1 This is gzip.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from gzip.texi.
3 This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.4, 3 January 2010), and
4 documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
6 Copyright (C) 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2010 Free
7 Software Foundation, Inc.
9 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
11 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
12 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
13 Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
14 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
15 and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
16 in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
18 INFO-DIR-SECTION Compression
20 * Gzip: (gzip). General (de)compression of files (lzw).
23 INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
25 * gunzip: (gzip)Overview. Decompression.
26 * gzexe: (gzip)Overview. Compress executables.
27 * zcat: (gzip)Overview. Decompression to stdout.
28 * zdiff: (gzip)Overview. Compare compressed files.
29 * zforce: (gzip)Overview. Force .gz extension on files.
30 * zgrep: (gzip)Overview. Search compressed files.
31 * zmore: (gzip)Overview. Decompression output by pages.
35 File: gzip.info, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Up: (dir)
37 GNU Gzip: General file (de)compression
38 **************************************
40 This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.4, 3 January 2010), and
41 documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
43 Copyright (C) 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2010 Free
44 Software Foundation, Inc.
46 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
48 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
49 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
50 Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
51 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
52 and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
53 in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
57 * Overview:: Preliminary information.
58 * Sample:: Sample output from `gzip'.
59 * Invoking gzip:: How to run `gzip'.
60 * Advanced usage:: Concatenated files.
61 * Environment:: The `GZIP' environment variable
62 * Tapes:: Using `gzip' on tapes.
63 * Problems:: Reporting bugs.
64 * GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this manual.
65 * Concept index:: Index of concepts.
68 File: gzip.info, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Prev: Top, Up: Top
73 `gzip' reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding
74 (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the
75 extension `.gz', while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
76 modification times. (The default extension is `-gz' for VMS, `z' for
77 MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file
78 name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output.
79 `gzip' will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it
80 will ignore symbolic links.
82 If the new file name is too long for its file system, `gzip'
83 truncates it. `gzip' attempts to truncate only the parts of the file
84 name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the
85 name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
86 For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
87 is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems
88 which do not have a limit on file name length.
90 By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and time stamp in
91 the compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with
92 the `-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was
93 truncated or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file
94 transfer. However, due to limitations in the current `gzip' file
95 format, fractional seconds are discarded. Also, time stamps must fall
96 within the range 1970-01-01 00:00:00 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC,
97 and hosts whose operating systems use 32-bit time stamps are further
98 restricted to time stamps no later than 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. The
99 upper bounds assume the typical case where leap seconds are ignored.
101 Compressed files can be restored to their original form using `gzip
102 -d' or `gunzip' or `zcat'. If the original name saved in the
103 compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is
104 constructed from the original one to make it legal.
106 `gunzip' takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each
107 file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z' `-gz', `-z', or `_z' (ignoring
108 case) and which begins with the correct magic number with an
109 uncompressed file without the original extension. `gunzip' also
110 recognizes the special extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for
111 `.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z' respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the
112 `.tgz' extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar'
115 `gunzip' can currently decompress files created by `gzip', `zip',
116 `compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic.
117 When using the first two formats, `gunzip' checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic
118 redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed
119 length. The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency
120 checks. However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file.
121 If you get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that
122 the `.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does
123 not complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does
124 not check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
125 `compress -H' format (LZH compression method) does not include a CRC but
126 also allows some consistency checks.
128 Files created by `zip' can be uncompressed by `gzip' only if they
129 have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
130 feature is only intended to help conversion of `tar.zip' files to the
131 `tar.gz' format. To extract a `zip' file with a single member, use a
132 command like `gunzip <foo.zip' or `gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'. To extract
133 `zip' files with several members, use `unzip' instead of `gunzip'.
135 `zcat' is identical to `gunzip -c'. `zcat' uncompresses either a
136 list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the
137 uncompressed data on standard output. `zcat' will uncompress files
138 that have the correct magic number whether they have a `.gz' suffix or
141 `gzip' uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in `zip' and PKZIP. The
142 amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the
143 distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code
144 or English is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally much better
145 than that achieved by LZW (as used in `compress'), Huffman coding (as
146 used in `pack'), or adaptive Huffman coding (`compact').
148 Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
149 slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few
150 bytes for the `gzip' file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an
151 expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
152 of used disk blocks almost never increases. `gzip' normally preserves
153 the mode, ownership and time stamps of files when compressing or
156 The `gzip' file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format
157 specification version 4.3, Internet RFC 1952
158 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The `zip'
159 deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data
160 Format Specification version 1.3, Internet RFC 1951
161 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1951.txt) (May 1996).
164 File: gzip.info, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking gzip, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
169 Here are some realistic examples of running `gzip'.
171 This is the output of the command `gzip -h':
173 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
174 Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
176 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
178 -c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
179 -d, --decompress decompress
180 -f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
181 -h, --help give this help
182 -l, --list list compressed file contents
183 -L, --license display software license
184 -n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
185 -N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
186 -q, --quiet suppress all warnings
187 -r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
188 -S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
189 -t, --test test compressed file integrity
190 -v, --verbose verbose mode
191 -V, --version display version number
192 -1, --fast compress faster
193 -9, --best compress better
195 With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
197 Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.
199 This is the output of the command `gzip -v texinfo.tex':
201 texinfo.tex: 69.3% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
203 The following command will find all regular `.gz' files in the
204 current directory and subdirectories (skipping file names that contain
205 newlines), and extract them in place without destroying the original,
206 stopping on the first failure:
209 *' -prune -o -name '*.gz' -type f -print |
212 s/^\\(.*\\)\\.gz$/gunzip <'\\1.gz' >'\\1'/
217 File: gzip.info, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top
222 The format for running the `gzip' program is:
226 `gzip' supports the following options:
231 Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
232 If there are several input files, the output consists of a
233 sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better
234 compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.
243 Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
244 links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the
245 compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the
246 input data is not in a format recognized by `gzip', and if the
247 option `--stdout' is also given, copy the input data without
248 change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If
249 `-f' is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip'
250 prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
254 Print an informative help message describing the options then quit.
258 For each compressed file, list the following fields:
260 compressed size: size of the compressed file
261 uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
262 ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
263 uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
265 The uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in `gzip'
266 format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed
267 size for such a file, you can use:
271 In combination with the `--verbose' option, the following fields
274 method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack)
275 crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
276 date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file
278 The CRC is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
280 With `--verbose', the size totals and compression ratio for all
281 files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With
282 `--quiet', the title and totals lines are not displayed.
284 The `gzip' format represents the input size modulo 2^32, so the
285 uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly for
286 uncompressed files 4 GiB and larger. To work around this problem,
287 you can use the following command to discover a large uncompressed
294 Display the `gzip' license then quit.
298 When compressing, do not save the original file name and time
299 stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
300 had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the
301 original file name if present (remove only the `gzip' suffix from
302 the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time
303 stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
304 is the default when decompressing.
308 When compressing, always save the original file name and time
309 stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the
310 original file name and time stamp if present. This option is
311 useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when
312 the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.
316 Suppress all warning messages.
320 Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file
321 names specified on the command line are directories, `gzip' will
322 descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds
323 there (or decompress them in the case of `gunzip').
327 Use suffix SUF instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but
328 suffixes other than `.z' and `.gz' should be avoided to avoid
329 confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null
330 suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files
331 regardless of suffix, as in:
333 gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
335 Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed
336 to avoid a conflict with `pack'.
340 Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
344 Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
349 Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then
355 Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit N,
356 where `-1' or `--fast' indicates the fastest compression method
357 (less compression) and `--best' or `-9' indicates the slowest
358 compression method (optimal compression). The default compression
359 level is `-6' (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
363 File: gzip.info, Node: Advanced usage, Next: Environment, Prev: Invoking gzip, Up: Top
368 Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, `gunzip'
369 will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged, other
370 members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged member.
371 Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are
372 decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.
374 This is an example of concatenating `gzip' files:
376 gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
377 gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
387 In case of damage to one member of a `.gz' file, other members can
388 still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you
389 can get better compression by compressing all members at once:
391 cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
393 compresses better than
395 gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
397 If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better
400 zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz
402 If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed
403 size and CRC reported by the `--list' option applies to the last member
404 only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
408 If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so
409 that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
410 as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip'
411 transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a
415 File: gzip.info, Node: Environment, Next: Tapes, Prev: Advanced usage, Up: Top
420 The environment variable `GZIP' can hold a set of default options for
421 `gzip'. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by
422 explicit command line parameters. For example:
424 for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP
425 for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
426 for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name
428 On VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to avoid
429 a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.
432 File: gzip.info, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top
434 6 Using `gzip' on tapes
435 ***********************
437 When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad
438 the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read
439 and the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression, `gunzip'
440 detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data
441 and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains nonzero bytes.
442 You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the warning. This
443 option can be set in the `GZIP' environment variable, as in:
445 for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
446 for csh: (setenv GZIP "-q"; tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0)
448 In the above example, `gzip' is invoked implicitly by the `-z'
449 option of GNU `tar'. Make sure that the same block size (`-b' option
450 of `tar') is used for reading and writing compressed data on tapes.
451 (This example assumes you are using the GNU version of `tar'.)
454 File: gzip.info, Node: Problems, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top
459 If you find a bug in `gzip', please send electronic mail to
460 <bug-gzip@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can find by
461 running `gzip -V'. Also include in your message the hardware and
462 operating system, the compiler used to compile `gzip', a description of
463 the bug behavior, and the input to `gzip' that triggered the bug.
466 File: gzip.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
468 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
469 *****************************************
471 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
473 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
476 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
477 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
481 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
482 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
483 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
484 with or without modifying it, either commercially or
485 noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
486 author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
487 being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
489 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
490 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
491 It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
492 license designed for free software.
494 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
495 free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
496 free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
497 that the software does. But this License is not limited to
498 software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
499 of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
500 We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
501 instruction or reference.
503 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
505 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
506 that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
507 can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
508 grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
509 to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
510 "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
511 of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
512 accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
513 way requiring permission under copyright law.
515 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
516 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
517 modifications and/or translated into another language.
519 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
520 of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
521 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
522 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
523 fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
524 is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
525 explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
526 historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
527 of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
530 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
531 titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
532 the notice that says that the Document is released under this
533 License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
534 Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
535 The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
536 does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
538 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
539 listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
540 that says that the Document is released under this License. A
541 Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
544 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
545 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
546 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
547 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
548 composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
549 widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
550 text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
551 formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
552 otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
553 markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
554 modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
555 not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A
556 copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
558 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
559 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
560 SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
561 standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
562 human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
563 PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
564 can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
565 XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
566 available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
567 produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
569 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
570 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
571 material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
572 works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
573 Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
574 work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
576 The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
577 of the Document to the public.
579 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
580 whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
581 following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
582 stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
583 "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
584 To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
585 Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
588 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
589 which states that this License applies to the Document. These
590 Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
591 this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
592 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
593 has no effect on the meaning of this License.
597 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
598 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
599 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
600 applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
601 add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
602 may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
603 or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
604 you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
605 distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
606 the conditions in section 3.
608 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
609 and you may publicly display copies.
611 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
613 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
614 have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
615 the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
616 enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
617 these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
618 Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
619 and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
620 front cover must present the full title with all words of the
621 title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
622 on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
623 covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
624 satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
627 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
628 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
629 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
632 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
633 numbering more than 100, you must either include a
634 machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
635 state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
636 which the general network-using public has access to download
637 using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
638 copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
639 latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
640 begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
641 this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
642 location until at least one year after the last time you
643 distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
644 retailers) of that edition to the public.
646 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
647 the Document well before redistributing any large number of
648 copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
649 version of the Document.
653 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
654 under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
655 release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
656 the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
657 licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
658 whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
659 things in the Modified Version:
661 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
662 distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
663 previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
664 in the History section of the Document). You may use the
665 same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
666 that version gives permission.
668 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
669 entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
670 the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
671 principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
672 authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
673 from this requirement.
675 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
676 Modified Version, as the publisher.
678 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
680 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
681 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
683 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
684 notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
685 Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
688 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
689 Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
692 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
694 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
695 and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
696 authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
697 the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
698 the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
699 and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
700 then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
701 the previous sentence.
703 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
704 for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
705 likewise the network locations given in the Document for
706 previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
707 the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
708 work that was published at least four years before the
709 Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
710 it refers to gives permission.
712 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
713 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
714 section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
715 acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
717 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
718 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
719 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
722 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
723 may not be included in the Modified Version.
725 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
726 "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
729 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
731 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
732 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
733 material copied from the Document, you may at your option
734 designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
735 add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
736 Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
737 other section titles.
739 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
740 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
741 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
742 has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
743 definition of a standard.
745 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
746 and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
747 of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
748 passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
749 added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
750 Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
751 previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
752 you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
753 replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
754 publisher that added the old one.
756 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
757 License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
758 assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
760 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
762 You may combine the Document with other documents released under
763 this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
764 modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
765 all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
766 unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
767 combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
768 their Warranty Disclaimers.
770 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
771 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
772 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
773 but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
774 by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
775 original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
776 unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
777 the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
780 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
781 "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
782 Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
783 "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
784 must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
786 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
788 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
789 documents released under this License, and replace the individual
790 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
791 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
792 rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
793 documents in all other respects.
795 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
796 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
797 a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
798 this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
801 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
803 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
804 separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
805 a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
806 copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
807 legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
808 works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
809 License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
810 are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
812 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
813 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
814 of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
815 on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
816 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
817 form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
822 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
823 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
824 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
825 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
826 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
827 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
828 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
829 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
830 include the original English version of this License and the
831 original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
832 disagreement between the translation and the original version of
833 this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
836 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
837 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
838 Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
843 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
844 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
845 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
846 and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
848 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
849 license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
850 provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
851 and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
852 copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
853 reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
855 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
856 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
857 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
858 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
859 that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
860 after your receipt of the notice.
862 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
863 the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from
864 you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and
865 not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of
866 the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
868 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
870 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
871 the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
872 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
873 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
874 `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
876 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
877 number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
878 version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
879 have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
880 that specified version or of any later version that has been
881 published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
882 the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
883 you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
884 Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy
885 can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
886 proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
887 authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
891 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
892 World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
893 provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
894 public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
895 A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
896 site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
899 "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
900 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
901 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
902 California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
903 published by that same organization.
905 "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
906 in part, as part of another Document.
908 An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
909 License, and if all works that were first published under this
910 License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
911 incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
912 texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
915 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
916 site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
917 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
920 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
921 ====================================================
923 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
924 the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
925 notices just after the title page:
927 Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
928 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
929 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
930 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
931 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
932 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
933 Free Documentation License''.
935 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
936 Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
938 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
939 the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
942 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
943 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
946 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
947 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
948 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
949 permit their use in free software.
952 File: gzip.info, Node: Concept index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
954 Appendix B Concept index
955 ************************
960 * bugs: Problems. (line 6)
961 * concatenated files: Advanced usage. (line 6)
962 * Environment: Environment. (line 6)
963 * invoking: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
964 * options: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
965 * overview: Overview. (line 6)
966 * sample: Sample. (line 6)
967 * tapes: Tapes. (line 6)
973 Node: Overview
\7f2683
975 Node: Invoking gzip
\7f9827
976 Node: Advanced usage
\7f14819
977 Node: Environment
\7f16406
979 Node: Problems
\7f17988
980 Node: GNU Free Documentation License
\7f18458
981 Node: Concept index
\7f43626