1 This is gzip.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from gzip.texi.
3 This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.9, 8 December 2006), and
4 documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
6 Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2006 Free Software Foundation,
9 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
11 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
12 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
13 Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
14 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
15 and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
16 in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
18 INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
20 * gzip: (gzip)Invoking gzip. Compress files.
23 INFO-DIR-SECTION Utilities
25 * Gzip: (gzip). The gzip command for compressing files.
29 File: gzip.info, Node: Top, Up: (dir)
34 This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.9, 8 December 2006), and documents
35 commands for compressing and decompressing data.
37 Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2006 Free Software Foundation,
40 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
42 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
43 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
44 Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
45 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
46 and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
47 in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
51 * Overview:: Preliminary information.
52 * Sample:: Sample output from `gzip'.
53 * Invoking gzip:: How to run `gzip'.
54 * Advanced usage:: Concatenated files.
55 * Environment:: The `GZIP' environment variable
56 * Tapes:: Using `gzip' on tapes.
57 * Problems:: Reporting bugs.
58 * Copying This Manual:: How to make copies of this manual.
59 * Concept Index:: Index of concepts.
62 File: gzip.info, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Up: Top
67 `gzip' reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding
68 (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the
69 extension `.gz', while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
70 modification times. (The default extension is `-gz' for VMS, `z' for
71 MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file
72 name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output.
73 `gzip' will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it
74 will ignore symbolic links.
76 If the new file name is too long for its file system, `gzip'
77 truncates it. `gzip' attempts to truncate only the parts of the file
78 name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the
79 name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
80 For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
81 is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems
82 which do not have a limit on file name length.
84 By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and timestamp in the
85 compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the
86 `-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was truncated
87 or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file transfer.
88 However, due to limitations in the current `gzip' file format,
89 fractional seconds are discarded. Also, time stamps must fall within
90 the range 1970-01-01 00:00:00 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC, and
91 hosts whose operating systems use 32-bit time stamps are further
92 restricted to time stamps no later than 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. The
93 upper bounds assume the typical case where leap seconds are ignored.
95 Compressed files can be restored to their original form using `gzip
96 -d' or `gunzip' or `zcat'. If the original name saved in the
97 compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is
98 constructed from the original one to make it legal.
100 `gunzip' takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each
101 file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z', `.Z', `-gz', `-z' or `_z' and
102 which begins with the correct magic number with an uncompressed file
103 without the original extension. `gunzip' also recognizes the special
104 extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for `.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z'
105 respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the `.tgz' extension if
106 necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar' extension.
108 `gunzip' can currently decompress files created by `gzip', `zip',
109 `compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic.
110 When using the first two formats, `gunzip' checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic
111 redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed length.
112 The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency checks.
113 However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file. If you
114 get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that the
115 `.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does not
116 complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does not
117 check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
118 `compress -H' format (`lzh' compression method) does not include a CRC
119 but also allows some consistency checks.
121 Files created by `zip' can be uncompressed by `gzip' only if they
122 have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
123 feature is only intended to help conversion of `tar.zip' files to the
124 `tar.gz' format. To extract a `zip' file with a single member, use a
125 command like `gunzip <foo.zip' or `gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'. To extract
126 `zip' files with several members, use `unzip' instead of `gunzip'.
128 `zcat' is identical to `gunzip -c'. `zcat' uncompresses either a
129 list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the
130 uncompressed data on standard output. `zcat' will uncompress files
131 that have the correct magic number whether they have a `.gz' suffix or
134 `gzip' uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in `zip' and PKZIP. The
135 amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the
136 distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code
137 or English is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally much better
138 than that achieved by LZW (as used in `compress'), Huffman coding (as
139 used in `pack'), or adaptive Huffman coding (`compact').
141 Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
142 slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few
143 bytes for the `gzip' file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an
144 expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
145 of used disk blocks almost never increases. `gzip' normally preserves
146 the mode, ownership and time stamps of files when compressing or
149 The `gzip' file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format
150 specification version 4.3, Internet RFC 1952
151 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The `zip'
152 deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data
153 Format Specification version 1.3, Internet RFC 1951
154 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1951.txt) (May 1996).
157 File: gzip.info, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking gzip, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
162 Here are some realistic examples of running `gzip'.
164 This is the output of the command `gzip -h':
167 usage: gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...]
168 -c --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
169 -d --decompress decompress
170 -f --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
171 -h --help give this help
172 -l --list list compressed file contents
173 -L --license display software license
174 -n --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
175 -N --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
176 -q --quiet suppress all warnings
177 -r --recursive operate recursively on directories
178 -S .suf --suffix .suf use suffix .suf on compressed files
179 -t --test test compressed file integrity
180 -v --verbose verbose mode
181 -V --version display version number
182 -1 --fast compress faster
183 -9 --best compress better
184 file... files to (de)compress. If none given, use standard input.
185 Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.
187 This is the output of the command `gzip -v texinfo.tex':
189 texinfo.tex: 69.7% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
191 The following command will find all `gzip' files in the current
192 directory and subdirectories, and extract them in place without
193 destroying the original:
195 find . -name '*.gz' -print | sed 's/^\(.*\)[.]gz$/gunzip < "&" > "\1"/' | sh
198 File: gzip.info, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top
203 The format for running the `gzip' program is:
207 `gzip' supports the following options:
212 Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
213 If there are several input files, the output consists of a
214 sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better
215 compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.
224 Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
225 links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the
226 compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the
227 input data is not in a format recognized by `gzip', and if the
228 option `--stdout' is also given, copy the input data without
229 change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If `-f'
230 is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip'
231 prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
235 Print an informative help message describing the options then quit.
239 For each compressed file, list the following fields:
241 compressed size: size of the compressed file
242 uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
243 ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
244 uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
246 The uncompressed size is given as `-1' for files not in `gzip'
247 format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed
248 size for such a file, you can use:
252 In combination with the `--verbose' option, the following fields
255 method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack)
256 crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
257 date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file
259 The crc is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
261 With `--verbose', the size totals and compression ratio for all
262 files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With
263 `--quiet', the title and totals lines are not displayed.
265 The `gzip' format represents the input size modulo 2^32, so the
266 uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly for
267 uncompressed files 4 GB and larger. To work around this problem,
268 you can use the following command to discover a large uncompressed
275 Display the `gzip' license then quit.
279 When compressing, do not save the original file name and time
280 stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
281 had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the
282 original file name if present (remove only the `gzip' suffix from
283 the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time
284 stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
285 is the default when decompressing.
289 When compressing, always save the original file name and time
290 stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the
291 original file name and time stamp if present. This option is
292 useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when
293 the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.
297 Suppress all warning messages.
301 Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file
302 names specified on the command line are directories, `gzip' will
303 descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds
304 there (or decompress them in the case of `gunzip').
308 Use suffix `SUF' instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but
309 suffixes other than `.z' and `.gz' should be avoided to avoid
310 confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null
311 suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files
312 regardless of suffix, as in:
314 gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
316 Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed to
317 avoid a conflict with `pack'.
321 Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
325 Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
330 Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then
336 Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit N,
337 where `-1' or `--fast' indicates the fastest compression method
338 (less compression) and `--best' or `-9' indicates the slowest
339 compression method (optimal compression). The default compression
340 level is `-6' (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
344 File: gzip.info, Node: Advanced usage, Next: Environment, Prev: Invoking gzip, Up: Top
349 Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, `gunzip'
350 will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged, other
351 members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged member.
352 Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are
353 decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.
355 This is an example of concatenating `gzip' files:
357 gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
358 gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
368 In case of damage to one member of a `.gz' file, other members can
369 still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you can
370 get better compression by compressing all members at once:
372 cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
374 compresses better than
376 gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
378 If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better
381 zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz
383 If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed
384 size and CRC reported by the `--list' option applies to the last member
385 only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
389 If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so
390 that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
391 as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip'
392 transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a
396 File: gzip.info, Node: Environment, Next: Tapes, Prev: Advanced usage, Up: Top
401 The environment variable `GZIP' can hold a set of default options for
402 `gzip'. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by
403 explicit command line parameters. For example:
405 for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP
406 for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
407 for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name
409 On Vax/VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to
410 avoid a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.
413 File: gzip.info, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top
415 6 Using `gzip' on tapes
416 ***********************
418 When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad
419 the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read and
420 the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression, `gunzip'
421 detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data
422 and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains nonzero bytes.
423 You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the warning. This
424 option can be set in the `GZIP' environment variable, as in:
426 for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
427 for csh: (setenv GZIP "-q"; tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0)
429 In the above example, `gzip' is invoked implicitly by the `-z'
430 option of GNU `tar'. Make sure that the same block size (`-b' option
431 of `tar') is used for reading and writing compressed data on tapes.
432 (This example assumes you are using the GNU version of `tar'.)
435 File: gzip.info, Node: Problems, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top
440 If you find a bug in `gzip', please send electronic mail to
441 <bug-gzip@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can find by
442 running `gzip -V'. Also include in your message the hardware and
443 operating system, the compiler used to compile `gzip', a description of
444 the bug behavior, and the input to `gzip' that triggered the bug.
447 File: gzip.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
449 Appendix A Copying This Manual
450 ******************************
454 * GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
457 File: gzip.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
459 A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
460 ==================================
462 Version 1.2, November 2002
464 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
465 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
467 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
468 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
472 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
473 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
474 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
475 with or without modifying it, either commercially or
476 noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
477 author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
478 being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
480 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
481 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
482 It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
483 license designed for free software.
485 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
486 free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
487 free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
488 that the software does. But this License is not limited to
489 software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
490 of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
491 We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
492 instruction or reference.
494 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
496 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
497 that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
498 can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
499 grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
500 to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
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503 accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
504 way requiring permission under copyright law.
506 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
507 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
508 modifications and/or translated into another language.
510 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
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512 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
513 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
514 fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
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521 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
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523 the notice that says that the Document is released under this
524 License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
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526 The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
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529 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
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558 produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
560 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
561 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
562 material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
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567 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
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570 stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
571 "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
572 To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
573 Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
576 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
577 which states that this License applies to the Document. These
578 Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
579 this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
580 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
581 has no effect on the meaning of this License.
585 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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587 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
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590 may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
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592 you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
593 distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
594 the conditions in section 3.
596 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
597 and you may publicly display copies.
599 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
601 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
602 have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
603 the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
604 enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
605 these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
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609 title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
610 on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
611 covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
612 satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
615 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
616 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
617 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
620 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
621 numbering more than 100, you must either include a
622 machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
623 state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
624 which the general network-using public has access to download
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626 copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
627 latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
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641 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
642 under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
643 release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
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645 licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
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653 same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
654 that version gives permission.
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657 entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
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663 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
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677 Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
680 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
682 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
683 and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
684 authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
685 the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
686 the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
687 and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
688 then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
689 the previous sentence.
691 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
692 for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
693 likewise the network locations given in the Document for
694 previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
695 the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
696 work that was published at least four years before the
697 Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
698 it refers to gives permission.
700 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
701 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
702 section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
703 acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
705 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
706 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
707 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
710 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
711 may not be included in the Modified Version.
713 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
714 "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
717 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
719 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
720 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
721 material copied from the Document, you may at your option
722 designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
723 add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
724 Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
725 other section titles.
727 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
728 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
729 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
730 has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
731 definition of a standard.
733 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
734 and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
735 of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
736 passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
737 added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
738 Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
739 previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
740 you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
741 replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
742 publisher that added the old one.
744 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
745 License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
746 assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
748 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
750 You may combine the Document with other documents released under
751 this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
752 modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
753 all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
754 unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
755 combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
756 their Warranty Disclaimers.
758 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
759 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
760 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
761 but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
762 by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
763 original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
764 unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
765 the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
768 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
769 "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
770 Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
771 "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
772 must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
774 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
776 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
777 documents released under this License, and replace the individual
778 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
779 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
780 rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
781 documents in all other respects.
783 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
784 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
785 a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
786 this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
789 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
791 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
792 separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
793 a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
794 copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
795 legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
796 works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
797 License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
798 are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
800 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
801 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
802 of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
803 on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
804 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
805 form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
810 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
811 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
812 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
813 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
814 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
815 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
816 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
817 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
818 include the original English version of this License and the
819 original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
820 disagreement between the translation and the original version of
821 this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
824 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
825 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
826 Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
831 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
832 except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
833 attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
834 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
835 License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
836 from you under this License will not have their licenses
837 terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
839 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
841 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
842 the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
843 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
844 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
845 `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
847 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
848 number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
849 version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
850 have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
851 that specified version or of any later version that has been
852 published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
853 the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
854 you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
855 Free Software Foundation.
857 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
858 ====================================================
860 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
861 the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
862 notices just after the title page:
864 Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
865 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
866 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
867 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
868 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
869 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
870 Free Documentation License''.
872 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
873 Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
875 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
876 the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
879 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
880 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
883 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
884 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
885 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
886 permit their use in free software.
889 File: gzip.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
891 Appendix B Concept Index
892 ************************
897 * bugs: Problems. (line 6)
898 * concatenated files: Advanced usage. (line 6)
899 * Environment: Environment. (line 6)
900 * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
902 * invoking: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
903 * options: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
904 * overview: Overview. (line 6)
905 * sample: Sample. (line 6)
906 * tapes: Tapes. (line 6)
912 Node: Overview
\7f2133
914 Node: Invoking gzip
\7f8964
915 Node: Advanced usage
\7f13942
916 Node: Environment
\7f15532
918 Node: Problems
\7f17116
919 Node: Copying This Manual
\7f17575
920 Node: GNU Free Documentation License
\7f17813
921 Node: Concept Index
\7f40209