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then
11840 the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have to
11841 be recompiled using the
11854 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
11860 option and the source file will need to be compiled using the
11875 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
11882 Note, the type promotion
11883 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
11887 required by ANSI C can cause 16 bit routines to be used
11888 \begin_inset Marginal
11899 without the programmer being aware of it.
11903 (unsigned char)(tail-1)
11905 within the if clause in section
11906 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
11912 \added_space_bottom bigskip
11913 Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended,
11914 avoid it if possible.
11915 Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine
11916 it should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~
11918 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
11922 if it is not reentrant.
11923 Furthermore nonreentrant functions should not be called from the main program
11924 while the interrupt service routine might be active.
11925 They also must not be called from low priority interrupt service routines
11926 while a high priority interrupt service routine might be active.
11927 You could use semaphores or make the function
11931 if all parameters are passed in registers.
11934 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Overlaying}
11939 about Overlaying and section
11940 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
11945 about Functions using private register banks.
11948 MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines
11952 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
11956 numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for the Standard 8051/8052
11958 SDCC will automatically adjust the
11959 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
11963 to the maximum interrupt number specified.
11969 \begin_inset Tabular
11970 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
11972 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
11973 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
11974 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0in">
11975 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
11976 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
11984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
11992 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12001 <row topline="true">
12002 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12010 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12018 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12027 <row topline="true">
12028 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12036 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12044 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12053 <row topline="true">
12054 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12062 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12070 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12079 <row topline="true">
12080 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12088 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12096 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12105 <row topline="true">
12106 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12114 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12122 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12131 <row topline="true">
12132 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12140 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12157 <row topline="true">
12158 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12166 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12173 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12182 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
12183 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12191 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12198 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12216 If the interrupt service routine is defined without
12219 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
12224 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
12230 a register bank or with register bank 0 (
12234 0), the compiler will save the registers used by itself on the stack upon
12235 entry and restore them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine
12236 calls another function then the entire register bank will be saved on the
12238 This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which
12239 have low register usage.
12241 \added_space_bottom bigskip
12242 If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register
12247 & psw are saved and restored, if such an interrupt service routine calls
12248 another function (using another register bank) then the entire register
12249 bank of the called function will be saved on the stack
12250 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
12255 This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines.
12259 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
12263 Interrupt Service Routines
12265 \added_space_bottom bigskip
12266 Since the number of interrupts
12267 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt}
12271 available is chip specific and the interrupt vector table always ends at
12272 the last byte of memory, the interrupt numbers corresponds to the interrupt
12273 vectors in reverse order of address.
12274 For example, interrupt 1 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffc, interrupt
12275 2 will use the interrupt vector at 0xfffa, and so on.
12276 However, interrupt 0 (the reset vector at 0xfffe) is not redefinable in
12277 this way; instead see section
12278 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
12282 for details on customizing startup.
12285 Z80 Interrupt Service Routines
12289 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
12293 uses several different methods for determining the correct interrupt
12294 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!interrupt}
12298 vector depending on the hardware implementation.
12299 Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt
12300 to generate an interrupt vector table.
12303 By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI
12304 instruction to return from the interrupt.
12305 To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs
12306 a RETN instruction instead, add the
12315 void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt
12328 \added_space_bottom bigskip
12329 However if you need to create a non-interruptable interrupt service routine
12330 you would also require the
12335 To distinguish between this and an nmi_isr you must provide an interrupt
12339 Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
12342 Critical Functions and Critical Statements
12345 A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring
12351 SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts
12352 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
12356 upon entry to a critical function and restore the interrupt enable to the
12357 previous state before returning.
12358 Nesting critical functions will need one additional byte on the stack
12359 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
12368 int foo () __critical
12369 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{critical}
12374 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_critical}
12399 The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like
12409 may also be used to disable interrupts more locally:
12417 More than one statement could have been included in the block.
12420 Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly
12424 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
12428 can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051):
12433 EA = 0;\SpecialChar ~
12496 EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~
12563 On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling
12564 interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly
12565 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
12570 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt}
12580 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
12589 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
12598 #define SEI _asm\SpecialChar ~
12610 Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source
12612 a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an
12615 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt mask}
12625 Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as
12627 This minimizes both
12632 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt latency}
12636 (the time between the occurrence of the interrupt and the execution of
12637 the first code in the interrupt routine) and
12642 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt jitter}
12646 (the difference between the shortest and the longest interrupt latency).
12647 These really are something different, f.e.
12648 a serial interrupt has to be served before its buffer overruns so it cares
12649 for the maximum interrupt latency, whereas it does not care about jitter.
12650 On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed
12651 by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas
12652 a much smaller jitter will be very audible.
12655 You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture
12656 s you can make use of two (or more) levels of
12658 interrupt priorities
12661 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority}
12666 On some architectures which don't support interrupt priorities these can
12667 be implemented by manipulating the interrupt mask and reenabling interrupts
12668 within the interrupt routine.
12669 Check there is sufficient space on the stack
12670 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
12674 and don't add complexity unless you have to.
12679 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{semaphore}
12683 locking (mcs51/ds390)
12686 Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic
12687 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
12700 These type of instructions are typically used in preemptive multitasking
12701 systems, where a routine f.e.
12702 claims the use of a data structure ('acquires a lock
12703 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lock}
12707 on it'), makes some modifications and then releases the lock when the data
12708 structure is consistent again.
12709 The instruction may also be used if interrupt and non-interrupt code have
12710 to compete for a resource.
12711 With the atomic bit test and clear instruction interrupts
12712 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
12716 don't have to be disabled for the locking operation.
12720 SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern:
12726 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
12730 bit resource_is_free;
12734 if (resource_is_free)
12744 resource_is_free=0;
12757 resource_is_free=1;
12764 Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic
12765 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic}
12773 instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and
12778 Functions using private register banks
12779 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Functions-using-private-banks}
12786 Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets.
12787 SDCC supports this feature with the
12790 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
12795 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)}
12801 attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register bank
12802 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)}
12806 other than the default bank zero).
12807 It should only be applied to
12810 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
12816 functions (see footnote below).
12817 This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient
12818 since it will not have to save registers on the stack.
12825 attribute will have no effect on the generated code for a
12829 function (but may occasionally be useful anyway
12835 possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions
12836 using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute
12837 as the calling 'interrupt' functions.
12838 For instance, if you have several ISRs using bank one, and all of them
12839 call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy()
12840 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero
12841 to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function
12848 (pending: Note, nowadays the
12852 attribute has an effect on
12856 the generated code for a
12871 function using a non-zero bank will assume that it can trash that register
12872 bank, and will not save it.
12873 Since high-priority interrupts
12874 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupts}
12879 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority}
12883 can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends, this means that
12884 if a high-priority ISR
12888 a particular bank occurs while processing a low-priority ISR
12892 the same bank, terrible and bad things can happen.
12893 To prevent this, no single register bank should be
12897 by both a high priority and a low priority ISR.
12898 This is probably most easily done by having all high priority ISRs use
12899 one bank and all low priority ISRs use another.
12900 If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your
12901 own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance
12904 \added_space_bottom bigskip
12905 It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions.
12906 If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions
12907 use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the
12908 called functions use bank zero.
12909 It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank
12915 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Startup-Code}
12920 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Startup code}
12927 MCS51/DS390 Startup Code
12930 The compiler inserts a call to the C routine
12932 _sdcc_external_startup()
12933 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_sdcc\_external\_startup()}
12942 at the start of the CODE area.
12943 This routine is in the runtime library
12944 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library}
12949 By default this routine returns 0, if this routine returns a non-zero value,
12950 the static & global variable initialization will be skipped and the function
12951 main will be invoked.
12952 Otherwise static & global variables will be initialized before the function
12956 _sdcc_external_startup()
12958 routine to your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware
12959 or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global variable
12961 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization}
12966 On some mcs51 variants xdata
12967 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
12971 memory has to be explicitly enabled before it can be accessed or if the
12973 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{watchdog}
12977 needs to be disabled, this is the place to do it.
12978 The startup code clears all internal data memory, 256 bytes by default,
12979 but from 0 to n-1 if
12992 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size <Value>}
12999 (recommended for Chipcon CC1010).
13001 \added_space_bottom bigskip
13002 See also the compiler options
13021 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt}
13040 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return}
13045 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
13049 about MCS51-variants.
13054 \added_space_bottom bigskip
13056 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
13060 startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code.
13065 \added_space_bottom bigskip
13067 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
13071 the startup code is inserted by linking with crt0.o which is generated from
13072 sdcc/device/lib/z80/crt0.s.
13073 If you need a different startup code you can use the compiler option
13094 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-std-crt0}
13098 and provide your own crt0.o.
13102 Inline Assembler Code
13103 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
13110 A Step by Step Introduction
13111 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction}
13118 Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51
13119 how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and
13120 an array in xdata memory.
13121 The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures.
13122 This is a buffer routine which should be optimized:
13128 unsigned char __far
13129 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)}
13134 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)}
13139 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at}
13144 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at}
13148 (0x7f00) buf[0x100];
13149 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
13155 unsigned char head, tail;\SpecialChar ~
13173 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
13225 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
13237 void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
13245 if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )\SpecialChar ~
13251 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
13256 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
13261 \begin_inset Marginal
13282 buf[ head++ ] = c;\SpecialChar ~
13298 /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */
13303 If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC
13304 then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated.
13305 We define a new function
13309 in file buffer.c in which we cut and paste the generated code, removing
13310 unwanted comments and some ':'.
13312 \begin_inset Quotes sld
13316 \begin_inset Quotes srd
13320 \begin_inset Quotes sld
13324 \begin_inset Quotes srd
13327 to the beginning and the end of the function body:
13333 /* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with.
13338 The function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */
13340 void to_buffer_asm( unsigned char c )
13349 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
13354 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
13368 ;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \SpecialChar ~
13374 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
13379 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
13431 ;buffer.c buf[ head++ ] = c; /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */
13432 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array}
13497 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
13502 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
13511 The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced
13512 function argument 'c'.
13513 Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY
13514 (1) and finally have:
13520 unsigned char __far __at(0x7f00) buf[0x100];
13522 unsigned char head, tail;
13524 #define USE_ASSEMBLY (1)
13532 void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
13540 if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
13560 void to_buffer( unsigned char c )
13568 c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument
13575 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
13580 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
13594 ; save used registers here.
13605 ; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here.
13608 ; if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )
13651 ; we could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below)
13675 ; buf[ head++ ] = c;
13686 a,dpl \SpecialChar ~
13693 ; dpl holds lower byte of function argument
13704 dpl,_head \SpecialChar ~
13707 ; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly
13749 ; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see above)
13761 ; restore used registers here
13768 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
13773 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
13784 The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler
13785 , this includes any assembler directives and comment lines.
13786 The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments.
13787 You'll find an 100+ pages assembler manual in sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
13788 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
13793 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation}
13798 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html}
13806 The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the
13809 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
13814 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
13822 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
13827 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
13836 Specifically it will not know which registers are used and thus register
13838 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
13842 has to be done manually.
13846 It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed
13847 in a separate line (as the example shows).
13861 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm}
13867 command line option is used, the inline assembler code will be passed through
13868 the peephole optimizer
13869 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
13874 There are only a few (if any) cases where this option makes sense, it might
13875 cause some unexpected changes in the inline assembler code.
13876 Please go through the peephole optimizer rules defined in file
13880 before using this option.
13884 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Naked-Functions}
13889 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Naked functions}
13896 A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as
13899 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked}
13904 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked}
13915 function modifier attribute prevents the compiler from generating prologue
13916 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
13921 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue}
13925 code for that function.
13926 This means that the user is entirely responsible for such things as saving
13927 any registers that may need to be preserved, selecting the proper register
13928 bank, generating the
13932 instruction at the end, etc.
13933 Practically, this means that the contents of the function must be written
13934 in inline assembler.
13935 This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large
13936 (and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue.
13937 For example, compare the code generated by these two functions:
13943 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile}
13947 data unsigned char counter;
13951 void simpleInterrupt(void) __interrupt
13952 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
13957 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt}
13975 void nakedInterrupt(void) __interrupt (2) __naked
13984 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
13989 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
14006 _counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
14018 ; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function.
14025 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
14030 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
14039 For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like:
14048 example, recent versions of SDCC generate
14054 code for simpleInterrupt() and nakedInterrupt()!
14194 whereas nakedInterrupt looks like:
14209 _counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw
14227 ; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function
14230 The related directive #pragma exclude
14231 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
14235 allows a more fine grained control over pushing & popping
14236 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
14243 While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a
14247 function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this,
14248 and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler.
14251 Use of Labels within Inline Assembler
14254 SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding
14256 In older versions of the compiler all labels defined within inline assembler
14265 where nnnn is a number less than 100 (which implies a limit of utmost 100
14266 inline assembler labels
14280 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm}
14285 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm}
14315 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
14320 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
14327 Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference
14329 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Labels}
14333 defined by the inline assembler, e.g.:
14358 ; some assembler code
14378 /* some more c code */
14380 clabel:\SpecialChar ~
14382 /* inline assembler cannot reference this label */
14394 $0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only)
14401 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm}
14406 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm}
14416 /* some more c code */
14421 In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline
14422 assembly within the scope of the function.
14423 The same goes the other way, i.e.
14424 labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements.
14427 Interfacing with Assembler Code
14428 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
14435 Global Registers used for Parameter Passing
14436 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameter passing}
14443 The compiler always uses the global registers
14446 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL}
14451 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
14456 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{B (mcs51, ds390 register)}
14465 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ACC (mcs51, ds390 register)}
14471 to pass the first parameter to a routine.
14472 The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant
14483 -stack-auto is used) or in data / xdata memory (depending on the memory
14488 Assembler Routine (non-reentrant)
14491 In the following example
14492 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
14497 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (non-reentrant)}
14501 the function c_func calls an assembler routine asm_func, which takes two
14503 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
14512 extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
14516 int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j)
14524 return asm_func(i,j);
14538 return c_func(10,9);
14543 The corresponding assembler function is:
14548 .globl _asm_func_PARM_2
14649 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL}
14666 Note here that the return values
14667 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value}
14671 are placed in 'dpl' - One byte return value, 'dpl' LSB & 'dph' MSB for
14673 'dpl', 'dph' and 'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph','
14674 b' & 'acc' for four byte values.
14677 The parameter naming convention is _<function_name>_PARM_<n>, where n is
14678 the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left.
14679 The first parameter is passed in
14680 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14684 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14687 for a one byte parameter,
14688 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14692 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14696 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14700 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14703 for three bytes and
14704 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14708 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14711 for a four bytes parameter.
14712 The variable name for the second parameter will be _<function_name>_PARM_2.
14716 Assemble the assembler routine with the following command:
14723 asx8051 -losg asmfunc.asm
14730 Then compile and link the assembler routine to the C source file with the
14738 sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel
14741 Assembler Routine (reentrant)
14745 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
14750 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (reentrant)}
14754 the second parameter
14755 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter}
14759 onwards will be passed on the stack, the parameters are pushed from right
14761 after the call the leftmost parameter will be on the top of the stack.
14762 Here is an example:
14767 extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char);
14771 int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) reentrant
14779 return asm_func(i,j);
14793 return c_func(10,9);
14798 The corresponding assembler routine is:
14897 \added_space_bottom bigskip
14898 The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra
14899 entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp is the stack
14900 frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters
14901 and local variables.
14905 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (16 bit)}
14910 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long (32 bit)}
14917 For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division,
14918 multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines.
14919 These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting
14920 to other MCUs, although some model specific assembler optimizations are
14922 The following files contain the described routines, all of them can be
14923 found in <installdir>/share/sdcc/lib.
14929 \begin_inset Tabular
14930 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
14932 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
14933 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
14934 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14935 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14945 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14956 <row topline="true">
14957 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14965 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14970 16 bit multiplication
14974 <row topline="true">
14975 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14983 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14988 signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint)
14992 <row topline="true">
14993 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15001 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15006 unsigned 16 bit division
15010 <row topline="true">
15011 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15019 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15024 signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint)
15028 <row topline="true">
15029 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15037 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15042 unsigned 16 bit modulus
15046 <row topline="true">
15047 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15055 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15060 32 bit multiplication
15064 <row topline="true">
15065 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15073 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15078 signed 32 division (calls _divulong)
15082 <row topline="true">
15083 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15091 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15096 unsigned 32 division
15100 <row topline="true">
15101 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15109 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15114 signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong)
15118 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15119 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15127 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15132 unsigned 32 bit modulus
15145 Since they are compiled as
15150 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
15155 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
15159 service routines should not do any of the above operations.
15160 If this is unavoidable then the above routines will need to be compiled
15174 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
15180 option, after which the source program will have to be compiled with
15193 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent}
15200 Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly.
15201 The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation
15205 Floating Point Support
15206 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
15213 SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers.
15214 The floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and
15215 consist of the following routines:
15223 \begin_inset Tabular
15224 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
15226 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
15227 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
15228 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15229 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15246 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15255 <row topline="true">
15256 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15287 add floating point numbers
15291 <row topline="true">
15292 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15309 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15323 subtract floating point numbers
15327 <row topline="true">
15328 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15345 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15359 divide floating point numbers
15363 <row topline="true">
15364 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15381 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15395 multiply floating point numbers
15399 <row topline="true">
15400 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15417 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15431 convert floating point to unsigned char
15435 <row topline="true">
15436 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15453 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15467 convert floating point to signed char
15471 <row topline="true">
15472 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15489 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15503 convert floating point to unsigned int
15507 <row topline="true">
15508 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15525 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15539 convert floating point to signed int
15543 <row topline="true">
15544 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15570 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15584 convert floating point to unsigned long
15588 <row topline="true">
15589 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15606 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15620 convert floating point to signed long
15624 <row topline="true">
15625 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15642 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15656 convert unsigned char to floating point
15660 <row topline="true">
15661 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15678 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15692 convert char to floating point number
15696 <row topline="true">
15697 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15714 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15728 convert unsigned int to floating point
15732 <row topline="true">
15733 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15750 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15764 convert int to floating point numbers
15768 <row topline="true">
15769 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15786 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15800 convert unsigned long to floating point number
15804 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15805 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15822 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15836 convert long to floating point number
15848 \added_space_bottom bigskip
15849 These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space
15850 and speed improvement
15856 These floating point routines (
15860 sinf(), cosf(), ...) for the mcs51 are implemented in assembler.
15865 Note if all these routines are used simultaneously the data space might
15867 For serious floating point usage the large model might be needed.
15868 Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly.
15869 The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation
15874 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
15883 <pending: this is messy and incomplete - a little more information is in
15884 sdcc/doc/libdoc.txt
15889 Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.)
15892 Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.)
15893 \layout Subsubsection
15899 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<stdio.h>}
15903 As usual on embedded systems you have to provide your own
15906 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{getchar()}
15915 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{putchar()}
15922 SDCC does not know whether the system connects to a serial line with or
15923 without handshake, LCD, keyboard or other device.
15937 You'll find examples for serial routines f.e.
15938 in sdcc/device/lib.
15944 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf()}
15954 does not support float (except on ds390).
15955 To enable this recompile it with the option
15968 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{USE\_FLOATS}
15974 on the command line.
15988 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large}
15994 for the mcs51 port, since this uses a lot of memory.
15997 If you're short on memory you might want to use
16000 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_small()}
16015 For the mcs51 there additionally are assembly versions
16018 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_tiny() (mcs51)}
16024 (subset of printf using less than 270 bytes) and
16027 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast() (mcs51)}
16036 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast\_f() (mcs51)}
16042 (floating-point aware version of printf_fast) which should fit the requirements
16043 of many embedded systems (printf_fast() can be customized by unsetting
16048 support long variables and field widths).
16049 \layout Subsubsection
16052 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{malloc.h}
16059 Before using dynamic memory allocation
16060 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{dynamic memory allocation (malloc)}
16064 with SDCC, you have to provide heap
16065 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{heap (malloc)}
16069 space for malloc to allocate memory from
16074 You can acomplish this by including the following code into your source:
16079 #include <malloc.h>
16080 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{malloc.h}
16085 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{calloc}
16090 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{malloc}
16095 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{realloc}
16100 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{free (malloc)}
16108 #define HEAPSIZE 0x1000 /* Adjust depending on available memory */
16110 unsigned char xdata myheap[HEAPSIZE]; /* The actual heap for dynamic memory
16122 /* Your variable declarations come here*/
16132 init_dynamic_memory((MEMHEADER xdata *)myheap, HEAPSIZE);
16138 /* Rest of your code*/
16145 Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.)
16146 \layout Subsubsection
16151 See definitions in file <math.h>.
16158 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries}
16162 included in SDCC should have a license at least as liberal as the GNU Lesser
16163 General Public License
16164 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL}
16175 license statements for the libraries are missing.
16176 sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c
16180 come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal
16181 enough for many embedded programmers.
16184 If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code
16186 falls into any of these categories Busses (I
16187 \begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{2}}$
16190 C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory
16191 cards, eeprom, flash...), En-/Decryption, Remote debugging, Realtime kernel,
16192 Keyboard, LCD, RTC, FPGA, PID then the sdcc-user mailing list
16193 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599}
16198 would certainly like to hear about it.
16200 \added_space_bottom bigskip
16201 Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being
16202 enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl
16203 e these references are very valuable.
16204 Let's help to create a climate where information is shared.
16210 MCS51 Memory Models
16211 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
16216 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory model}
16221 \layout Subsubsection
16223 Small, Medium and Large
16226 SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code,
16235 Modules compiled with different memory models should
16239 be combined together or the results would be unpredictable.
16240 The library routines supplied with the compiler are compiled as small,
16242 The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small,
16243 medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set.
16246 When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a
16247 storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all
16248 parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant
16249 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
16254 When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated
16255 in the internal ram.
16258 Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes
16259 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class}
16263 and the 'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code,
16264 than using the large model.
16265 Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the
16266 large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless
16267 absolutely required.
16268 \layout Subsubsection
16271 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:External-Stack}
16276 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
16281 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{External stack (mcs51)}
16288 The external stack (-
16299 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack}
16303 ) is located in pdata
16304 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
16308 memory (usually at the start of the external ram segment) and uses all
16309 unused space in pdata (max.
16321 -xstack option is used to compile the program, the parameters and local
16323 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
16327 of all reentrant functions are allocated in this area.
16328 This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements.
16329 When used with the -
16340 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
16344 option, all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external
16345 stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same
16347 There is a predefined target in the library makefile).
16350 The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment
16352 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
16357 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants}
16361 ), therefore when using the External Stack option, this port
16365 be used by the application program.
16369 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model}
16374 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390 memory model}
16381 The only model supported is Flat 24
16382 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)}
16387 This generates code for the 24 bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas
16389 In this mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly
16391 See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information on this part.
16395 Note that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor
16396 into 24 bitmode (although
16400 in the ds390 libraries will do that for you).
16406 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tinibios (DS390)}
16410 , the boot loader or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24
16411 bit contiguous addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code.
16429 option, variables will by default be placed into the XDATA segment.
16434 Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual
16446 Note that if any segments are located above 64K, the -r flag must be passed
16447 to the linker to generate the proper segment relocations, and the Intel
16448 HEX output format must be used.
16449 The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option
16453 on the SDCC command line.
16454 However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k.
16458 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Pragmas}
16463 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pragmas}
16470 SDCC supports the following #pragma directives:
16478 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save}
16482 - this will save most current options to the save/restore stack.
16483 See #pragma\SpecialChar ~
16492 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore}
16496 - will restore saved options from the last save.
16497 saves & restores can be nested.
16498 SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack,
16499 restore pulls current options from the stack.
16500 See #pragma\SpecialChar ~
16511 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
16516 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue}
16520 function1[,function2[,function3...]] - The compiler by default uses a caller
16521 saves convention for register saving across function calls, however this
16522 can cause unnecessary register pushing & popping
16523 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
16527 when calling small functions from larger functions.
16528 This option can be used to switch off the register saving convention for
16529 the function names specified.
16530 The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, extra
16531 code need to be manually inserted at the entry & exit for these functions
16532 to save & restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIALLY
16533 reduce code & improve run time performance of the generated code.
16534 In the future the compiler (with inter procedural analysis) may be able
16535 to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call.
16546 -callee-saves command line option is used, the function names specified
16547 in #pragma\SpecialChar ~
16549 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves}
16553 is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line.
16561 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
16565 none | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma disables the generation
16566 of pairs of push/pop
16567 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop}
16576 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
16589 The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition
16590 and it affects ALL ISR functions following it.
16591 To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\SpecialChar ~
16592 exclude\SpecialChar ~
16594 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude}
16599 See also the related keyword _naked
16600 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked}
16605 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked}
16617 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma less\_pedantic}
16621 - the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you'r on
16630 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma disable\_warning}
16634 - the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number <nnnn>.
16642 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
16646 - will stop global common subexpression elimination.
16654 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
16658 - will stop loop induction optimizations.
16666 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant}
16670 - will not do loop invariant optimizations.
16671 For more details see Loop Invariants in section
16672 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
16684 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noiv}
16688 - Do not generate interrupt
16689 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt}
16694 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table}
16698 entries for all ISR functions defined after the pragma.
16699 This is useful in cases where the interrupt vector table must be defined
16700 manually, or when there is a secondary, manually defined interrupt vector
16702 for the autovector feature of the Cypress EZ-USB FX2).
16703 More elegantly this can be achieved by obmitting the optional interrupt
16704 number after the interrupt keyword, see section
16705 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines}
16718 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
16722 - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when switch statements
16723 are turned into jump-tables (dangerous).
16724 For more details see section
16725 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements}
16737 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noloopreverse}
16741 - Will not do loop reversal optimization
16749 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay}
16753 - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a
16762 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto}
16777 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
16782 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables}
16786 Parameters and Local Variables.
16794 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_speed}
16798 - The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly
16799 at the expense of code size.
16800 Currently this has little effect.
16808 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_size}
16812 - The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly
16813 at the expense of code speed.
16814 Currently this has little effect.
16822 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_balanced}
16826 - The compiler will attempt to generate code that is both compact and fast,
16827 as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the
16837 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc89}
16841 - Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
16842 with the standard (default).
16850 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c89}
16854 - Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
16863 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc99}
16867 - Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict
16868 with the standard (incomplete support).
16876 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c99}
16880 - Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the
16881 standard (incomplete support).
16889 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma codeseg}
16893 - Use this name (max.
16894 8 characters) for the code segment.
16913 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma constseg}
16917 - Use this name (max.
16918 8 characters) for the const segment.
16932 The preprocessor SDCPP
16933 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)}
16937 supports the following #pragma directives:
16945 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm}
16949 (+ | -) - switch _asm _endasm block preprocessing on / off.
16951 You use this prama to define multilines of assembly code.
16952 This will prevent the preprocessor from changing the formating required
16954 Below is an example on how to use this pragma.
16959 #pragma preproc_asm -
16960 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm}
16966 #define MYDELAY _asm
16971 nop ;my assembly comment...
16985 #pragma preproc_asm +
17015 The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations
17016 which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to
17017 store compiler generated temporary variables.
17018 This usually happens in large functions.
17019 Pragma directives should be used as shown in the following example, they
17020 are used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas
17021 should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside
17022 a function body could have unpredictable results.
17028 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save}
17039 /* save the current settings */
17042 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse}
17051 /* turnoff global subexpression elimination */
17053 #pragma noinduction
17054 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
17058 /* turn off induction optimizations */
17081 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore}
17085 /* turn the optimizations back on */
17088 The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated.
17089 It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragma's be used when
17090 changing options for a function.
17099 Defines Created by the Compiler
17102 The compiler creates the following #defines
17103 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#defines}
17108 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Defines created by the compiler}
17118 \begin_inset Tabular
17119 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
17121 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3in">
17122 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="3in">
17123 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
17124 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17134 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17145 <row topline="true">
17146 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17152 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC}
17159 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17165 Since version 2.5.6 the version number as an int (ex.
17170 <row topline="true">
17171 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17177 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_mcs51}
17182 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_ds390}
17187 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_z80}
17194 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17199 depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390)
17203 <row topline="true">
17204 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17210 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_mcs51}
17215 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ds390}
17220 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_hc08}
17225 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_z80}
17232 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17237 depending on the model used (e.g.
17242 <row topline="true">
17243 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17249 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_AUTO}
17256 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17279 <row topline="true">
17280 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17286 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_SMALL}
17293 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17316 <row topline="true">
17317 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17323 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_MEDIUM}
17330 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17353 <row topline="true">
17354 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17360 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_LARGE}
17367 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17390 <row topline="true">
17391 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17397 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_USE\_XSTACK}
17404 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17427 <row topline="true">
17428 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17434 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_TENBIT}
17441 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17454 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
17455 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17461 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_FLAT24}
17468 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17488 Notes on supported Processors
17492 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:MCS51-variants}
17497 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants}
17504 MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different
17506 While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers
17507 the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible.
17511 pdata access by SFR
17514 With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices
17516 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)}
17520 as dedicated I/O port is becoming more popular.
17521 Switching the high byte for pdata
17522 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)}
17526 access which was formerly done by port P2 is then achieved by a Special
17528 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr}
17533 In well-established MCS51 tradition the address of this
17537 is where the chip designers decided to put it.
17538 Needless to say that they didn't agree on a common name either.
17539 So that the startup code can correctly initialize xdata variables, you
17540 should define an sfr with the name _XPAGE
17543 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_XPAGE (mcs51)}
17549 at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this.
17555 __sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family */
17560 __sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */
17565 __sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */
17568 For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed.
17570 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code}
17574 for other possibilities.
17577 Other Features available by SFR
17579 \added_space_bottom bigskip
17580 Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR
17581 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
17585 , multiple DPTR, decrementing DPTR, 16x16 Multiply.
17586 These are currently not used for the MCS51 port.
17587 If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit
17593 \added_space_bottom bigskip
17595 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
17600 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS400}
17604 microcontroller has a rich set of peripherals.
17605 In its built-in ROM library it includes functions to access some of the
17606 features, among them is a TCP stack with IP4 and IP6 support.
17607 Library headers (currently in beta status) and other files are provided
17611 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.dalsemi.com/pub/tini/ds80c400/c_libraries/sdcc/index.html}
17619 The Z80 and gbz80 port
17622 SDCC can target both the Zilog Z80
17623 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80}
17627 and the Nintendo Gameboy's Z80-like gbz80
17628 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)}
17633 The Z80 port is passed through the same
17636 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
17643 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
17647 ) as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long
17648 variables and bitfield support is fine.
17649 See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines.
17651 \added_space_bottom bigskip
17652 As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and
17655 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!stack}
17659 frame is similar to that generated by the IAR Z80 compiler.
17660 IX is used as the base pointer, HL and IY are used as a temporary registers,
17661 and BC and DE are available for holding variables.
17663 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!return value}
17667 for the Z80 port are stored in L (one byte), HL (two bytes), or DEHL (four
17669 The gbz80 port use the same set of registers for the return values, but
17670 in a different order of significance: E (one byte), DE (two bytes), or
17677 The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08
17678 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08}
17682 family has been added in October 2003, and is still undergoing some basic
17684 The code generator is complete, but the register allocation is still quite
17686 Some of the SDCC's standard C library functions have embedded non-HC08
17687 inline assembly and so are not yet usable.
17689 \added_space_bottom bigskip
17690 The HC08 port passes the regression test suite (see section
17691 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
17702 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
17706 port still requires a major effort from the development community.
17707 However it can work for simple code.
17708 It passes its (smaller set of) regression tests
17709 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)}
17715 sdcc/src/regression
17720 C code and 14bit PIC code page
17721 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code page (pic14)}
17726 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{RAM bank (pic14)}
17733 The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks.
17734 It does not have intimate knowledge of the code flow.
17735 It will put all the code section of a single asm file into a single code
17737 In order to make use of multiple code pages, separate asm files must be
17739 The compiler treats all functions of a single C file as being in the same
17740 code page unless it is non static.
17741 The compiler treats all local variables of a single C file as being in
17742 the same RAM bank unless it is an extern.
17746 To get the best follow these guide lines:
17749 make local functions static, as non static functions require code page selection
17753 Make local variables static as extern variables require RAM bank selection
17757 For devices that have multiple code pages it is more efficient to use the
17758 same number of files as pages, i.e.
17759 for the 16F877 use 4 separate files and i.e.
17760 for the 16F874 use 2 separate files.
17761 This way the linker can put the code for each file into different code
17762 pages and the compiler can allocate reusable variables more efficiently
17763 and there's less page selection overhead.
17764 And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC 14 as they have a very simple
17765 instruction set) use 'unsigned char' whereever possible instead of 'int'.
17768 Creating a device include file
17771 For generating a device include file
17772 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Header files}
17776 use the support perl script inc2h.pl kept in directory support/script.
17782 For the interrupt function, use the keyword 'interrupt'
17783 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!interrupt}
17787 with level number of 0 (PIC14 only has 1 interrupt so this number is only
17788 there to avoid a syntax error - it ought to be fixed).
17794 void Intr(void) interrupt 0
17800 T0IF = 0; /* Clear timer interrupt */
17805 Linking and assembling
17808 For assembling you can use either GPUTILS'
17809 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)}
17813 gpasm.exe or MPLAB's mpasmwin.exe.
17814 GPUTILS is available from
17815 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
17820 For linking you can use either GPUTIL's gplink or MPLAB's mplink.exe.
17821 If you use MPLAB and an interrupt function then the linker script file
17822 vectors section will need to be enlarged to link with mplink.
17845 sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $<
17859 $(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
17869 gplink -m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
17891 sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $<
17901 mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm
17905 $(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS)
17915 mplink /v $(PRJ).lkr /m $(PRJ).map /o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib
17918 Please note that indentations within a
17922 have to be done with a tabulator character.
17925 Command-line options
17928 Besides the switches common to all SDCC backends, the PIC14 port accepts
17929 the following options (for an updated list see sdcc -
17941 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
17954 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-debug-extra}
17958 emit debug info in assembly output
17960 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
17973 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-no-pcode-opt}
17977 disable (slightly faulty) optimization on pCode
17981 \layout Subsubsection
17983 error: missing definition for symbol
17984 \begin_inset Quotes sld
17988 \begin_inset Quotes srd
17994 The PIC14 port uses library routines to provide more complex operations
17995 like multiplication, division/modulus and (generic) pointer dereferencing.
17996 In order to add these routines to your project, you must link with PIC14's
18002 For single source file projects this is done automatically, more complex
18007 to the linker's arguments.
18008 Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch
18010 \layout Subsubsection
18012 Processor mismatch in file
18013 \begin_inset Quotes sld
18017 \begin_inset Quotes srd
18023 This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst
18025 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14}
18032 You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device
18033 by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in
18035 device/lib/pic/Makefile.in
18039 device/lib/pic/Makefile
18041 to reflect your device.
18042 This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unneccesary
18043 BANKSELs migth be removed.
18047 \layout Subsubsection
18052 Currently, data can only be initialized if it resides in the source file
18058 Data in other source files will silently
18066 \begin_inset Marginal
18081 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
18089 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
18093 port is the portion of SDCC that is responsible to produce code for the
18095 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Microchip}
18099 (TM) microcontrollers with 16 bit core.
18100 Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx.
18101 Currently supported devices are:
18105 \begin_inset Tabular
18106 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="6">
18108 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
18109 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
18110 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
18111 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
18112 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
18113 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
18114 <row topline="true">
18115 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18123 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18131 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18139 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18147 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18164 <row topline="true">
18165 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18173 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18181 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18189 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18197 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18205 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18214 <row topline="true">
18215 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18223 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18231 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18239 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18247 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18255 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18264 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
18265 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18281 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18289 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18296 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18303 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18321 PIC16 port supports the standard command line arguments as supposed, with
18322 the exception of certain cases that will be mentioned in the following
18325 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18338 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-callee-saves}
18354 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18367 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-all-callee-saves}
18371 All function arguments are passed on stack by default.
18374 There is no need to specify this in the command line.
18376 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18388 -fommit-frame-pointer
18389 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-fommit-frame-pointer}
18393 Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses no local variables.
18396 Port Specific Options
18397 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options PIC16}
18404 The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc --help
18406 \layout Subsubsection
18411 General options enable certain port features and optimizations.
18413 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18425 -stack-model=[model] Used in conjuction with the command above.
18426 Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are :
18429 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18435 Selects small stack model.
18436 8 bit stack and frame pointers.
18437 Supports 256 bytes stack size.
18439 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18445 Selects large stack model.
18446 16 bit stack and frame pointers.
18447 Supports 65536 bytes stack size.
18450 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18462 -preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating
18463 unitialized data variables with [kword].
18464 Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr".
18466 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18478 -ivt-loc <nnnn> positions the Interrupt Vector Table at location <nnnn>.
18479 Useful for bootloaders.
18481 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18493 -asm= sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call.
18495 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18507 -link= sets the full path and name of an external linker to call.
18509 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18522 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!MPLAB}
18526 compatibility option.
18527 Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives.
18528 \layout Subsubsection
18530 Optimization Options
18532 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18544 -optimize-goto Try to use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO
18546 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18558 -optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares.
18560 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18572 -optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it.
18574 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18586 -obanksel=nn Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs.
18591 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18595 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18597 1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit
18598 BANKSEL, accounts only for labels.
18600 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18602 2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs
18603 if they are in the same bank.
18608 Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections
18609 across bank borders!
18611 \layout Subsubsection
18615 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18627 -nodefaultlibs do not link default libraries when linking
18629 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18641 -no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules
18643 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18655 -use-crt= Use a custom run-time module instead of the defaults.
18656 \layout Subsubsection
18661 Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files.
18663 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18675 -debug-xtra Similar to -
18686 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
18690 , but dumps more information.
18692 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18704 -debug-ralloc Force register allocator to dump <source>.d file with debugging
18706 <source> is the name of the file compiled.
18708 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18720 -pcode-verbose Enable pcode debugging information in translation.
18722 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18734 -denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes.
18737 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18749 -gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow
18751 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18763 -call-tree dump call tree in .calltree file
18766 Enviromental Variables
18769 There is a number of enviromental variables that can be used when running
18770 SDCC to enable certain optimizations or force a specific program behaviour.
18771 these variables are primarily for debugging purposes so they can be enabled/dis
18775 Currently there is only two such variables available:
18777 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18779 OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure
18780 bitfields is optimized by directly loading FSR0 with the address of the
18781 bitfield structure.
18782 Normally SDCC will cast the bitfield structure to a bitfield pointer and
18784 This step saves data ram and code space for functions that perform heavy
18787 80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this option).
18790 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
18792 NO_REG_OPT do not perform pCode registers optimization.
18793 This should be used for debugging purposes.
18794 In some where bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit
18795 from temporarily disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed.
18798 Preprocessor Macros
18802 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
18806 port defines the following preprocessor macros while translating a source.
18810 \begin_inset Tabular
18811 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
18813 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
18814 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
18815 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
18816 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18824 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18833 <row topline="true">
18834 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18847 Port identification
18851 <row topline="true">
18852 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18870 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18875 Port identification (same as above)
18879 <row topline="true">
18880 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18888 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18893 MCU Identification.
18898 is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
18903 <row topline="true">
18904 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18922 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18927 MCU Identification (same as above)
18931 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
18932 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18940 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18945 nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
18956 In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler:
18960 \begin_inset Tabular
18961 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
18963 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
18964 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
18965 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
18966 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18974 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18983 <row topline="true">
18984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18992 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18997 MCU Identification.
19002 is the microcontrol identification number, i.e.
19007 <row topline="true">
19008 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19016 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19021 nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for
19026 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19027 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19035 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19040 nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used
19055 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
19059 port uses the following directories for searching header files and libraries.
19063 \begin_inset Tabular
19064 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
19066 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
19067 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
19068 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
19069 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
19070 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19071 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19079 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19087 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19095 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19104 <row topline="true">
19105 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19110 PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16
19113 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19118 PIC16 specific headers
19121 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19129 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19138 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19139 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19144 PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16
19147 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19152 PIC16 specific libraries
19155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19163 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19180 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Pragmas}
19188 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
19192 port currently supports the following pragmas:
19194 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
19197 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma stack}
19202 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
19206 forces the code generator to initialize the stack & frame pointers at a
19208 This is an adhoc solution for cases where no STACK directive is available
19209 in the linker script or gplink is not instructed to create a stack section.
19211 The stack pragma should be used only once in a project.
19212 Multiple pragmas may result in indeterminate behaviour of the program.
19218 The old format (ie.
19219 #pragma stack 0x5ff) is deprecated and will cause the stack pointer to
19220 cross page boundaries (or even exceed the available data RAM) and crash
19222 Make sure that stack does not cross page boundaries when using the SMALL
19228 The format is as follows:
19231 #pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size]
19238 is the lower bound of the stack section.
19239 The stack pointer initially will point at address (bottom_address+stack_size-1).
19247 /* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */
19250 #pragma stack 0x200 100
19253 If the stack_size field is omitted then a stack is created with the default
19255 This size might be enough for most programs, but its not enough for operations
19256 with deep function nesting or excessive stack usage.
19258 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
19262 This pragma is deprecated.
19263 Its use will cause a warning message to be issued.
19269 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
19272 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma code}
19276 place a function symbol at static FLASH address
19284 /* place function test_func at 0x4000 */
19287 #pragma code test_func 0x4000
19291 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
19293 library instructs the linker to use a library module.
19298 #pragma library module_name
19305 can be any library or object file (including its path).
19306 Note that there are four reserved keywords which have special meaning.
19311 \begin_inset Tabular
19312 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
19314 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
19315 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="20page%">
19316 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
19317 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19318 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19326 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19334 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19343 <row topline="true">
19344 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19354 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19359 ignore all library pragmas
19362 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19373 <row topline="true">
19374 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19384 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19392 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19405 <row topline="true">
19406 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19416 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19421 link the Math libarary
19424 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19437 <row topline="true">
19438 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19448 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19453 link the I/O library
19456 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19469 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19470 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19480 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19485 link the debug library
19488 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19507 * is the device number, i.e.
19508 452 for PIC18F452 MCU.
19511 This feature allows for linking with specific libraries withoug having to
19512 explicit name them in the command line.
19517 keyword will reject all modules specified by the library pragma.
19519 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
19521 udata pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker will
19522 place a variable at a specific memory bank
19530 /* places variable foo at bank2 */
19533 #pragma udata bank2 foo
19539 In order for this pragma to work extra SECTION directives should be added
19540 in the .lkr script.
19541 In the following example a sample .lkr file is shown:
19546 // Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor
19552 CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED
19555 CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF
19558 CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED
19561 CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED
19564 CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED
19567 CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED
19570 ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F
19575 DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF
19578 DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF
19581 DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF
19584 DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF
19587 DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF
19590 DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF
19593 ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED
19598 SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config
19603 SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives
19606 SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link
19609 SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with
19612 SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name
19615 SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4
19618 SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5
19621 The linker will recognise the section name set in the pragma statement and
19622 will position the variable at the memory bank set with the RAM field at
19623 the SECTION line in the linker script file.
19627 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Header-Files}
19634 There is one main header file
19635 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Header files}
19639 that can be included to the source files using the pic16
19640 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
19650 This header file contains the definitions for the processor special registers,
19651 so it is necessary if the source accesses them.
19652 It can be included by adding the following line in the beginning of the
19656 #include <pic18fregs.h>
19659 The specific microcontroller is selected within the pic18fregs.h automatically,
19660 so the same source can be used with a variety of devices.
19667 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Libraries}
19672 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
19676 port depends on are the microcontroller device libraries which contain
19677 the symbol definitions for the microcontroller special function registers.
19678 These libraries have the format pic18fxxxx.lib, where
19682 is the microcontroller identification number.
19683 The specific library is selected automatically by the compiler at link
19684 stage according to the selected device.
19687 Libraries are created with gplib which is part of the gputils package
19688 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
19693 \layout Subsubsection*
19695 Building the libraries
19698 Before using SDCC/pic16 there are some libraries that need to be compiled.
19699 This process is not done automatically by SDCC since not all users use
19700 SDCC for pic16 projects.
19701 So each user should compile the libraries separately.
19704 The steps to compile the pic16 libraries under Linux are:
19707 cd device/lib/pic16
19722 su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password
19725 If you need to install the headers too, do:
19731 su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password
19734 There exist a special target to build the I/O libraries.
19735 This target is not automatically build because it will build the I/O library
19741 This way building will take quite a lot of time.
19742 Users are advised to edit the
19744 device/lib/pic16/pics.build
19746 file and then execute:
19755 The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port:
19764 Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source.
19765 The sizes are shown in the next table:
19769 \begin_inset Tabular
19770 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
19772 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
19773 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
19774 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
19775 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19776 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19781 Pointer sizes according to memory model
19784 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19792 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19801 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19802 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19810 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19818 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19827 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19828 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19836 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19844 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19860 It is advisable that all sources within a project are compiled with the
19862 If one wants to override the default memory model, this can be done by
19863 declaring a pointer as
19872 Far selects large memory model's pointers, while near selects small memory
19876 The standard device libraries (see
19877 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:PIC16_Header-Files}
19881 ) contain no reference to pointers, so they can be used with both memory
19889 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
19893 implementation for the PIC16 port uses two indirect registers, FSR1 and
19896 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
19898 FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer
19900 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
19902 FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer
19905 The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port
19926 model means that only the FSRxL byte is used to access stack and frame,
19933 uses both FSRxL and FSRxH registers.
19934 The following table shows the stack/frame pointers sizes according to stack
19935 model and the maximum space they can address:
19939 \begin_inset Tabular
19940 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
19942 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
19943 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
19944 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
19945 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19946 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19951 Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model
19954 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19962 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19971 <row topline="true">
19972 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19980 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19988 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19997 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19998 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20006 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20014 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20034 stack model is currently not working properly throughout the code generator.
20035 So its use is not advised.
20036 Also there are some other points that need special care:
20041 Do not create stack sections with size more than one physical bank (that
20045 Stack sections should no cross physical bank limits (i.e.
20046 #pragma stack 0x50 0x100)
20049 These limitations are caused by the fact that only FSRxL is modified when
20050 using SMALL stack model, so no more than 256 bytes of stack can be used.
20051 This problem will disappear after LARGE model is fully implemented.
20057 In addition to the standard SDCC function keywords, PIC16
20058 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
20062 port makes available two more:
20064 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
20067 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!wparam}
20071 Use the WREG to pass one byte of the first function argument.
20072 This improves speed but you may not use this for functions with arguments
20073 that are called via function pointers, otherwise the first byte of the
20074 first parameter will get lost.
20078 void func_wparam(int a) wparam
20084 /* WREG hold the lower part of a */
20087 /* the high part of a is stored in FSR2+2 (or +3 for large stack model)
20097 This keyword replaces the deprecated wparam pragma.
20099 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
20102 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!shadowregs}
20106 When entering/exiting an ISR, it is possible to take advantage of the PIC18F
20107 hardware shadow registers which hold the values of WREG, STATUS and BSR
20109 This can be done by adding the keyword
20117 keyword in the function's header.
20120 void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1
20136 instructs the code generator not to store/restore WREG, STATUS, BSR when
20137 entering/exiting the ISR.
20140 Function return values
20143 Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following
20144 a modified Microchip policy optimized for SDCC.
20145 The following table shows these registers:
20149 \begin_inset Tabular
20150 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
20152 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
20153 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
20154 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
20155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20163 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20168 destination register
20172 <row topline="true">
20173 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20181 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20190 <row topline="true">
20191 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20199 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20208 <row topline="true">
20209 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20217 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20226 <row topline="true">
20227 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20235 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20240 FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG
20244 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
20245 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20253 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20258 on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning
20273 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!interrupt}
20277 service routine (ISR) is declared using the
20284 void isr(void) interrupt
20302 is the interrupt number, which for PIC18F devices can be:
20306 \begin_inset Tabular
20307 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
20309 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
20310 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
20311 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
20312 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
20313 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20323 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20331 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20336 Interrupt Vector Address
20340 <row topline="true">
20341 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20349 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20357 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20366 <row topline="true">
20367 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20384 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20398 HIGH priority interrupts
20401 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20410 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
20411 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20419 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20424 LOW priority interrupts
20427 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20443 When generating assembly code for ISR the code generator places a
20449 Interrupt Vector Address
20451 which points at the genetated ISR.
20452 This single GOTO instruction is part of an automatically generated
20454 interrupt entry point
20457 The actuall ISR code is placed as normally would in the code space.
20458 Upon interrupt request, the GOTO instruction is executed which jumps to
20460 When declaring interrupt functions as _naked this GOTO instruction is
20465 The whole interrupt functions is therefore placed at the Interrupt Vector
20466 Address of the specific interrupt.
20467 This is not a problem for the LOW priority interrupts, but it is a problem
20468 for the RESET and the HIGH priority interrupts because code may be written
20469 at the next interrupt´s vector address and cause undeterminate program
20470 behaviour if that interrupt is raised.
20476 This is not a problem when
20479 this is a HIGH interrupt ISR and LOW interrupts are
20486 when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt´s vector address.
20496 is possible to be omitted.
20497 This way a function is generated similar to an ISR, but it is not assigned
20501 When entering an interrupt, currently the PIC16
20502 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
20506 port automatically saves the following registers:
20518 PROD (PRODL and PRODH)
20521 FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H)
20524 These registers are restored upon return from the interrupt routine.
20530 NOTE that when the _naked attribute is specified for an interrupt routine,
20531 then NO registers are stored or restored.
20540 Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types.
20541 There are 3 types of generic pointers currently implemented data, code
20542 and eeprom pointers.
20543 They are differentiated by the value of the 7th and 6th bits of the upper
20548 \begin_inset Tabular
20549 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
20551 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
20552 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
20553 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
20554 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
20555 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0">
20556 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
20557 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20565 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20573 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20581 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20586 rest of the pointer
20589 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20598 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
20599 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20607 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20615 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20623 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20632 uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx
20635 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20640 a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory
20644 <row bottomline="true">
20645 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20653 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20661 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20669 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20678 uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
20681 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20686 a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory
20690 <row bottomline="true">
20691 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20699 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20707 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20715 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20724 uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx
20727 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20732 a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory
20736 <row bottomline="true">
20737 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20745 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20753 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20761 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20770 xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
20773 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20778 unimplemented pointer type
20789 Generic pointer are read and written with a set of library functions which
20790 read/write 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes.
20794 \layout Subsubsection
20796 Standard I/O Streams
20803 the type FILE is defined as:
20806 typedef char * FILE;
20809 This type is the stream type implemented I/O in the PIC18F devices.
20810 Also the standard input and output streams are declared in stdio.h:
20813 extern FILE * stdin;
20816 extern FILE * stdout;
20819 The FILE type is actually a generic pointer which defines one more type
20820 of generic pointers, the
20825 This new type has the format:
20829 \begin_inset Tabular
20830 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="7">
20832 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
20833 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
20834 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
20835 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
20836 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
20837 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
20838 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0">
20839 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
20840 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20848 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20856 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20864 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20872 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20880 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20885 rest of the pointer
20888 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20897 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
20898 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20906 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20914 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20922 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20930 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20938 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20950 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20955 upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes
20966 Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined:
20970 \begin_inset Tabular
20971 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
20973 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
20974 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
20975 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
20976 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
20977 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
20978 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20986 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20994 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21002 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21011 <row topline="true">
21012 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21020 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21030 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21038 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21043 Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral
21047 <row topline="true">
21048 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21056 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21066 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21074 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21079 Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral
21083 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
21084 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21092 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21102 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21110 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21115 Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions
21126 The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header.
21129 In the libc library there exist the functions that are used to write to
21130 each of the above streams.
21133 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
21145 _stream_usart_putchar writes a character at the USART stream
21147 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
21159 _stream_mssp_putchar writes a character at the MSSP stream
21161 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
21163 putchar dummy function.
21164 This writes a character to a user specified manner.
21167 In order to increase performance
21171 is declared in stdio.h as having its parameter in WREG (it has the wparam
21173 In stdio.h exists the macro PUTCHAR(arg) that defines the putchar function
21174 in a user-friendly way.
21179 is the name of the variable that holds the character to print.
21180 An example follows:
21183 #include <pic18fregs.h>
21195 PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */
21208 stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessary, since stdout points
21211 * by default to STREAM_USER */
21214 printf (¨This is a printf test
21222 \layout Subsubsection
21227 PIC16 contains an implementation of the printf-family of functions.
21228 There exist the following functions:
21231 extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...);
21234 extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap);
21239 extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...);
21242 extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap);
21247 extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...);
21250 extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap);
21253 For sprintf and vsprintf
21257 should normally be a data pointer where the resulting string will be placed.
21258 No range checking is done so the user should allocate the necessery buffer.
21259 For fprintf and vfprintf
21263 should be a stream pointer (i.e.
21264 stdout, STREAM_MSSP, etc...).
21265 \layout Subsubsection
21270 The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources.
21271 A list of these interrupts is shown in the following table:
21275 \begin_inset Tabular
21276 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="4">
21278 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
21279 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
21280 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
21281 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
21282 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
21283 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21291 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21299 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21307 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21316 <row topline="true">
21317 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21325 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21330 PORTB change interrupt
21333 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21341 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21346 EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt
21350 <row topline="true">
21351 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21359 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21364 INT0 external interrupt
21367 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21375 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21380 Bus collision interrupt
21384 <row topline="true">
21385 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21393 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21398 INT1 external interrupt
21401 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21409 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21414 Low voltage detect interrupt
21418 <row topline="true">
21419 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21427 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21432 INT2 external interrupt
21435 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21443 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21448 Parallel slave port interrupt
21452 <row topline="true">
21453 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21461 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21466 CCP1 module interrupt
21469 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21477 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21482 AD convertion complete interrupt
21486 <row topline="true">
21487 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21495 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21500 CCP2 module interrupt
21503 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21511 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21516 USART receive interrupt
21520 <row topline="true">
21521 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21529 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21534 TMR0 overflow interrupt
21537 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21545 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21550 USART transmit interrupt
21554 <row topline="true">
21555 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21563 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21568 TMR1 overflow interrupt
21571 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21579 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21584 SSP receive/transmit interrupt
21588 <row topline="true">
21589 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21597 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21602 TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt
21605 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21612 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21620 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
21621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21629 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21634 TMR3 overflow interrupt
21637 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21644 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21659 The prototypes for these names are defined in the header file
21666 In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided:
21668 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
21670 DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for
21671 high priority interrupts.
21676 is the function name to use.
21678 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
21680 DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo
21681 low priority interrupt.
21686 is the function name to use.
21688 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
21690 DEF_HANDLER(sig,handler) define a handler for signal
21694 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
21696 END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table.
21699 Additionally there are two more macros to simplify the declaration of the
21702 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
21706 SIGHANDLER(handler)
21708 this declares the function prototype for the
21714 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
21716 SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function.
21719 An example of using the macros above is shown below:
21722 #include <pic18fregs.h>
21725 #include <signal.h>
21729 DEF_INTHIGH(high_int)
21732 DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler)
21735 DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler)
21742 SIGHANDLER(_tmr0_handler)
21748 /* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */
21755 SIGHANDLERNAKED(_bcol_handler)
21764 /* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */
21780 Special care should be taken when using the above scheme:
21783 do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros.
21786 when declaring SIGHANDLERNAKED handler never forget to use
21790 for proper returning.
21796 Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16.
21797 \layout Subsubsection
21803 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack}
21807 size (that is 64 bytes) probably is enough for many programs.
21808 One must take care that when there are many levels of function nesting,
21809 or there is excessive usage of stack, its size should be extended.
21810 An example of such a case is the printf/sprintf family of functions.
21811 If you encounter problems like not being able to print integers, then you
21812 need to set the stack size around the maximum (256 for small stack model).
21813 The following diagram shows what happens when calling printf to print an
21817 printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar ()
21820 It is should be understood that stack is easily consumed when calling complicate
21822 Using command line arguments like -
21832 -fommit-frame-pointer might reduce stack usage by not creating unnecessery
21834 Other ways to reduce stack usage may exist.
21840 The PIC16 Port currently does not pass SDCC's regression test
21841 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC16)}
21846 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control}
21850 ) and thus the nightly regression tests for the PIC16 target are currently
21851 disabled for all hosts except for
21856 This means you can see the result of the PIC16 regression tests f.e.
21857 by checking the log files in
21858 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/regression_test_results/amd64-unknown-linux2.3/}
21862 (pick the most up to date file there, scroll down, lend a hand).
21868 There are several approaches to debugging your code.
21869 This chapter is meant to show your options and to give detail on some of
21874 When writing your code:
21877 write your code with debugging in mind (avoid duplicating code, put conceptually
21878 similar variables into structs, use structured code, have strategic points
21879 within your code where all variables are consistent, ...)
21882 run a syntax-checking tool like splint
21883 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
21888 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)}
21903 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
21910 for the high level code use a C-compiler (like f.e.
21911 GCC) to compile run and debug the code on your host.
21923 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
21927 ) on howto handle syntax extensions like __xdata, __at(), ...
21931 use another C-compiler to compile code for your target.
21932 Always an option but not recommended:) And not very likely to help you.
21933 If you seriously consider walking this path you should at least occasionally
21934 check portability of your code.
21935 Most commercial compiler vendors will offer an evaluation version so you
21936 can test compile your code or snippets of your code.
21939 Debugging on a simulator:
21942 there is a separate section about SDCDB (section
21943 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
21950 or (8051 specific) use a freeware/commercial simulator which interfaces
21952 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
21957 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file}
21961 ) optionally generated by SDCC.
21964 Debugging On-target:
21967 use a MCU port pin to serially output debug data to the RS232 port of your
21969 You'll probably want some level shifting device typically involving a MAX232
21971 If the hardware serial port of the MCU is not available search for 'Software
21972 UART' in your favourite search machine.
21975 use an on-target monitor.
21976 In this context a monitor is a small program which usually accepts commands
21977 via a serial line and allows to set program counter, to single step through
21978 a program and read/write memory locations.
21979 For the 8051 good examples of monitors are paulmon and cmon51 (see section
21981 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Related-open-source-tools}
21988 toggle MCU port pins at strategic points within your code and use an oscilloscop
21992 digital oscilloscope
21995 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Oscilloscope}
21999 with deep trace memory is really helpful especially if you have to debug
22000 a realtime application.
22001 If you need to monitor more pins than your oscilloscope provides you can
22002 sometimes get away with a small R-2R network.
22003 On a single channel oscilloscope you could f.e.
22004 monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\SpecialChar ~
22006 \begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
22009 resistor and the other one by a 5\SpecialChar ~
22011 \begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
22014 resistor to the oscilloscope probe (check output drive capability of the
22015 pins you want to monitor).
22016 If you need to monitor many more pins a
22036 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ICE (in circuit emulator)}
22041 Usually very expensive.
22042 And very nice to have too.
22043 And usually locks you (for years...) to the devices the ICE can emulate.
22047 use a remote debugger.
22048 In most 8-bit systems the symbol information is not available on the target,
22049 and a complete debugger is too bulky for the target system.
22050 Therefore usually a debugger on the host system connects to an on-target
22051 debugging stub which accepts only primitive commands.
22054 Terms to enter into your favourite search engine could be 'remote debugging',
22055 'gdb stub' or 'inferior debugger'.
22059 use an on target hardware debugger.
22060 Some of the more modern MCUs include hardware support for setting break
22061 points and monitoring/changing variables by using dedicated hardware pins.
22062 This facility doesn't require additional code to run on the target and
22067 doesn't affect runtime behaviour until a breakpoint is hit.
22068 For the mcs51 most hardware debuggers use the AOMF
22069 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51}
22074 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file}
22085 if you are not familiar with any of the following terms you're likely to
22086 run into problems rather sooner than later:
22103 As an embedded programmer you
22107 to know them so why not look them up
22111 you have problems?)
22114 tell someone else about your problem (actually this is a surprisingly effective
22115 means to hunt down the bug even if the listener is not familiar with your
22117 As 'failure to communicate' is probably one of the job-induced deformations
22118 of an embedded programmer this is highly encouraged.
22121 Debugging with SDCDB
22122 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB}
22127 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
22134 SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger
22135 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger}
22140 The debugger uses a command line interface, the command repertoire of the
22141 debugger has been kept as close to gdb
22142 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gdb}
22146 (the GNU debugger) as possible.
22147 The configuration and build process is part of the standard compiler installati
22148 on, which also builds and installs the debugger in the target directory
22149 specified during configuration.
22150 The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source
22154 Compiling for Debugging
22168 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug}
22172 option must be specified for all files for which debug information is to
22174 The compiler generates a .adb file for each of these files.
22175 The linker creates the .cdb
22176 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.cdb}
22181 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{<file>.adb}
22185 files and the address information.
22186 This .cdb is used by the debugger.
22189 How the Debugger Works
22202 -debug option is specified the compiler generates extra symbol information
22203 some of which are put into the assembler source and some are put into the
22205 Then the linker creates the .cdb file from the individual .adb files with
22206 the address information for the symbols.
22207 The debugger reads the symbolic information generated by the compiler &
22208 the address information generated by the linker.
22209 It uses the SIMULATOR (Daniel's S51) to execute the program, the program
22210 execution is controlled by the debugger.
22211 When a command is issued for the debugger, it translates it into appropriate
22212 commands for the simulator.
22213 (Currently SDCDM only connects to the simulator but
22218 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://ec2drv.sf.net/}
22222 is an effort to connect directly to the hardware.)
22225 Starting the Debugger SDCDB
22228 The debugger can be started using the following command line.
22229 (Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo).
22243 The debugger will look for the following files.
22246 foo.c - the source file.
22249 foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file.
22252 foo.ihx - the Intel hex format
22253 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format}
22260 SDCDB Command Line Options
22273 -directory=<source file directory> this option can used to specify the directory
22275 The debugger will look into the directory list specified for source, cdb
22277 The items in the directory list must be separated by ':', e.g.
22278 if the source files can be in the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2,
22289 -directory option should be -
22299 -directory=/home/src1:/home/src2.
22300 Note there can be no spaces in the option.
22304 -cd <directory> - change to the <directory>.
22307 -fullname - used by GUI front ends.
22310 -cpu <cpu-type> - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the
22311 simulator docs for details.
22314 -X <Clock frequency > this options is passed to the simulator please see
22315 the simulator docs for details.
22318 -s <serial port file> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
22321 -S <serial in,out> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
22324 -k <port number> passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details.
22327 SDCDB Debugger Commands
22330 As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel
22331 y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible.
22332 This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces
22333 (like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger.
22334 If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip this
22336 \layout Subsubsection*
22338 break [line | file:line | function | file:function]
22341 Set breakpoint at specified line or function:
22350 sdcdb>break foo.c:100
22352 sdcdb>break funcfoo
22354 sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo
22355 \layout Subsubsection*
22357 clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ]
22360 Clear breakpoint at specified line or function:
22369 sdcdb>clear foo.c:100
22371 sdcdb>clear funcfoo
22373 sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo
22374 \layout Subsubsection*
22379 Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint.
22380 \layout Subsubsection*
22385 Execute till the end of the current function.
22386 \layout Subsubsection*
22391 Delete breakpoint number 'n'.
22392 If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points.
22393 \layout Subsubsection*
22395 info [break | stack | frame | registers ]
22398 info break - list all breakpoints
22401 info stack - show the function call stack.
22404 info frame - show information about the current execution frame.
22407 info registers - show content of all registers.
22408 \layout Subsubsection*
22413 Step program until it reaches a different source line.
22414 Note: pressing <return> repeats the last command.
22415 \layout Subsubsection*
22420 Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls.
22421 \layout Subsubsection*
22426 Start debugged program.
22427 \layout Subsubsection*
22432 Print type information of the variable.
22433 \layout Subsubsection*
22438 print value of variable.
22439 \layout Subsubsection*
22444 load the given file name.
22445 Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging.
22446 \layout Subsubsection*
22451 print information about current frame.
22452 \layout Subsubsection*
22457 Toggle between C source & assembly source.
22458 \layout Subsubsection*
22460 ! simulator command
22463 Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is
22465 Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator,
22466 so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution
22467 context and may display incorrect values.
22468 \layout Subsubsection*
22475 My name is Bobby Brown"
22478 Interfacing SDCDB with DDD
22481 The screenshot was converted from png to eps with:
22482 \begin_inset Quotes sld
22485 bmeps -c -e8f -p3 ddd_example.png >ddd_example.eps
22486 \begin_inset Quotes srd
22489 which produces a pretty compact eps file which is free from compression
22493 The screenshot was included in sdccman.lyx cvs version 1.120 but later removed
22494 as this broke the build system on Sourceforge (pdf-file was broken.
22495 pdflatex does not accept eps files).
22513 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/figures/ddd_example.png}
22519 shows a screenshot of a debugging session with DDD
22520 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)}
22524 (Unix only) on a simulated 8032.
22525 The debugging session might not run as smoothly as the screenshot suggests.
22526 The debugger allows setting of breakpoints, displaying and changing variables,
22527 single stepping through C and assembler code.
22530 The source was compiled with
22553 -debug ddd_example.c
22566 and DDD was invoked with
22573 ddd -debugger 'sdcdb -cpu 8032 ddd_example'
22576 Interfacing SDCDB with XEmacs
22577 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XEmacs}
22582 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Emacs}
22589 Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs,
22590 sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el.
22591 These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat
22593 These files need to be loaded into XEmacs for the interface to work.
22594 This can be done at XEmacs startup time by inserting the following into
22595 your '.xemacs' file (which can be found in your HOME directory):
22601 (load-file sdcdbsrc.el)
22607 .xemacs is a lisp file so the () around the command is REQUIRED.
22608 The files can also be loaded dynamically while XEmacs is running, set the
22609 environment variable 'EMACSLOADPATH' to the installation bin directory
22610 (<installdir>/bin), then enter the following command ESC-x load-file sdcdbsrc.
22611 To start the interface enter the following command:
22625 You will prompted to enter the file name to be debugged.
22630 The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are bound
22631 to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el.
22632 The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required.
22635 sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51
22638 sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200
22641 sdcdbsrc-serial nil
22644 The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface.
22655 ;;key\SpecialChar ~
22669 binding\SpecialChar ~
22693 ;;---\SpecialChar ~
22707 -------\SpecialChar ~
22749 sdcdb-next-from-src\SpecialChar ~
22777 sdcdb-back-from-src\SpecialChar ~
22805 sdcdb-cont-from-src\SpecialChar ~
22815 SDCDB continue command
22833 sdcdb-step-from-src\SpecialChar ~
22861 sdcdb-whatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
22871 SDCDB ptypecommand for data at
22938 sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~
22952 SDCDB Delete all breakpoints if no arg
23001 given or delete arg (C-u arg x)
23019 sdcdbsrc-frame\SpecialChar ~
23034 SDCDB Display current frame if no arg,
23083 given or display frame arg
23150 sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
23160 Goto the SDCDB output buffer
23178 sdcdb-print-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~
23189 SDCDB print command for data at
23256 sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~
23266 Goto the SDCDB output buffer
23284 sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
23300 Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it off)
23315 sdcdb-finish-from-src\SpecialChar ~
23323 SDCDB finish command
23338 sdcdb-break\SpecialChar ~
23356 Set break for line with point
23371 sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~
23387 Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode
23402 sdcdbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~
23425 Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient
23426 code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally
23427 good programming practice.
23430 Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value.
23431 If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then
23432 use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'.
23433 Please note, that ANSI C requires both signed and unsigned chars to be
23434 promoted to 'signed int'
23435 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int}
23440 \begin_inset Marginal
23451 before doing any operation.
23453 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion}
23458 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{type promotion}
23462 can be omitted, if the result is the same.
23463 The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often
23470 unsigned char uc = 0xfe;
23472 if (uc * uc < 0) /* this is true! */
23491 (int) uc * (int) uc = (int) 0xfe * (int) 0xfe = (int) 0xfc04 = -1024
23501 (unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ...
23504 No, the result is not 4:
23509 (int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 =
23511 (int) (unsigned char) 0xf4 / (int) (signed char) 0xfd =
23513 (int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd =
23515 (int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd =
23517 (int) 244 / (int) -3 =
23519 (int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf;
23522 Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result.
23523 gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints.
23524 Therefore the results are different.
23527 \begin_inset Quotes sld
23531 \begin_inset Quotes srd
23539 If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values
23540 are not, or if you want to steer clear of sign-extension problems when
23541 manipulating bits or bytes, use one of the corresponding unsigned types.
23542 (Beware when mixing signed and unsigned values in expressions, though.)
23544 Although character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny"
23545 integers, doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredicta
23546 ble sign extension and increased code size.
23550 Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to
23552 This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting
23553 or are using an array index.
23556 NEVER jump into a LOOP.
23559 Declare the variables to be local
23560 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables}
23564 whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction).
23567 Since the compiler does not always do implicit integral promotion, the programme
23568 r should do an explicit cast when integral promotion is required.
23571 Reducing the size of division, multiplication & modulus operations can reduce
23572 code size substantially.
23573 Take the following code for example.
23579 foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch)
23587 unsigned char ch1 = p1 % ch ;
23598 For the modulus operation the variable ch will be promoted to unsigned int
23599 first then the modulus operation will be performed (this will lead to a
23600 call to support routine _moduint()), and the result will be casted to a
23602 If the code is changed to
23607 foobar(unsigned int p1, unsigned char ch)
23615 unsigned char ch1 = (unsigned char)p1 % ch ;
23626 It would substantially reduce the code generated (future versions of the
23627 compiler will be smart enough to detect such optimization opportunities).
23631 Have a look at the assembly listing to get a
23632 \begin_inset Quotes sld
23636 \begin_inset Quotes srd
23639 for the code generation.
23642 Porting code from or to other compilers
23643 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers}
23650 check whether endianness of the compilers differs and adapt where needed.
23653 check the device specific header files
23654 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
23659 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
23663 for compiler specific syntax.
23664 Eventually include the file <compiler.h
23665 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{compiler.h (include file)}
23670 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/compiler.h?view=markup}
23674 to allow using common header files.
23677 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/cc2510fx.h?view=markup}
23684 check whether the startup code contains the correct initialization (watchdog,
23688 check whether the sizes of short, int, long match.
23691 check if some 16 or 32 bit hardware registers require a specific addressing
23692 order (least significant or most significant byte first) and adapt if needed
23701 relate to time and not to lower/upper memory location here, so this is
23706 the same as endianness).
23709 check whether the keyword
23713 is used where needed.
23714 The compilers might differ in their optimization characteristics (as different
23715 versions of the same compiler might also use more clever optimizations
23716 this is good idea anyway).
23718 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile}
23725 check that the compilers are not told to supress warnings.
23728 check and convert compiler specific extensions (interrupts, memory areas,
23732 check for differences in type promotion.
23733 Especially check for math operations on
23742 For the sake of C99 compatibility SDCC will probably promote these to
23746 more often than other compilers.
23747 Eventually insert explicit casts to
23756 Also check that the ~\SpecialChar ~
23758 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator}
23765 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit}
23771 variables, use the !\SpecialChar ~
23774 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{type promotion}
23779 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
23786 check the assembly code generated for interrupt routines (f.e.
23787 for calls to possibly non-reentrant library functions).
23790 check whether timing loops result in proper timing (or preferably consider
23791 a rewrite of the code with timer based delays instead).
23794 check for differences in printf parameters (some compilers push (va_arg
23795 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg}
23799 ) char variables as
23803 others push them as
23809 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous}
23816 check the resulting memory map
23817 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map}
23822 Usage of different memory spaces: code, stack, data (for mcs51/ds390 additional
23823 ly idata, pdata, xdata).
23824 Eventually check if unexpected library functions are included.
23828 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tools}
23832 included in the distribution
23836 \begin_inset Tabular
23837 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="3">
23839 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
23840 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
23841 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
23842 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
23843 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23851 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23859 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23868 <row topline="true">
23869 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23877 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23882 Simulator for various architectures
23885 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23894 <row topline="true">
23895 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23903 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23909 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files}
23914 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files}
23921 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23926 sdcc/support/scripts
23930 <row topline="true">
23931 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23939 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23944 header file conversion
23947 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23952 sdcc/support/scripts
23956 <row topline="true">
23957 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23965 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23973 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23991 <row topline="true">
23992 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24000 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24008 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24026 <row topline="true">
24027 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24035 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24043 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24061 <row topline="true">
24062 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24070 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24078 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24096 <row topline="true">
24097 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24105 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24113 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24131 <row topline="true">
24132 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24140 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24166 <row topline="true">
24167 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24175 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24183 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24201 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
24202 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24210 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24216 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)}
24223 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24251 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation}
24255 included in the distribution
24259 \begin_inset Tabular
24260 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
24262 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
24263 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
24264 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
24265 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24278 Where to get / filename
24282 <row topline="true">
24283 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24288 SDCC Compiler User Guide
24291 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24296 You're reading it right now
24300 <row topline="true">
24301 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24309 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24318 <row topline="true">
24319 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24325 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)}
24330 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation}
24334 Assemblers and ASLINK
24335 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink}
24340 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker documentation}
24347 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24352 sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html
24356 <row topline="true">
24357 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24362 SDCC regression test
24363 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
24370 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24375 sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf
24379 <row topline="true">
24380 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24388 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24397 <row topline="true">
24398 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24403 Notes on debugging with SDCDB
24404 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
24411 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24416 sdcc/debugger/README
24420 <row topline="true">
24421 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24426 Software simulator for microcontrollers
24429 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24456 <row topline="true">
24457 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24462 Temporary notes on the pic16
24463 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16}
24470 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24475 sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES
24479 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
24480 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24485 SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format)
24488 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24524 Related open source tools
24525 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Related-open-source-tools}
24530 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Related tools}
24538 \begin_inset Tabular
24539 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="14" columns="3">
24541 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
24542 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="30line%">
24543 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
24544 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
24545 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24553 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24561 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24570 <row topline="true">
24571 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24577 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gpsim (pic simulator)}
24584 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24592 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24598 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html}
24606 <row topline="true">
24607 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24613 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)}
24620 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24628 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24634 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils}
24642 <row topline="true">
24643 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24651 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24659 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24665 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/}
24673 <row topline="true">
24674 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24682 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24687 Tools for Silicon Laboratories JTAG debug adapter, partly based on SDCDB
24691 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24697 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ec2drv}
24705 <row topline="true">
24706 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24712 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{indent (source formatting tool)}
24719 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24724 Formats C source - Master of the white spaces
24727 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24733 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html}
24741 <row topline="true">
24742 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24748 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)}
24755 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24760 Object file conversion, checksumming, ...
24763 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24769 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/srecord}
24777 <row topline="true">
24778 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24784 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)}
24791 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24796 Object file conversion, ...
24799 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24804 Part of binutils (should be there anyway)
24808 <row topline="true">
24809 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24817 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24822 8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
24825 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24831 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmon51}
24839 <row topline="true">
24840 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24846 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{doxygen (source documentation tool)}
24853 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24858 Source code documentation system
24861 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24867 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org}
24875 <row topline="true">
24876 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24884 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24889 IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only)
24892 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24898 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org}
24906 <row topline="true">
24907 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24915 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24920 8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble)
24923 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24929 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/paulmon2.html}
24937 <row topline="true">
24938 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24944 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)}
24951 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24956 Statically checks c sources (see
24957 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT}
24964 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24970 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org}
24978 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
24979 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24985 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)}
24992 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24997 Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to SDCDB
24998 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)}
25005 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25011 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/}
25028 Related documentation / recommended reading
25032 \begin_inset Tabular
25033 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
25035 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
25036 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
25037 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
25038 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
25039 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25047 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25055 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25064 <row topline="true">
25065 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25082 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25088 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C Reference card}
25095 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25101 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html}
25109 <row topline="true">
25110 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25118 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25124 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C FAQ}
25131 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25137 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.c-faq.com}
25145 <row topline="true">
25146 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25154 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25160 \begin_inset Quotes sld
25164 \begin_inset Quotes srd
25170 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25178 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899}
25186 <row topline="true">
25187 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25195 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25201 \begin_inset Quotes sld
25204 Extensions for Embedded C
25205 \begin_inset Quotes srd
25211 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25219 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf}
25227 <row topline="true">
25228 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25235 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25240 Latest datasheet of target CPU
25243 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25252 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
25253 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25260 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25265 Revision history of datasheet
25268 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25286 Application notes specifically for SDCC
25289 SDCC makes no claims about the completeness of this list and about up-to-datenes
25290 s or correctness of the application notes
25291 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Application notes}
25301 \begin_inset Tabular
25302 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
25304 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="17col%">
25305 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="27col%">
25306 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="57col%">
25307 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
25308 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25318 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25328 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25339 <row topline="true">
25340 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25350 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25357 Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400
25358 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400}
25365 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25373 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3346.pdf}
25381 <row topline="true">
25382 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25392 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none" width="30line%">
25399 Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450
25400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS89C4x0}
25404 Family of Microcontrollers
25407 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25415 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3477.pdf}
25423 <row topline="true">
25424 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25431 Silicon Laboratories / Cygnal
25434 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25441 Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE
25442 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE}
25449 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25457 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.silabs.com/public/documents/tpub_doc/anote/Microcontrollers/en/an198.pdf}
25465 <row topline="true">
25466 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25473 Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
25476 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25483 Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad
25486 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25494 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp}
25502 <row topline="true">
25503 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25510 Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor
25513 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25520 Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor
25523 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25531 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp}
25539 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
25540 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25550 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25557 MSC12xx Programming with SDCC
25560 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25568 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf}
25586 Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn
25594 can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you
25595 find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever?
25596 Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit?
25599 should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU
25600 and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating
25601 system on the target device help?
25604 if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy?
25607 if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy?
25610 if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer
25611 in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside?
25614 is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro
25615 tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s),
25616 internationali(z|s)ation, packaging, labels, 2nd source for components,
25617 electromagnetic compatability/interference, documentation for production,
25618 production test software, update mechanism, patent issues?
25621 is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune,
25625 Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may
25630 , nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout
25636 burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres
25640 Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them...
25644 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Support}
25651 SDCC has grown to be a large project.
25652 The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is
25653 well over 150,000 lines of code (blank stripped).
25654 The open source nature of this project is a key to its continued growth
25656 You gain the benefit and support of many active software developers and
25658 Is SDCC perfect? No, that's why we need your help.
25659 The developers take pride in fixing reported bugs.
25660 You can help by reporting the bugs and helping other SDCC users.
25661 There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part
25662 in making SDCC a great software package.
25666 The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at
25667 \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc}
25672 You'll find the complete set of mailing lists
25673 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)}
25677 , forums, bug reporting system, patch submission
25678 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
25683 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download}
25687 area and Subversion code repository
25688 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository}
25696 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bug reporting}
25701 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Reporting bugs}
25708 The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the
25710 You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about
25714 Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and
25715 will be fixed ASAP.
25716 When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program
25717 (the smaller the better) which reproduces the problem.
25718 If you can isolate the problem by looking at the generated assembly code,
25719 this can be very helpful.
25720 Compiling your program with the -
25731 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall}
25735 option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems.
25736 When reporting a bug please make sure you:
25739 Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC.
25743 Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile.
25747 Specify the SDCC version (type "
25753 "), your platform, and operating system.
25757 Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output.
25761 Put something meaningful in the subject of your message.
25764 Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all
25765 requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC.
25766 Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your
25767 chance that SDCC users and developers will be able to help you.
25768 Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided
25769 that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please
25770 be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug!
25773 Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and
25774 the bug is not yet known.
25775 This is the link for reporting bugs:
25776 \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=100599}
25781 With SDCC on average having more than 200 downloads
25782 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download}
25786 on sourceforge per day
25792 220 daily downloads on average Jan-Sept 2006 and about 150 daily downloads
25793 between 2002 and 2005.
25794 This does not include other methods of distribution.
25797 there must be some users.
25798 So it's not exactly easy to find a new bug.
25799 If you find one we need it:
25801 reporting bugs is good
25806 Requesting Features
25807 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Requesting-Features}
25812 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request}
25817 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features}
25824 Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing
25826 This is the link for requesting features:
25827 \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599}
25837 Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing
25839 This is the link for submitting patches
25840 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
25845 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=300599}
25852 You need to specify some parameters to the
25856 command for the patches to be useful.
25857 If you modified more than one file a patch created f.e.
25862 \begin_inset Quotes sld
25865 diff -Naur unmodified_directory modified_directory >my_changes.patch
25866 \begin_inset Quotes srd
25872 will be fine, otherwise
25876 \begin_inset Quotes sld
25879 diff -u sourcefile.c.orig sourcefile.c >my_changes.patch
25880 \begin_inset Quotes srd
25893 These links should take you directly to the
25894 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Mailing lists]{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599}
25904 Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting
25905 automated messages (mid 2003)
25909 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Forums]{http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=599}
25914 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)}
25918 and forums are archived and searchable so if you are lucky someone already
25919 had a similar problem.
25920 While mails to the lists themselves are delivered promptly their web front
25921 end on sourceforge sometimes shows a severe time lag (up to several weeks),
25922 if you're seriously using SDCC please consider subscribing to the lists.
25928 You can follow the status of the Subversion version
25929 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version}
25933 of SDCC by watching the Changelog
25934 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Changelog}
25938 in the Subversion repository
25941 \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog}
25948 Subversion Source Code Repository
25957 or the filenames of the snapshot versions of SDCC include date and its
25959 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository}
25964 Subversion allows to download the source of recent or previous versions
25966 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/svn/?group_id=599}
25970 (by number or by date).
25971 An on-line source code browser and detailled instructions are also available
25973 SDCC versions starting from 1999 up to now are available (currently the
25974 versions prior to the conversion from cvs
25975 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cvs|see{Subversion}}
25979 to Subversion (April 2006) are either by accessible by Subversion or by
25984 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release policy}
25991 Historically there often were long delays between official releases and
25992 the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all.
25993 Excuses in the past might have referred to problems with live range analysis,
25994 but as this was fixed a while ago, the current problem is that another
25995 excuse has to be found.
25996 Kidding aside, we have to get better there! On the other hand there are
25997 daily snapshots available at
25998 \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[snap]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
26002 , and you can always build the very last version (hopefully with many bugs
26003 fixed, and features added) from the source code available at
26004 \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[Source]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php#Source}
26012 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples}
26019 You'll find some small examples in the directory
26021 sdcc/device/examples/.
26024 More examples and libraries are available at
26026 The SDCC Open Knowledge Resource
26027 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdccokr.dl9sec.de/}
26034 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/}
26041 I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather
26042 dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e.
26043 shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor.
26044 Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized
26045 development boards anyway).
26048 Maybe we should include some links to real world applications.
26049 Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays
26054 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Quality-control}
26059 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Quality control}
26066 The compiler is passed through nightly compile and build checks.
26072 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
26076 check that SDCC itself compiles flawlessly on several host platforms (i386,
26077 Opteron, 64 bit Alpha, ppc64, MacOS X on PPC, Solaris on Sparc) and checks
26078 the quality of the code generated by SDCC by running the code for several
26079 target platforms through simulators.
26080 The regression test suite comprises more than 100 files which expand to
26081 more than 500 test cases which include more than 4500 tests.
26082 The results of these tests are published daily on SDCC's snapshot page
26083 (click on the red or green symbols on the right side of
26084 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php}
26091 There is a separate document
26094 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Test suite}
26101 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf}
26105 about the regression test suite.
26108 You'll find the test code in the directory
26110 sdcc/support/regression
26113 You can run these tests manually by running
26117 in this directory (or f.e.
26122 \begin_inset Quotes sld
26126 \begin_inset Quotes srd
26132 if you don't want to run the complete tests).
26133 The test code might also be interesting if you want to look for examples
26134 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples}
26138 checking corner cases of SDCC or if you plan to submit patches
26139 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission}
26146 The 14bit pic port uses a different set of regression tests
26147 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)}
26151 , you'll find them in the directory
26153 sdcc/src/regression
26158 Use of SDCC in Education
26171 the phrase "use in education" might evoke the association "
26175 fit for use in education".
26176 This connotation is not intended but nevertheless risked as the licensing
26177 of SDCC makes it difficult to offer educational discounts
26181 If your rationales are to:
26184 give students a chance to understand the
26188 steps of code generation
26191 have a curriculum that can be extended for years.
26192 Then you could use an fpga board as target and your curriculum will seamlessly
26193 extend from logic synthesis (
26194 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[http://www.opencores.org]{opencores.org}
26199 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Oregano]{http://www.oregano.at/ip/ip01.htm}
26203 ), over assembly programming, to C to FPGA compilers (
26204 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[FPGAC]{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac}
26211 be able to insert excursions about skills like using a revision control
26212 system, submitting/applying patches, using a type-setting (as opposed to
26213 word-processing) engine LyX/LaTeX, using
26214 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[SourceForge]{http://www.sf.net}
26219 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[netiquette]{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiquette}
26223 , understanding BSD/LGPL/GPL/Proprietary licensing, growth models of Open
26224 Source Software, CPU simulation, compiler regression tests
26225 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test}
26232 And if there should be a shortage of ideas then you can always point students
26233 to the ever-growing feature request list
26234 \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599}
26241 not tie students to a specific host platform and instead allow them to use
26246 choice (among them Alpha, i386, i386_64, MacOs, Mips, Sparc, Windows and
26248 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[OLPC]{http://www.laptop.org}
26255 not encourage students to use illegal copies of educational software
26258 be immune to licensing/availability/price changes of the chosen tool chain
26261 be able to change to a new target platform without having to adopt a new
26265 have complete control over and insight into the tool chain
26268 make your students aware about the pros and cons of open source software
26272 give back to the public as you are probably at least partially publically
26276 give students a chance to publically prove their skills and to possibly
26277 see a world wide impact
26280 then SDCC is probably among the first choices.
26281 Well, probably SDCC might be the only choice.
26284 SDCC Technical Data
26288 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
26295 SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific
26300 Sub-expression Elimination
26301 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination}
26308 The compiler does local and
26334 will be translated to
26346 Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.:
26356 In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once;
26357 the equivalent code in C would be.
26369 The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers.
26372 Dead-Code Elimination
26373 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
26394 i = 1; \SpecialChar ~
26403 global = 1;\SpecialChar ~
26416 global = 3;\SpecialChar ~
26441 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Copy propagation}
26497 Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated
26498 by dead-code elimination.
26502 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
26507 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Loop-Optimizations}
26514 Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC
26522 of loop induction variables.
26523 In addition to the strength reduction the optimizer marks the induction
26524 variables and the register allocator tries to keep the induction variables
26525 in registers for the duration of the loop.
26526 Because of this preference of the register allocator
26527 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
26531 , loop induction optimization causes an increase in register pressure, which
26532 may cause unwanted spilling of other temporary variables into the stack
26533 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack}
26538 The compiler will generate a warning message when it is forced to allocate
26539 extra space either on the stack or data space.
26540 If this extra space allocation is undesirable then induction optimization
26541 can be eliminated either for the entire source file (with -
26551 -noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\SpecialChar ~
26553 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction}
26566 for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++)
26582 for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
26591 As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static
26592 address computations are also moved out of the loop.
26597 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction}
26601 , this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression:
26606 for (i=0;i < 100; i++)
26624 for (i=0;i< 100;i++) {
26630 ar[itemp1] = itemp2;
26647 The more expensive multiplication
26648 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
26652 is changed to a less expensive addition.
26656 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing}
26663 This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries
26664 for every iteration.
26665 Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a
26666 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26669 decrement and jump if not zero
26670 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26674 SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible
26675 (note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make
26676 this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis).
26679 The 'for' loop is of the form
26685 for(<symbol> = <expression>; <sym> [< | <=] <expression>; [<sym>++ | <sym>
26695 The <for body> does not contain
26696 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26700 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26704 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26710 All goto's are contained within the loop.
26713 No function calls within the loop.
26716 The loop control variable <sym> is not assigned any value within the loop
26719 The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation
26723 There are NO switch statements in the loop.
26726 Algebraic Simplifications
26729 SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set
26730 of these optimizations.
26735 i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~
26739 /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
26745 i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~
26752 /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
26758 i = j - j;\SpecialChar ~
26762 /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
26768 i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~
26772 /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~
26779 Note the subexpressions
26780 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression}
26784 given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result
26785 of copy/constant propagation.
26788 'switch' Statements
26789 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:'switch'-Statements}
26794 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
26801 SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables
26802 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{jump tables}
26807 It makes the decision based on an estimate of the generated code size.
26808 SDCC is quite liberal in the requirements for jump table generation:
26811 The labels need not be in order, and the starting number need not be one
26812 or zero, the case labels are in numerical sequence or not too many case
26813 labels are missing.
26819 switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~
26850 case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~
26882 case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~
26914 case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~
26945 case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~
26977 case 7: ...\SpecialChar ~
27009 case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~
27041 case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~
27073 case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~
27104 case 11: ...\SpecialChar ~
27171 Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table.
27172 The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for
27173 the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed.
27177 The number of case labels is not larger than supported by the target architectur
27181 If the case labels are not in numerical sequence ('gaps' between cases)
27182 SDCC checks whether a jump table with additionally inserted dummy cases
27183 is still attractive.
27187 If the starting number is not zero and a check for the lower boundary of
27188 the jump-table can thus be eliminated SDCC might insert dummy cases 0,
27193 Switch statements which have large gaps in the numeric sequence or those
27194 that have too many case labels can be split into more than one switch statement
27195 for efficient code generation, e.g.:
27275 If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements
27365 then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas
27366 the unmodified switch statement will not be.
27369 There might be reasons which SDCC cannot know about to either favour or
27370 not favour jump tables.
27371 If the target system has to be as quick for the last switch case as for
27372 the first (pro jump table), or if the switch argument is known to be zero
27373 in the majority of the cases (contra jump table).
27376 The pragma nojtbound
27377 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound}
27381 can be used to turn off checking the
27394 It has no effect if a default label is supplied.
27395 Use of this pragma is dangerous: if the switch
27396 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement}
27400 argument is not matched by a case statement the processor will happily
27404 Bit-shifting Operations
27405 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit shifting}
27412 Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin
27414 SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way
27430 generates the following code:
27447 In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known.
27490 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit rotation}
27497 A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation
27498 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{rotating bits}
27502 , SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation:
27512 char i;\SpecialChar ~
27523 /* unsigned is needed for rotation */
27528 i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7));
27537 will generate the following code:
27556 SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio
27557 ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.:
27562 i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */
27565 Nibble and Byte Swapping
27568 Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping
27569 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{swapping nibbles/bytes}
27573 , SDCC recognizes the following expressions:
27596 i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4));
27602 j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8));
27605 and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping
27606 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Nibble swapping}
27610 or move instructions for the byte swapping
27611 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Byte swapping}
27617 \begin_inset Quotes sld
27621 \begin_inset Quotes srd
27624 example can be used to convert from little to big-endian or vice versa.
27625 If you want to change the endianness of a
27629 integer you have to cast to
27636 Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian
27642 Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness.
27643 This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction
27649 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR}
27657 so little-endian is the more efficient byte order.
27661 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{little-endian}
27666 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Endianness}
27671 lowest order first).
27675 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Highest Order Bit}
27680 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Any Order Bit}
27687 It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral
27688 type (long, int, short or char types).
27689 Also obtaining any other order bit is not uncommon.
27690 SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the highest order bit
27691 and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
27704 unsigned char hob1, aob1;
27708 bit hob2, hob3, aob2, aob3;
27717 hob1 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
27721 hob2 = (gint >> 15) & 1;
27725 hob3 = gint & 0x8000;
27729 aob1 = (gint >> 9) & 1;
27733 aob2 = (gint >> 8) & 1;
27737 aob3 = gint & 0x0800;
27747 will generate the following code:
27780 000A E5*01\SpecialChar ~
27807 000C 23\SpecialChar ~
27838 000D 54 01\SpecialChar ~
27865 000F F5*02\SpecialChar ~
27920 0011 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
27947 0013 33\SpecialChar ~
27977 0014 92*00\SpecialChar ~
28032 0016 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
28059 0018 33\SpecialChar ~
28089 0019 92*01\SpecialChar ~
28144 001B E5*01\SpecialChar ~
28171 001D 03\SpecialChar ~
28202 001E 54 01\SpecialChar ~
28229 0020 F5*03\SpecialChar ~
28284 0022 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
28311 0024 13\SpecialChar ~
28341 0025 92*02\SpecialChar ~
28396 0027 E5*01\SpecialChar ~
28423 0029 A2 E3\SpecialChar ~
28450 002B 92*03\SpecialChar ~
28478 Other variations of these cases however will
28483 They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only
28484 way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable).
28485 Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions,
28491 xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1);
28494 will still be recognized.
28498 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Byte}
28502 / Higher Order Word
28503 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Word}
28510 It is also frequently required to obtain a higher order byte or word of
28511 a larger integral type (long, int or short types).
28512 SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the higher order byte
28513 or word and generates optimized code for it, e.g.:
28520 unsigned long int glong;
28528 unsigned char hob1, hob2;
28532 unsigned int how1, how2;
28541 hob1 = (gint >> 8) & 0xFF;
28545 hob2 = glong >> 24;
28549 how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
28563 will generate the following code:
28596 0037 85*01*06\SpecialChar ~
28618 _foo_hob1_1_1,(_gint + 1)
28648 003A 85*05*07\SpecialChar ~
28670 _foo_hob2_1_1,(_glong + 3)
28700 003D 85*04*08\SpecialChar ~
28722 _foo_how1_1_1,(_glong + 2)
28724 0040 85*05*09\SpecialChar ~
28746 (_foo_how1_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 3)
28748 0043 85*03*0A\SpecialChar ~
28770 _foo_how2_1_1,(_glong + 1)
28772 0046 85*04*0B\SpecialChar ~
28794 (_foo_how2_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 2)
28797 Again, variations of these cases may
28802 They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only
28803 way to get the higher order byte/word, (it is portable).
28804 Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions,
28810 xyz = gint + ((gint >> 8) & 0xFF);
28813 will still be recognized.
28817 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Peephole-Optimizer}
28822 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer}
28829 The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism
28830 for peep-hole optimization.
28835 a peep-hole optimizer by Christopher W.
28836 Fraser (cwfraser\SpecialChar ~
28839 A default set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules
28840 may be added with the
28853 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file}
28860 The rule language is best illustrated with examples.
28884 The above rule will change the following assembly
28885 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines}
28907 Note: All occurrences of a
28911 (pattern variable) must denote the same string.
28912 With the above rule, the assembly sequence:
28922 will remain unmodified.
28926 Other special case optimizations may be added by the user (via
28942 some variants of the 8051 MCU
28943 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants}
28956 The following two rules will change all
28975 replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 }
28977 replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 }
28982 inline-assembler code
28984 is also passed through the peep hole optimizer, thus the peephole optimizer
28985 can also be used as an assembly level macro expander.
28986 The rules themselves are MCU dependent whereas the rule language infra-structur
28987 e is MCU independent.
28988 Peephole optimization rules for other MCU can be easily programmed using
28993 The syntax for a rule is as follows:
28998 rule := replace [ restart ] '{' <assembly sequence> '
29036 <assembly sequence> '
29054 '}' [if <functionName> ] '
29059 <assembly sequence> := assembly instruction (each instruction including
29060 labels must be on a separate line).
29064 The optimizer will apply to the rules one by one from the top in the sequence
29065 of their appearance, it will terminate when all rules are exhausted.
29066 If the 'restart' option is specified, then the optimizer will start matching
29067 the rules again from the top, this option for a rule is expensive (performance)
29068 , it is intended to be used in situations where a transformation will trigger
29069 the same rule again.
29070 An example of this (not a good one, it has side effects) is the following
29093 Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment line.
29094 Without the 'restart' option only the innermost 'pop' 'push' pair would
29095 be eliminated, i.e.:
29125 the restart option the rule will be applied again to the resulting code
29126 and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated to yield:
29136 A conditional function can be attached to a rule.
29137 Attaching rules are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with
29164 The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function
29169 in the source file SDCCpeeph.c, with the name
29174 If it finds a corresponding entry the function is called.
29175 Note there can be no parameters specified for these functions, in this
29180 is crucial, since the function
29184 expects to find the label in that particular variable (the hash table containin
29185 g the variable bindings is passed as a parameter).
29186 If you want to code more such functions, take a close look at the function
29187 labelInRange and the calling mechanism in source file SDCCpeeph.c.
29188 Currently implemented are
29190 labelInRange, labelRefCount, labelIsReturnOnly, operandsNotSame, xramMovcOption,
29191 24bitMode, portIsDS390, 24bitModeAndPortDS390
29200 I know this whole thing is a little kludgey, but maybe some day we will
29201 have some better means.
29202 If you are looking at this file, you will see the default rules that are
29203 compiled into the compiler, you can add your own rules in the default set
29204 there if you get tired of specifying the -
29218 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance}
29223 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:ANSI-Compliance}
29230 The latest publically available version of the standard
29232 ISO/IEC 9899 - Programming languages - C
29234 should be available at:
29235 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899}
29244 Deviations from the compliance:
29247 functions are not reentrant
29248 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant}
29252 unless explicitly declared as such or the
29265 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto}
29271 command line option is specified.
29275 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{struct}
29280 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{union}
29284 cannot be assigned values directly, cannot be passed as function parameters
29285 or assigned to each other and cannot be a return value
29286 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value}
29290 from a function, e.g.:
29316 s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
29335 s parms) /* invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
29356 return rets; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */
29362 initialization of structure arrays must be fully braced.
29368 struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\SpecialChar ~
29373 /* invalid in SDCC */
29375 struct s { char x } a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */
29380 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long long (not supported)}
29385 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (64 bit) (not supported)}
29393 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{double (not supported)}
29397 ' precision floating point
29398 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support}
29406 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{K\&R style}
29410 function declarations are NOT allowed.
29416 foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */
29418 int i,j; /* are valid in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */
29433 Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, f.e.:
29441 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{inline (not supported)}
29447 int increment (int a) { return a+1; } /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed
29453 can be used as a work around */
29461 i=0; i<10; i++) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99 */
29465 Certain words that are valid identifiers in the standard may be reserved
29466 words in SDCC unless the
29479 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89}
29494 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c99}
29500 command line options are used.
29501 These may include (depending on the selected processor): 'at', 'banked',
29502 'bit', 'code', 'critical', 'data', 'eeprom', 'far', 'flash', 'idata', 'interrup
29503 t', 'near', 'nonbanked', 'pdata', 'reentrant', 'sbit', 'sfr', 'shadowregs',
29504 'sram', 'using', 'wparam', 'xdata', '_overlay', '_asm', '_endasm', and
29506 Compliant equivalents of these keywords are always available in a form
29507 that begin with two underscores
29508 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ (prefix for extended keywords)}
29513 '__data' instead of 'data'.
29516 Cyclomatic Complexity
29517 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity}
29524 Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent
29525 paths the program can take during execution of the function.
29526 This is an important number since it defines the number test cases you
29527 have to generate to validate the function.
29528 The accepted industry standard for complexity number is 10, if the cyclomatic
29529 complexity reported by SDCC exceeds 10 you should think about simplification
29530 of the function logic.
29531 Note that the complexity level is not related to the number of lines of
29532 code in a function.
29533 Large functions can have low complexity, and small functions can have large
29539 SDCC uses the following formula to compute the complexity:
29544 complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - (number of nodes
29545 in control flow graph) + 2;
29549 Having said that the industry standard is 10, you should be aware that in
29550 some cases it be may unavoidable to have a complexity level of less than
29552 For example if you have switch statement with more than 10 case labels,
29553 each case label adds one to the complexity level.
29554 The complexity level is by no means an absolute measure of the algorithmic
29555 complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting point
29556 for which functions you might look at for further optimization.
29559 Retargetting for other Processors
29562 The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be covered
29564 What follows is a brief description of each of the seven phases of the
29565 compiler and its MCU dependency.
29568 Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree.
29569 This phase is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions).
29570 Syntax & semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial
29571 optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations
29572 like bit-rotation etc.
29575 The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy
29576 manipulated during the later phases.
29577 This phase is entirely MCU independent.
29578 The intermediate code generation assumes the target machine has unlimited
29579 number of registers, and designates them with the name iTemp.
29580 The compiler can be made to dump a human readable form of the code generated
29594 This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also MCU independe
29596 This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases:
29600 Break down intermediate code (iCode) into basic blocks.
29602 Do control flow & data flow analysis on the basic blocks.
29604 Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpression elimination
29606 Dead code elimination
29610 If loop optimizations caused any changes then do 'global subexpression eliminati
29611 on' and 'dead code elimination' again.
29614 This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those iTemp
29615 variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all the optimization
29617 Live range analysis
29618 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
29622 is essential for register allocation, since these computation determines
29623 which of these iTemps will be assigned to registers, and for how long.
29626 Phase five is register allocation.
29627 There are two parts to this process.
29631 The first part I call 'register packing' (for lack of a better term).
29632 In this case several MCU specific expression folding is done to reduce
29637 The second part is more MCU independent and deals with allocating registers
29638 to the remaining live ranges.
29639 A lot of MCU specific code does creep into this phase because of the limited
29640 number of index registers available in the 8051.
29643 The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and very
29644 little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU.
29645 However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand for each
29646 iCode operand may be reused.
29649 As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is rule
29650 based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs.
29654 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compiler internals}
29661 The anatomy of the compiler
29662 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:The-anatomy-of}
29671 This is an excerpt from an article published in Circuit Cellar Magazine
29677 It's a little outdated (the compiler is much more efficient now and user/develo
29678 per friendly), but pretty well exposes the guts of it all.
29684 The current version of SDCC can generate code for Intel 8051 and Z80 MCU.
29685 It is fairly easy to retarget for other 8-bit MCU.
29686 Here we take a look at some of the internals of the compiler.
29691 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parsing}
29698 Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree
29699 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Annotated syntax tree}
29704 This phase also involves propagating types (annotating each node of the
29705 parse tree with type information) and semantic analysis.
29706 There are some MCU specific parsing rules.
29707 For example the storage classes, the extended storage classes are MCU specific
29708 while there may be a xdata storage class for 8051 there is no such storage
29709 class for z80 or Atmel AVR.
29710 SDCC allows MCU specific storage class extensions, i.e.
29711 xdata will be treated as a storage class specifier when parsing 8051 C
29712 code but will be treated as a C identifier when parsing z80 or ATMEL AVR
29717 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
29724 Intermediate code generation.
29725 In this phase the AST is broken down into three-operand form (iCode).
29726 These three operand forms are represented as doubly linked lists.
29727 ICode is the term given to the intermediate form generated by the compiler.
29728 ICode example section shows some examples of iCode generated for some simple
29729 C source functions.
29733 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations}
29740 Bulk of the target independent optimizations is performed in this phase.
29741 The optimizations include constant propagation, common sub-expression eliminati
29742 on, loop invariant code movement, strength reduction of loop induction variables
29743 and dead-code elimination.
29746 Live range analysis
29747 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
29754 During intermediate code generation phase, the compiler assumes the target
29755 machine has infinite number of registers and generates a lot of temporary
29757 The live range computation determines the lifetime of each of these compiler-ge
29758 nerated temporaries.
29759 A picture speaks a thousand words.
29760 ICode example sections show the live range annotations for each of the
29762 It is important to note here, each iCode is assigned a number in the order
29763 of its execution in the function.
29764 The live ranges are computed in terms of these numbers.
29765 The from number is the number of the iCode which first defines the operand
29766 and the to number signifies the iCode which uses this operand last.
29769 Register Allocation
29770 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
29777 The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed
29779 In most MCUs only a few registers can be used for indirect addressing.
29780 In case of 8051 for example the registers R0 & R1 can be used to indirectly
29781 address the internal ram and DPTR to indirectly address the external ram.
29782 The compiler will try to allocate the appropriate register to pointer variables
29784 ICode example section shows the operands annotated with the registers assigned
29786 The compiler will try to keep operands in registers as much as possible;
29787 there are several schemes the compiler uses to do achieve this.
29788 When the compiler runs out of registers the compiler will check to see
29789 if there are any live operands which is not used or defined in the current
29790 basic block being processed, if there are any found then it will push that
29791 operand and use the registers in this block, the operand will then be popped
29792 at the end of the basic block.
29796 There are other MCU specific considerations in this phase.
29797 Some MCUs have an accumulator; very short-lived operands could be assigned
29798 to the accumulator instead of a general-purpose register.
29804 Figure II gives a table of iCode operations supported by the compiler.
29805 The code generation involves translating these operations into corresponding
29806 assembly code for the processor.
29807 This sounds overly simple but that is the essence of code generation.
29808 Some of the iCode operations are generated on a MCU specific manner for
29809 example, the z80 port does not use registers to pass parameters so the
29810 SEND and RECV iCode operations will not be generated, and it also does
29811 not support JUMPTABLES.
29818 <Where is Figure II?>
29821 In the original article Figure II was announced to be downloadable on
29826 Unfortunately it never seemed to have shown up there, so: where is Figure
29831 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode}
29838 This section shows some details of iCode.
29839 The example C code does not do anything useful; it is used as an example
29840 to illustrate the intermediate code generated by the compiler.
29852 /* This function does nothing useful.
29859 for the purpose of explaining iCode */
29862 short function (data int *x)
29870 short i=10; \SpecialChar ~
29872 /* dead initialization eliminated */
29877 short sum=10; /* dead initialization eliminated */
29890 while (*x) *x++ = *p++;
29904 /* compiler detects i,j to be induction variables */
29908 for (i = 0, j = 10 ; i < 10 ; i++, j
29934 mul += i * 3; \SpecialChar ~
29936 /* this multiplication remains */
29942 gint += j * 3;\SpecialChar ~
29944 /* this multiplication changed to addition */
29958 In addition to the operands each iCode contains information about the filename
29959 and line it corresponds to in the source file.
29960 The first field in the listing should be interpreted as follows:
29965 Filename(linenumber: iCode Execution sequence number : ICode hash table
29966 key : loop depth of the iCode).
29971 Then follows the human readable form of the ICode operation.
29972 Each operand of this triplet form can be of three basic types a) compiler
29973 generated temporary b) user defined variable c) a constant value.
29974 Note that local variables and parameters are replaced by compiler generated
29977 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis}
29981 are computed only for temporaries (i.e.
29982 live ranges are not computed for global variables).
29984 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation}
29988 are allocated for temporaries only.
29989 Operands are formatted in the following manner:
29994 Operand Name [lr live-from : live-to ] { type information } [ registers
30000 As mentioned earlier the live ranges are computed in terms of the execution
30001 sequence number of the iCodes, for example
30003 the iTemp0 is live from (i.e.
30004 first defined in iCode with execution sequence number 3, and is last used
30005 in the iCode with sequence number 5).
30006 For induction variables such as iTemp21 the live range computation extends
30007 the lifetime from the start to the end of the loop.
30009 The register allocator used the live range information to allocate registers,
30010 the same registers may be used for different temporaries if their live
30011 ranges do not overlap, for example r0 is allocated to both iTemp6 and to
30012 iTemp17 since their live ranges do not overlap.
30013 In addition the allocator also takes into consideration the type and usage
30014 of a temporary, for example itemp6 is a pointer to near space and is used
30015 as to fetch data from (i.e.
30016 used in GET_VALUE_AT_ADDRESS) so it is allocated a pointer register (r0).
30017 Some short lived temporaries are allocated to special registers which have
30018 meaning to the code generator e.g.
30019 iTemp13 is allocated to a pseudo register CC which tells the back end that
30020 the temporary is used only for a conditional jump the code generation makes
30021 use of this information to optimize a compare and jump ICode.
30023 There are several loop optimizations
30024 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization}
30028 performed by the compiler.
30029 It can detect induction variables iTemp21(i) and iTemp23(j).
30030 Also note the compiler does selective strength reduction
30031 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction}
30036 the multiplication of an induction variable in line 18 (gint = j * 3) is
30037 changed to addition, a new temporary iTemp17 is allocated and assigned
30038 a initial value, a constant 3 is then added for each iteration of the loop.
30039 The compiler does not change the multiplication
30040 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication}
30044 in line 17 however since the processor does support an 8 * 8 bit multiplication.
30046 Note the dead code elimination
30047 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination}
30051 optimization eliminated the dead assignments in line 7 & 8 to I and sum
30059 Sample.c (5:1:0:0) _entry($9) :
30064 Sample.c(5:2:1:0) proc _function [lr0:0]{function short}
30069 Sample.c(11:3:2:0) iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv
30074 Sample.c(11:4:53:0) preHeaderLbl0($11) :
30079 Sample.c(11:5:55:0) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near
30085 Sample.c(11:6:5:1) _whilecontinue_0($1) :
30090 Sample.c(11:7:7:1) iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near *
30096 Sample.c(11:8:8:1) if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3)
30101 Sample.c(11:9:14:1) iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far
30107 Sample.c(11:10:15:1) _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2
30113 Sample.c(11:13:18:1) iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far
30119 Sample.c(11:14:19:1) *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int
30125 Sample.c(11:15:12:1) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near
30126 * int}[r0] + 0x2 {short}
30131 Sample.c(11:16:20:1) goto _whilecontinue_0($1)
30136 Sample.c(11:17:21:0)_whilebreak_0($3) :
30141 Sample.c(12:18:22:0) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short}
30146 Sample.c(13:19:23:0) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short}
30151 Sample.c(15:20:54:0)preHeaderLbl1($13) :
30156 Sample.c(15:21:56:0) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short}
30161 Sample.c(15:22:57:0) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int}
30166 Sample.c(15:23:58:0) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int}
30171 Sample.c(15:24:26:1)_forcond_0($4) :
30176 Sample.c(15:25:27:1) iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
30182 Sample.c(15:26:28:1) if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7)
30187 Sample.c(16:27:31:1) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2]
30188 + ITemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
30193 Sample.c(17:29:33:1) iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
30199 Sample.c(17:30:34:1) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3]
30200 + iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1]
30205 Sample.c(18:32:36:1:1) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7
30211 Sample.c(18:33:37:1) _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{
30217 Sample.c(15:36:42:1) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
30223 Sample.c(15:37:45:1) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5
30229 Sample.c(19:38:47:1) goto _forcond_0($4)
30234 Sample.c(19:39:48:0)_forbreak_0($7) :
30239 Sample.c(20:40:49:0) iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}[DPTR] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2]
30240 + ITemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3]
30245 Sample.c(20:41:50:0) ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}
30250 Sample.c(20:42:51:0)_return($8) :
30255 Sample.c(20:43:52:0) eproc _function [lr0:0]{ ia0 re0 rm0}{function short}
30261 Finally the code generated for this function:
30302 ; ----------------------------------------------
30307 ; function function
30312 ; ----------------------------------------------
30322 ; iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv
30334 ; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2]
30346 ;_whilecontinue_0($1) :
30356 ; iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]]
30361 ; if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3)
30420 ; iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int}
30439 ; _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short}
30486 ; iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]]
30526 ; *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3]
30552 ; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] =
30557 ; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] +
30574 ; goto _whilecontinue_0($1)
30586 ; _whilebreak_0($3) :
30596 ; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short}
30608 ; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short}
30620 ; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short}
30632 ; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int}
30651 ; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int}
30680 ; iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short}
30685 ; if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7)
30730 ; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] +
30735 ; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4]
30761 ; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short}
30794 ; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] +
30799 ; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1]
30818 ; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short}
30865 ; _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]
30912 ; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short}
30924 ; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short}
30938 cjne r5,#0xff,00104$
30950 ; goto _forcond_0($4)
30962 ; _forbreak_0($7) :
30972 ; ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}
31015 A few words about basic block successors, predecessors and dominators
31018 Successors are basic blocks
31019 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks}
31023 that might execute after this basic block.
31025 Predecessors are basic blocks that might execute before reaching this basic
31028 Dominators are basic blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic
31062 a) succList of [BB2] = [BB4], of [BB3] = [BB4], of [BB1] = [BB2,BB3]
31065 b) predList of [BB2] = [BB1], of [BB3] = [BB1], of [BB4] = [BB2,BB3]
31068 c) domVect of [BB4] = BB1 ...
31069 here we are not sure if BB2 or BB3 was executed but we are SURE that BB1
31077 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net#Who}
31087 Thanks to all the other volunteer developers who have helped with coding,
31088 testing, web-page creation, distribution sets, etc.
31089 You know who you are :-)
31097 Also thanks to Sourceforge
31098 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.sf.net}
31102 which has hosted the project since 1999 and donates significant download
31103 bandwidth and probably more than
31111 CPU cycles per day.
31119 more than 10^13 is an estimate: on my Athlon 2800+ it takes about (0.5+6.5+20)
31120 minutes for (configure+make+regression test), and there is (i386, amd64,
31121 alpha, ppc64, (mingw32), sparc, macosx).
31128 This document was initially written by Sandeep Dutta
31131 All product names mentioned herein may be trademarks
31132 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Trademarks}
31136 of their respective companies.
31143 To avoid confusion, the installation and building options for SDCC itself
31144 (chapter 2) are not part of the index.
31148 \begin_inset LatexCommand \printindex{}