1 This is gzip.info-t, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from gzip.texi.
3 This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.6, 28 May 2013), and documents
4 commands for compressing and decompressing data.
6 Copyright (C) 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2013 Free
7 Software Foundation, Inc.
9 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
11 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
12 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
13 Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
14 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
15 and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
16 in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
18 INFO-DIR-SECTION Compression
20 * Gzip: (gzip). General (de)compression of files (lzw).
23 INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
25 * gunzip: (gzip)Overview. Decompression.
26 * gzexe: (gzip)Overview. Compress executables.
27 * zcat: (gzip)Overview. Decompression to stdout.
28 * zdiff: (gzip)Overview. Compare compressed files.
29 * zforce: (gzip)Overview. Force .gz extension on files.
30 * zgrep: (gzip)Overview. Search compressed files.
31 * zmore: (gzip)Overview. Decompression output by pages.
35 File: gzip.info-t, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Up: (dir)
37 GNU Gzip: General file (de)compression
38 **************************************
40 This manual is for GNU Gzip (version 1.6, 28 May 2013), and documents
41 commands for compressing and decompressing data.
43 Copyright (C) 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2013 Free
44 Software Foundation, Inc.
46 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
48 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
49 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
50 Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
51 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
52 and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
53 in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
57 * Overview:: Preliminary information.
58 * Sample:: Sample output from `gzip'.
59 * Invoking gzip:: How to run `gzip'.
60 * Advanced usage:: Concatenated files.
61 * Environment:: The `GZIP' environment variable
62 * Tapes:: Using `gzip' on tapes.
63 * Problems:: Reporting bugs.
64 * GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this manual.
65 * Concept index:: Index of concepts.
68 File: gzip.info-t, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Prev: Top, Up: Top
73 `gzip' reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding
74 (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the
75 extension `.gz', while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
76 modification times. (The default extension is `-gz' for VMS, `z' for
77 MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file
78 name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output.
79 `gzip' will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it
80 will ignore symbolic links.
82 If the new file name is too long for its file system, `gzip'
83 truncates it. `gzip' attempts to truncate only the parts of the file
84 name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the
85 name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
86 For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
87 is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems
88 which do not have a limit on file name length.
90 By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and time stamp in
91 the compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with
92 the `-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was
93 truncated or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file
94 transfer. However, due to limitations in the current `gzip' file
95 format, fractional seconds are discarded. Also, time stamps must fall
96 within the range 1970-01-01 00:00:00 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC,
97 and hosts whose operating systems use 32-bit time stamps are further
98 restricted to time stamps no later than 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. The
99 upper bounds assume the typical case where leap seconds are ignored.
101 Compressed files can be restored to their original form using `gzip
102 -d' or `gunzip' or `zcat'. If the original name saved in the
103 compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is
104 constructed from the original one to make it legal.
106 `gunzip' takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each
107 file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z' `-gz', `-z', or `_z' (ignoring
108 case) and which begins with the correct magic number with an
109 uncompressed file without the original extension. `gunzip' also
110 recognizes the special extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for
111 `.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z' respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the
112 `.tgz' extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar'
115 `gunzip' can currently decompress files created by `gzip', `zip',
116 `compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic.
117 When using the first two formats, `gunzip' checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic
118 redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed
119 length. The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency
120 checks. However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file.
121 If you get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that
122 the `.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does
123 not complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does
124 not check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
125 `compress -H' format (LZH compression method) does not include a CRC but
126 also allows some consistency checks.
128 Files created by `zip' can be uncompressed by `gzip' only if they
129 have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
130 feature is only intended to help conversion of `tar.zip' files to the
131 `tar.gz' format. To extract a `zip' file with a single member, use a
132 command like `gunzip <foo.zip' or `gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'. To extract
133 `zip' files with several members, use `unzip' instead of `gunzip'.
135 `zcat' is identical to `gunzip -c'. `zcat' uncompresses either a
136 list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the
137 uncompressed data on standard output. `zcat' will uncompress files
138 that have the correct magic number whether they have a `.gz' suffix or
141 `gzip' uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in `zip' and PKZIP. The
142 amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the
143 distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code
144 or English is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally much better
145 than that achieved by LZW (as used in `compress'), Huffman coding (as
146 used in `pack'), or adaptive Huffman coding (`compact').
148 Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
149 slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few
150 bytes for the `gzip' file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an
151 expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
152 of used disk blocks almost never increases. `gzip' normally preserves
153 the mode, ownership and time stamps of files when compressing or
156 The `gzip' file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format
157 specification version 4.3, Internet RFC 1952
158 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The `zip' deflation
159 format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data Format
160 Specification version 1.3, Internet RFC 1951
161 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt) (May 1996).
164 File: gzip.info-t, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking gzip, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
169 Here are some realistic examples of running `gzip'.
171 This is the output of the command `gzip -h':
173 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
174 Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
176 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
178 -c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
179 -d, --decompress decompress
180 -f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
181 -h, --help give this help
182 -k, --keep keep (don't delete) input files
183 -l, --list list compressed file contents
184 -L, --license display software license
185 -n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
186 -N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
187 -q, --quiet suppress all warnings
188 -r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
189 -S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
190 -t, --test test compressed file integrity
191 -v, --verbose verbose mode
192 -V, --version display version number
193 -1, --fast compress faster
194 -9, --best compress better
196 With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
198 Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.
200 This is the output of the command `gzip -v texinfo.tex':
202 texinfo.tex: 69.3% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
204 The following command will find all regular `.gz' files in the
205 current directory and subdirectories (skipping file names that contain
206 newlines), and extract them in place without destroying the original,
207 stopping on the first failure:
210 *' -prune -o -name '*.gz' -type f -print |
213 s/^\\(.*\\)\\.gz$/gunzip <'\\1.gz' >'\\1'/
218 File: gzip.info-t, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top
223 The format for running the `gzip' program is:
227 `gzip' supports the following options:
232 Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
233 If there are several input files, the output consists of a
234 sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better
235 compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.
244 Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
245 links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the
246 compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the
247 input data is not in a format recognized by `gzip', and if the
248 option `--stdout' is also given, copy the input data without
249 change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If
250 `-f' is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip'
251 prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
255 Print an informative help message describing the options then quit.
259 Keep (don't delete) input files during compression or
264 For each compressed file, list the following fields:
266 compressed size: size of the compressed file
267 uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
268 ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
269 uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
271 The uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in `gzip'
272 format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed
273 size for such a file, you can use:
277 In combination with the `--verbose' option, the following fields
280 method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack)
281 crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
282 date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file
284 The CRC is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
286 With `--verbose', the size totals and compression ratio for all
287 files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With
288 `--quiet', the title and totals lines are not displayed.
290 The `gzip' format represents the input size modulo 2^32, so the
291 uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly for
292 uncompressed files 4 GiB and larger. To work around this problem,
293 you can use the following command to discover a large uncompressed
300 Display the `gzip' license then quit.
304 When compressing, do not save the original file name and time
305 stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
306 had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the
307 original file name if present (remove only the `gzip' suffix from
308 the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time
309 stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
310 is the default when decompressing.
314 When compressing, always save the original file name and time
315 stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the
316 original file name and time stamp if present. This option is
317 useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when
318 the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.
322 Suppress all warning messages.
326 Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file
327 names specified on the command line are directories, `gzip' will
328 descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds
329 there (or decompress them in the case of `gunzip').
333 Use suffix SUF instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but
334 suffixes other than `.z' and `.gz' should be avoided to avoid
335 confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null
336 suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files
337 regardless of suffix, as in:
339 gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
341 Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed
342 to avoid a conflict with `pack'.
346 Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
350 Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
355 Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then
361 Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit N,
362 where `-1' or `--fast' indicates the fastest compression method
363 (less compression) and `--best' or `-9' indicates the slowest
364 compression method (optimal compression). The default compression
365 level is `-6' (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
369 File: gzip.info-t, Node: Advanced usage, Next: Environment, Prev: Invoking gzip, Up: Top
374 Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, `gunzip'
375 will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged, other
376 members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged member.
377 Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are
378 decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.
380 This is an example of concatenating `gzip' files:
382 gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
383 gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
393 In case of damage to one member of a `.gz' file, other members can
394 still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you
395 can get better compression by compressing all members at once:
397 cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
399 compresses better than
401 gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
403 If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better
406 zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz
408 If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed
409 size and CRC reported by the `--list' option applies to the last member
410 only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
414 If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so
415 that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
416 as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip'
417 transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a
421 File: gzip.info-t, Node: Environment, Next: Tapes, Prev: Advanced usage, Up: Top
426 The environment variable `GZIP' can hold a set of default options for
427 `gzip'. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by
428 explicit command line parameters. For example:
430 for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP
431 for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
432 for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name
434 On VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to avoid
435 a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.
438 File: gzip.info-t, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top
440 6 Using `gzip' on tapes
441 ***********************
443 When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad
444 the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read
445 and the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression, `gunzip'
446 detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data
447 and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains nonzero bytes.
448 You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the warning. This
449 option can be set in the `GZIP' environment variable, as in:
451 for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
452 for csh: (setenv GZIP "-q"; tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0)
454 In the above example, `gzip' is invoked implicitly by the `-z'
455 option of GNU `tar'. Make sure that the same block size (`-b' option
456 of `tar') is used for reading and writing compressed data on tapes.
457 (This example assumes you are using the GNU version of `tar'.)
460 File: gzip.info-t, Node: Problems, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top
465 If you find a bug in `gzip', please send electronic mail to
466 <bug-gzip@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can find by
467 running `gzip -V'. Also include in your message the hardware and
468 operating system, the compiler used to compile `gzip', a description of
469 the bug behavior, and the input to `gzip' that triggered the bug.
472 File: gzip.info-t, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
474 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
475 *****************************************
477 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
479 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
482 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
483 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
487 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
488 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
489 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
490 with or without modifying it, either commercially or
491 noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
492 author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
493 being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
495 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
496 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
497 It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
498 license designed for free software.
500 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
501 free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
502 free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
503 that the software does. But this License is not limited to
504 software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
505 of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
506 We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
507 instruction or reference.
509 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
511 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
512 that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
513 can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
514 grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
515 to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
516 "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
517 of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
518 accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
519 way requiring permission under copyright law.
521 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
522 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
523 modifications and/or translated into another language.
525 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
526 of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
527 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
528 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
529 fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
530 is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
531 explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
532 historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
533 of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
536 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
537 titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
538 the notice that says that the Document is released under this
539 License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
540 Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
541 The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
542 does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
544 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
545 listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
546 that says that the Document is released under this License. A
547 Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
550 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
551 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
552 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
553 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
554 composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
555 widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
556 text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
557 formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
558 otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
559 markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
560 modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
561 not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A
562 copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
564 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
565 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
566 SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
567 standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
568 human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
569 PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
570 can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
571 XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
572 available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
573 produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
575 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
576 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
577 material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
578 works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
579 Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
580 work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
582 The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
583 of the Document to the public.
585 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
586 whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
587 following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
588 stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
589 "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
590 To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
591 Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
594 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
595 which states that this License applies to the Document. These
596 Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
597 this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
598 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
599 has no effect on the meaning of this License.
603 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
604 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
605 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
606 applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
607 add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
608 may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
609 or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
610 you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
611 distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
612 the conditions in section 3.
614 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
615 and you may publicly display copies.
617 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
619 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
620 have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
621 the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
622 enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
623 these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
624 Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
625 and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
626 front cover must present the full title with all words of the
627 title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
628 on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
629 covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
630 satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
633 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
634 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
635 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
638 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
639 numbering more than 100, you must either include a
640 machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
641 state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
642 which the general network-using public has access to download
643 using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
644 copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
645 latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
646 begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
647 this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
648 location until at least one year after the last time you
649 distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
650 retailers) of that edition to the public.
652 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
653 the Document well before redistributing any large number of
654 copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
655 version of the Document.
659 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
660 under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
661 release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
662 the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
663 licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
664 whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
665 things in the Modified Version:
667 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
668 distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
669 previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
670 in the History section of the Document). You may use the
671 same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
672 that version gives permission.
674 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
675 entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
676 the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
677 principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
678 authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
679 from this requirement.
681 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
682 Modified Version, as the publisher.
684 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
686 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
687 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
689 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
690 notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
691 Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
694 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
695 Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
698 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
700 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
701 and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
702 authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
703 the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
704 the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
705 and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
706 then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
707 the previous sentence.
709 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
710 for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
711 likewise the network locations given in the Document for
712 previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
713 the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
714 work that was published at least four years before the
715 Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
716 it refers to gives permission.
718 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
719 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
720 section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
721 acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
723 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
724 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
725 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
728 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
729 may not be included in the Modified Version.
731 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
732 "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
735 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
737 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
738 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
739 material copied from the Document, you may at your option
740 designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
741 add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
742 Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
743 other section titles.
745 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
746 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
747 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
748 has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
749 definition of a standard.
751 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
752 and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
753 of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
754 passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
755 added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
756 Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
757 previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
758 you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
759 replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
760 publisher that added the old one.
762 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
763 License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
764 assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
766 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
768 You may combine the Document with other documents released under
769 this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
770 modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
771 all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
772 unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
773 combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
774 their Warranty Disclaimers.
776 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
777 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
778 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
779 but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
780 by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
781 original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
782 unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
783 the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
786 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
787 "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
788 Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
789 "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
790 must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
792 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
794 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
795 documents released under this License, and replace the individual
796 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
797 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
798 rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
799 documents in all other respects.
801 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
802 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
803 a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
804 this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
807 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
809 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
810 separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
811 a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
812 copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
813 legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
814 works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
815 License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
816 are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
818 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
819 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
820 of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
821 on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
822 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
823 form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
828 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
829 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
830 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
831 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
832 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
833 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
834 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
835 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
836 include the original English version of this License and the
837 original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
838 disagreement between the translation and the original version of
839 this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
842 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
843 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
844 Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
849 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
850 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
851 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
852 and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
854 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
855 license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
856 provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
857 and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
858 copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
859 reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
861 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
862 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
863 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
864 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
865 that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
866 after your receipt of the notice.
868 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
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871 not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of
872 the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
874 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
876 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
877 the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
878 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
879 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
880 `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
882 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
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885 have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
886 that specified version or of any later version that has been
887 published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
888 the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
889 you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
890 Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy
891 can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
892 proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
893 authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
897 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
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905 "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
906 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
907 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
908 California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
909 published by that same organization.
911 "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
912 in part, as part of another Document.
914 An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
915 License, and if all works that were first published under this
916 License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
917 incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
918 texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
921 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
922 site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
923 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
926 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
927 ====================================================
929 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
930 the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
931 notices just after the title page:
933 Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
934 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
935 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
936 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
937 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
938 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
939 Free Documentation License''.
941 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
942 Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
944 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
945 the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
948 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
949 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
952 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
953 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
954 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
955 permit their use in free software.
958 File: gzip.info-t, Node: Concept index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
960 Appendix B Concept index
961 ************************
966 * bugs: Problems. (line 6)
967 * concatenated files: Advanced usage. (line 6)
968 * Environment: Environment. (line 6)
969 * invoking: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
970 * options: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
971 * overview: Overview. (line 6)
972 * sample: Sample. (line 6)
973 * tapes: Tapes. (line 6)
979 Node: Overview
\7f2681
981 Node: Invoking gzip
\7f9882
982 Node: Advanced usage
\7f14970
983 Node: Environment
\7f16559
985 Node: Problems
\7f18145
986 Node: GNU Free Documentation License
\7f18617
987 Node: Concept index
\7f43787