From 90d3640cdd575040ccb9bcf1e73f031027dc7f60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MaartenBrock Date: Sun, 25 Feb 2007 21:33:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] * device/lib/mcs51/crtcall.asm: new, added for indirect calls * device/lib/mcs51/crtclear.asm, * device/lib/mcs51/crtxclear.asm: renumbered labels * device/lib/mcs51/Makefile.in: added crtcall.asm * doc/sdccman.lyx: documented mcs51 crt* library startup code * src/mcs51/gen.c (movc): removed, (aopGet, genPlusBits): clear a after loading the carry (possibly from acc.x or psw.x), (toCarry, genSend, genRet): added function toCarry, (genPcall): use "lcall @a+dptr" for functions w/o parameters, (assignBit, genAssign, genCast): added function assignBit * src/mcs51/Makefile.bcc: added rtrack.c * src/mcs51/ralloc.h: made valueKnown a bitfield * src/mcs51/rtrack.c (getReg, rtrackUpdate): added getReg, fixed "jbc acc" and "cpl acc" bug, enhanced "cjne", "jnz" and "djnz", disabled InvalidateAllRx for lcall __gptrput, added "xch a,rn" * src/pic/pcode.c (FixRegisterBanking): fixed warning used uninitialized * src/z80/gen.c: added AOP_IS_PAIRPTR, (_pop): only pop valid pairs, see gencjneshort, (gencjneshort): return pair that still needs to be popped, restructured, (gencjne, genCmpEq): call _pop git-svn-id: https://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/sdcc/trunk/sdcc@4651 4a8a32a2-be11-0410-ad9d-d568d2c75423 --- ChangeLog | 26 +- device/lib/mcs51/Makefile.in | 2 +- device/lib/mcs51/crtcall.asm | 39 + device/lib/mcs51/crtclear.asm | 4 +- device/lib/mcs51/crtxclear.asm | 32 +- doc/sdccman.lyx | 19787 ++++++++++++++++--------------- src/mcs51/Makefile.bcc | 4 +- src/mcs51/gen.c | 207 +- src/mcs51/ralloc.h | 21 +- src/mcs51/rtrack.c | 1322 ++- src/pic/pcode.c | 2 + src/z80/gen.c | 69 +- 12 files changed, 10881 insertions(+), 10634 deletions(-) create mode 100644 device/lib/mcs51/crtcall.asm diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog index 249577be..e1a8d0c2 100644 --- a/ChangeLog +++ b/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,27 @@ +2007-02-25 Maarten Brock + + * device/lib/mcs51/crtcall.asm: new, added for indirect calls + * device/lib/mcs51/crtclear.asm, + * device/lib/mcs51/crtxclear.asm: renumbered labels + * device/lib/mcs51/Makefile.in: added crtcall.asm + * doc/sdccman.lyx: documented mcs51 crt* library startup code + * src/mcs51/gen.c (movc): removed, + (aopGet, genPlusBits): clear a after loading the carry (possibly from + acc.x or psw.x), + (toCarry, genSend, genRet): added function toCarry, + (genPcall): use "lcall @a+dptr" for functions w/o parameters, + (assignBit, genAssign, genCast): added function assignBit + * src/mcs51/Makefile.bcc: added rtrack.c + * src/mcs51/ralloc.h: made valueKnown a bitfield + * src/mcs51/rtrack.c (getReg, rtrackUpdate): added getReg, + fixed "jbc acc" and "cpl acc" bug, enhanced "cjne", "jnz" and "djnz", + disabled InvalidateAllRx for lcall __gptrput, added "xch a,rn" + * src/pic/pcode.c (FixRegisterBanking): fixed warning used uninitialized + * src/z80/gen.c: added AOP_IS_PAIRPTR, + (_pop): only pop valid pairs, see gencjneshort, + (gencjneshort): return pair that still needs to be popped, restructured, + (gencjne, genCmpEq): call _pop + 2007-02-23 Raphael Neider * device/include/pic/pic14devices.txt: 16f684 has only one config word @@ -20,7 +44,7 @@ * src/mcs51/rtrack.h, * src/mcs51/rtrack.c: added register tracking for the mcs51 port, by checking the strings passed by emitcode() to the assembler. - Feel free to change. This in part addresses RFE #482179. + Feel free to change. This in part addresses RFE #482179. Set environment variable SDCC_RTRACK to enable. * src/mcs51/gen.c: inserted hooks * src/mcs51/ralloc.h: added two members to struct regs diff --git a/device/lib/mcs51/Makefile.in b/device/lib/mcs51/Makefile.in index 27adf012..33fe0d1e 100644 --- a/device/lib/mcs51/Makefile.in +++ b/device/lib/mcs51/Makefile.in @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ SAS = $(top_builddir)/bin/asx8051 SCC = $(top_builddir)/bin/sdcc OBJ = crtstart.rel crtxinit.rel crtxclear.rel crtclear.rel crtxstack.rel \ - crtpagesfr.rel crtbank.rel + crtpagesfr.rel crtbank.rel crtcall.rel LIB = mcs51.lib diff --git a/device/lib/mcs51/crtcall.asm b/device/lib/mcs51/crtcall.asm new file mode 100644 index 00000000..34e255ce --- /dev/null +++ b/device/lib/mcs51/crtcall.asm @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +; /*------------------------------------------------------------------------- +; +; crtcall.asm :- C run-time: indirect function call +; +; This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it +; under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as published by the +; Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any +; later version. +; +; This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +; GNU Library General Public License for more details. +; +; You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public License +; along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software +; Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. +; +; In other words, you are welcome to use, share and improve this program. +; You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve +; what you give them. Help stamp out software-hoarding! +; -------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + + .area HOME (CODE) + .area GSINIT0 (CODE) + .area GSINIT1 (CODE) + .area GSINIT2 (CODE) + .area GSINIT3 (CODE) + .area GSINIT4 (CODE) + .area GSINIT5 (CODE) + .area GSINIT (CODE) + .area GSFINAL (CODE) + .area CSEG (CODE) + + .area HOME (CODE) + +__sdcc_call_dptr:: + clr a + jmp @a+dptr diff --git a/device/lib/mcs51/crtclear.asm b/device/lib/mcs51/crtclear.asm index 672ec1dc..61062697 100644 --- a/device/lib/mcs51/crtclear.asm +++ b/device/lib/mcs51/crtclear.asm @@ -36,6 +36,6 @@ __mcs51_genRAMCLEAR:: clr a mov r0,#(l_IRAM-1) -00005$: mov @r0,a - djnz r0,00005$ +00004$: mov @r0,a + djnz r0,00004$ ; _mcs51_genRAMCLEAR() end diff --git a/device/lib/mcs51/crtxclear.asm b/device/lib/mcs51/crtxclear.asm index 5b7357ff..d2c8ea3a 100644 --- a/device/lib/mcs51/crtxclear.asm +++ b/device/lib/mcs51/crtxclear.asm @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ ; /*------------------------------------------------------------------------- -; +; ; crtxclear.asm :- C run-time: clear XSEG -; +; ; This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it ; under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as published by the ; Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any ; later version. -; +; ; This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the ; GNU Library General Public License for more details. -; +; ; You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public License ; along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software ; Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. -; +; ; In other words, you are welcome to use, share and improve this program. ; You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve -; what you give them. Help stamp out software-hoarding! +; what you give them. Help stamp out software-hoarding! ; -------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ .area CSEG (CODE) @@ -30,30 +30,30 @@ .area GSINIT5 (CODE) .area GSINIT (CODE) .area GSFINAL (CODE) - + .area GSINIT4 (CODE) __mcs51_genXRAMCLEAR:: mov r0,#l_PSEG mov a,r0 - jz 00005$ + jz 00006$ mov r1,#s_PSEG mov __XPAGE,#(s_PSEG >> 8) clr a -00004$: movx @r1,a +00005$: movx @r1,a inc r1 - djnz r0,00004$ -00005$: + djnz r0,00005$ +00006$: mov r0,#l_XSEG mov a,r0 orl a,#(l_XSEG >> 8) - jz 00007$ + jz 00008$ mov r1,#((l_XSEG + 255) >> 8) mov dptr,#s_XSEG clr a -00006$: movx @dptr,a +00007$: movx @dptr,a inc dptr - djnz r0,00006$ - djnz r1,00006$ -00007$: + djnz r0,00007$ + djnz r1,00007$ +00008$: diff --git a/doc/sdccman.lyx b/doc/sdccman.lyx index e1b54bbe..2972e85f 100644 --- a/doc/sdccman.lyx +++ b/doc/sdccman.lyx @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -#LyX 1.4.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 221 \textclass book \begin_preamble @@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ \fontscheme pslatex \graphics default \paperfontsize default -\spacing single +\spacing single \papersize letterpaper +\paperpackage a4 \use_geometry 1 \use_amsmath 0 \use_natbib 0 @@ -39,15 +40,19 @@ \paragraph_separation indent \defskip medskip \quotes_language swedish +\quotes_times 2 \papercolumns 1 \papersides 1 \paperpagestyle fancy \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Note collapsed true \layout Standard + Please note: double dashed longoptions (e.g. --version) are written this way: - \begin_inset ERT @@ -55,104 +60,103 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset - - \layout Standard + Two resp. three consecutive dashes simply result in a long resp. extra long dash. - \layout Standard + Architecture specific stuff (like memory models, code examples) should maybe later go - \layout Standard + into seperate sections/chapters/appendices (it is hard to document PIC or Z80 in - \layout Standard -a 8051 centered document) - for now simply add. - -\end_inset +a 8051 centered document) - for now simply add. +\end_inset \layout Title -SDCC Compiler User Guide +SDCC Compiler User Guide \layout Date -\size normal + +\size normal SDCC 2.6.4 -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize -\newline +\newline $Date$ -\newline +\newline $Revision$ - \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Note collapsed true \layout Standard + The above strings enclosed in $ are automatically updated by Subversion +\end_inset -\end_inset +\layout Standard -\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Chapter -Introduction +Introduction \layout Section -About SDCC +About SDCC \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold SDCC -\series default +\series default ( -\emph on +\emph on S -\emph default +\emph default mall -\emph on +\emph on D -\emph default +\emph default evice -\emph on +\emph on C -\emph default +\emph default -\emph on +\emph on C -\emph default +\emph default ompiler) is an open source, retargettable, optimizing ANSI-C compiler by -\series bold +\series bold Sandeep Dutta -\series default +\series default designed for 8 bit Microprocessors. The current version targets Intel MCS51 based Microprocessors (8031, 8032, 8051, 8052 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{8031, 8032, 8051, 8052, mcs51 CPU} -\end_inset +\end_inset , etc.), Dallas DS80C390 variants, Freescale (formerly Motorola) HC08 and Zilog Z80 based MCUs. @@ -162,63 +166,64 @@ Sandeep Dutta SDCC uses ASXXXX \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} -\end_inset +\end_inset & ASLINK \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink} -\end_inset +\end_inset , an open source retargetable assembler & linker. SDCC has extensive language extensions suitable for utilizing various microcont rollers and underlying hardware effectively. -\newline - -\newline -In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of - standard optimizations like: +\newline +\newline +In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of standard + optimizations like: \layout Itemize -global sub expression elimination, +global sub expression elimination, \layout Itemize + loop optimizations (loop invariant, strength reduction of induction variables and loop reversing), - \layout Itemize -constant folding & propagation, +constant folding & propagation, \layout Itemize -copy propagation, +copy propagation, \layout Itemize -dead code elimination +dead code elimination \layout Itemize + jump tables for -\emph on +\emph on switch -\emph default +\emph default statements. - \layout Standard + For the back-end SDCC uses a global register allocation scheme which should be well suited for other 8 bit MCUs. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The peep hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which - is MCU independent. +\newline +The peep hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which is + MCU independent. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Supported data-types are: - \layout Standard -\begin_inset Tabular + + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -231,41 +236,41 @@ Supported data-types are: \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -type -\end_inset +type +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -width -\end_inset +width +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -default -\end_inset +default +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -signed range -\end_inset +signed range +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -unsigned range -\end_inset +unsigned range +\end_inset @@ -273,41 +278,41 @@ unsigned range \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -bool -\end_inset +bool +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1 bit -\end_inset +1 bit +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -unsigned -\end_inset +unsigned +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0, 1 -\end_inset +0, 1 +\end_inset @@ -315,41 +320,41 @@ unsigned \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -char -\end_inset +char +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -8 bits, 1 byte -\end_inset +8 bits, 1 byte +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -signed -\end_inset +signed +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard --128, +127 -\end_inset +-128, +127 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0, +255 -\end_inset +0, +255 +\end_inset @@ -357,41 +362,41 @@ signed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -short -\end_inset +short +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -16 bits, 2 bytes -\end_inset +16 bits, 2 bytes +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -signed -\end_inset +signed +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard --32.768, +32.767 -\end_inset +-32.768, +32.767 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0, +65.535 -\end_inset +0, +65.535 +\end_inset @@ -399,41 +404,41 @@ signed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -int -\end_inset +int +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -16 bits, 2 bytes -\end_inset +16 bits, 2 bytes +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -signed -\end_inset +signed +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard --32.768, +32.767 -\end_inset +-32.768, +32.767 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0, +65.535 -\end_inset +0, +65.535 +\end_inset @@ -441,41 +446,41 @@ signed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -long -\end_inset +long +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -32 bits, 4 bytes -\end_inset +32 bits, 4 bytes +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -signed -\end_inset +signed +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard --2.147.483.648, +2.147.483.647 -\end_inset +-2.147.483.648, +2.147.483.647 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0, +4.294.967.295 -\end_inset +0, +4.294.967.295 +\end_inset @@ -483,50 +488,49 @@ signed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -float -\end_inset +float +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -4 bytes IEEE 754 -\end_inset +4 bytes IEEE 754 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -signed -\end_inset +signed +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + 1.175494351E-38, -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 3.402823466E+38 - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -534,137 +538,130 @@ signed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -pointer -\end_inset +pointer +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes -\end_inset +1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -generic -\end_inset +generic +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline The compiler also allows -\emph on +\emph on inline assembler code -\emph default +\emph default to be embedded anywhere in a function. In addition, routines developed in assembly can also be called. -\newline +\newline -\newline -SDCC also - provides an option (- +\newline +SDCC also provides an option (- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -cyclomatic) to report the relative complexity of a function. These functions can then be further optimized, or hand coded in assembly if needed. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline SDCC also comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB, the debugger currently uses ucSim a freeware simulator for 8051 and other micro-controllers.< -\newline - -\newline +\newline +\newline The latest version can be downloaded from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\series bold +\series bold -\series default -\emph on +\series default +\emph on Please note: the compiler will probably always be some steps ahead of this documentation -\series bold -\emph default +\series bold +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard -Obviously this has pros and cons -\end_inset +Obviously this has pros and cons +\end_inset . - \layout Section -Open Source +Open Source \layout Standard + All packages used in this compiler system are -\emph on +\emph on open source -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on freeware -\emph default +\emph default ; source code for all the sub-packages (pre-processor, assemblers, linkers etc) is distributed with the package. This documentation is maintained using a freeware word processor (LyX). -\newline -This - program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under - the terms of the GNU General Public License +\newline +This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU General Public License, GPL} -\end_inset +\end_inset as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version. @@ -672,7 +669,7 @@ This ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{warranty} -\end_inset +\end_inset of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. @@ -683,79 +680,79 @@ This You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve what you give them. Help stamp out software-hoarding! - \layout Section + Typographic conventions \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Typographic conventions} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention. Commands you have to type in are printed in -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sans serif" -\series default +\series default . -\family default +\family default Code samples are printed in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter typewriter font. -\family default +\family default Interesting items and new terms are printed in -\emph on +\emph on italic. - \layout Section + Compatibility \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Compatibility-with-previous} -\end_inset +\end_inset with previous versions \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compatibility with previous versions} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version. But we also introduced some incompatibilities with older versions. Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable, efficient and ANSI compliant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance} -\end_inset +\end_inset (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:ANSI-Compliance} -\end_inset +\end_inset for ANSI-Compliance). -\newline - +\newline \layout Itemize + short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char (8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant. - \layout Itemize + the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation files are stored is now in /usr/local/share. - \layout Itemize + char type parameters to vararg \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg} -\end_inset +\end_inset functions are casted to int unless explicitly casted \begin_inset Marginal @@ -763,123 +760,117 @@ collapsed true \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold \SpecialChar ~ ! - -\end_inset +\end_inset , e.g.: -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ char a=3; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ printf ("%d %c -\backslash +\backslash n", a, (char)a); -\family default +\family default -\newline +\newline will push a as an int and as a char resp. - \layout Itemize + option - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -regextend has been removed. - \layout Itemize + option - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -noregparms has been removed. - \layout Itemize + option - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-after-data has been removed. - \layout Itemize + bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset and sbit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit} -\end_inset +\end_inset types now consistently behave like the C99 _Bool type with respect to type conversion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type conversion} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The most common incompatibility resulting from this change is related to bit toggling \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit toggling} -\end_inset +\end_inset idioms, e.g.: -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ bit b; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ b = ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator} -\end_inset +\end_inset b; /* equivalent to b=1 instead of toggling b */ \begin_inset Marginal @@ -887,31 +878,31 @@ collapsed true \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold \SpecialChar ~ ! +\end_inset -\end_inset - -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ b = !b; /* toggles b */ -\newline +\newline -\family default +\family default In previous versions, both forms would have toggled the bit. - \layout Standard -\emph on - +\emph on + \layout Section -System Requirements +System Requirements \layout Standard + What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and a desire to compute. The preferred method of installation is to compile SDCC from source using @@ -919,15 +910,15 @@ What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and For Windows some pre-compiled binary distributions are available for your convenience. You should have some experience with command line tools and compiler use. - \layout Section -Other Resources +Other Resources \layout Standard + The SDCC home page at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/} -\end_inset +\end_inset is a great place to find distribution sets. You can also find links to the user mailing lists that offer help or discuss @@ -938,7 +929,7 @@ The SDCC home page at A pdf version of this document is available at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Some of the other tools (simulator and assembler) included with SDCC contain @@ -946,417 +937,381 @@ The SDCC home page at If you want the latest unreleased software, the complete source package is available directly from Subversion on https://svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/sdcc /trunk/sdcc. - \layout Section -Wishes for the future +Wishes for the future \layout Standard + There are (and always will be) some things that could be done. Here are some I can think of: -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\family typewriter -char KernelFunction3(char p) at 0x340; -\newline +\family typewriter +char KernelFunction3(char p) at 0x340; +\newline \layout Standard -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter better code banking \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code banking (limited support)} -\end_inset +\end_inset support for mcs51 -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default +\family default If you can think of some more, please see the section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Requesting-Features} -\end_inset +\end_inset about filing feature requests \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline - +\newline \layout Chapter + Installing SDCC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Installation} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux} -\end_inset +\end_inset (Unix) or section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Windows-Install} -\end_inset +\end_inset (Windows). More detailed instructions follow below. - \layout Section + Configure Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options SDCC configuration} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The install paths, search paths and other options are defined when running 'configure'. The defaults can be overridden by: - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -prefix see table below - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -exec_prefix see table below - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -bindir see table below - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -datadir see table below - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -datarootdir see table below -\newline - +\newline \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ docdir environment variable, see table below - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ include_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ lib_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ sdccconf_h_dir_separator environment variable, either / or -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash makes sense here. This character will only be used in sdccconf.h; don't forget it's a C-header, therefore a double-backslash is needed there. -\newline - +\newline \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-mcs51-port Excludes the Intel mcs51 port - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-gbz80-port Excludes the Gameboy gbz80 port - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-z80-port Excludes the z80 port - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-avr-port Excludes the AVR port - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-ds390-port Excludes the DS390 port - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-hc08-port Excludes the HC08 port - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-pic-port Excludes the PIC port - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-xa51-port Excludes the XA51 port - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-ucsim Disables configuring and building of ucsim - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-device-lib Disables automatically building device libraries - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-packihx Disables building packihx -\newline - +\newline \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -enable-doc Build pdf, html and txt files from the lyx sources - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -enable-libgc Use the Bohem memory allocator. Lower runtime footprint. - \layout Standard + Furthermore the environment variables CC, CFLAGS, ... the tools and their arguments can be influenced. Please see `configure - @@ -1365,72 +1320,69 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -help` and the man/info pages of `configure` for details. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The names of the - standard libraries STD_LIB, STD_INT_LIB, STD_LONG_LIB, STD_FP_LIB, STD_DS390_LI -B, STD_XA51_LIB and the environment variables SDCC_DIR_NAME, SDCC_INCLUDE_NAME, - SDCC_LIB_NAME are defined by `configure` too. +\newline +The names of the standard libraries STD_LIB, STD_INT_LIB, STD_LONG_LIB, + STD_FP_LIB, STD_DS390_LIB, STD_XA51_LIB and the environment variables SDCC_DIR_ +NAME, SDCC_INCLUDE_NAME, SDCC_LIB_NAME are defined by `configure` too. At the moment it's not possible to change the default settings (it was simply never required). -\newline +\newline -\newline -These configure options are compiled into the binaries, - and can only be changed by rerunning 'configure' and recompiling SDCC. +\newline +These configure options are compiled into the binaries, and can only be + changed by rerunning 'configure' and recompiling SDCC. The configure options are written in -\emph on +\emph on italics -\emph default +\emph default to distinguish them from run time environment variables (see section search paths). -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline The settings for \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Win32 builds \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset are used by the SDCC team to build the official Win32 binaries. The SDCC team uses Mingw32 to build the official Windows binaries, because it's - \layout Enumerate -open source, +open source, \layout Enumerate -a gcc compiler and last but not least +a gcc compiler and last but not least \layout Enumerate -the binaries can be built by cross compiling on Sourceforge's compile farm. +the binaries can be built by cross compiling on Sourceforge's compile farm. \layout Standard + See the examples, how to pass the Win32 settings to 'configure'. The other Win32 builds using Borland, VC or whatever don't use 'configure', but a header file sdcc_vc_in.h is the same as sdccconf.h built by 'configure' for Win32. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline These defaults are: -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -1441,25 +1393,25 @@ These defaults are: \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Variable -\end_inset +Variable +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -default -\end_inset +default +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Win32 builds -\end_inset +Win32 builds +\end_inset @@ -1468,28 +1420,28 @@ Win32 builds \layout Standard -\emph on -PREFIX -\end_inset +\emph on +PREFIX +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -/usr/local -\end_inset +/usr/local +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash -sdcc -\end_inset +\backslash +sdcc +\end_inset @@ -1498,30 +1450,30 @@ sdcc \layout Standard -\emph on -EXEC_PREFIX -\end_inset +\emph on +EXEC_PREFIX +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on -$PREFIX -\end_inset +\emph on +$PREFIX +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on -$PREFIX -\end_inset +\emph on +$PREFIX +\end_inset @@ -1530,36 +1482,36 @@ $PREFIX \layout Standard -\emph on -BINDIR -\end_inset +\emph on +BINDIR +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on $EXEC_PREFIX -\emph default +\emph default /bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on $EXEC_PREFIX -\emph default +\emph default -\backslash +\backslash bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -1568,30 +1520,30 @@ bin \layout Standard -\emph on -DATADIR -\end_inset +\emph on +DATADIR +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on -$DATAROOTDIR -\end_inset +\emph on +$DATAROOTDIR +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on -$DATAROOTDIR -\end_inset +\emph on +$DATAROOTDIR +\end_inset @@ -1600,32 +1552,32 @@ $DATAROOTDIR \layout Standard -\emph on -DATAROOTDIR -\end_inset +\emph on +DATAROOTDIR +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on $PREFIX -\emph default +\emph default /share - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on -$PREFIX -\end_inset +\emph on +$PREFIX +\end_inset @@ -1634,36 +1586,36 @@ $PREFIX \layout Standard -\emph on -DOCDIR -\end_inset +\emph on +DOCDIR +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on $DATAROOTDIR -\emph default +\emph default /sdcc/doc - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on $DATAROOTDIR -\emph default +\emph default -\backslash +\backslash doc - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -1672,26 +1624,26 @@ doc \layout Standard -\emph on -INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset +\emph on +INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -sdcc/include -\end_inset +sdcc/include +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -include -\end_inset +include +\end_inset @@ -1700,47 +1652,46 @@ include \layout Standard -\emph on -LIB_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset +\emph on +LIB_DIR_SUFFIX +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -sdcc/lib -\end_inset +sdcc/lib +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -lib -\end_inset +lib +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\newline +\newline \layout Standard -\noindent +\noindent 'configure' also computes relative paths. This is needed for full relocatability of a binary package and to complete search paths (see section search paths below): -\newline +\newline - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -1751,25 +1702,25 @@ lib \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Variable (computed) -\end_inset +Variable (computed) +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -default -\end_inset +default +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Win32 builds -\end_inset +Win32 builds +\end_inset @@ -1778,26 +1729,26 @@ Win32 builds \layout Standard -\emph on -BIN2DATA_DIR -\end_inset +\emph on +BIN2DATA_DIR +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -../share -\end_inset +../share +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -.. -\end_inset +.. +\end_inset @@ -1806,26 +1757,26 @@ BIN2DATA_DIR \layout Standard -\emph on -PREFIX2BIN_DIR -\end_inset +\emph on +PREFIX2BIN_DIR +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -bin -\end_inset +bin +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -bin -\end_inset +bin +\end_inset @@ -1834,62 +1785,58 @@ bin \layout Standard -\emph on -PREFIX2DATA_DIR -\end_inset +\emph on +PREFIX2DATA_DIR +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -share/sdcc -\end_inset +share/sdcc +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\newline +\newline \layout Standard -\noindent +\noindent Examples: - \layout LyX-Code + ./configure -\newline +\newline ./configure - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -prefix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /usr/bin \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset - \begin_inset ERT @@ -1897,33 +1844,29 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -datarootdir= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /usr/share \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline ./configure - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-avr-port - \begin_inset ERT @@ -1931,365 +1874,349 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-xa51-port - \layout Standard + To cross compile on linux for Mingw32 (see also 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_mingw 32'): - \layout LyX-Code + ./configure -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline CC= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset i586-mingw32msvc-gcc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset CXX= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset i586-mingw32msvc-g++ \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline RANLIB= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset i586-mingw32msvc-ranlib \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline STRIP= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset i586-mingw32msvc-strip \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -prefix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /sdcc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -datarootdir= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /sdcc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline docdir= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash ${datarootdir}/doc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline include_dir_suffix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset include \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline lib_dir_suffix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset lib \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline sdccconf_h_dir_separator= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-device-lib -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -host=i586-mingw32msvc -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -build=unknown-unknown-linux-gnu - \layout Standard + To \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset cross \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset compile on Cygwin for Mingw32 (see also sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32 ): - \layout LyX-Code + ./configure -C -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -prefix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /sdcc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -datarootdir= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /sdcc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline docdir= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash ${datarootdir}/doc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline include_dir_suffix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset include \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline lib_dir_suffix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset lib \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline sdccconf_h_dir_separator= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline CC= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset gcc -mno-cygwin \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline CXX= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset g++ -mno-cygwin \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset - \layout Standard + 'configure' is quite slow on Cygwin (at least on windows before Win2000/XP). The option '- \begin_inset ERT @@ -2297,34 +2224,30 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -C' turns on caching, which gives a little bit extra speed. However if options are changed, it can be necessary to delete the config.cache file. - \layout Section -Install paths \added_space_bottom medskip +Install paths \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install paths} -\end_inset - - +\end_inset \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -2337,40 +2260,40 @@ Install paths \layout Standard -\series bold -Description -\end_inset +\series bold +Description +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Path -\end_inset +\series bold +Path +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Default -\end_inset +\series bold +Default +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Win32 builds -\end_inset +\series bold +Win32 builds +\end_inset @@ -2378,39 +2301,39 @@ Win32 builds \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Binary files* -\end_inset +Binary files* +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on -$EXEC_PREFIX -\end_inset +\emph on +$EXEC_PREFIX +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -/usr/local/bin -\end_inset +/usr/local/bin +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -2418,39 +2341,39 @@ bin \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Include files -\end_inset +Include files +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on -$DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset +\emph on +$DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -/usr/local/share/sdcc/include -\end_inset +/usr/local/share/sdcc/include +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash include - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -2458,39 +2381,39 @@ include \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Library file** -\end_inset +Library file** +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on -$DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset +\emph on +$DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib -\end_inset +/usr/local/share/sdcc/lib +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash lib - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -2498,121 +2421,119 @@ lib \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Documentation -\end_inset +Documentation +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on -$DOCDIR -\end_inset +\emph on +$DOCDIR +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -/usr/local/share/sdcc/doc -\end_inset +/usr/local/share/sdcc/doc +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash doc - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Verse -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize *compiler, preprocessor, assembler, and linker -\newline +\newline **the -\shape italic +\shape italic model -\shape default +\shape default is auto-appended by the compiler, e.g. small, large, z80, ds390 etc - \layout Standard -\noindent +\noindent The install paths can still be changed during `make install` with e.g.: - \layout LyX-Code -make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc +make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc \layout Standard + Of course this doesn't change the search paths compiled into the binaries. -\newline +\newline -\newline -Moreove -r the install path can be changed by defining DESTDIR +\newline +Moreover the install path can be changed by defining DESTDIR \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DESTDIR} -\end_inset +\end_inset : - \layout LyX-Code -make install DESTDIR=$(HOME)/sdcc.rpm/ +make install DESTDIR=$(HOME)/sdcc.rpm/ \layout Standard -Please note that DESTDIR must have a trailing slash! +Please note that DESTDIR must have a trailing slash! \layout Section + Search Paths \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Search-Paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Search path} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Some search paths or parts of them are determined by configure variables (in -\emph on +\emph on italics -\emph default +\emph default , see section above). Further search paths are determined by environment variables during runtime. -\newline -The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first - catch wins): -\newline +\newline +The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first catch + wins): +\newline -\newline +\newline 1. Binary files (preprocessor, assembler and linker) -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -2623,25 +2544,25 @@ The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Search path -\end_inset +Search path +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -default -\end_inset +default +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Win32 builds -\end_inset +Win32 builds +\end_inset @@ -2649,29 +2570,29 @@ Win32 builds \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + $SDCC_HOME/ -\emph on +\emph on $PPREFIX2BIN_DIR - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$SDCC_HOME/bin -\end_inset +$SDCC_HOME/bin +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + $SDCC_HOME -\backslash +\backslash bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -2679,25 +2600,25 @@ bin \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Path of argv[0] (if available) -\end_inset +Path of argv[0] (if available) +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Path of argv[0] -\end_inset +Path of argv[0] +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Path of argv[0] -\end_inset +Path of argv[0] +\end_inset @@ -2705,45 +2626,44 @@ Path of argv[0] \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$PATH -\end_inset +$PATH +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$PATH -\end_inset +$PATH +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$PATH -\end_inset +$PATH +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\noindent +\noindent 2. Include files -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -2754,25 +2674,25 @@ $PATH \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Search path -\end_inset +Search path +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -default -\end_inset +default +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Win32 builds -\end_inset +Win32 builds +\end_inset @@ -2780,61 +2700,55 @@ Win32 builds \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -I dir - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -I dir - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -I dir - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -2842,25 +2756,25 @@ status Collapsed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$SDCC_INCLUDE -\end_inset +$SDCC_INCLUDE +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$SDCC_INCLUDE -\end_inset +$SDCC_INCLUDE +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -$SDCC_INCLUDE -\end_inset +$SDCC_INCLUDE +\end_inset @@ -2868,37 +2782,37 @@ $SDCC_INCLUDE \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + $SDCC_HOME/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $PREFIX2DATA_DIR/ -\newline +\newline $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + $SDCC_ HOME/ -\newline +\newline share/sdcc/ -\newline +\newline include - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + $SDCC_HOME -\backslash +\backslash include - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -2906,28 +2820,29 @@ include \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + path(argv[0])/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $BIN2DATADIR/ -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + path(argv[0])/ -\newline +\newline ../sdcc/include -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -2967,20 +2882,19 @@ path(argv[0])/ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + path(argv[0]) -\backslash +\backslash .. -\backslash +\backslash include - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -2989,71 +2903,68 @@ include \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on $DATADIR/ -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + /usr/local/share/sdcc/ -\newline +\newline include - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -(not on Win32) -\end_inset +(not on Win32) +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\noindent +\noindent The option - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -nostdinc disables the last two search paths. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline 3. Library files -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard + With the exception of \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset - \begin_inset ERT @@ -3061,29 +2972,27 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -L dir \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset the -\shape italic +\shape italic model -\shape default +\shape default is auto-appended by the compiler (e.g. small, large, z80, ds390 etc.). -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -3094,25 +3003,25 @@ model \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Search path -\end_inset +Search path +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -default -\end_inset +default +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Win32 builds -\end_inset +Win32 builds +\end_inset @@ -3120,61 +3029,55 @@ Win32 builds \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -L dir - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -L dir - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -L dir - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -3182,39 +3085,39 @@ status Collapsed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + $SDCC_LIB/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + $SDCC_LIB/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + $SDCC_LIB -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -3222,45 +3125,45 @@ $SDCC_LIB \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + $SDCC_HOME/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $PREFIX2DATA_DIR/ -\newline +\newline $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + $SDCC_HOME/ -\newline +\newline share/sdcc/ -\newline +\newline lib/ -\emph on +\emph on - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + $SDCC_HOME -\backslash +\backslash lib -\backslash +\backslash -\emph on +\emph on -\newline +\newline - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -3268,30 +3171,31 @@ lib \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + path(argv[0])/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $BIN2DATADIR/ -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + path(argv[0])/ -\newline +\newline ../sdcc/lib/ -\emph on +\emph on -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -3332,25 +3236,25 @@ path(argv[0])/ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + path(argv[0]) -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline .. -\backslash +\backslash lib -\backslash +\backslash -\emph on +\emph on -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -3387,8 +3291,7 @@ lib \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -3397,379 +3300,373 @@ lib \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on $DATADIR/ -\newline +\newline $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + /usr/local/share/sdcc/ -\newline +\newline lib/ -\emph on +\emph on - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -(not on Win32) -\end_inset +(not on Win32) +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\newline +\newline \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Note collapsed true \layout Standard + Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking the HTML output (last line)! - -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + \SpecialChar ~ -\newline +\newline The option - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -nostdlib disables the last two search paths. - \layout Section + Building SDCC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Building SDCC} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection + Building SDCC on Linux \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Enumerate -\series medium + +\series medium Download the source package -\series default +\series default either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the nightly snapshots -\series medium +\series medium , it will be named something like sdcc -\series default +\series default .src -\series medium +\series medium .t -\series default +\series default ar. -\series medium +\series medium gz -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Enumerate -\series medium -Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm. +\series medium +Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm. \layout Enumerate -\series medium + +\series medium Unpack the file using a command like: -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "tar -xvzf sdcc.src.tar.gz -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default " -\series medium +\series medium , this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources. - \layout Enumerate + Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type: -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "cd sdcc -\series default +\series default ". - \layout Enumerate -\series medium + +\series medium Type -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "./configure -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default ". This configures the package for compilation on your system. - \layout Enumerate -\series medium + +\series medium Type -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "make -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default " -\series medium +\series medium . -\series default +\series default All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while. - \layout Enumerate -\series medium + +\series medium Type -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "make install" -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default as root -\series medium +\series medium . -\series default +\series default This copies the binary executables, the include files, the libraries and the documentation to the install directories. Proceed with section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Testing-the-SDCC} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Subsection -Building SDCC on OSX 2.x +Building SDCC on OSX 2.x \layout Standard + Follow the instruction for Linux. -\newline +\newline -\newline -On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default - gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease)) fails to compile SDCC. +\newline +On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease +)) fails to compile SDCC. Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine. This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with: - \layout LyX-Code -./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2 +./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2 \layout Subsection -Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows +Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows \layout Standard + With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32. See section 'Configure Options'. - \layout Subsection -Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32 +Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32 \layout Standard + For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions for Linux. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline On Cygwin a \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset native \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset Win32-binary can be built, which will not need the Cygwin-DLL. For the necessary 'configure' options see section 'configure options' or the script 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32'. -\newline +\newline -\newline -In order to install - Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from +\newline +In order to install Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[www.cygwin.com]{http://www.cygwin.com/} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Run it, set the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset default text file type \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset to \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset unix \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset and download/install at least the following packages. Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected because of dependencies with the manually selected packages. Never deselect these packages! - \layout Itemize -flex +flex \layout Itemize -bison +bison \layout Itemize -gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x +gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x \layout Itemize -binutils ; selected with gcc +binutils ; selected with gcc \layout Itemize -make +make \layout Itemize -rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below) +rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below) \layout Itemize + man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or later - \layout Itemize + less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or later - \layout Itemize -svn ; only if you use Subversion access +svn ; only if you use Subversion access \layout Standard -If you want to develop something you'll need: +If you want to develop something you'll need: \layout Itemize -python ; for the regression tests +python ; for the regression tests \layout Itemize + gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset insight \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Itemize -openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes +openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes \layout Itemize + autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't use autoconf-stable! - \layout Standard + rxvt is a nice console with history. Replace in your cygwin.bat the line - \layout LyX-Code + bash - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -login -i - \layout Standard -with (one line): +with (one line): \layout LyX-Code -rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red +rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red \layout LyX-Code + -bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -login - \layout Standard + Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting works with shift-insert. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The other good tip is to make sure you have no //c/-styl -e paths anywhere, use /cygdrive/c/ instead. +\newline +The other good tip is to make sure you have no //c/-style paths anywhere, + use /cygdrive/c/ instead. Using // invokes a network lookup which is very slow. If you think \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset cygdrive \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset is too long, you can change it with e.g. - \layout LyX-Code -mount -s -u -c /mnt +mount -s -u -c /mnt \layout Standard + SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF. Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted in binary mode. @@ -3778,51 +3675,51 @@ SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF. The tabulator spacing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tabulator spacing (8 columns)} -\end_inset +\end_inset used in the project is 8. Although a tabulator spacing of 8 is a sensible choice for programmers (it's a power of 2 and allows to display 8/16 bit signed variables without loosing columns) the plan is to move towards using only spaces in the source. - \layout Subsection -Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC) +Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC) \layout Standard -\series medium + +\series medium Download the source package -\series default +\series default either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[nightly snapshots]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series medium +\series medium , it will be named something like sdcc -\series default +\series default .src -\series medium +\series medium .tgz. -\series default +\series default SDCC is distributed with all the projects, workspaces, and files you need to build it using Visual C++ 6.0/NET (except for SDCDB and ucSim). The workspace name is 'sdcc.dsw'. Please note that as it is now, all the executables are created in a folder called sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin_vc. Once built you need to copy the executables from sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin_vc to sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin before running SDCC. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline WARNING: Visual studio is very picky with line terminations; it expects the 0x0d, 0x0a DOS style line endings, not the 0x0a Unix style line endings. When using the Subversion repository it's easiest to configure the svn @@ -3831,304 +3728,301 @@ WARNING: Visual studio is very picky with line terminations; it expects by Developer Studio etc. etc. \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset when opening the sdcc.dsw workspace or any of the *.dsp projects, then you need to convert the Unix style line endings to DOS style line endings. To do so you can use the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset unix2dos \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset utility freely available on the internet. Doug Hawkins reported in the sdcc-user list that this works: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline C: -\backslash +\backslash Programming -\backslash +\backslash SDCC> unix2dos sdcc.dsw -\newline +\newline C: -\backslash +\backslash Programming -\backslash +\backslash SDCC> for /R %I in (*.dsp) do @unix2dos "%I" -\newline +\newline -\newline -In order to build SDCC with MSVC - you need win32 executables of bison.exe, flex.exe, and gawk.exe. +\newline +In order to build SDCC with MSVC you need win32 executables of bison.exe, + flex.exe, and gawk.exe. One good place to get them is \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[here]{http://unxutils.sourceforge.net} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Download the file UnxUtils \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{UnxUtils} -\end_inset +\end_inset .zip. Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the required programs. Here there are two alternatives (choose one!): - \layout Enumerate + The easy way: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline a) Extract UnxUtils.zip to your C: -\backslash +\backslash hard disk PRESERVING the original paths, otherwise bison won't work. (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is selected) -\newline +\newline -\newline -b) - In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, in - 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories +\newline +b) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, + in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories window add a new path: 'C: -\backslash +\backslash user -\backslash +\backslash local -\backslash +\backslash wbin', click ok. -\newline - -\newline -(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that - could be useful, such as diff and patch.) +\newline +\newline +(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that could be useful, + such as diff and patch.) \layout Enumerate + A more compact way: -\newline +\newline -\newline -This one avoids extracting a bunch of files you may not - use, but requires some extra work: -\newline +\newline +This one avoids extracting a bunch of files you may not use, but requires + some extra work: +\newline -\newline -a) Create a directory were to put the - tools needed, or use a directory already present. +\newline +a) Create a directory were to put the tools needed, or use a directory already + present. Say for example 'C: -\backslash +\backslash util'. -\newline +\newline -\newline -b) Extract 'bison.exe', 'bison.hairy', 'bison.simple', 'flex.exe', and - gawk.exe to such directory WITHOUT preserving the original paths. +\newline +b) Extract 'bison.exe', 'bison.hairy', 'bison.simple', 'flex.exe', and gawk.exe + to such directory WITHOUT preserving the original paths. (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is not selected) -\newline +\newline -\newline -c -) Rename bison.exe to '_bison.exe'. -\newline +\newline +c) Rename bison.exe to '_bison.exe'. +\newline -\newline +\newline d) Create a batch file 'bison.bat' in 'C: -\backslash +\backslash util -\backslash +\backslash ' and add these lines: -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ set BISON_SIMPLE=C: -\backslash +\backslash util -\backslash +\backslash bison.simple -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ set BISON_HAIRY=C: -\backslash +\backslash util -\backslash +\backslash bison.hairy -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9 -\newline +\newline -\newline -Steps 'c' and 'd' are needed - because bison requires by default that the files 'bison.simple' and 'bison.hairy' - reside in some weird Unix directory, '/usr/local/share/' I think. +\newline +Steps 'c' and 'd' are needed because bison requires by default that the + files 'bison.simple' and 'bison.hairy' reside in some weird Unix directory, + '/usr/local/share/' I think. So it is necessary to tell bison where those files are located if they are not in such directory. That is the function of the environment variables BISON_SIMPLE and BISON_HAIRY. -\newline +\newline -\newline -e -) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, +\newline +e) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories window add a new path: 'c: -\backslash +\backslash util', click ok. Note that you can use any other path instead of 'c: -\backslash +\backslash util', even the path where the Visual C++ tools are, probably: 'C: -\backslash +\backslash Program Files -\backslash +\backslash Microsoft Visual Studio -\backslash +\backslash Common -\backslash +\backslash Tools'. So you don't have to execute step 'e' :) - \layout Standard + That is it. Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy the executables from sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin_vc to sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin, and you can compile using SDCC. - \layout Subsection -Building SDCC Using Borland +Building SDCC Using Borland \layout Enumerate + From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc". This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for SDCDB and ucSim. - \layout Enumerate + If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci es may not be correctly calculated. The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again. From a Cygwin BASH prompt, this can easily be done with the command (be sure you are in the sdcc directory): -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold find . -\backslash +\backslash ( -name '*.obj' -o -name '*.lib' -o -name '*.rul' -\backslash +\backslash ) -print -exec rm {} -\backslash +\backslash ; -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline or on Windows NT/2000/XP from the command prompt with the command: -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -\newline +\newline del /s *.obj *.lib *.rul -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default from the sdcc directory. - \layout Subsection -Windows Install Using a ZIP Package +Windows Install Using a ZIP Package \layout Enumerate + Download the binary zip package from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset and unpack it using your favorite unpacking tool (gunzip, WinZip, etc). This should unpack to a group of sub-directories. An example directory structure after unpacking the mingw32 package is: c: -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin for the executables, c: -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash include and c: -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash lib for the include and libraries. - \layout Enumerate + Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin directory or start sdcc using the full path. - \layout Subsection + Windows Install Using the Setup Program \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Windows-Install} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Download the setup program -\emph on +\emph on sdcc-x.y.z-setup.exe -\emph default +\emph default for an official release from -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=599} -\end_inset +\end_inset or a setup program for one of the snapshots -\emph on +\emph on sdcc-yyyymmdd-xxxx-setup.exe -\emph default +\emph default from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset and execute it. A windows typical installer will guide you through the installation process. - \layout Subsection + VPATH \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{VPATH} -\end_inset +\end_inset feature - \layout Standard + SDCC supports the VPATH feature provided by configure and make. It allows to separate the source and build trees. Here's an example: - \layout Standard -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter cd ~\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -4151,16 +4045,16 @@ cd ~\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ # cd $HOME - \layout Standard -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\SpecialChar ~ # extract source to directory sdcc - \layout Standard -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter mkdir sdcc.build\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -4171,15 +4065,15 @@ mkdir sdcc.build\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ # put output in sdcc.build - \layout Standard -\family typewriter -cd sdcc.build +\family typewriter +cd sdcc.build \layout Standard -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter ../sdcc/configure\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -4189,28 +4083,27 @@ cd sdcc.build \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ # configure is doing all the magic! - \layout Standard -\family typewriter -make +\family typewriter +make \layout Standard -\noindent +\noindent That's it! -\series bold +\series bold configure -\series default +\series default will create the directory tree will all the necessary Makefiles in ~/sdcc.build. It automagically computes the variables srcdir, top_srcdir and top_buildir for each directory. After running -\series bold +\series bold make -\series default +\series default the generated files will be in ~/sdcc.build, while the source files stay in ~/sdcc. -\newline +\newline This is not only usefull for building different binaries, e.g. when cross compiling. It also gives you a much better overview in the source tree when all the @@ -4220,70 +4113,68 @@ This is not only usefull for building different binaries, e.g. Simply copy it to the build directory, edit it, enter `make clean`, `rm Makefile.dep` and `make`. -\series bold +\series bold make -\series default +\series default will do the rest for you! - \layout Section -Building the Documentation +Building the Documentation \layout Standard + Add - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -enable-doc to the configure arguments to build the documentation together with all the other stuff. You will need several tools (LyX, LaTeX, LaTeX2HTML, pdflatex, dvipdf, dvips and makeindex) to get the job done. Another possibility is to change to the doc directory and to type -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset make \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default there. You're invited to make changes and additions to this manual (sdcc/doc/sdccman.ly x). Using LyX \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset as editor is straightforward. Prebuilt documentation in html and pdf format is available from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Section + Reading the Documentation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they are not @@ -4291,514 +4182,509 @@ Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown collapsed false \layout Standard -If you should know why please drop us a note -\end_inset +If you should know why please drop us a note +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline You'll find the pdf version \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PDF version of this document} -\end_inset +\end_inset at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline A html version \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HTML version of this document} -\end_inset +\end_inset should be online at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.html/index.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation: - \layout Itemize + It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document (commercially these probably would be separate documents/products). This document \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati on about f.e. Z80, PIC14, PIC16 and HC08. - \layout Itemize + There are many references pointing away from this documentation. Don't let this distract you. If there f.e. was a reference like \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.opencores.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset together with a statement \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset some processors which are targetted by SDCC can be implemented in a -\emph on +\emph on f -\emph default +\emph default ield -\emph on +\emph on p -\emph default +\emph default rogrammable -\emph on +\emph on g -\emph default +\emph default ate -\emph on +\emph on a -\emph default +\emph default rray \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FPGA (field programmable gate array)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FpgaC ((subset of) C to FPGA compiler)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset have you ever heard of an open source compiler that compiles a subset of C for an FPGA? \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset we expect you to have a quick look there and come back. If you read this you are on the right track. - \layout Itemize + Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings than to the solution. - \layout Itemize -The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating. +The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating. \layout Itemize + There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles than pictures. - \layout Section + Testing the SDCC Compiler \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Testing-the-SDCC} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to see if it runs. Type -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sdcc - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -version" \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default at the prompt, and the program should run and output its version like: -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter SDCC : mcs51/z80/avr/ds390/pic16/pic14/ds400/hc08 2.5.6 #4169 (May 8 2006) (UNIX) - \layout Standard + If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then you need to check over your installation. Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path defined by the PATH environment setting ( -\series medium +\series medium see -\series default +\series default section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ -\series medium +\series medium Install trouble-shooting for suggestions -\series default +\series default ). Make sure that the sdcc program is in the bin folder, if not perhaps something did not install correctly. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\series medium +\series medium SDCC -\series default +\series default is commonly installed as described in section \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Install and search paths \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\series medium +\series medium Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example. Type in the following test.c program using your favorite -\series default +\series default ASCII -\series medium +\series medium editor: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter char test; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void main(void) { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ test=0; -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -\series medium + +\series medium Compile this using the following command: -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sdcc -c test.c". -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\series medium +\series medium If all goes well, the compiler will generate a test.asm and test.rel file. Congratulations, you've just compiled your first program with SDCC. We used the -c option to tell SDCC not to link the generated code, just to keep things simple for this step. -\series default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\series medium +\series medium The next step is to try it with the linker. Type in -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sdcc test.c -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default " -\series medium +\series medium . If all goes well the compiler will link with the libraries and produce a test.ihx output file. If this step fails -\series default +\series default -\series medium +\series medium (no test.ihx, and the linker generates warnings), then the problem is most likely that -\series default +\series default SDCC -\series medium +\series medium cannot find the -\series default +\series default / -\series medium +\series medium usr/local/share/sdcc/lib directory -\series default +\series default -\series medium +\series medium (see -\series default +\series default section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ -\series medium +\series medium Install trouble-shooting for suggestions). -\series default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\series medium +\series medium The final test is to ensure -\series default +\series default SDCC -\series medium +\series medium can use the -\series default +\series default standard -\series medium +\series medium header files and libraries. Edit test.c and change it to the following: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter #include -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline char str1[10]; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void main(void) { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ strcpy(str1, "testing"); -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -\series medium + +\series medium Compile this by typing -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sdcc test.c" -\family default -\series medium +\family default +\series medium . This should generate a test.ihx output file, and it should give no warnings such as not finding the string.h file. If it cannot find the string.h file, then the problem is that -\series default +\series default SDCC -\series medium +\series medium cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include directory -\series default +\series default -\series medium +\series medium (see the -\series default +\series default section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ -\series medium +\series medium Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions). -\series default +\series default Use option -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -print-search-dirs -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs} -\end_inset +\end_inset to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files. - \layout Section + Install Trouble-shooting \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install trouble-shooting} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection -If SDCC does not build correctly +If SDCC does not build correctly \layout Standard + A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package again in an empty directory. Configure it like: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold ./configure 2>&1 | tee configure.log -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline and build it like: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold make 2>&1 | tee make.log -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem. Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful when requesting help from the mailing list. - \layout Subsection + What the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset ./configure \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset does - \layout Standard + The \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset ./configure \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset command is a script that analyzes your system and performs some configuration to ensure the source package compiles on your system. It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine what compiler features are installed. - \layout Subsection + What the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset make \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset does - \layout Standard + This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source packages into the final installed binary executables. - \layout Subsection + What the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset make install \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset command does. - \layout Standard + This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include files into the appropriate directories. See sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset ,\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ about install and search paths. -\newline -On most systems you will need super-user privilege -s to do this. - +\newline +On most systems you will need super-user privileges to do this. \layout Section -Components of SDCC +Components of SDCC \layout Standard + SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers. These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components. Here is a summary of some of the components. @@ -4806,293 +4692,291 @@ SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers. which you can find in the source package in their respective directories. As SDCC grows to include support for other processors, other packages from various developers are included and may have their own sets of documentation. -\newline +\newline -\newline -You - might want to look at the files which are installed in . +\newline +You might want to look at the files which are installed in . At the time of this writing, we find the following programs for gcc-builds: -\newline - +\newline -\newline +\newline In /bin: - \layout Itemize -sdcc - The compiler. +sdcc - The compiler. \layout Itemize -sdcpp - The C preprocessor. +sdcpp - The C preprocessor. \layout Itemize -asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors. +asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors. \layout Itemize + as-z80 -\series bold +\series bold , -\series default +\series default as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers. - \layout Itemize -aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors. +aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors. \layout Itemize + link-z80 -\series bold +\series bold , -\series default +\series default link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers. - \layout Itemize -s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator. +s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator. \layout Itemize -sdcdb - The source debugger. +sdcdb - The source debugger. \layout Itemize -packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files. +packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files. \layout Standard -In /share/sdcc/include +In /share/sdcc/include \layout Itemize -the include files +the include files \layout Standard -In /share/sdcc/lib +In /share/sdcc/lib \layout Itemize + the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled relocatables. - \layout Standard -In /share/sdcc/doc +In /share/sdcc/doc \layout Itemize -the documentation +the documentation \layout Standard + As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc. - \layout Subsection -sdcc - The Compiler +sdcc - The Compiler \layout Standard + This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes the assembler and linkage editor. - \layout Subsection -sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor +sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor \layout Standard + The preprocessor \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} -\end_inset +\end_inset is a modified version of the GNU cpp \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cpp|see{sdcpp}} -\end_inset +\end_inset preprocessor \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef statements, #defines and so on. - \layout Subsection + as -\emph on +\emph on xxxx -\emph default +\emph default , aslink, link- -\emph on +\emph on xxx -\emph default +\emph default - The Assemblers and Linkage Editors - \layout Standard + This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan Baldwin. John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC. - \layout Subsection -s51 - The Simulator +s51 - The Simulator \layout Standard + S51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51} -\end_inset +\end_inset is a freeware, opensource simulator developed by Daniel Drotos. The simulator is built as part of the build process. For more information visit Daniel's web site at: \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51} -\end_inset +\end_inset . It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips XA51 family. - \layout Subsection -sdcdb - Source Level Debugger +sdcdb - Source Level Debugger \layout Standard + SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} -\end_inset +\end_inset is the companion source level debugger. More about SDCDB in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The current version of the debugger uses Daniel's Simulator S51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51} -\end_inset +\end_inset , but can be easily changed to use other simulators. - \layout Chapter -Using SDCC +Using SDCC \layout Section -Compiling +Compiling \layout Subsection -Single Source File Projects +Single Source File Projects \layout Standard + For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple. Compile your programs with the following command -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sdcc sourcefile.c". -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default This will compile, assemble and link your source file. Output files are as follows: - \layout Itemize + sourcefile.asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Assembler source \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler source} -\end_inset +\end_inset file created by the compiler - \layout Itemize + sourcefile.lst \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lst} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Assembler listing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing} -\end_inset +\end_inset file created by the Assembler - \layout Itemize + sourcefile.rst \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rst} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Assembler listing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing} -\end_inset +\end_inset file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor - \layout Itemize + sourcefile.sym \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.sym} -\end_inset +\end_inset - symbol listing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Symbol listing} -\end_inset +\end_inset for the sourcefile, created by the assembler - \layout Itemize + sourcefile.rel \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} -\end_inset +\end_inset or sourcefile.o \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.o} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Object file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Object file} -\end_inset +\end_inset created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor - \layout Itemize + sourcefile.map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} -\end_inset +\end_inset - The memory map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map} -\end_inset +\end_inset for the load module, created by the Linker - \layout Itemize + sourcefile.mem \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.mem} -\end_inset +\end_inset - A file with a summary of the memory usage - \layout Itemize + sourcefile.ihx \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.ihx} -\end_inset +\end_inset - The load module in Intel hex format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} -\end_inset +\end_inset (you can select the Motorola S19 format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format} -\end_inset +\end_inset with - \begin_inset ERT @@ -5100,53 +4984,51 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -out-fmt-s19 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} -\end_inset +\end_inset . If you need another format you might want to use -\family sans -\shape italic +\family sans +\shape italic objdump -\family default -\shape default +\family default +\shape default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset or -\family sans -\shape italic +\family sans +\shape italic srecord -\family default -\shape default +\family default +\shape default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). Both formats are documented in the documentation of srecord \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Itemize + sourcefile.adb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.adb} -\end_inset +\end_inset - An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the .cdb file (with - @@ -5155,24 +5037,22 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -debug \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) - \layout Itemize + sourcefile.cdb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.cdb} -\end_inset +\end_inset - An optional file (with - \begin_inset ERT @@ -5180,31 +5060,29 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -debug) containing debug information. The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf - \layout Itemize + sourcefile. - (no extension) \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ (no extension)} -\end_inset +\end_inset An optional AOMF or AOMF51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{OMF file} -\end_inset +\end_inset file containing debug information (generated with option - \begin_inset ERT @@ -5212,41 +5090,39 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -debug). The (Intel) -\emph on +\emph on a -\emph default +\emph default bsolute -\emph on +\emph on o -\emph default +\emph default bject -\emph on +\emph on m -\emph default +\emph default odule -\emph on +\emph on f -\emph default +\emph default ormat is commonly used by third party tools (debuggers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger} -\end_inset +\end_inset , simulators, emulators) - \layout Itemize + sourcefile.dump* \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.dump*} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option - \begin_inset ERT @@ -5254,142 +5130,140 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumpall) (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ and section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Anatomy of the compiler \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset ). - \layout Subsection + Postprocessing the Intel Hex \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} -\end_inset +\end_inset file - \layout Standard + In most cases this won't be needed but the Intel Hex file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.ihx} -\end_inset +\end_inset which is generated by SDCC might include lines of varying length and the addresses within the file are not guaranteed to be strictly ascending. If your toolchain or a bootloader does not like this you can use the tool -\family typewriter +\family typewriter packihx -\family default +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset which is part of the SDCC distribution: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold packihx sourcefile.ihx >sourcefile.hex -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline The separately available -\emph on +\emph on srecord -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset package additionally allows to set undefined locations to a predefined value, to insert checksums \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{checksum} -\end_inset +\end_inset of various flavours (crc, add, xor) and to perform other manipulations (convert, split, crop, offset, ...). -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold srec_cat\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -o sourcefile.hex -intel -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default An example for a more complex command line \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard + the command backfills \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{backfill unused memory} -\end_inset +\end_inset unused memory with 0x12 and the overall 16 bit sum of the complete 64 kByte block is zero. If the program counter on an mcs51 runs wild the backfill pattern 0x12 will be interpreted as an -\family typewriter +\family typewriter lcall -\family default +\family default to address -\family typewriter +\family typewriter 0x1212 -\family default +\family default (where an emergency routine could sit). - -\end_inset +\end_inset could look like: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold -\size footnotesize +\family sans +\series bold +\size footnotesize srec_cat\SpecialChar ~ sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -5398,236 +5272,235 @@ sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~ tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -o sourcefile.hex -intel -\size default +\size default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default The srecord package is available at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/srecord} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Subsection -Projects with Multiple Source Files +Projects with Multiple Source Files \layout Standard + SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time. Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following files: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline foo1.c (contains some functions) -\newline +\newline foo2.c (contains some more functions) -\newline -foomai -n.c (contains more functions and the function main) -\newline +\newline +foomain.c (contains more functions and the function main) +\newline -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize -\newline +\newline -\size default +\size default The first two files will need to be compiled separately with the commands: -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize -\size default +\size default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc\SpecialChar ~ -c\SpecialChar ~ foo1.c -\family default -\series default -\size footnotesize +\family default +\series default +\size footnotesize -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold -\size default +\family sans +\series bold +\size default sdcc\SpecialChar ~ -c\SpecialChar ~ foo2.c -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Then compile the source file containing the -\emph on +\emph on main() -\emph default +\emph default function and link \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker} -\end_inset +\end_inset the files together with the following command: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc\SpecialChar ~ foomain.c\SpecialChar ~ foo1.rel\SpecialChar ~ foo2.rel -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Alternatively, -\emph on +\emph on foomain.c -\emph default +\emph default can be separately compiled as well: -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline sdcc\SpecialChar ~ -c\SpecialChar ~ foomain.c -\newline +\newline sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default The file containing the -\emph on +\emph on main() -\emph default +\emph default function -\emph on +\emph on -\emph default -\noun on +\emph default +\noun on must -\noun default +\noun default be the -\noun on +\noun on first -\noun default +\noun default file specified in the command line, since the linkage editor processes file in the order they are presented to it. The linker is invoked from SDCC using a script file with extension .lnk \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lnk} -\end_inset +\end_inset . You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising from missing libraries. - \layout Subsection + Projects with Additional Libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in /share/sdcc/doc) for how to create a -\emph on +\emph on .lib \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lib} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default library file. Libraries created in this manner can be included in the command line. Make sure you include the -L option to tell the linker where to look for these files if they are not in the current directory. Here is an example, assuming you have the source file -\emph on +\emph on foomain.c -\emph default +\emph default and a library -\emph on +\emph on foolib.lib -\emph default +\emph default in the directory -\emph on +\emph on mylib -\emph default +\emph default (if that is not the same as your current project): -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc foomain.c foolib.lib -L mylib -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default Note here that -\emph on +\emph on mylib -\emph default +\emph default must be an absolute path name. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The most efficient way to use libraries is - to keep separate modules in separate source files. +\newline +The most efficient way to use libraries is to keep separate modules in separate + source files. The lib file now should name all the modules.rel \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} -\end_inset +\end_inset files. For an example see the standard library file -\emph on +\emph on libsdcc.lib -\emph default +\emph default in the directory /share/lib/small. - \layout Subsection + Using sdcclib to Create and Manage Libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library file as described in the preceding section, sdcclib can be used to embed all the modules belonging to such library in the library file itself. @@ -5636,232 +5509,231 @@ Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library Additionally, the packed library file contains an index of all include modules and symbols that significantly speeds up the linking process. To display a list of options supported by sdcclib type: -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold + +\family sans +\series bold sdcclib -? \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default To create a new library file, start by compiling all the required modules. For example: -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc -c _divsint.c +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc -c _divsint.c \layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc -c _divuint.c +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc -c _divuint.c \layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc -c _modsint.c +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc -c _modsint.c \layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc -c _moduint.c +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc -c _moduint.c \layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc -c _mulint.c -\newline +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc -c _mulint.c +\newline \layout Standard + This will create files _divsint.rel, _divuint.rel, _modsint.rel, _moduint.rel, and _mulint.rel. The next step is to add the .rel files to the library file: -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold + +\family sans +\series bold sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel -\family default +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold -sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel +\family sans +\series bold +sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel \layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold -sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel +\family sans +\series bold +sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel \layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold -sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel +\family sans +\series bold +sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel \layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold -sdcclib libint.lib _mulint.rel -\series default -\newline +\family sans +\series bold +sdcclib libint.lib _mulint.rel +\series default +\newline \layout Standard + If the file already exists in the library, it will be replaced. To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s and -m are available. For example: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcclib -s libint.lib -\family default +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter -\series default +\family typewriter +\series default _divsint.rel: - \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__divsint_a_1_1 +\family typewriter +__divsint_a_1_1 \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__divsint_PARM_2 +\family typewriter +__divsint_PARM_2 \layout Standard -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter __divsint -\newline +\newline _divuint.rel: - \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__divuint_a_1_1 +\family typewriter +__divuint_a_1_1 \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__divuint_PARM_2 +\family typewriter +__divuint_PARM_2 \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__divuint_reste_1_1 +\family typewriter +__divuint_reste_1_1 \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__divuint_count_1_1 +\family typewriter +__divuint_count_1_1 \layout Standard -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter __divuint -\newline +\newline _modsint.rel: - \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__modsint_a_1_1 +\family typewriter +__modsint_a_1_1 \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__modsint_PARM_2 +\family typewriter +__modsint_PARM_2 \layout Standard -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter __modsint -\newline +\newline _moduint.rel: - \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__moduint_a_1_1 +\family typewriter +__moduint_a_1_1 \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__moduint_PARM_2 +\family typewriter +__moduint_PARM_2 \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__moduint_count_1_1 +\family typewriter +__moduint_count_1_1 \layout Standard -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter __moduint -\newline +\newline _mulint.rel: - \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__mulint_PARM_2 +\family typewriter +__mulint_PARM_2 \layout Standard -\family typewriter -__mulint -\family default -\series bold -\newline +\family typewriter +__mulint +\family default +\series bold +\newline \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip @@ -5871,16 +5743,14 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -debug \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} -\end_inset +\end_inset , the corresponding debug information file .adb will be include in the library file as well. @@ -5894,529 +5764,526 @@ status Collapsed is embedded in the library file itself. Library files created using sdcclib are used as described in the preceding sections. - - - \layout Section + Command Line Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Command Line Options} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection + Processor Selection Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options processor selection} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Processor selection options} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -mmcs51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mmcs51} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Intel MCS51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51} -\end_inset +\end_inset family of processors. This is the default processor target. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -mds390 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds390} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Dallas DS80C390 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C390} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -mds400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds400} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Dallas DS80C400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -mhc08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mhc08} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Freescale/Motorola HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset family of processors. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -mz80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mz80} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Zilog Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset family of processors. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -mgbz80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mgbz80} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the GameBoy Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor (Not actively maintained). - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -mavr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mavr} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Atmel AVR \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AVR} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor (Not maintained, not complete). AVR users should probably have a look at winavr \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr} -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=index} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Note collapsed true \layout Standard + I think it is fair to direct users there for now. Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work . But I didn't find the 'official' link. - -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -mpic14 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic14} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Microchip PIC 14 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} -\end_inset +\end_inset -bit processors (p16f84 and variants. In development, not complete). - \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Note collapsed true \layout Standard -p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877? - -\end_inset +p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877? +\end_inset \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -mpic16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic16} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Microchip PIC 16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset -bit processors (p18f452 and variants. In development, not complete). - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -mtlcs900h -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TLCS-900H} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor (Not maintained, not complete). - \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + -\series bold +\series bold -mxa51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mxa51} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Phillips XA51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XA51} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor (Not maintained, not complete). - - \layout Subsection + Preprocessor Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options preprocessor} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Preprocessor options} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -I \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-I} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default The additional location where the pre processor will look for <..h> or \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset ..h \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset files. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -D \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-D} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Command line definition of macros. Passed to the preprocessor. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -M \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-M} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make describing the dependencies of each object file. For each source file, the preprocessor outputs one make-rule whose target is the object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are all the files `#include'd in it. This rule may be a single line or may be continued with ` -\backslash +\backslash '-newline if it is long. The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed C program. `-M' implies `-E \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E} -\end_inset +\end_inset '. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -C \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-C} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments. Used with the `-E' option. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -MM \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-MM} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with `#include \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset file"'. System header files included with `#include ' are omitted. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -Aquestion(answer) \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Aquestion(answer)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Assert the answer answer for question, in case it is tested with a preprocessor conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'. `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target machine. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -Umacro \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Umacro} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Undefine macro macro. `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include' and `-imacros' options. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -dM \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dM} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that are in effect at the end of preprocessing. Used with the `-E' option. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -dD \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dD} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in their proper sequence in the rest of the output. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -dN \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dN} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted. Only `#define name' is included in the output. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -pedantic-parse-number \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-pedantic-parse-number} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Pedentic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed properly and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded. See also #pragma pedantic_parse_number in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph on +\emph on Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard! - \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -Wp\SpecialChar ~ preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption] -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wp preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]} -\end_inset +\end_inset ... Pass the preprocessorOption to the preprocessor -\family typewriter +\family typewriter sdcpp -\family default +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} -\end_inset +\end_inset . SDCC uses an adapted version of the preprocessor -\emph on +\emph on cpp -\emph default +\emph default of the GNU Compiler Collection \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gcc (GNU Compiler Collection)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ( -\emph on +\emph on gcc -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/} -\end_inset +\end_inset ), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\SpecialChar ~ 4.1.1\SpecialChar ~ @@ -6425,97 +6292,92 @@ Manual at \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - - \layout Subsection + Linker Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options linker} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker options} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -L\SpecialChar ~ - -\series default +\series default \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series bold +\series bold -lib-path \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-lib-path } -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-L -\/-lib-path} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ This option is passed to the linkage editor's additional libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset search path. The path name must be absolute. Additional library files may be specified in the command line. See section Compiling programs for more details. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xram-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ The start location of the external ram \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset , default value is 0. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: - @@ -6524,11 +6386,9 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xram-loc 0x8000 or - \begin_inset ERT @@ -6536,48 +6396,44 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xram-loc 32768. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -code-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ The start location of the code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} -\end_inset +\end_inset segment, default value 0. Note when this option is used the interrupt vector table \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} -\end_inset +\end_inset is also relocated to the given address. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: - @@ -6586,11 +6442,9 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -code-loc 0x8000 or - \begin_inset ERT @@ -6598,42 +6452,38 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -code-loc 32768. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ By default the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset is placed after the data segment. Using this option the stack can be placed anywhere in the internal memory @@ -6645,11 +6495,9 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-loc 0x20 or - \begin_inset ERT @@ -6657,11 +6505,9 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-loc 32. Since the sp register is incremented before a push or call, the initial @@ -6670,85 +6516,79 @@ status Collapsed register banks or the data segment and with enough space for the current application. The -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -pack-iram -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram} -\end_inset +\end_inset option (which is now a default setting) will override this setting, so you should also specify the -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -no-pack-iram -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram} -\end_inset +\end_inset option if you need to manually place the stack. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xstack-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ By default the external stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xstack} -\end_inset +\end_inset is placed after the pdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset segment. Using this option the xstack can be placed anywhere in the external memory @@ -6760,11 +6600,9 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xstack-loc 0x8000 or - \begin_inset ERT @@ -6772,44 +6610,40 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-loc 32768. The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as the pdata or xdata segment and with enough space for the current application. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -data-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ The start location of the internal ram data \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset segment. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. @@ -6819,11 +6653,9 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -data-loc 0x20 or - \begin_inset ERT @@ -6831,11 +6663,9 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -data-loc 32. (By default, the start location of the internal ram data segment is set @@ -6848,42 +6678,38 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -data-loc is not used, to location 0x10.) - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -idata-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-idata-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset of the 8051, default value is 0x80. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. @@ -6893,11 +6719,9 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -idata-loc 0x88 or - \begin_inset ERT @@ -6905,607 +6729,567 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -idata-loc 136. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -bit-loc -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ The start location of the bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset addressable internal ram of the 8051. This is -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default implemented yet. Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\SpecialChar ~ -bBSEG=. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -out-fmt-ihx \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-ihx} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default The linker output (final object code) is in Intel Hex format. \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} -\end_inset +\end_inset This is the default option. The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -out-fmt-s19 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default The linker output (final object code) is in Motorola S19 format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -out-fmt-elf \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Options!-\/-out-fmt-elf} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default The linker output (final object code) is in ELF format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ELF format} -\end_inset +\end_inset . (Currently only supported for the HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset processors) - \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + -\series bold +\series bold -Wl\SpecialChar ~ linkOption[,linkOption] -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wl linkOption[,linkOption]} -\end_inset +\end_inset ... Pass the linkOption to the linker. If a bootloader is used an option like \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset -Wl\SpecialChar ~ -bCSEG=0x1000 \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset would be typical to set the start of the code segment. See also #pragma constseg and #pragma codeseg in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas} -\end_inset +\end_inset . File sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html has more on linker options. - - \layout Subsection + MCS51 Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options MCS51} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 options} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -model-small \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-small} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\size large -\emph on +\series default +\size large +\emph on -\size default -\emph default +\size default +\emph default Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more details. This is the default model. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -model-medium \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-medium} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for Medium model programs, see section Memory Models for more details. If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled with this option. It must also be used when invoking the linker. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -model-large \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for Large model programs, see section Memory Models for more details. If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled with this option. It must also be used when invoking the linker. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xstack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Uses a pseudo stack in the pdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset area (usually the first 256 bytes in the external ram) for allocating variables and passing parameters. See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:External-Stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ External Stack for more details. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -iram-size -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of the given value. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xram-size -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of the given value. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -code-size -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of the given value. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-size -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to check if there is at minimum bytes for stack. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -pack-iram -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram} -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to use unused register banks for data variables and pack data, idata and stack together. This is the default now. - \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -no-pack-iram -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram} -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to use old style for allocating memory areas. - - \layout Subsection + DS390 / DS400 Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options DS390} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -model-flat24 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-model-flat24} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\emph on +\size large +\emph on -\size default -\emph default +\size default +\emph default Generate 24-bit flat mode code. This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now and is default when using -\emph on +\emph on -mds390 -\emph default +\emph default . See section Memory Models for more details. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -protect-sp-update \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-protect-sp-update} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-10bit -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-10bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset Generate code for the 10 bit stack mode of the Dallas DS80C390 part. This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now and is default when using -\emph on +\emph on -mds390 -\emph default +\emph default . In this mode, the stack is located in the lower 1K of the internal RAM, which is mapped to 0x400000. @@ -7520,270 +7304,248 @@ status Collapsed It is important to ensure that the processor is in this mode before calling any re-entrant functions compiled with this option. In principle, this should work with the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option, but that has not been tested. It is incompatible with the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xstack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option. It also only makes sense if the processor is in 24 bit contiguous addressing mode (see the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -model-flat24 option -\emph default +\emph default ). - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-probe \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-probe} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -tini-libid \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-tini-libid} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default LibraryID used in -mTININative. - \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -use-accelerator \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-use-accelerator} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator. - - \layout Subsection + Z80 Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -callee-saves-bc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-callee-saves-bc} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\emph on +\size large +\emph on -\size default -\emph default +\size default +\emph default Force a called function to always save BC. - \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -no-std-crt0 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-no-std-crt0} -\end_inset +\end_inset When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file. You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking. - - \layout Subsection + Optimization Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options optimization} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimization options} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -nogcse \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nogcse} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will not do global subexpression elimination, this option may be used when the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data spaces to store compiler temporaries ( -\emph on +\emph on s -\emph default +\emph default pill -\emph on +\emph on loc -\emph default +\emph default ations, sloc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sloc (spill location)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler @@ -7792,126 +7554,120 @@ ations, sloc nogcse \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination} -\end_inset +\end_inset for a given function only. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -noinvariant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinvariant} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will not do loop invariant optimizations, this may be turned off for reasons explained for the previous option. For more details of loop optimizations performed see Loop Invariants in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations} -\end_inset +\end_inset . It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ noinvariant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -noinduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction for more details. It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ noinduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -nojtbound \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nojtbound} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Will not generate boundary condition check when switch statements \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} -\end_inset +\end_inset are implemented using jump-tables. See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ Switch Statements for more details. @@ -7919,173 +7675,161 @@ Switch Statements for more details. nojtbound \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function only. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -noloopreverse \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noloopreverse} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\size large +\series default +\size large -\size default +\size default Will not do loop reversal \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing} -\end_inset +\end_inset optimization. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\series bold +\series bold nolabelopt -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nolabelopt } -\end_inset +\end_inset Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable). - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -no-xinit-opt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will not memcpy initialized data from code space into xdata space. This saves a few bytes in code space if you don't have initialized data \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -nooverlay \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nooverlay} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function, see section Parameters and local variables for more details. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -no-peep \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Disable peep-hole optimization with built-in rules. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -peep-file -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by @@ -8093,110 +7837,102 @@ status Collapsed See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Peephole-Optimizer} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -peep-asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Pass the inline assembler code through the peep hole optimizer. This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler code, please go through the peephole optimizer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} -\end_inset +\end_inset rules defined in the source file tree '/peeph.def' before using this option. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -opt-code-speed \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-speed} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly at the expense of code size. - \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -opt-code-size \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-size} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly at the expense of code speed. - - \layout Subsection + Other Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options other} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -c\SpecialChar ~ - \begin_inset ERT @@ -8204,168 +7940,160 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -compile-only \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-compile-only} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-c -\/-compile-only} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - -\series default +\series default \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / +\end_inset -\end_inset - -\series bold +\series bold -c1mode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-c1mode} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it. The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -E \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Run only the C preprocessor. Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard output. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -o\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-o } -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default The output path resp. file where everything will be placed. If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\size large -\emph on +\series default +\size large +\emph on -\size default -\emph default +\size default +\emph default All functions in the source file will be compiled as -\emph on +\emph on reentrant -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset , i.e. the parameters and local variables will be allocated on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset . See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset Parameters and Local Variables for more details. If this option is used all source files in the project should be compiled with this option. It automatically implies --int-long-reent and --float-reent. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -callee-saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-callee-saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset function1[,function2][,function3].... -\series default +\series default The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing & popping when calling small functions from larger functions. @@ -8373,23 +8101,23 @@ status Collapsed function names specified. The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, no extra code will be generated at the entry & exit (function prologue -\series bold +\series bold \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default & epilogue -\series bold +\series bold \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default ) for these functions to save & restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIALLY reduce code & improve run time performance of the generated code. @@ -8405,47 +8133,43 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -callee-saves option string. Also see #pragma\SpecialChar ~ callee_saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -debug \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information. The debug information collected in a file with .cdb extension can be used with the SDCDB. @@ -8453,194 +8177,187 @@ When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information. Another file with no extension contains debug information in AOMF or AOMF51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} -\end_inset +\end_inset format which is commonly used by third party tools. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -S \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-S} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -int-long-reent \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant. Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant. See section Installation for more details. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -cyclomatic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-cyclomatic} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default This option will cause the compiler to generate an information message for each function in the source file. The message contains some -\emph on +\emph on important -\emph default +\emph default information about the function. The number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow graph of the function, and most importantly the -\emph on +\emph on cyclomatic complexity \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -float-reent \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-float-reent} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Floating point library is compiled as reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset . See section Installation for more details. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -funsigned-char \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-funsigned-char} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default The default signedness for every type is -\family typewriter +\family typewriter signed -\family default -. In some embedded enviornments the default signedness of -\family typewriter +\family default +. + In some embedded environments the default signedness of +\family typewriter char -\family default +\family default is -\family typewriter +\family typewriter unsigned -\family default -. To set the signess for characters to unsigned, use the option --funsigned-char. - If this option is set and no signedness keyword (unsigned/signed) is given, a char will be signed. +\family default +. + To set the signess for characters to unsigned, use the option --funsigned-char. + If this option is set and no signedness keyword (unsigned/signed) is given, + a char will be signed. All other types are unaffected. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -main-return \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default This option can be used if the code generated is called by a monitor program or if the main routine includes an endless loop. This option results in slightly smaller code and saves two bytes of stack @@ -8648,489 +8365,457 @@ status Collapsed The return from the 'main' \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{main return} -\end_inset +\end_inset function will return to the function calling main. The default setting is to lock up i.e. generate a ' -\family typewriter +\family typewriter sjmp . -\family default +\family default '. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -nostdinc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdinc} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path to the preprocessor. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -nostdlib \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdlib} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default library \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset path to the linker. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -verbose \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-verbose} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Shows the various actions the compiler is performing. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -V \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-V} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -no-c-code-in-asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-c-code-in-asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always blame the compiler :) - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -no-peep-comments \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep-comments} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will not include peep-hole comments in the generated files. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -i-code-in-asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-i-code-in-asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Include i-codes in the asm file. Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -less-pedantic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-less-pedantic} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Disable some of the more pedantic warnings \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Warnings} -\end_inset +\end_inset (jwk burps: please be more specific here, please!). - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -disable-warning\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-disable-warning} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Disable specific warning with number . - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -print-search-dirs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Display the directories in the compiler's search path - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -vc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Display errors and warnings using MSVC style, so you can use SDCC with the visual studio IDE \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE} -\end_inset +\end_inset . With SDCC both offering a GCC-like (the default) and a MSVC-like \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MSVC output style} -\end_inset +\end_inset output style, integration into most programming editors should be straightforwa rd. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -use-stdout \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold -Wa\SpecialChar ~ asmOption[,asmOption] -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wa asmOption[,asmOption]} -\end_inset +\end_inset ... Pass the asmOption to the assembler \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options assembler} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler options} -\end_inset +\end_inset . See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -std-sdcc89 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc89} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (default). - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -std-c89 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -std-sdcc99 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -std-c99 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -codeseg -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-codeseg } -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ The name to be used for the code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} -\end_inset +\end_inset segment, default CSEG. This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the code in a special @@ -9138,35 +8823,33 @@ status Collapsed place in memory. Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a bank. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -constseg -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-constseg } -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ The name to be used for the const \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} -\end_inset +\end_inset segment, default CONST. This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the const data in @@ -9174,866 +8857,826 @@ status Collapsed in a special place in memory. Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data in a bank. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -fdollars-in-identifiers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-fdollars-in-identifiers} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Permit '$' as an identifier character - \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold more-pedantic -\series default +\series default Actually this is -\series bold -\emph on +\series bold +\emph on not -\series default -\emph default +\series default +\emph default a SDCC compiler option but if you want -\emph on +\emph on more -\emph default +\emph default warnings you can use a separate tool dedicated to syntax checking like splint \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset . To make your source files parseable by splint you will have to include -\family sans +\family sans lint.h -\family default +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset in your source file and add brackets around extended keywords (like -\family sans +\family sans \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset __at\SpecialChar ~ -\series bold +\series bold ( -\series default +\series default 0xab -\series bold +\series bold ) -\series default +\series default \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset __interrupt\SpecialChar ~ (2) \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default ). -\newline +\newline Splint has an excellent on line manual at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org/manual/} -\end_inset +\end_inset and it's capabilities go beyond pure syntax checking. You'll need to tell splint the location of SDCC's include files so a typical command line could look like this: -\newline +\newline -\family sans +\family sans splint\SpecialChar ~ -I\SpecialChar ~ /usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ myprogram.c - - \layout Subsection + Intermediate Dump Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options intermediate dump} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intermediate dump options} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging the compiler. They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various stages of the compilation process. More on iCodes see chapter \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset The anatomy of the compiler \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumpraw \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpraw} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default This option will cause the compiler to dump the intermediate code into a file of named -\emph on +\emph on .dumpraw -\emph default +\emph default just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function, i.e. before any optimizations are done. The basic blocks \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks} -\end_inset +\end_inset at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in sequence of execution. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumpgcse \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpgcse} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will create a dump of iCode's, after global subexpression elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Global subexpression elimination} -\end_inset +\end_inset , into a file named -\emph on +\emph on .dumpgcse. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumpdeadcode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpdeadcode} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will create a dump of iCode's, after deadcode elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination} -\end_inset +\end_inset , into a file named -\emph on +\emph on .dumpdeadcode. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumploop \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumploop} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\size large +\series default +\size large -\size default +\size default Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization} -\end_inset +\end_inset , into a file named -\emph on +\emph on .dumploop. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumprange \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumprange} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\size large +\series default +\size large -\size default +\size default Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range analysis \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} -\end_inset +\end_inset , into a file named -\emph on +\emph on .dumprange. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumlrange \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumlrange} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will dump the life ranges \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} -\end_inset +\end_inset for all symbols. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumpregassign \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpregassign} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default Will create a dump of iCode's, after register assignment \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register assignment} -\end_inset +\end_inset , into a file named -\emph on +\emph on .dumprassgn. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumplrange \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumplrange} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's - \layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumpall \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created. - - \layout Subsection -Redirecting output on Windows Shells +Redirecting output on Windows Shells \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip By default SDCC writes it's error messages to \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset standard error \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . To force all messages to \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset standard output \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset use -\series bold +\series bold - -\series default -\emph on +\series default +\emph on \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series bold -\emph default +\series bold +\emph default - -\series default +\series default use-stdout \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Additionally, if you happen to have visual studio installed in your windows machine, you can use it to compile your sources using a custom build and the SDCC - -\emph on +\emph on \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default -vc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc} -\end_inset +\end_inset option. Something like this should work: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\series bold +\series bold c: -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin -\backslash +\backslash sdcc.exe - -\series default -\emph on +\series default +\emph on \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series bold -\emph default +\series bold +\emph default -vc - -\series default -\emph on +\series default +\emph on \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series bold -\emph default +\series bold +\emph default -model-large -c $(InputPath) -\series default - - - - \layout Section + Environment variables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Environment variables} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard -SDCC recognizes the following environment variables: +SDCC recognizes the following environment variables: \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold SDCC_LEAVE_SIGNALS \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LEAVE\_SIGNALS} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default SDCC installs a signal handler \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{signal handler} -\end_inset +\end_inset to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception. If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler in order to be able to debug SDCC. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold TMP,\SpecialChar ~ TEMP,\SpecialChar ~ TMPDIR \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Path, where temporary files will be created. The order of the variables is the search order. In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's no need to set them. On Windows it's recommended to set one of them. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold SDCC_HOME \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_HOME} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Path, see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Install Paths \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold SDCC_INCLUDE \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_INCLUDE} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Path, see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Search Paths \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold + +\series bold SDCC_LIB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LIB} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Path, see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Search Paths \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset .. - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these are solely used for debugging purposes. They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented. - - - \layout Section -Storage Class Language Extensions +Storage Class Language Extensions \layout Subsection + MCS51/DS390 Storage Class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset Language Extensions - \layout Standard + In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51 specific storage classes: - \layout Subsubsection + data \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset / near \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{near (storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_near (storage class)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + This is the -\series bold +\series bold default -\series default +\series default storage class for the Small Memory model ( -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on near -\emph default +\emph default or the more ANSI-C compliant forms -\emph on +\emph on __data -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on __near -\emph default +\emph default can be used synonymously). Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__data unsigned char test_data; +\family typewriter +__data unsigned char test_data; \layout Standard -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter 75*00 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _test_data,#0x01 - \layout Subsubsection + xdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset / far \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external RAM. This is the -\series bold +\series bold default -\series default +\series default storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__xdata unsigned char test_xdata; +\family typewriter +__xdata unsigned char test_xdata; \layout Standard -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter 90s00r00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dptr,#_test_xdata -\newline +\newline 74\SpecialChar ~ 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10044,7 +9687,7 @@ dptr,#_test_xdata mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,#0x01 -\newline +\newline F0\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10056,35 +9699,35 @@ F0\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ movx\SpecialChar ~ @dptr,a - \layout Subsubsection + idata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__idata unsigned char test_idata; +\family typewriter +__idata unsigned char test_idata; \layout Standard -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter 78r00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10095,7 +9738,7 @@ Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ r0,#_test_idata -\newline +\newline 76\SpecialChar ~ 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10107,8 +9750,8 @@ r0,#_test_idata mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @r0,#0x01 - \layout Standard + Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM as the data memory. The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have @@ -10116,24 +9759,24 @@ Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM The stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset is located in idata memory. - \layout Subsubsection + pdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing modes of a 8051. It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of @@ -10143,32 +9786,32 @@ Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing The high byte of the address is determined by port P2 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} -\end_inset +\end_inset (or in case of some 8051 variants by a separate Special Function Register, see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). This is the -\series bold +\series bold default -\series default +\series default storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__pdata unsigned char test_pdata; +\family typewriter +__pdata unsigned char test_pdata; \layout Standard -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter 78r00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10176,7 +9819,7 @@ Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r0,#_test_pdata -\newline +\newline 74 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10184,7 +9827,7 @@ mov r0,#_test_pdata \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,#0x01 -\newline +\newline F2\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10195,61 +9838,59 @@ F2\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ movx @r0,a - \layout Standard + If the - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xstack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} -\end_inset +\end_inset option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes. - \layout Subsubsection + code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_code} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + 'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code memory: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__code unsigned char test_code; +\family typewriter +__code unsigned char test_code; \layout Standard -Read access to this variable generates the assembly code: +Read access to this variable generates the assembly code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter 90s00r6F\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov dptr,#_test_code -\newline +\newline E4\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10260,7 +9901,7 @@ E4\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ clr a -\newline +\newline 93\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10271,26 +9912,26 @@ clr a \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ movc a,@a+dptr - \layout Standard -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter char -\family default +\family default indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'}; +\family typewriter +__code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'}; \layout Standard + Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly code: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter E5*00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10298,18 +9939,18 @@ E5*00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,_index - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter 90s00r41\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov dptr,#_test_array - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter 93\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10320,36 +9961,36 @@ mov dptr,#_test_array \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ movc a,@a+dptr - \layout Subsubsection + bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_bit} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + This is a data-type and a storage class specifier. When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable memory of 8051, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__bit test_bit; +\family typewriter +__bit test_bit; \layout Standard -Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code: +Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter D2*00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -10359,496 +10000,484 @@ D2*00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ setb\SpecialChar ~ _test_bit - \layout Standard + The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20 to 0x2f in data memory. -\newline -Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support - ANSI-C bitfields +\newline +Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support ANSI-C + bitfields \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bitfields} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard + Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset . In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit signed modifier are implemented as unsigned. - \layout Subsubsection + sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset / sfr16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr16} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr16} -\end_inset +\end_inset / sfr32 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr32} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr32} -\end_inset +\end_inset / sbit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Like the bit keyword, -\emph on +\emph on sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit -\emph default +\emph default signify both a data-type and storage class, they are used to describe the -\emph on +\emph on s -\emph default +\emph default pecial -\emph on +\emph on f -\emph default +\emph default unction -\emph on +\emph on r -\emph default +\emph default egisters and -\emph on +\emph on s -\emph default +\emph default pecial -\emph on +\emph on bit -\emph default +\emph default variables of a 8051, eg: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter __sfr __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset (0x80) P0;\SpecialChar ~ /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */ -\newline +\newline -\newline -/* 16 bit - special function register combination for timer 0 -\newline +\newline +/* 16 bit special function register combination for timer 0 +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - with the high byte at - location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */ -\newline -__sfr16 __at (0x8C8A) - TMR0; -\newline + with the high byte at location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */ +\newline +__sfr16 __at (0x8C8A) TMR0; +\newline -\newline +\newline __sbit __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset (0xd7) CY;\SpecialChar ~ /* CY (Carry Flag \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flags} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Carry flag} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) */ - \layout Standard + Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by 8 are bit-addressable, an -\emph on +\emph on sbit -\emph default +\emph default addresses a specific bit within these sfr. -\newline -16 Bit and 32 bit special function - register combinations which require a certain access order are better not - declared using -\emph on +\newline +16 Bit and 32 bit special function register combinations which require a + certain access order are better not declared using +\emph on sfr16 -\emph default +\emph default or -\emph on +\emph on sfr32. -\emph default +\emph default Allthough SDCC usually accesses them Least Significant Byte (LSB) first, this is not guaranteed. -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard + Please note, if you use a header file which was written for another compiler then the sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit Storage Class extensions will most likely be -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default compatible. Specifically the syntax -\family typewriter +\family typewriter \SpecialChar ~ sfr P0 = 0x80;\SpecialChar ~ -\family default +\family default is compiled -\emph on +\emph on without warning -\emph default +\emph default by SDCC to an assignment of 0x80 to a variable called P0 -\family typewriter +\family typewriter \begin_inset Marginal collapsed true \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold \SpecialChar ~ ! - -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\family default +\family default Nevertheless it is possible to write header files \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files} -\end_inset +\end_inset which can be shared among different compilers (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). - \layout Subsubsection + Pointers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer} -\end_inset +\end_inset to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces - \layout Standard + SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any of the memory spaces \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} -\end_inset +\end_inset of the 8051. In addition to the explicit pointers, the compiler uses (by default) generic pointers which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces. -\newline - -\newline -Pointer - declaration examples: +\newline +\newline +Pointer declaration examples: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter /* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram */ -\newline +\newline __xdata unsigned char * __data p; -\newline +\newline -\newline -/* pointer physically in external ram - pointing to object in internal ram */ -\newline +\newline +/* pointer physically in external ram pointing to object in internal ram + */ +\newline __data unsigned char * __xdata p; -\newline - -\newline -/* - pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */ -\newline -__xdata - unsigned char * __code p; -\newline - -\newline -/* pointer physically in code space pointing to - data in code space */ -\newline +\newline + +\newline +/* pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */ +\newline +__xdata unsigned char * __code p; +\newline + +\newline +/* pointer physically in code space pointing to data in code space */ +\newline __code unsigned char * __code p; -\newline +\newline -\newline -/* generic pointer - physically located in xdata space */ -\newline +\newline +/* generic pointer physically located in xdata space */ +\newline unsigned char * __xdata p; -\newline +\newline -\newline -/* generic - pointer physically located in default memory space */ -\newline +\newline +/* generic pointer physically located in default memory space */ +\newline unsigned char * p; -\newline +\newline -\newline -/* - the following is a function pointer +\newline +/* the following is a function pointer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function pointer} -\end_inset +\end_inset physically located in data space */ -\newline +\newline char (* __data fp)(void); - \layout Standard + Well you get the idea. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390) -\emph on +\emph on generic -\emph default +\emph default pointers. -\size small +\size small -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\size default +\size default The highest order byte of the -\emph on +\emph on generic -\emph default +\emph default pointers contains the data space information. Assembler support routines are called whenever data is stored or retrieved using -\emph on +\emph on generic -\emph default +\emph default pointers. These are useful for developing reusable library \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset routines. Explicitly specifying the pointer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pointer} -\end_inset +\end_inset type will generate the most efficient code. - \layout Subsubsection + Notes on MCS51 memory \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory} -\end_inset +\end_inset layout - \layout Standard + The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal RAM memory which is structured as follows: -\newline - -\newline -- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold - up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7, -\newline -- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold - 128 bit +\newline + +\newline +- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7, + +\newline +- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold 128 bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset variables and, -\newline +\newline - Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use. -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard + Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory ( -\emph on +\emph on idata -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). Furthermore, some chips may have some built in external memory ( -\emph on +\emph on xdata -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) which should not be confused with the internal, directly addressable RAM memory ( -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). Sometimes this built in -\emph on +\emph on xdata -\emph default +\emph default memory has to be activated before using it (you can probably find this information on the datasheet of the microcontroller your are using, see also section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ Startup-Code). - \layout Standard + Normally SDCC will only use the first bank \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} -\end_inset +\end_inset of registers (register bank 0), but it is possible to specify that other banks of registers (keyword -\emph on +\emph on using -\emph default +\emph default -\emph on +\emph on \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default ) should be used in interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset routines. By default, the compiler will place the stack after the last byte of allocated memory for variables. For example, if the first 2 banks of registers are used, and only four bytes are used for -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default variables, it will position the base of the internal stack at address 20 (0x14). This implies that as the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset grows, it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used by the 128 bit variables, and 80 bytes for general purpose use. @@ -10856,9 +10485,9 @@ data register banks and after the byte holding the last bit variable. For example, if register banks 0 and 1 are used, and there are 9 bit variables (two bytes used), -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default variables will be placed starting from address 0x10 to 0x20 and continue at address 0x22. You can also use - @@ -10867,52 +10496,48 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -data-loc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset to specify the start address of the -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default and - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -iram-size \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset to specify the size of the total internal RAM ( -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default + -\emph on +\emph on idata -\emph default +\emph default ). -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard + By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data variables. Option - @@ -10921,24 +10546,22 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-loc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset allows you to specify the start of the stack, i.e. you could start it after any data in the general purpose area. If your microcontroller has additional indirectly addressable internal RAM ( -\emph on +\emph on idata -\emph default +\emph default ) you can place the stack on it. You may also need to use - \begin_inset ERT @@ -10946,37 +10569,33 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xdata-loc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xdata-loc} -\end_inset +\end_inset to set the start address of the external RAM ( -\emph on +\emph on xdata -\emph default +\emph default ) and - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xram-size \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset to specify its size. Same goes for the code memory, using - @@ -10985,16 +10604,14 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -code-loc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset and - \begin_inset ERT @@ -11002,34 +10619,31 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -code-size \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset . If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it. - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip The linker generates two files with memory allocation information. The first, with extension .map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} -\end_inset +\end_inset shows all the variables and segments. The second with extension .mem \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.mem} -\end_inset +\end_inset shows the final memory layout. The linker will complain either if memory segments overlap, there is not @@ -11038,76 +10652,74 @@ The linker generates two files with memory allocation information. allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what the problem is. The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem. - - - \layout Subsection + Z80/Z180 Storage Class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset Language Extensions - \layout Subsubsection + sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset (in/out to 8-bit addresses) - \layout Standard + The Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset family has separate address spaces for memory and -\emph on +\emph on i -\emph default +\emph default nput/ -\emph on +\emph on o -\emph default +\emph default utput memory. I/O memory \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{I/O memory (Z80, Z180)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!I/O memory} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!I/O memory} -\end_inset +\end_inset is accessed with special instructions, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */ - \layout Standard -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter 3E 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11115,7 +10727,7 @@ Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ld a,#0x01 -\newline +\newline D3 78\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11123,53 +10735,53 @@ D3 78\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ out (_IoPort),a - \layout Subsubsection + banked sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset (in/out to 16-bit addresses) - \layout Standard + The keyword -\emph on +\emph on banked -\emph default +\emph default is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter sfr banked at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset 0x123 IoPort; - \layout Standard -Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: +Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter 01 23 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ld bc,#_IoPort -\newline +\newline 3E 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11177,7 +10789,7 @@ ld bc,#_IoPort \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ld a,#0x01 -\newline +\newline ED 79\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11185,30 +10797,29 @@ ED 79\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ out (c),a - \layout Subsubsection + sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset (in0/out0 to 8 bit addresses on Z180 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180} -\end_inset +\end_inset /HD64180 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HD64180 (see Z180)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip The compiler option - @@ -11217,166 +10828,159 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -portmode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Options!-\/-portmode} -\end_inset +\end_inset =180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\SpecialChar ~ portmode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Pragmas!\#pragma portmode} -\end_inset +\end_inset z180 (z80) is used to turn on (off) the Z180/HD64180 port addressing instructio ns -\family typewriter +\family typewriter in0/out0 -\family default +\family default instead of -\family typewriter +\family typewriter in/out -\family default +\family default . If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically. - - - \layout Subsection + HC08 Storage Class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset Language Extensions - \layout Subsubsection + data \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (hc08 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (hc08 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset - \layout Standard + The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256 bytes of memory (the direct page). The HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) stored here. - \layout Subsubsection + xdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (hc08 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (hc08 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in memory. This is the default if no storage class is specified. - - - \layout Section + Absolute Addressing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the -\emph on +\emph on at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset
-\emph default +\emph default keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter xdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum; - \layout Standard -or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C: +or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C: \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum; +\family typewriter +__xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum; \layout Standard + In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff of the external ram. The compiler does -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default reserve any space for variables declared in this way \begin_inset Marginal collapsed true \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold \SpecialChar ~ ! - -\end_inset +\end_inset (they are implemented with an equate in the assembler). Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure there are no overlaps with @@ -11384,113 +10988,113 @@ collapsed true The assembler listing file (.lst \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lst} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) and the linker output files (.rst \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rst} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) and (.map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) are good places to look for such overlaps. Variables with an absolute address are -\emph on +\emph on not \begin_inset Marginal collapsed true \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold \SpecialChar ~ ! - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default initialized \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Standard + In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword -\emph on +\emph on volatile -\emph default +\emph default has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter volatile \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset __xdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset (0x8000) unsigned char PORTA_8255; - \layout Standard + For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa r) array -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\size default +\family default +\size default starts at a block (256 byte) boundary \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{block boundary} -\end_inset +\end_inset (section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset has an example). -\newline -Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all - storage classes, e.g.: - +\newline +Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all storage classes, + e.g.: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter __bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset (0x02) bvar; - \layout Standard + The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab le space. There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables @@ -11499,65 +11103,61 @@ le space. For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you can declare the I/O pins in your routine using: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter extern volatile \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset __bit MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* master out, slave in */ -\newline +\newline extern volatile __bit MISO;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* master - in, slave out */ -\newline +/* master in, slave out */ +\newline extern volatile __bit MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* master clock */ -\newline +\newline -\newline -/* Input and - Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus. -\newline +\newline +/* Input and Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus. +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -If needed adapt polarity of clock, - polarity of data and bit order -\newline +If needed adapt polarity of clock, polarity of data and bit order +\newline \SpecialChar ~ */ -\newline -unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte) - -\newline +\newline +unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte) +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ unsigned char i=8; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ do { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11567,7 +11167,7 @@ do { \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ MOSI = out_byte & 0x80; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11577,7 +11177,7 @@ MOSI = out_byte & 0x80; \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ out_byte <<= 1; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11586,9 +11186,8 @@ out_byte <<= 1; \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -MCLK = - 1; -\newline +MCLK = 1; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11606,7 +11205,7 @@ MCLK = \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* for slow peripherals */ -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11616,7 +11215,7 @@ MCLK = \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ if(MISO) -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11629,9 +11228,8 @@ if(MISO) \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -out_byte += - 1; -\newline +out_byte += 1; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11641,272 +11239,263 @@ out_byte += \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ MCLK = 0; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ } while(--i); -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ return out_byte; -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use +Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter __bit __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset (0x80) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* I/O port 0, bit 0 */ -\newline +\newline __bit __at (0x81) MISO;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* I/O port 0, - bit 1 */ -\newline +/* I/O port 0, bit 1 */ +\newline __bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* I/O port 0, bit 2 */ - \layout Standard -Similarly, for the second hardware you would use +Similarly, for the second hardware you would use \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter __bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* I/O port 0, bit 3 */ -\newline +\newline __bit __at (0x91) MISO;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* - I/O port 1, bit 1 */ -\newline +/* I/O port 1, bit 1 */ +\newline __bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset __at (0x92) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* I/O port 1, bit 2 */ - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as for example in a library. This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be specified in the whole project. - - - \layout Section + Parameters \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameters} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} -\end_inset +\end_inset & Local Variables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed on the stack or in data-space. The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal RAM (for small model) or external RAM (for large model). This in fact makes them similar to -\emph on +\emph on static \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{static} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default so by default functions are non-reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline They can be placed on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset by using the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option, by using -\emph on +\emph on #pragma\SpecialChar ~ stackauto -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto} -\end_inset +\end_inset or by using the -\emph on +\emph on reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default keyword in the function declaration, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter unsigned char foo(char i) __reentrant -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the -\emph on +\emph on reentrant -\emph default +\emph default keyword or the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto -\emph default +\emph default option should be used sparingly. Note that the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local variables will be allocated to the stack, it -\emph on +\emph on does not -\emph default +\emph default mean that the function is register bank \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} -\end_inset +\end_inset independent. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Local variables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be assigned storage classes and absolute \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing} -\end_inset +\end_inset addresses, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter unsigned char foo() -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ __xdata unsigned char i; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ __bit bvar; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -11914,126 +11503,124 @@ __bit bvar; __data __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset (0x31) unsigned char j; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + In the above example the variable -\emph on +\emph on i -\emph default +\emph default will be allocated in the external ram, -\emph on +\emph on bvar -\emph default +\emph default in bit addressable space and -\emph on +\emph on j -\emph default +\emph default in internal ram. When compiled with -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto -\emph default +\emph default or when a function is declared as -\emph on +\emph on reentrant -\emph default +\emph default this should only be done for static variables. - \layout Standard + Parameters \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} -\end_inset +\end_inset however are not allowed any storage class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset , (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options. - \layout Standard + It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also non-static local bit variables are supported. Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space. They are pushed and popped to stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset as a single byte just like the normal registers. - \layout Section + Overlaying \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Overlaying} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Overlaying} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + For non-reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space usage by overlaying parameters and local variables of a function (if possible). Parameters and local variables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset of a function will be allocated to an overlayable segment if the function has -\emph on +\emph on no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory model \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} -\end_inset +\end_inset is small. -\emph default +\emph default If an explicit storage class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlayed. - \layout Standard + Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin g the data items. Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine @@ -12042,111 +11629,109 @@ collapsed true \layout Standard -\series bold -! -\end_inset +\series bold +! +\end_inset should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~ nooverlay \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} -\end_inset +\end_inset if they are not reentrant. - \layout Standard + Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls other c-functions that might use the overlay. In that case the #pragma\SpecialChar ~ nooverlay should be used. - \layout Standard + Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica tion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} -\end_inset +\end_inset or division \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division} -\end_inset +\end_inset will NOT be overlayed since these are implemented using external functions, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter #pragma save -\newline +\newline #pragma nooverlay \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline void set_error(unsigned char errcd) -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ P3 = errcd; -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline #pragma restore -\newline +\newline -\newline -void - some_isr () __interrupt +\newline +void some_isr () __interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset (2) -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ set_error(10); -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip In the above example the parameter -\emph on +\emph on errcd -\emph default +\emph default for the function -\emph on +\emph on set_error -\emph default +\emph default would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\SpecialChar ~ nooverlay was not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called @@ -12154,338 +11739,335 @@ nooverlay was The #pragma\SpecialChar ~ nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for the function are NOT overlayed. - - - \layout Section + Interrupt Service Routines \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection -General Information +General Information \layout Standard + SDCC allows -\emph on +\emph on i -\emph default +\emph default nterrupt -\emph on +\emph on s -\emph default +\emph default ervice -\emph on +\emph on r -\emph default +\emph default outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords. - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter void timer_isr (void) __interrupt (1) __using (1) -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + The optional number following the -\emph on +\emph on interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default keyword is the interrupt number this routine will service. When present, the compiler will insert a call to this routine in the interrupt vector table \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} -\end_inset +\end_inset for the interrupt number specified. If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service routines can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr MUST be present or included in the file that contains the function -\emph on +\emph on main -\emph default +\emph default . The optional (8051 specific) keyword -\emph on +\emph on using \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default can be used to tell the compiler to use the specified register bank when generating code for this function. -\newline +\newline Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs: - \layout Subsubsection + + \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset Common interrupt pitfall: variable not declared -\emph on +\emph on volatile - \layout Standard + If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by other functions these variables have to be declared -\emph on +\emph on volatile -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset . See \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_variable} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Subsubsection + + \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-atomic} -\end_inset +\end_inset Common interrupt pitfall: -\emph on +\emph on non-atomic access - \layout Standard + If the access to these variables is not -\emph on +\emph on atomic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default (i.e. the processor needs more than one instruction for the access and could be interrupted while accessing the variable) the interrupt must be disabled during the access to avoid inconsistent data. -\newline -Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs - and should be protected by disabling interrupts. +\newline +Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs and + should be protected by disabling interrupts. You're not automatically on the safe side if you use 8 bit variables though. We need an example here: f.e. on the 8051 the harmless looking \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter flags\SpecialChar ~ |=\SpecialChar ~ 0x80; -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset is not atomic if -\family typewriter +\family typewriter flags -\family default +\family default resides in xdata. Setting \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter flags\SpecialChar ~ |=\SpecialChar ~ 0x40; -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset from within an interrupt routine might get lost if the interrupt occurs at the wrong time. \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter +\family typewriter counter\SpecialChar ~ +=\SpecialChar ~ 8; -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset is not atomic on the 8051 even if -\family typewriter +\family typewriter counter -\family default +\family default is located in data memory. -\newline -Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can - cause a lot of trouble. +\newline +Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can cause a lot of trouble. - \layout Subsubsection + + \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-stack-overflow} -\end_inset +\end_inset Common interrupt pitfall: -\emph on +\emph on stack overflow - \layout Standard + The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine are saved on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset so there must be sufficient stack space. If there isn't variables or registers (or even the return address itself) will be corrupted. This -\emph on +\emph on stack overflow -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack overflow} -\end_inset +\end_inset is most likely to happen if the interrupt occurs during the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset deepest \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e. many return addresses. - \layout Subsubsection + + \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset Common interrupt pitfall: -\emph on +\emph on use of non-reentrant functions - \layout Standard + A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division} -\end_inset +\end_inset , multiplication \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} -\end_inset +\end_inset & modulus \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Modulus} -\end_inset +\end_inset and floating-point \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} -\end_inset +\end_inset operations are implemented using external support routines. If an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have to be recompiled using the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option and the source file will need to be compiled using the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -int-long-reent -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} -\end_inset +\end_inset compiler option. -\newline +\newline Note, the type promotion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset required by ANSI C can cause 16 bit routines to be used \begin_inset Marginal @@ -12493,25 +12075,24 @@ collapsed true \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold \SpecialChar ~ ! - -\end_inset +\end_inset without the programmer being aware of it. See f.e. the cast -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (unsigned char)(tail-1) -\family default +\family default within the if clause in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended, @@ -12521,7 +12102,7 @@ Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended, nooverlay \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} -\end_inset +\end_inset if it is not reentrant. Furthermore nonreentrant functions should not be called from the main program @@ -12529,50 +12110,48 @@ nooverlay They also must not be called from low priority interrupt service routines while a high priority interrupt service routine might be active. You could use semaphores or make the function -\emph on +\emph on critical -\emph default +\emph default if all parameters are passed in registers. -\newline +\newline Also see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Overlaying} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ about Overlaying and section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Functions-using-private-banks} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ about Functions using private register banks. - - - \layout Subsection -MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines +MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines \layout Standard + Interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for the Standard 8051/8052 are listed below. SDCC will automatically adjust the \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} -\end_inset +\end_inset to the maximum interrupt number specified. -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -12583,25 +12162,25 @@ Interrupt \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Interrupt # -\end_inset +Interrupt # +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Description -\end_inset +Description +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Vector Address -\end_inset +Vector Address +\end_inset @@ -12609,25 +12188,25 @@ Vector Address \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0 -\end_inset +0 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -External 0 -\end_inset +External 0 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0x0003 -\end_inset +0x0003 +\end_inset @@ -12635,25 +12214,25 @@ External 0 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1 -\end_inset +1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Timer 0 -\end_inset +Timer 0 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0x000b -\end_inset +0x000b +\end_inset @@ -12661,25 +12240,25 @@ Timer 0 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -2 -\end_inset +2 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -External 1 -\end_inset +External 1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0x0013 -\end_inset +0x0013 +\end_inset @@ -12687,25 +12266,25 @@ External 1 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -3 -\end_inset +3 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Timer 1 -\end_inset +Timer 1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0x001b -\end_inset +0x001b +\end_inset @@ -12713,25 +12292,25 @@ Timer 1 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -4 -\end_inset +4 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Serial -\end_inset +Serial +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0x0023 -\end_inset +0x0023 +\end_inset @@ -12739,25 +12318,25 @@ Serial \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -5 -\end_inset +5 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Timer 2 (8052) -\end_inset +Timer 2 (8052) +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0x002b -\end_inset +0x002b +\end_inset @@ -12765,25 +12344,24 @@ Timer 2 (8052) \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -... -\end_inset +... +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -... -\end_inset +... +\end_inset @@ -12791,94 +12369,89 @@ Timer 2 (8052) \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -n -\end_inset +n +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0x0003 + 8*n -\end_inset +0x0003 + 8*n +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\newline +\newline \layout Standard + If the interrupt service routine is defined without -\emph on +\emph on using \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default a register bank or with register bank 0 ( -\emph on +\emph on using -\emph default +\emph default 0), the compiler will save the registers used by itself on the stack upon entry and restore them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine calls another function then the entire register bank will be saved on the stack. This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which have low register usage. - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register bank then only -\emph on +\emph on a, b, dptr -\emph default +\emph default & psw are saved and restored, if such an interrupt service routine calls another function (using another register bank) then the entire register bank of the called function will be saved on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset . This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines. - - - \layout Subsection + HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset Interrupt Service Routines - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip Since the number of interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset available is chip specific and the interrupt vector table always ends at the last byte of memory, the interrupt numbers corresponds to the interrupt @@ -12889,164 +12462,159 @@ Since the number of interrupts this way; instead see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} -\end_inset +\end_inset for details on customizing startup. - - - \layout Subsection -Z80 Interrupt Service Routines +Z80 Interrupt Service Routines \layout Standard + The Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset uses several different methods for determining the correct interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset vector depending on the hardware implementation. Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt to generate an interrupt vector table. - \layout Standard + By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI instruction to return from the interrupt. To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs a RETN instruction instead, add the -\emph on +\emph on critical -\emph default +\emph default keyword: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip However if you need to create a non-interruptable interrupt service routine you would also require the -\emph on +\emph on critical -\emph default +\emph default keyword. To distinguish between this and an nmi_isr you must provide an interrupt number. - - - \layout Section -Enabling and Disabling Interrupts +Enabling and Disabling Interrupts \layout Subsection -Critical Functions and Critical Statements +Critical Functions and Critical Statements \layout Standard + A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring it as -\emph on +\emph on critical -\emph default +\emph default . SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset upon entry to a critical function and restore the interrupt enable to the previous state before returning. Nesting critical functions will need one additional byte on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset for each call. - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter int foo () __critical \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{critical} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_critical} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like -\emph on +\emph on reentrant. -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline The keyword -\emph on +\emph on critical -\emph default +\emph default may also be used to disable interrupts more locally: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__critical{ i++; } +\family typewriter +__critical{ i++; } \layout Standard -More than one statement could have been included in the block. +More than one statement could have been included in the block. \layout Subsection -Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly +Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly \layout Standard + Interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051): - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter EA = 0;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13071,10 +12639,10 @@ or:\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ EA_SAVE = EA; - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13106,10 +12674,10 @@ EA_SAVE = EA; \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ EA = 0; - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13137,10 +12705,10 @@ EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13175,28 +12743,28 @@ EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ EA = EA_SAVE; - \layout Standard + On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} -\end_inset +\end_inset (HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset ): - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter #define CLI _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13205,60 +12773,60 @@ cli\SpecialChar ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter #define SEI _asm\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ sei\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _endasm; - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -... +\family typewriter +... \layout Standard + Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source like f.e. a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an -\emph on +\emph on interrupt mask \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt mask} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default register. - \layout Standard + Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as short as possible. This minimizes both -\emph on +\emph on interrupt latency -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt latency} -\end_inset +\end_inset (the time between the occurrence of the interrupt and the execution of the first code in the interrupt routine) and -\emph on +\emph on interrupt jitter -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt jitter} -\end_inset +\end_inset (the difference between the shortest and the longest interrupt latency). These really are something different, f.e. @@ -13267,17 +12835,17 @@ interrupt jitter On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas a much smaller jitter will be very audible. - \layout Standard + You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture s you can make use of two (or more) levels of -\emph on +\emph on interrupt priorities -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority} -\end_inset +\end_inset . On some architectures which don't support interrupt priorities these can @@ -13286,40 +12854,40 @@ interrupt priorities Check there is sufficient space on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset and don't add complexity unless you have to. - \layout Subsection + Semaphore \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{semaphore} -\end_inset +\end_inset locking (mcs51/ds390) - \layout Standard + Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} -\end_inset +\end_inset bit test and -\emph on +\emph on -\emph default +\emph default clear -\emph on +\emph on -\emph default +\emph default instruction. These type of instructions are typically used in preemptive multitasking systems, where a routine f.e. claims the use of a data structure ('acquires a lock \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lock} -\end_inset +\end_inset on it'), makes some modifications and then releases the lock when the data structure is consistent again. @@ -13328,126 +12896,127 @@ instruction. With the atomic bit test and clear instruction interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset don't have to be disabled for the locking operation. - \layout Standard -SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern: +SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter volatile \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset bit resource_is_free; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline if (resource_is_free) -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ resource_is_free=0; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ resource_is_free=1; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ } - \layout Standard + Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} -\end_inset +\end_inset bit test and -\emph on +\emph on clear -\emph default +\emph default instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and -\emph on +\emph on set). - \layout Section + Functions using private register banks \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Functions-using-private-banks} -\end_inset +\end_inset (mcs51/ds390) - \layout Standard + Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets. SDCC supports this feature with the -\emph on +\emph on using \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register bank \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} -\end_inset +\end_inset other than the default bank zero). It should only be applied to -\emph on +\emph on interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default functions (see footnote below). This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient since it will not have to save registers on the stack. - \layout Standard + The -\emph on +\emph on using -\emph default +\emph default attribute will have no effect on the generated code for a -\emph on +\emph on non-interrupt -\emph default +\emph default function (but may occasionally be useful anyway \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard + possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute as the calling 'interrupt' functions. @@ -13455,69 +13024,67 @@ possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy() 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function - -\end_inset +\end_inset ). -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on (pending: Note, nowadays the -\emph default +\emph default using -\emph on +\emph on attribute has an effect on -\emph default +\emph default -\emph on +\emph on the generated code for a -\emph default +\emph default non-interrupt -\emph on +\emph on function -\emph default +\emph default . -\emph on +\emph on ) - \layout Standard + An -\emph on +\emph on interrupt -\emph default +\emph default function using a non-zero bank will assume that it can trash that register bank, and will not save it. Since high-priority interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupts} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority} -\end_inset +\end_inset can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends, this means that if a high-priority ISR -\emph on +\emph on using -\emph default +\emph default a particular bank occurs while processing a low-priority ISR -\emph on +\emph on using -\emph default +\emph default the same bank, terrible and bad things can happen. To prevent this, no single register bank should be -\emph on +\emph on used -\emph default +\emph default by both a high priority and a low priority ISR. This is probably most easily done by having all high priority ISRs use one bank and all low priority ISRs use another. If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance hit. - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions. @@ -13527,268 +13094,1045 @@ It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions. It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank from an ISR. - - - \layout Section + Startup Code \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Startup-Code} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Startup code} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection -MCS51/DS390 Startup Code +MCS51/DS390 Startup Code \layout Standard -The compiler inserts a call to the C routine -\emph on -_sdcc_external_startup() -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_sdcc\_external\_startup()} - -\end_inset - -\series bold -\emph default - -\series default -at the start of the CODE area. - This routine is in the runtime library +The compiler triggers the linker to link certain initialization modules + from the runtime library \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library} -\end_inset - -. - By default this routine returns 0, if this routine returns a non-zero value, - the static & global variable initialization will be skipped and the function - main will be invoked. - Otherwise static & global variables will be initialized before the function - main is invoked. - You could add a -\emph on -_sdcc_external_startup() -\emph default - routine to your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware - or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global variable - initialization -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} - -\end_inset - -. - On some mcs51 variants xdata -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} - -\end_inset - - memory has to be explicitly enabled before it can be accessed or if the - watchdog -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{watchdog} - -\end_inset - - needs to be disabled, this is the place to do it. - The startup code clears all internal data memory, 256 bytes by default, - but from 0 to n-1 if -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard - - -\backslash -/ - -\end_inset - --iram-size -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } - -\end_inset - -n -\emph default - is used. - (recommended for Chipcon CC1010). - -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip -See also the compiler options -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed - -\layout Standard +\end_inset + called crt. + Only the necessary ones are linked, for instance crtxstack.asm (GSINIT1, + GSINIT5) is not linked unless the --xstack option is used. + These modules are highly entangled by the use of special segments/areas, + but a common layout is shown below: +\layout Verse -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +\family typewriter +\series bold +\size footnotesize +(main.asm) +\layout Verse --no-xinit -\emph default -- -\emph on -opt -\emph default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt} +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area HOME (CODE) +\newline +__interrupt_vect: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ljmp __sdcc_gsinit_startup +\layout Verse -\end_inset -, -\emph on -- -\begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +\family typewriter +\series bold +\size footnotesize +(crtstart.asm) +\layout Verse -\layout Standard +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area GSINIT0 (CODE) +\newline +__sdcc_gsinit_startup:: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov sp,#__start__stack - 1 +\layout Verse -\backslash -/ -\end_inset +\family typewriter +\series bold +\size footnotesize +(crtxstack.asm) +\layout Verse --main-return -\emph default -\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return} +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area GSINIT1 (CODE) +\newline +__sdcc_init_xstack:: +\newline +; Need to initialize in GSINIT1 in case the user's __sdcc_external_startup + uses the xstack. +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov __XPAGE,#(__start__xstack >> 8) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov _spx,#__start__xstack +\layout Verse -\end_inset - and section -\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} +\family typewriter +\series bold +\size footnotesize +(crtstart.asm) +\layout Verse -\end_inset - about MCS51-variants. +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area GSINIT2 (CODE) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +lcall __sdcc_external_startup +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov a,dpl +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +jz __sdcc_init_data +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ljmp __sdcc_program_startup +\newline +__sdcc_init_data: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\series bold +\size footnotesize +(crtxinit.asm) +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area GSINIT3 (CODE) +\newline +__mcs51_genXINIT:: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov r1,#l_XINIT +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov a,r1 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +orl a,#(l_XINIT >> 8) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +jz 00003$ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov r2,#((l_XINIT+255) >> 8) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov dptr,#s_XINIT +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov r0,#s_XISEG +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov __XPAGE,#(s_XISEG >> 8) +\newline +00001$:\SpecialChar ~ +clr a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +movc a,@a+dptr +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +movx @r0,a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc dptr +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc r0 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +cjne r0,#0,00002$ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc __XPAGE +\newline +00002$:\SpecialChar ~ +djnz r1,00001$ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +djnz r2,00001$ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov __XPAGE,#0xFF +\newline +00003$: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\series bold +\size footnotesize +(crtclear.asm) +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area GSINIT4 (CODE) +\newline +__mcs51_genRAMCLEAR:: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +clr a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov r0,#(l_IRAM-1) +\newline +00004$:\SpecialChar ~ +mov @r0,a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +djnz r0,00004$ +\newline +; _mcs51_genRAMCLEAR() end +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\series bold +\size footnotesize +(crtxclear.asm) +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area GSINIT4 (CODE) +\newline +__mcs51_genXRAMCLEAR:: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov r0,#l_PSEG +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov a,r0 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +jz 00006$ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov r1,#s_PSEG +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov __XPAGE,#(s_PSEG >> 8) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +clr a +\newline +00005$:\SpecialChar ~ +movx @r1,a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc r1 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +djnz r0,00005$ +\newline +00006$: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov r0,#l_XSEG +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov a,r0 +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +orl a,#(l_XSEG >> 8) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +jz 00008$ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov r1,#((l_XSEG + 255) >> 8) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov dptr,#s_XSEG +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +clr a +\newline +00007$:\SpecialChar ~ +movx @dptr,a +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc dptr +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +djnz r0,00007$ +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +djnz r1,00007$ +\newline +00008$: +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\series bold +\size footnotesize +(crtxstack.asm) +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area GSINIT5 (CODE) +\newline +; Need to initialize in GSINIT5 because __mcs51_genXINIT modifies __XPAGE +\newline +; and __mcs51_genRAMCLEAR modifies _spx. +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov __XPAGE,#(__start__xstack >> 8) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov _spx,#__start__xstack +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\series bold +\size footnotesize +(application modules) +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area GSINIT (CODE) +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\series bold +\size footnotesize +(main.asm) +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area GSFINAL (CODE) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +ljmp __sdcc_program_startup +\newline +;-------------------------------------------------------- +\newline +; Home +\newline +;-------------------------------------------------------- +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area HOME (CODE) +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +.area CSEG (CODE) +\newline +__sdcc_program_startup: +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +lcall _main +\newline +; return from main will lock up +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sjmp . +\layout Standard + +One of these modules (crtstart.asm) contains a call to the C routine +\emph on +_sdcc_external_startup() +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_sdcc\_external\_startup()} + +\end_inset + + +\series bold +\emph default + +\series default +at the start of the CODE area. + This routine is also in the runtime library +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library} + +\end_inset + + and returns 0 by default. + If this routine returns a non-zero value, the static & global variable + initialization will be skipped and the function main will be invoked. + Otherwise static & global variables will be initialized before the function + main is invoked. + You could add an +\emph on +_sdcc_external_startup() +\emph default + routine to your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware + or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global variable + initialization +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} + +\end_inset + +. + On some mcs51 variants xdata +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} + +\end_inset + + memory has to be explicitly enabled before it can be accessed or if the + watchdog +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{watchdog} + +\end_inset + + needs to be disabled, this is the place to do it. + The startup code clears all internal data memory, 256 bytes by default, + but from 0 to n-1 if +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-iram-size +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } + +\end_inset + +n +\emph default + is used. + (recommended for Chipcon CC1010). +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +See also the compiler options +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-no-xinit +\emph default +- +\emph on +opt +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt} + +\end_inset + +, +\emph on +- +\begin_inset ERT +status Collapsed + +\layout Standard + +\backslash +/ +\end_inset + +-main-return +\emph default + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return} + +\end_inset + and section +\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} +\end_inset + about MCS51-variants. \layout Subsection -HC08 Startup Code +HC08 Startup Code \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip The HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code. - - - \layout Subsection -Z80 Startup Code +Z80 Startup Code \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip On the Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset the startup code is inserted by linking with crt0.o which is generated from sdcc/device/lib/z80/crt0.s. If you need a different startup code you can use the compiler option -\emph on +\emph on - -\series bold -\emph default +\series bold +\emph default \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\emph on +\series default +\emph on -no-std-crt0 -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-std-crt0} -\end_inset +\end_inset and provide your own crt0.o. - - - \layout Section + Inline Assembler Code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection + A Step by Step Introduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51 how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and an array in xdata memory. The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures. This is a buffer routine which should be optimized: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize + +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize unsigned char __far \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset (0x7f00) buf[0x100]; \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline unsigned char head, tail;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13809,10 +14153,10 @@ unsigned char head, tail;\SpecialChar ~ /* if interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset are involved see -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13861,39 +14205,38 @@ unsigned char head, tail;\SpecialChar ~ section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset about -\series bold +\series bold volatile -\series default +\series default */ -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) - )\SpecialChar ~ +if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )\SpecialChar ~ /* cast -\series bold +\series bold needed -\series default +\series default to avoid promotion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset to integer */ \begin_inset Marginal @@ -13901,14 +14244,14 @@ collapsed true \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold \SpecialChar ~ ! - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13934,53 +14277,51 @@ buf[ head++ ] = c;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */ -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated. We define a new function -\family typewriter +\family typewriter to_buffer_asm() -\family default +\family default in file buffer.c in which we cut and paste the generated code, removing unwanted comments and some ':'. Then add \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset _asm \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset _endasm; \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset to the beginning and the end of the function body: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize + +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize /* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with. -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -The - function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */ -\newline -void to_buffer_asm( - unsigned char c ) -\newline +The function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */ +\newline +void to_buffer_asm( unsigned char c ) +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -13988,15 +14329,15 @@ void to_buffer_asm( _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14004,24 +14345,24 @@ _asm mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ r2,dpl -\newline +\newline ;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \SpecialChar ~ /* cast -\series bold +\series bold needed -\series default +\series default to avoid promotion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset to integer */ -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14029,7 +14370,7 @@ needed mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,_tail -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14037,7 +14378,7 @@ a,_tail dec\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14045,7 +14386,7 @@ a mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ r3,a -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14053,29 +14394,28 @@ r3,a mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,_head -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ cjne a,ar3,00106$ -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ret -\newline -00106$: - -\newline +\newline +00106$: +\newline ;buffer.c buf[ head++ ] = c; /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14083,7 +14423,7 @@ ret mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ r3,_head -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14091,7 +14431,7 @@ r3,_head inc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _head -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14099,7 +14439,7 @@ _head mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dpl,r3 -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14107,7 +14447,7 @@ dpl,r3 mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dph,#(_buf >> 8) -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14115,22 +14455,21 @@ dph,#(_buf >> 8) mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,r2 -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -movx @dptr,a - -\newline +movx @dptr,a +\newline 00103$: -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ret -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14138,51 +14477,49 @@ ret _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced function argument 'c'. Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY (1) and finally have: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize + +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize unsigned char __far __at(0x7f00) buf[0x100]; -\newline +\newline unsigned char head, tail; -\newline -#define - USE_ASSEMBLY (1) -\newline +\newline +#define USE_ASSEMBLY (1) +\newline -\newline +\newline #if !USE_ASSEMBLY -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -if( - head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) -\newline +if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14192,26 +14529,25 @@ if( \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ buf[ head++ ] = c; -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline #else -\newline +\newline -\newline -void to_buffer( - unsigned char c ) -\newline +\newline +void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14219,15 +14555,15 @@ c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14238,7 +14574,7 @@ _asm \SpecialChar ~ ; save used registers here. -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14249,9 +14585,9 @@ _asm \SpecialChar ~ ; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here. -\newline +\newline ; if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14262,7 +14598,7 @@ _asm \SpecialChar ~ mov\SpecialChar ~ a,_tail -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14273,7 +14609,7 @@ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dec\SpecialChar ~ a -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14284,7 +14620,7 @@ dec\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ xrl\SpecialChar ~ a,_head -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14293,9 +14629,8 @@ xrl\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -; we - could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below) -\newline +; we could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below) +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14307,7 +14642,7 @@ xrl\SpecialChar ~ jz\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ t_b_end$ -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14317,10 +14652,9 @@ jz\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ; -\newline -; - buf[ head++ ] = c; -\newline +\newline +; buf[ head++ ] = c; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14338,7 +14672,7 @@ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ; dpl holds lower byte of function argument -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14348,12 +14682,11 @@ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov\SpecialChar ~ - dpl,_head \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14363,9 +14696,8 @@ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov\SpecialChar ~ - dph,#(_bu -f>>8) -\newline + dph,#(_buf>>8) +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14375,7 +14707,7 @@ f>>8) \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ movx @dptr,a -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14386,7 +14718,7 @@ movx @dptr,a \SpecialChar ~ inc \SpecialChar ~ _head -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14395,11 +14727,10 @@ _head \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a - smaller buffer (see above) -\newline +; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see above) +\newline t_b_end$: -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14409,7 +14740,7 @@ t_b_end$: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ; restore used registers here -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14417,82 +14748,82 @@ t_b_end$: _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline #endif - \layout Standard + The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler , this includes any assembler directives and comment lines. The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments. You'll find an 100+ pages assembler manual in sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset or online at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ . - \layout Standard + The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ... _endasm -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size default +\size default ; -\family default +\family default keyword pair. Specifically it will not know which registers are used and thus register pushing/popping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} -\end_inset +\end_inset has to be done manually. - \layout Standard + It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed in a separate line (as the example shows). When the - @@ -14501,133 +14832,131 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\emph on +\emph on peep-asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default command line option is used, the inline assembler code will be passed through the peephole optimizer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} -\end_inset +\end_inset . There are only a few (if any) cases where this option makes sense, it might cause some unexpected changes in the inline assembler code. Please go through the peephole optimizer rules defined in file -\emph on +\emph on SDCCpeeph.def -\emph default +\emph default before using this option. - \layout Subsection + Naked Functions \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Naked-Functions} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Naked functions} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as -\emph on +\emph on _naked \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\emph default +\emph default The -\emph on +\emph on _naked -\emph default +\emph default function modifier attribute prevents the compiler from generating prologue \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} -\end_inset +\end_inset and epilogue \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue} -\end_inset +\end_inset code for that function. This means that the user is entirely responsible for such things as saving any registers that may need to be preserved, selecting the proper register bank, generating the -\emph on +\emph on return -\emph default +\emph default instruction at the end, etc. Practically, this means that the contents of the function must be written in inline assembler. This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large (and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue. For example, compare the code generated by these two functions: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter volatile \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset data unsigned char counter; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void simpleInterrupt(void) __interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset (1) -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ counter++; -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void nakedInterrupt(void) __interrupt (2) __naked -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14635,15 +14964,15 @@ void nakedInterrupt(void) __interrupt (2) __naked _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14656,7 +14985,7 @@ inc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14667,9 +14996,8 @@ reti\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -; MUST explicitly - include ret or reti in _naked function. -\newline +; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function. +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14677,39 +15005,39 @@ reti\SpecialChar ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like: +For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter Note, this is an -\emph on +\emph on outdated -\emph default +\emph default example, recent versions of SDCC generate -\newline +\newline the -\emph on +\emph on same -\emph default +\emph default code for simpleInterrupt() and nakedInterrupt()! -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline _simpleInterrupt: -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14719,7 +15047,7 @@ push\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ acc -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14729,18 +15057,17 @@ push\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ b -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -pu -sh\SpecialChar ~ +push\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dpl -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14750,7 +15077,7 @@ push\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dph -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14760,7 +15087,7 @@ push\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ psw -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14771,7 +15098,7 @@ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ psw,#0x00 -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14782,7 +15109,7 @@ inc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _counter -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14793,7 +15120,7 @@ pop\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ psw -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14804,7 +15131,7 @@ pop\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dph -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14815,7 +15142,7 @@ pop\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dpl -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14826,7 +15153,7 @@ pop\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ b -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14837,21 +15164,21 @@ pop\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ acc -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ reti - \layout Standard -whereas nakedInterrupt looks like: +whereas nakedInterrupt looks like: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter _nakedInterrupt: -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14861,7 +15188,7 @@ inc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14878,71 +15205,70 @@ reti\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -; - MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function - +; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function \layout Standard + The related directive #pragma exclude \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} -\end_inset +\end_inset allows a more fine grained control over pushing & popping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} -\end_inset +\end_inset the registers. - \layout Standard + While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter _naked -\family default +\family default function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this, and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler. - \layout Subsection -Use of Labels within Inline Assembler +Use of Labels within Inline Assembler \layout Standard + SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding labels. In older versions of the compiler all labels defined within inline assembler code -\emph on +\emph on had to be -\emph default +\emph default of the form -\emph on +\emph on nnnnn$ -\emph default +\emph default where nnnn is a number less than 100 (which implies a limit of utmost 100 inline assembler labels -\emph on +\emph on per function -\emph default -\noun on +\emph default +\noun on ) -\noun default +\noun default . - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14953,9 +15279,9 @@ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ b,#10 -\newline +\newline 00001$: -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -14965,45 +15291,45 @@ djnz\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ b,00001$ -\newline +\newline _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; - \layout Standard + Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference labels \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Labels} -\end_inset +\end_inset defined by the inline assembler, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter foo() { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* some c code */ -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _asm -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15011,7 +15337,7 @@ _asm \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ; some assembler code -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15019,38 +15345,35 @@ _asm \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ljmp $0003 -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -_endasm; - -\newline +_endasm; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* some more c code */ -\newline +\newline clabel:\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* inline assembler cannot reference this - label */ -\newline +/* inline assembler cannot reference this label */ +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _asm -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -$0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only) - -\newline +$0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only) +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15058,74 +15381,74 @@ $0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only) _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* some more c code */ -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline assembly within the scope of the function. The same goes the other way, i.e. labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements. - \layout Section + Interfacing with Assembler Code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection + Global Registers used for Parameter Passing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameter passing} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The compiler always uses the global registers -\emph on +\emph on DPL, DPH \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} -\end_inset +\end_inset , B \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{B (mcs51, ds390 register)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on ACC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ACC (mcs51, ds390 register)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default to pass the first parameter to a routine. The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant routines or if - @@ -15134,80 +15457,77 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto is used) or in data / xdata memory (depending on the memory model). - \layout Subsection -Assembler Routine (non-reentrant) +Assembler Routine (non-reentrant) \layout Standard + In the following example \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (non-reentrant)} -\end_inset +\end_inset the function c_func calls an assembler routine asm_func, which takes two parameters \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char); -\newline +\newline -\newline -int c_func (unsigned char - i, unsigned char j) -\newline +\newline +int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ return asm_func(i,j); -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline int main() -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ return c_func(10,9); -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -The corresponding assembler function is: +The corresponding assembler function is: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter .globl _asm_func_PARM_2 -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15217,7 +15537,7 @@ The corresponding assembler function is: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ .globl _asm_func -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15227,9 +15547,9 @@ The corresponding assembler function is: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ .area OSEG -\newline +\newline _asm_func_PARM_2: -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15238,9 +15558,8 @@ _asm_func_PARM_2: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -.ds - 1 -\newline +.ds 1 +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15250,9 +15569,9 @@ _asm_func_PARM_2: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ .area CSEG -\newline +\newline _asm_func: -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15266,7 +15585,7 @@ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,dpl -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15280,7 +15599,7 @@ add\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,_asm_func_PARM_2 -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15294,7 +15613,7 @@ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dpl,a -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15310,10 +15629,10 @@ mov\SpecialChar ~ dph \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL} -\end_inset +\end_inset ,#0x00 -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -15323,267 +15642,259 @@ dph \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ret - \layout Standard + Note here that the return values \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value} -\end_inset +\end_inset are placed in 'dpl' - One byte return value, 'dpl' LSB & 'dph' MSB for two byte values. 'dpl', 'dph' and 'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph',' b' & 'acc' for four byte values. - \layout Standard + The parameter naming convention is __PARM_, where n is the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left. The first parameter is passed in \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset dpl \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset for a one byte parameter, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset dptr \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset for two bytes, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset b,dptr \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset for three bytes and \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset acc,b,dptr \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset for a four bytes parameter. The variable name for the second parameter will be __PARM_2. -\newline +\newline -\newline -Assem -ble the assembler routine with the following command: -\newline +\newline +Assemble the assembler routine with the following command: +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold asx8051 -losg asmfunc.asm -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default Then compile and link the assembler routine to the C source file with the following command: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel - \layout Subsection -Assembler Routine (reentrant) +Assembler Routine (reentrant) \layout Standard + In this case \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (reentrant)} -\end_inset +\end_inset the second parameter \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} -\end_inset +\end_inset onwards will be passed on the stack, the parameters are pushed from right to left i.e. after the call the leftmost parameter will be on the top of the stack. Here is an example: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char); -\newline +\newline -\newline -int c_func (unsigned char - i, unsigned char j) reentrant -\newline +\newline +int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) reentrant +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ return asm_func(i,j); -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline int main() -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -return - c_func(10,9); -\newline +return c_func(10,9); +\newline } - \layout Standard -The corresponding assembler routine is: +The corresponding assembler routine is: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter .globl _asm_func -\newline +\newline _asm_func: -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ push _bp -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov _bp,sp -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r2,dpl -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,_bp -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -add - a,#0xfd -\newline +add a,#0xfd +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r0,a -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ add a,#0xfc ;? -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r1,a -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,@r0 -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ add a,r2 ;? -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -mov dpl,a - -\newline +mov dpl,a +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov dph,#0x00 -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov sp,_bp -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ pop _bp -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ret - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp is the stack frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters and local variables. - - - \layout Section + int (16 bit) \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (16 bit)} -\end_inset +\end_inset and long (32 bit) \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long (32 bit)} -\end_inset +\end_inset Support - \layout Standard + For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division, multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines. These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting @@ -15591,12 +15902,12 @@ For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division, used. The following files contain the described routines, all of them can be found in /share/sdcc/lib. -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -15607,20 +15918,20 @@ For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division, \layout Standard -\series bold -Function -\end_inset +\series bold +Function +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Description -\end_inset +\series bold +Description +\end_inset @@ -15628,17 +15939,17 @@ Description \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -_mulint.c -\end_inset +_mulint.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -16 bit multiplication -\end_inset +16 bit multiplication +\end_inset @@ -15646,17 +15957,17 @@ _mulint.c \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -_divsint.c -\end_inset +_divsint.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint) -\end_inset + signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint) +\end_inset @@ -15664,17 +15975,17 @@ _divsint.c \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -_divuint.c -\end_inset +_divuint.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - unsigned 16 bit division -\end_inset + unsigned 16 bit division +\end_inset @@ -15682,17 +15993,17 @@ _divuint.c \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -_modsint.c -\end_inset +_modsint.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint) -\end_inset +signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint) +\end_inset @@ -15700,17 +16011,17 @@ signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint) \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -_moduint.c -\end_inset +_moduint.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -unsigned 16 bit modulus -\end_inset +unsigned 16 bit modulus +\end_inset @@ -15718,17 +16029,17 @@ unsigned 16 bit modulus \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -_mullong.c -\end_inset +_mullong.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -32 bit multiplication -\end_inset +32 bit multiplication +\end_inset @@ -15736,17 +16047,17 @@ _mullong.c \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -_divslong.c -\end_inset +_divslong.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - signed 32 division (calls _divulong) -\end_inset + signed 32 division (calls _divulong) +\end_inset @@ -15754,17 +16065,17 @@ _divslong.c \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -_divulong.c -\end_inset +_divulong.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -unsigned 32 division -\end_inset +unsigned 32 division +\end_inset @@ -15772,17 +16083,17 @@ unsigned 32 division \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -_modslong.c -\end_inset +_modslong.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong) -\end_inset + signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong) +\end_inset @@ -15790,111 +16101,107 @@ _modslong.c \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -_modulong.c -\end_inset +_modulong.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -unsigned 32 bit modulus -\end_inset +unsigned 32 bit modulus +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard + Since they are compiled as -\emph on +\emph on non-reentrant -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset , interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset service routines should not do any of the above operations. If this is unavoidable then the above routines will need to be compiled with the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option, after which the source program will have to be compiled with -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -int-long-reent \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option. Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly. The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation is required. - \layout Section + Floating Point Support \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers. The floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and consist of the following routines: -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\align center +\align center + +\size footnotesize -\size footnotesize -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -15905,25 +16212,25 @@ SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers. \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Function - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Description -\end_inset +Description +\end_inset @@ -15932,34 +16239,34 @@ Description \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fsadd.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none add floating point numbers - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -15968,34 +16275,34 @@ add floating point numbers \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fssub.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none subtract floating point numbers - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16004,34 +16311,34 @@ subtract floating point numbers \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fsdiv.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none divide floating point numbers - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16040,34 +16347,34 @@ divide floating point numbers \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fsmul.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none multiply floating point numbers - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16076,34 +16383,34 @@ multiply floating point numbers \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2uchar.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to unsigned char - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16112,34 +16419,34 @@ convert floating point to unsigned char \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2char.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to signed char - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16148,34 +16455,34 @@ convert floating point to signed char \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2uint.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to unsigned int - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16184,34 +16491,34 @@ convert floating point to unsigned int \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2int.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to signed int - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16220,42 +16527,42 @@ convert floating point to signed int \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2ulong. -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to unsigned long - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16264,34 +16571,34 @@ convert floating point to unsigned long \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2long.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to signed long - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16300,34 +16607,34 @@ convert floating point to signed long \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _uchar2fs.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert unsigned char to floating point - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16336,34 +16643,34 @@ convert unsigned char to floating point \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _char2fs.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert char to floating point number - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16372,34 +16679,34 @@ convert char to floating point number \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _uint2fs.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert unsigned int to floating point - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16408,34 +16715,34 @@ convert unsigned int to floating point \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _int2fs.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert int to floating point numbers - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16444,34 +16751,34 @@ convert int to floating point numbers \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _ulong2fs.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert unsigned long to floating point number - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -16480,43 +16787,42 @@ convert unsigned long to floating point number \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _long2fs.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert long to floating point number - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip @@ -16526,14 +16832,14 @@ These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space collapsed false \layout Standard + These floating point routines ( -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default sinf(), cosf(), ...) for the mcs51 are implemented in assembler. - -\end_inset +\end_inset . Note if all these routines are used simultaneously the data space might @@ -16542,89 +16848,88 @@ not Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly. The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation is required. - - - \layout Section + Library Routines \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on - \layout Subsection -Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.) +Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.) \layout Subsection -Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.) +Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.) \layout Subsubsection - + \layout Paragraph -getchar(), putchar() +getchar(), putchar() \layout Standard + + \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{} -\end_inset +\end_inset As usual on embedded systems you have to provide your own -\family typewriter +\family typewriter getchar() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{getchar()} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter putchar() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{putchar()} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default routines. SDCC does not know whether the system connects to a serial line with or without handshake, LCD, keyboard or other device. And whether a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter lf -\family default +\family default to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter crlf -\family default +\family default conversion within -\family typewriter +\family typewriter putchar() -\family default +\family default is intended. You'll find examples for serial routines f.e. in sdcc/device/lib. For the mcs51 this minimalistic polling -\family typewriter +\family typewriter putchar() -\family default +\family default routine might be a start: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter void putchar (char c) { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -16633,7 +16938,7 @@ while (!TI)\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* assumes UART is initialized */ -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -16643,151 +16948,147 @@ while (!TI)\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -TI - = 0; -\newline +TI = 0; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ SBUF = c; -\newline +\newline } - \layout Paragraph -printf() +printf() \layout Standard + The default -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf()} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default implementation in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf_large.c -\family default +\family default does not support float (except on ds390). To enable this recompile it with the option -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset DUSE_FLOATS=1 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{USE\_FLOATS} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default on the command line. Use -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -model-large \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default for the mcs51 port, since this uses a lot of memory. - \layout Standard + If you're short on code memory you might want to use -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf_small() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_small()} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default -\emph on +\emph on instead -\emph default +\emph default of -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf(). -\family default +\family default For the mcs51 there additionally are assembly versions -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf_tiny() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_tiny() (mcs51)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default (subset of printf using less than 270 bytes) and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf_fast() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast() (mcs51)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf_fast_f() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast\_f() (mcs51)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default (floating-point aware version of printf_fast) which should fit the requirements of many embedded systems (printf_fast() can be customized by unsetting #defines to -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default support long variables and field widths). - Be sure to only use only one of these printf options within a project. -\newline - + Be sure to use only one of these printf options within a project. +\newline \layout Standard + Feature matrix of different -\emph on +\emph on printf -\emph default +\emph default options on mcs51. - \layout Standard -\begin_inset Tabular + + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -16803,66 +17104,66 @@ printf \layout Standard -\series bold -\size large -mcs51 -\end_inset +\series bold +\size large +mcs51 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + printf \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf} -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + printf -\size scriptsize +\size scriptsize USE_FLOATS=1 - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -printf_small -\end_inset +printf_small +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -printf_fast -\end_inset +printf_fast +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -printf_fast_f -\end_inset +printf_fast_f +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -printf_tiny -\end_inset +printf_tiny +\end_inset @@ -16870,69 +17171,69 @@ printf_tiny \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -filename -\end_inset +filename +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size scriptsize -printf_large.c -\end_inset +\size scriptsize +printf_large.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size scriptsize -printf_large.c -\end_inset +\size scriptsize +printf_large.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size scriptsize -printfl.c -\end_inset +\size scriptsize +printfl.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size scriptsize -printf_fast.c -\end_inset +\size scriptsize +printf_fast.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size scriptsize -printf_fast_f.c -\end_inset +\size scriptsize +printf_fast_f.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size scriptsize -printf_tiny.c -\end_inset +\size scriptsize +printf_tiny.c +\end_inset @@ -16940,67 +17241,68 @@ printf_tiny.c \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Hello World \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset size - \layout Standard -small / large -\end_inset +small / large +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1.7k / 2.4k -\end_inset +1.7k / 2.4k +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -4.3k / 5.6k -\end_inset +4.3k / 5.6k +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1.2k / 1.8k -\end_inset +1.2k / 1.8k +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1.3k / 1.3k -\end_inset +1.3k / 1.3k +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1.9k / 1.9k -\end_inset +1.9k / 1.9k +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0.44k / 0.44k -\end_inset +0.44k / 0.44k +\end_inset @@ -17008,60 +17310,60 @@ small / large \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -code size +code size \layout Standard -small / large -\end_inset +small / large +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1.4k / 2.0k -\end_inset +1.4k / 2.0k +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -2.8k / 3.7k -\end_inset +2.8k / 3.7k +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0.45k / 0.47k (+ _ltoa) -\end_inset +0.45k / 0.47k (+ _ltoa) +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1.2k / 1.2k -\end_inset +1.2k / 1.2k +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1.6k / 1.6k -\end_inset +1.6k / 1.6k +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0.26k / 0.26k -\end_inset +0.26k / 0.26k +\end_inset @@ -17069,135 +17371,135 @@ small / large \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -formats -\end_inset +formats +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + cdi -\emph on +\emph on o -\emph default +\emph default psux - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none cd -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default f -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off i -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph on -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph on +\bar default +\noun default o -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off psux - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + c -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none d -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph on -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph on +\bar default +\noun default o -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off s -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default x - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -cdsux -\end_inset +cdsux +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -cdfsux -\end_inset +cdfsux +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -cdsux -\end_inset +cdsux +\end_inset @@ -17205,66 +17507,66 @@ cdsux \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -long (32 bit) support -\end_inset +long (32 bit) support +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -x -\end_inset +x +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -x -\end_inset +x +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -x -\end_inset +x +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -x -\end_inset +x +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none x - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset @@ -17272,57 +17574,57 @@ x \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -byte arguments on stack -\end_inset +byte arguments on stack +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -b -\end_inset +b +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -b -\end_inset +b +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset @@ -17330,71 +17632,71 @@ b \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + float format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -%f -\end_inset +%f +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + %f \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard -Range limited to +/- 4294967040, precision limited to 8 digits past decimal - -\end_inset +Range limited to +/- 4294967040, precision limited to 8 digits past decimal +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset @@ -17402,57 +17704,57 @@ Range limited to +/- 4294967040, precision limited to 8 digits past decimal \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -float formats %e %g -\end_inset +float formats %e %g +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset @@ -17460,57 +17762,57 @@ float formats %e %g \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -field width -\end_inset +field width +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -x -\end_inset +x +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -x -\end_inset +x +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -x -\end_inset +x +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -x -\end_inset +x +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset @@ -17518,73 +17820,73 @@ x \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + string speed \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard + Execution time of printf("%s%c%s%c%c%c", "Hello", ' ', "World", '!', ' -\backslash +\backslash r', ' -\backslash +\backslash n'); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar() - -\end_inset +\end_inset , - \layout Standard -small / large -\end_inset +small / large +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1.52 / 2.59 ms -\end_inset +1.52 / 2.59 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1.53 / 2.62 ms -\end_inset +1.53 / 2.62 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0.92 / 0.93 ms -\end_inset +0.92 / 0.93 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0.45 / 0.45 ms -\end_inset +0.45 / 0.45 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0.46 / 0.46 ms -\end_inset +0.46 / 0.46 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0.45 / 0.45 ms -\end_inset +0.45 / 0.45 ms +\end_inset @@ -17592,79 +17894,79 @@ small / large \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + int speed \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard + Execution time of printf("%d", -12345); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar() - -\end_inset +\end_inset , - \layout Standard -small / large -\end_inset +small / large +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -3.01 / 3.61 ms -\end_inset +3.01 / 3.61 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -3.01 / 3.61 ms -\end_inset +3.01 / 3.61 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -3.51 / 18.13 ms -\end_inset +3.51 / 18.13 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0.22 / 0.22 ms -\end_inset +0.22 / 0.22 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0.23 / 0.23 ms -\end_inset +0.23 / 0.23 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + 0.25 / 0.25 ms \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard -printf_tiny integer speed is data dependent, worst case is 0.33 ms - -\end_inset +printf_tiny integer speed is data dependent, worst case is 0.33 ms +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -17672,70 +17974,70 @@ printf_tiny integer speed is data dependent, worst case is 0.33 ms \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + long speed \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard + Execution time of printf("%ld", -123456789); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar() - -\end_inset +\end_inset , - \layout Standard -small / large -\end_inset +small / large +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -5.37 / 6.31 ms -\end_inset +5.37 / 6.31 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -5.37 / 6.31 ms -\end_inset +5.37 / 6.31 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -8.71 / 40.65 ms -\end_inset +8.71 / 40.65 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0.40 / 0.40 ms -\end_inset +0.40 / 0.40 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0.40 / 0.40 ms -\end_inset +0.40 / 0.40 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset @@ -17743,293 +18045,289 @@ small / large \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + float speed \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard + Execution time of printf("%.3f", -12345.678); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar() - -\end_inset +\end_inset , - \layout Standard -small / large -\end_inset +small / large +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -7.49 / 22.47 ms -\end_inset +7.49 / 22.47 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1.04 / 1.04 ms -\end_inset +1.04 / 1.04 ms +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -- -\end_inset +- +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsubsection + \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{malloc.h} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + As of SDCC 2.6.2 you no longer need to call an initialization routine before using dynamic memory allocation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{dynamic memory allocation (malloc)} -\end_inset +\end_inset and a default heap \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{heap (malloc)} -\end_inset +\end_inset space of 1024 bytes is provided for malloc to allocate memory from. If you need a different heap size you need to recompile _heap.c with the required size defined in HEAP_SIZE. It is recommended to make a copy of this file into your project directory and compile it there with: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -sdcc -c _heap.c -D HEAD_SIZE=2048 +\family typewriter +sdcc -c _heap.c -D HEAD_SIZE=2048 \layout Standard -And then link it with: +And then link it with: \layout Verse -\family typewriter -sdcc main.rel _heap.rel +\family typewriter +sdcc main.rel _heap.rel \layout Subsection -Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.) +Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.) \layout Subsubsection - + \layout Standard -See definitions in file . +See definitions in file . \layout Subsection -Other libraries +Other libraries \layout Standard + Libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset included in SDCC should have a license at least as liberal as the GNU Lesser General Public License \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph on +\emph on LGPL -\emph default +\emph default . - \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Note collapsed true \layout Standard + license statements for the libraries are missing. sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c - \layout Standard + or _decdptr f.e. come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal enough for many embedded programmers. - -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code which f.e. falls into any of these categories Busses (I \begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{2}}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory cards, eeprom, flash...), En-/Decryption, Remote debugging, Realtime kernel, Keyboard, LCD, RTC, FPGA, PID then the sdcc-user mailing list \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ would certainly like to hear about it. - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl e these references are very valuable. Let's help to create a climate where information is shared. - - - \layout Section -Memory Models +Memory Models \layout Subsection + MCS51 Memory Models \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory model} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsubsection -Small, Medium and Large +Small, Medium and Large \layout Standard + SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code, -\shape slanted +\shape slanted small, medium -\shape default +\shape default and -\shape slanted +\shape slanted large -\shape default +\shape default . Modules compiled with different memory models should -\emph on +\emph on never -\emph default +\emph default be combined together or the results would be unpredictable. The library routines supplied with the compiler are compiled as small, medium and large. The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small, medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set. - \layout Standard + When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset functions). When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated in the internal ram. - \layout Standard + Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset and the 'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code, than using the large model. Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless absolutely required. - \layout Subsubsection + External Stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:External-Stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{External stack (mcs51)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The external stack (- \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xstack option \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) is located in pdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset memory (usually at the start of the external ram segment) and uses all unused space in pdata (max. @@ -18040,17 +18338,15 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xstack option is used to compile the program, the parameters and local variables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset of all reentrant functions are allocated in this area. This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements. @@ -18060,58 +18356,56 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset option, all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same options. There is a predefined target in the library makefile). - \layout Standard + The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment into port P2 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} -\end_inset +\end_inset (see also section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} -\end_inset +\end_inset ), therefore when using the External Stack option, this port -\emph on +\emph on may not -\emph default +\emph default be used by the application program. - \layout Subsection + DS390 Memory Model \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390 memory model} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The only model supported is Flat 24 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)} -\end_inset +\end_inset . This generates code for the 24 bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas @@ -18119,52 +18413,48 @@ The only model supported is Flat 24 In this mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly addressed. See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information on this part. -\newline +\newline -\newline -Note - that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor into - 24 bitmode (although -\emph on +\newline +Note that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor + into 24 bitmode (although +\emph on tinibios -\emph default +\emph default in the ds390 libraries will do that for you). If you don't use -\emph on +\emph on tinibios -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tinibios (DS390)} -\end_inset +\end_inset , the boot loader or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24 bit contiguous addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code. -\newline +\newline -\newline -Like - the -\emph on +\newline +Like the +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -model-large -\emph default +\emph default option, variables will by default be placed into the XDATA segment. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual - \begin_inset ERT @@ -18172,62 +18462,60 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -*-loc options. Note that if any segments are located above 64K, the -r flag must be passed to the linker to generate the proper segment relocations, and the Intel HEX output format must be used. The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option -\emph on +\emph on -Wl-r -\emph default +\emph default on the SDCC command line. However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k. - \layout Section + Pragmas \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Pragmas} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pragmas} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard -SDCC supports the following #pragma directives: +SDCC supports the following #pragma directives: \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold save -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save} -\end_inset +\end_inset - this will save most current options to the save/restore stack. See #pragma\SpecialChar ~ restore. - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold restore -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore} -\end_inset +\end_inset - will restore saved options from the last save. saves & restores can be nested. @@ -18235,30 +18523,30 @@ restore restore pulls current options from the stack. See #pragma\SpecialChar ~ save. -\newline - +\newline \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold callee_saves -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} -\end_inset +\end_inset function1[,function2[,function3...]] - The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing & popping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} -\end_inset +\end_inset when calling small functions from larger functions. This option can be used to switch off the register saving convention for @@ -18275,54 +18563,52 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -callee-saves command line option is used, the function names specified in #pragma\SpecialChar ~ callee_saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line. - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold exclude -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} -\end_inset +\end_inset none | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma disables the generation of pairs of push/pop \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} -\end_inset +\end_inset instructions in -\emph on +\emph on I -\emph default +\emph default nterrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph on +\emph on S -\emph default +\emph default ervice -\emph on +\emph on R -\emph default +\emph default outines. The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition and it affects ALL ISR functions following it. @@ -18331,107 +18617,107 @@ exclude\SpecialChar ~ none \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} -\end_inset +\end_inset . See also the related keyword _naked \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold less_pedantic -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma less\_pedantic} -\end_inset +\end_inset - the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you'r on your own now ;-( - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold disable_warning -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma disable\_warning} -\end_inset +\end_inset - the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number . - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold nogcse -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} -\end_inset +\end_inset - will stop global common subexpression elimination. - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold noinduction -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset - will stop loop induction optimizations. - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold noinvariant -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant} -\end_inset +\end_inset - will not do loop invariant optimizations. For more details see Loop Invariants in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold noiv -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noiv} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Do not generate interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset vector table \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} -\end_inset +\end_inset entries for all ISR functions defined after the pragma. This is useful in cases where the interrupt vector table must be defined @@ -18442,64 +18728,64 @@ noiv number after the interrupt keyword, see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ about interrupts. - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold nojtbound -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} -\end_inset +\end_inset - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when switch statements are turned into jump-tables (dangerous). For more details see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold noloopreverse -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noloopreverse} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Will not do loop reversal optimization - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold nooverlay -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} -\end_inset +\end_inset - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a function. - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold stackauto -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto} -\end_inset +\end_inset - See option - \begin_inset ERT @@ -18507,128 +18793,126 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset and section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset Parameters and Local Variables. - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold opt_code_speed -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_speed} -\end_inset +\end_inset - The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly at the expense of code size. Currently this has little effect. - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold opt_code_size -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_size} -\end_inset +\end_inset - The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly at the expense of code speed. Currently this has little effect. - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold opt_code_balanced -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_balanced} -\end_inset +\end_inset - The compiler will attempt to generate code that is both compact and fast, as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the default). - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold std_sdcc89 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc89} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (default). - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold std_c89 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c89} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard. - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold std_sdcc99 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc99} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold std_c99 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c99} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold codeseg -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma codeseg} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Use this name (max. 8 characters) for the code segment. @@ -18638,23 +18922,21 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -codeseg. - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold constseg -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma constseg} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Use this name (max. 8 characters) for the const segment. @@ -18664,86 +18946,83 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -constseg. - \layout Standard + The preprocessor SDCPP \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} -\end_inset +\end_inset supports the following #pragma directives: - \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold pedantic_parse_number -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number} -\end_inset +\end_inset (+ | -) - Pedantic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed properly and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded. Default is off. Below is an example on how to use this pragma. -\emph on +\emph on Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard! - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter #pragma pedantic_parse_number + \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline #define LO_B(x) ((x) & 0xff) -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline unsigned char foo(void) -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3) -; -\newline +unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3); +\newline -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ return c; -\newline +\newline } -\newline - +\newline \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold preproc_asm -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset (+ | -) - switch _asm _endasm block preprocessing on / off. Default is on. @@ -18751,139 +19030,138 @@ preproc_asm This will prevent the preprocessor from changing the formating required by assembly code. Below is an example on how to use this pragma. - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter #pragma preproc_asm - \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline #define MYDELAY _asm -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ nop ;my assembly comment... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ nop -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ nop -\newline +\newline _endasm -\newline -#pragma preproc_asm - + -\newline +\newline +#pragma preproc_asm + +\newline -\newline +\newline void foo (void) -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ MYDELAY; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\newline - +\newline \layout Itemize -\series bold + +\series bold sdcc_hash -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma sdcc\_hash} -\end_inset +\end_inset (+ | -) - Allow "naked" hash in macro definition, for example: -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter #define DIR_LO(x) #(x & 0xff) -\family default +\family default -\newline +\newline Default is off. Below is an example on how to use this pragma. - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter #pragma preproc_asm + -\newline +\newline #pragma sdcc_hash + \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma sdcc\_hash} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline #define ROMCALL(x) -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov R6_B3, #(x & 0xff) -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov R7_B3, #((x >> 8) & 0xff) -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ lcall __romcall -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline ... -\newline +\newline _asm -\newline +\newline ROMCALL(72) -\newline +\newline _endasm; -\newline +\newline ... -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard + The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to store compiler generated temporary variables. @@ -18892,14 +19170,14 @@ The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations are used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside a function body could have unpredictable results. - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter #pragma save \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -18909,11 +19187,11 @@ The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* save the current settings */ -\newline +\newline #pragma nogcse \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} -\end_inset +\end_inset \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -18921,72 +19199,73 @@ The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* turnoff global subexpression elimination */ -\newline +\newline #pragma noinduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset /* turn off induction optimizations */ -\newline +\newline int foo () -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* large code */ -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline #pragma restore \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore} -\end_inset +\end_inset /* turn the optimizations back on */ - \layout Standard + The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated. It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragma's be used when changing options for a function. -\newline - -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline +\newline \layout Section -Defines Created by the Compiler +Defines Created by the Compiler \layout Standard + The compiler creates the following #defines \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#defines} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Defines created by the compiler} -\end_inset +\end_inset : -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\begin_inset Tabular + + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -18997,20 +19276,20 @@ The compiler creates the following #defines \layout Standard -\series bold -#define -\end_inset +\series bold +#define +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Description -\end_inset +\series bold +Description +\end_inset @@ -19018,24 +19297,24 @@ Description \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + SDCC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC} -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + Always defined. Since version 2.5.6 the version number as an int (ex. 256) - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -19043,32 +19322,32 @@ Always defined. \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + SDCC_mcs51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_mcs51} -\end_inset +\end_inset or SDCC_ds390 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_ds390} -\end_inset +\end_inset or SDCC_z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset , etc. - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390) -\end_inset +depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390) +\end_inset @@ -19076,38 +19355,38 @@ depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390) \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + __mcs51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_mcs51} -\end_inset +\end_inset , __ds390 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ds390} -\end_inset +\end_inset , __hc08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_hc08} -\end_inset +\end_inset , __z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset , etc - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + depending on the model used (e.g. -mz80) - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -19115,38 +19394,36 @@ depending on the model used (e.g. \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + SDCC_STACK_AUTO \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_AUTO} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + when -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto -\emph default +\emph default option is used - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -19154,38 +19431,36 @@ status Collapsed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + SDCC_MODEL_SMALL \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_SMALL} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + when -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -model-small -\emph default +\emph default is used - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -19193,38 +19468,36 @@ status Collapsed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_MEDIUM} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + when -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -model-medium -\emph default +\emph default is used - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -19232,38 +19505,36 @@ status Collapsed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + SDCC_MODEL_LARGE \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_LARGE} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + when -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -model-large -\emph default +\emph default is used - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -19271,38 +19542,36 @@ status Collapsed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + SDCC_USE_XSTACK \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_USE\_XSTACK} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + when -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -xstack -\emph default +\emph default option is used - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -19310,26 +19579,26 @@ status Collapsed \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + SDCC_STACK_TENBIT \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_TENBIT} -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + when -\emph on +\emph on -mds390 -\emph default +\emph default is used - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -19337,204 +19606,213 @@ when \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_FLAT24} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + when -\emph on +\emph on -mds390 -\emph default +\emph default is used - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Chapter -Notes on supported Processors +Notes on supported Processors \layout Section + MCS51 variants \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:MCS51-variants} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different flavours. While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible. - \layout Subsection -pdata access by SFR +pdata access by SFR \layout Standard + With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices using port P2 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} -\end_inset +\end_inset as dedicated I/O port is becoming more popular. Switching the high byte for pdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset access which was formerly done by port P2 is then achieved by a Special Function Register \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset . In well-established MCS51 tradition the address of this -\emph on +\emph on sfr -\emph default +\emph default is where the chip designers decided to put it. Needless to say that they didn't agree on a common name either. So that the startup code can correctly initialize xdata variables, you should define an sfr with the name _XPAGE -\family typewriter +\family typewriter \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_XPAGE (mcs51)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this. Some examples are: +\layout Verse + +\family typewriter +__sfr __at (0x85) _XPAGE; /* Ramtron VRS51 family a.k.a. + MPAGE */ \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family */ +\family typewriter +__sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family, Texas Instruments (Chipcon) + a.k.a. + MPAGE */ \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */ +\family typewriter +__sfr __at (0x91) _XPAGE; /* Infineon (Siemens) C500 family a.k.a. + XPAGE */ \layout Verse -\family typewriter -__sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */ +\family typewriter +__sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips a.k.a. + EMI0CN */ +\layout Verse + + +\family typewriter +__sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips a.k.a. + EMI0CN */ \layout Standard + For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed. See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} -\end_inset +\end_inset for other possibilities. - \layout Subsection -Other Features available by SFR +Other Features available by SFR \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} -\end_inset +\end_inset , multiple DPTR, decrementing DPTR, 16x16 Multiply. These are currently not used for the MCS51 port. If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit a patch to SDCC. - - - \layout Section -DS400 port +DS400 port \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip The DS80C400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS400} -\end_inset +\end_inset microcontroller has a rich set of peripherals. In its built-in ROM library it includes functions to access some of the features, among them is a TCP stack with IP4 and IP6 support. Library headers (currently in beta status) and other files are provided at -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.dalsemi.com/pub/tini/ds80c400/c_libraries/sdcc/index.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - - - \layout Section -The Z80 and gbz80 port +The Z80 and gbz80 port \layout Standard + SDCC can target both the Zilog Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset and the Nintendo Gameboy's Z80-like gbz80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The Z80 port is passed through the same -\emph on +\emph on regressions tests \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long variables and bitfield support is fine. See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines. - \layout Standard \added_space_bottom bigskip As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and @@ -19542,7 +19820,7 @@ As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and The stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset frame is similar to that generated by the IAR Z80 compiler. IX is used as the base pointer, HL and IY are used as a temporary registers, @@ -19550,24 +19828,22 @@ As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and Return values \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!return value} -\end_inset +\end_inset for the Z80 port are stored in L (one byte), HL (two bytes), or DEHL (four bytes). The gbz80 port use the same set of registers for the return values, but in a different order of significance: E (one byte), DE (two bytes), or HLDE (four bytes). - - - \layout Section -The HC08 port +The HC08 port \layout Standard + The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset family has been added in October 2003, and is still undergoing some basic development. @@ -19575,56 +19851,51 @@ The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08 unoptimized. Some of the SDCC's standard C library functions have embedded non-HC08 inline assembly and so are not yet usable. - \layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip -\pagebreak_bottom +\added_space_bottom bigskip \pagebreak_bottom The HC08 port passes the regression test suite (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). - - - - \layout Section -The PIC14 port +The PIC14 port \layout Standard + The 14bit PIC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} -\end_inset +\end_inset port still requires a major effort from the development community. However it can work for simple code. It passes its (smaller set of) regression tests \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)} -\end_inset +\end_inset in the directory -\shape italic +\shape italic sdcc/src/regression -\shape default +\shape default . - \layout Subsection + C code and 14bit PIC code page \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code page (pic14)} -\end_inset +\end_inset and RAM banks \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{RAM bank (pic14)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks. It does not have intimate knowledge of the code flow. It will put all the code section of a single asm file into a single code @@ -19633,97 +19904,97 @@ The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks. used. The compiler treats all functions of a single C file as being in the same code page unless it is non static. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline To get the best follow these guide lines: - \layout Enumerate + Make local functions static, as non static functions require code page selection overhead. - \layout Enumerate + For devices that have multiple code pages it is more efficient to use the same number of files as pages, i.e. for the 16F877 use 4 separate files and i.e. for the 16F874 use 2 separate files. This way the linker can put the code for each file into different code pages and there's less page selection overhead. - \layout Enumerate - And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC 14 as they have a very simple - instruction set), use 'unsigned char' whereever possible instead of 'int'. +And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC 14 as they have a very simple + instruction set), use 'unsigned char' whereever possible instead of 'int'. \layout Subsection -Creating a device include file +Creating a device include file \layout Standard + For generating a device include file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Header files} -\end_inset +\end_inset use the support perl script inc2h.pl kept in directory support/script. - \layout Subsection -Interrupt code +Interrupt code \layout Standard + For the interrupt function, use the keyword '__interrupt' \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset with level number of 0 (PIC14 only has 1 interrupt so this number is only there to avoid a syntax error - it ought to be fixed). E.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter void Intr(void) __interrupt 0 -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ T0IF = 0; /* Clear timer interrupt */ -\newline +\newline } - \layout Subsection -Linking and assembling +Linking and assembling \layout Standard + For assembling you can use either GPUTILS' \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)} -\end_inset +\end_inset gpasm.exe or MPLAB's mpasmwin.exe. GPUTILS is available from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} -\end_inset +\end_inset . For linking you can use either GPUTIL's gplink or MPLAB's mplink.exe. If you use MPLAB and an interrupt function then the linker script file vectors section will need to be enlarged to link with mplink. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Here is a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Makefile -\family default +\family default using GPUTILS: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter .c.o: -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -19733,7 +20004,7 @@ Makefile \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -19743,11 +20014,11 @@ sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ gpasm -c $*.asm -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline $(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -19756,21 +20027,20 @@ $(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -gplink - -m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib - +gplink -m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib \layout Standard + Here is a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Makefile -\family default +\family default using MPLAB: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter .c.o: -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -19780,7 +20050,7 @@ Makefile \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -19790,12 +20060,11 @@ sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm -\newline +\newline -\newline -$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) - -\newline +\newline +$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -19805,18 +20074,18 @@ $(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mplink /v $(PRJ).lkr /m $(PRJ).map /o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib - \layout Standard + Please note that indentations within a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Makefile -\family default +\family default have to be done with a tabulator character. - \layout Subsection -Command-line options +Command-line options \layout Standard + Besides the switches common to all SDCC backends, the PIC14 port accepts the following options (for an updated list see sdcc - \begin_inset ERT @@ -19824,228 +20093,216 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -help): - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -debug-extra \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-debug-extra} -\end_inset +\end_inset emit debug info in assembly output - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -no-pcode-opt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-no-pcode-opt} -\end_inset +\end_inset disable (slightly faulty) optimization on pCode - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-loc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-stack-loc} -\end_inset +\end_inset sets the lowest address of the argument passing stack (defaults to a suitably large shared databank to reduce BANKSEL overhead) - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-size \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-stack-size} -\end_inset +\end_inset sets the size if the argument passing stack (default: 16, minimum: 4) - \layout Subsection -The library +The library \layout Subsubsection + error: missing definition for symbol \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset __gptrget1 \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The PIC14 port uses library routines to provide more complex operations like multiplication, division/modulus and (generic) pointer dereferencing. In order to add these routines to your project, you must link with PIC14's -\family typewriter +\family typewriter libsdcc.lib -\family default +\family default . For single source file projects this is done automatically, more complex projects must add -\family typewriter +\family typewriter libsdcc.lib -\family default +\family default to the linker's arguments. Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch to the linker)! - \layout Subsubsection + Processor mismatch in file \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset XXX \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Standard + This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst 14 bit PIC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} -\end_inset +\end_inset devices. - \layout Standard + You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter device/lib/pic/Makefile.in -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter device/lib/pic/Makefile -\family default +\family default to reflect your device. This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unneccesary BANKSELs migth be removed. - \layout Subsection -Known bugs +Known bugs \layout Subsubsection -initialized data +initialized data \layout Standard -Currently, data can only be initialized if it resides in the source file \pagebreak_bottom +Currently, data can only be initialized if it resides in the source file together with -\emph on +\emph on main() -\emph default +\emph default . Data in other source files will silently -\series bold +\series bold not -\series default +\series default be initialized. -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize \begin_inset Marginal collapsed true \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold \SpecialChar ~ ! - -\end_inset - - +\end_inset \layout Section + The PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port - \layout Standard + The PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port is the portion of SDCC that is responsible to produce code for the Microchip \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Microchip} -\end_inset +\end_inset (TM) microcontrollers with 16 bit core. Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx. Currently supported devices are: - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -20059,49 +20316,49 @@ The PIC16 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F242 -\end_inset +18F242 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F248 -\end_inset +18F248 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F252 -\end_inset +18F252 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F258 -\end_inset +18F258 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F442 -\end_inset +18F442 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F448 -\end_inset +18F448 +\end_inset @@ -20109,49 +20366,49 @@ The PIC16 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F452 -\end_inset +18F452 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F458 -\end_inset +18F458 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F1220 -\end_inset +18F1220 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F2220 -\end_inset +18F2220 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F2550 -\end_inset +18F2550 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F4331 -\end_inset +18F4331 +\end_inset @@ -20159,49 +20416,49 @@ The PIC16 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F4455 -\end_inset +18F4455 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F6520 -\end_inset +18F6520 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F6620 -\end_inset +18F6620 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F6680 -\end_inset +18F6680 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F6720 -\end_inset +18F6720 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F8520 -\end_inset +18F8520 +\end_inset @@ -20209,83 +20466,78 @@ The PIC16 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F8620 -\end_inset +18F8620 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F8680 -\end_inset +18F8680 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -18F8720 -\end_inset +18F8720 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection -Global Options +Global Options \layout Standard + PIC16 port supports the standard command line arguments as supposed, with the exception of certain cases that will be mentioned in the following list: - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -callee-saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-callee-saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset See - \begin_inset ERT @@ -20293,366 +20545,332 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -all-callee-saves - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -all-callee-saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-all-callee-saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset All function arguments are passed on stack by default. -\emph on +\emph on There is no need to specify this in the command line. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -fommit-frame-pointer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-fommit-frame-pointer} -\end_inset +\end_inset Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses no local variables. - \layout Subsection + Port Specific Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options PIC16} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc --help output. - \layout Subsubsection -General Options +General Options \layout Standard -General options enable certain port features and optimizations. +General options enable certain port features and optimizations. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -pstack-model=[model] Used in conjuction with the command above. Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are : - -\begin_deeper +\begin_deeper \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\emph on + +\emph on small -\emph default +\emph default Selects small stack model. 8 bit stack and frame pointers. Supports 256 bytes stack size. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\emph on + +\emph on large -\emph default +\emph default Selects large stack model. 16 bit stack and frame pointers. Supports 65536 bytes stack size. - -\end_deeper +\end_deeper \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating unitialized data variables with [kword]. Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr". - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -ivt-loc positions the Interrupt Vector Table at location . Useful for bootloaders. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -asm= sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -link= sets the full path and name of an external linker to call. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -mplab-comp MPLAB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!MPLAB} -\end_inset +\end_inset compatibility option. Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives. - \layout Subsubsection -Optimization Options +Optimization Options \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -optimize-goto Try to use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -obanksel=nn Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs. -\newline +\newline - -\begin_deeper +\begin_deeper \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -0 no optimization +0 no optimization \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + 1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit BANKSEL, accounts only for labels. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + 2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs if they are in the same bank. -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections across bank borders! - -\end_deeper +\end_deeper \layout Subsubsection -Linking Options +Linking Options \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -nodefaultlibs do not link default libraries when linking - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -use-crt= Use a custom run-time module instead of the defaults. - \layout Subsubsection -Debugging Options +Debugging Options \layout Standard -Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files. +Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -debug-xtra Similar to - \begin_inset ERT @@ -20660,116 +20878,104 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -debug \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} -\end_inset +\end_inset , but dumps more information. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -debug-ralloc Force register allocator to dump .d file with debugging information. is the name of the file compiled. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -pcode-verbose Enable pcode debugging information in translation. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes. Use with care. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -call-tree dump call tree in .calltree file - \layout Subsection -Enviromental Variables +Enviromental Variables \layout Standard + There is a number of enviromental variables that can be used when running SDCC to enable certain optimizations or force a specific program behaviour. these variables are primarily for debugging purposes so they can be enabled/dis abled at will. - \layout Standard -Currently there is only two such variables available: +Currently there is only two such variables available: \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure bitfields is optimized by directly loading FSR0 with the address of the bitfield structure. @@ -20780,28 +20986,28 @@ OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure (ie. 80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this option). - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + NO_REG_OPT do not perform pCode registers optimization. This should be used for debugging purposes. In some where bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit from temporarily disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed. - \layout Subsection -Preprocessor Macros +Preprocessor Macros \layout Standard + PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port defines the following preprocessor macros while translating a source. - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -20811,17 +21017,17 @@ PIC16 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Macro -\end_inset +Macro +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Description -\end_inset +Description +\end_inset @@ -20829,17 +21035,17 @@ Description \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SDCC_pic16 -\end_inset +SDCC_pic16 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Port identification -\end_inset +Port identification +\end_inset @@ -20847,29 +21053,27 @@ Port identification \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + _ \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset _pic16 - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Port identification (same as above) -\end_inset +Port identification (same as above) +\end_inset @@ -20877,23 +21081,23 @@ Port identification (same as above) \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -pic18fxxxx -\end_inset +pic18fxxxx +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + MCU Identification. -\emph on +\emph on xxxx -\emph default +\emph default is the microcontrol identification number, i.e. 452, 6620, etc - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -20901,29 +21105,27 @@ xxxx \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + _ \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset _18Fxxxx - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -MCU Identification (same as above) -\end_inset +MCU Identification (same as above) +\end_inset @@ -20931,31 +21133,31 @@ MCU Identification (same as above) \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -STACK_MODEL_nnn -\end_inset +STACK_MODEL_nnn +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used -\end_inset +nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard -In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler: +In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler: \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -20965,17 +21167,17 @@ In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler: \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Macro -\end_inset +Macro +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Description -\end_inset +Description +\end_inset @@ -20983,23 +21185,23 @@ Description \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -__18Fxxxx -\end_inset +__18Fxxxx +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + MCU Identification. -\emph on +\emph on xxxx -\emph default +\emph default is the microcontrol identification number, i.e. 452, 6620, etc - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -21007,18 +21209,18 @@ xxxx \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SDCC_MODEL_nnn -\end_inset +SDCC_MODEL_nnn +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for SDCC - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -21026,39 +21228,39 @@ nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -STACK_MODEL_nnn -\end_inset +STACK_MODEL_nnn +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used -\end_inset +nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection -Directories +Directories \layout Standard + PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port uses the following directories for searching header files and libraries. - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -21070,33 +21272,33 @@ PIC16 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Directory -\end_inset +Directory +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Description -\end_inset +Description +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Target -\end_inset +Target +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Command prefix -\end_inset +Command prefix +\end_inset @@ -21104,33 +21306,33 @@ Command prefix \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16 -\end_inset +PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -PIC16 specific headers -\end_inset +PIC16 specific headers +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Compiler -\end_inset +Compiler +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard --I -\end_inset +-I +\end_inset @@ -21138,168 +21340,164 @@ Compiler \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16 -\end_inset +PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -PIC16 specific libraries -\end_inset +PIC16 specific libraries +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Linker -\end_inset +Linker +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard --L -\end_inset +-L +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection + Pragmas \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Pragmas} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port currently supports the following pragmas: - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset pragma stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset forces the code generator to initialize the stack & frame pointers at a specific address. This is an adhoc solution for cases where no STACK directive is available in the linker script or gplink is not instructed to create a stack section. -\newline -The - stack pragma should be used only once in a project. +\newline +The stack pragma should be used only once in a project. Multiple pragmas may result in indeterminate behaviour of the program. \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard + The old format (ie. #pragma stack 0x5ff) is deprecated and will cause the stack pointer to cross page boundaries (or even exceed the available data RAM) and crash the program. Make sure that stack does not cross page boundaries when using the SMALL stack model. - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline The format is as follows: - \layout LyX-Code -#pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size] +#pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size] \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on bottom_address -\emph default +\emph default is the lower bound of the stack section. The stack pointer initially will point at address (bottom_address+stack_size-1). - \layout LyX-Code -Example: +Example: \layout LyX-Code - \layout LyX-Code -/* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */ +/* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */ \layout LyX-Code -#pragma stack 0x200 100 +#pragma stack 0x200 100 \layout Standard + If the stack_size field is omitted then a stack is created with the default size of 64. This size might be enough for most programs, but its not enough for operations with deep function nesting or excessive stack usage. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma code} -\end_inset +\end_inset place a function symbol at static FLASH address - \layout LyX-Code -Example: +Example: \layout LyX-Code - \layout LyX-Code -/* place function test_func at 0x4000 */ +/* place function test_func at 0x4000 */ \layout LyX-Code -#pragma code test_func 0x4000 +#pragma code test_func 0x4000 \layout LyX-Code - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + library instructs the linker to use a library module. -\newline +\newline Usage: - \layout LyX-Code -#pragma library module_name +#pragma library module_name \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on module_name -\emph default +\emph default can be any library or object file (including its path). Note that there are four reserved keywords which have special meaning. These are: - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -21310,25 +21508,25 @@ module_name \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Keyword -\end_inset +Keyword +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Description -\end_inset +Description +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Module to link -\end_inset +Module to link +\end_inset @@ -21337,28 +21535,28 @@ Module to link \layout Standard -\series bold -ignore -\end_inset +\series bold +ignore +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -ignore all library pragmas -\end_inset +ignore all library pragmas +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on -(none) -\end_inset +\emph on +(none) +\end_inset @@ -21367,30 +21565,30 @@ ignore all library pragmas \layout Standard -\series bold -c -\end_inset +\series bold +c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -link the C library -\end_inset +link the C library +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on libc18f -\emph default +\emph default .lib - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -21399,30 +21597,30 @@ libc18f \layout Standard -\series bold -math -\end_inset +\series bold +math +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -link the Math libarary -\end_inset +link the Math libarary +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on libm18f -\emph default +\emph default .lib - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -21431,30 +21629,30 @@ libm18f \layout Standard -\series bold -io -\end_inset +\series bold +io +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -link the I/O library -\end_inset +link the I/O library +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on libio18f* -\emph default +\emph default .lib - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -21463,306 +21661,301 @@ libio18f* \layout Standard -\series bold -debug -\end_inset +\series bold +debug +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -link the debug library -\end_inset +link the debug library +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on libdebug -\emph default +\emph default .lib - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline * is the device number, i.e. 452 for PIC18F452 MCU. - \layout Standard + This feature allows for linking with specific libraries withoug having to explicit name them in the command line. Note that the -\noun on +\noun on ignore -\noun default +\noun default keyword will reject all modules specified by the library pragma. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + udata pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker will place a variable at a specific memory bank - \layout LyX-Code -Example: +Example: \layout LyX-Code - \layout LyX-Code -/* places variable foo at bank2 */ +/* places variable foo at bank2 */ \layout LyX-Code -#pragma udata bank2 foo +#pragma udata bank2 foo \layout LyX-Code -char foo; +char foo; \layout Standard + In order for this pragma to work extra SECTION directives should be added in the .lkr script. In the following example a sample .lkr file is shown: - \layout LyX-Code - \layout LyX-Code -// Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor +// Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor \layout LyX-Code -LIBPATH . +LIBPATH . \layout LyX-Code -CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED +CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED \layout LyX-Code -CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF +CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF \layout LyX-Code -CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED +CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED \layout LyX-Code -CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED +CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED \layout LyX-Code -CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED +CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED \layout LyX-Code -CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED +CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED \layout LyX-Code -ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F +ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F \layout LyX-Code - \layout LyX-Code -DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF +DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF \layout LyX-Code -DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF +DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF \layout LyX-Code -DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF +DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF \layout LyX-Code -DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF +DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF \layout LyX-Code -DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF +DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF \layout LyX-Code -DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF +DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF \layout LyX-Code -ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED +ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED \layout LyX-Code - \layout LyX-Code -SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config +SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config \layout LyX-Code - \layout LyX-Code -SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives +SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives \layout LyX-Code -SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link +SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link \layout LyX-Code -SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with +SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with \layout LyX-Code -SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name +SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name \layout LyX-Code -SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4 +SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4 \layout LyX-Code -SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5 +SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5 \layout Standard + The linker will recognise the section name set in the pragma statement and will position the variable at the memory bank set with the RAM field at the SECTION line in the linker script file. - \layout Subsection + Header Files \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Header-Files} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + There is one main header file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Header files} -\end_inset +\end_inset that can be included to the source files using the pic16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port. That file is the -\series bold +\series bold pic18fregs.h -\series default +\series default . This header file contains the definitions for the processor special registers, so it is necessary if the source accesses them. It can be included by adding the following line in the beginning of the file: - \layout LyX-Code -#include +#include \layout Standard + The specific microcontroller is selected within the pic18fregs.h automatically, so the same source can be used with a variety of devices. - \layout Subsection -Libraries +Libraries \layout Standard + The libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset that PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port depends on are the microcontroller device libraries which contain the symbol definitions for the microcontroller special function registers. These libraries have the format pic18fxxxx.lib, where -\emph on +\emph on xxxx -\emph default +\emph default is the microcontroller identification number. The specific library is selected automatically by the compiler at link stage according to the selected device. - \layout Standard + Libraries are created with gplib which is part of the gputils package \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Subsubsection* -Building the libraries +Building the libraries \layout Standard + Before using SDCC/pic16 there are some libraries that need to be compiled. This process is not done automatically by SDCC since not all users use SDCC for pic16 projects. So each user should compile the libraries separately. - \layout Standard -The steps to compile the pic16 libraries under Linux are: +The steps to compile the pic16 libraries under Linux are: \layout LyX-Code -cd device/lib/pic16 +cd device/lib/pic16 \layout LyX-Code -./configure +./configure \layout LyX-Code -make +make \layout LyX-Code -cd .. +cd .. \layout LyX-Code -make model-pic16 +make model-pic16 \layout LyX-Code -su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password +su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password \layout Standard -If you need to install the headers too, do: +If you need to install the headers too, do: \layout LyX-Code -cd device/include +cd device/include \layout LyX-Code -su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password +su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password \layout Standard + There exist a special target to build the I/O libraries. This target is not automatically build because it will build the I/O library for -\emph on +\emph on every -\emph default +\emph default supported device. This way building will take quite a lot of time. Users are advised to edit the -\series bold +\series bold device/lib/pic16/pics.build -\series default +\series default file and then execute: - \layout LyX-Code -make lib-io +make lib-io \layout Subsection -Memory Models +Memory Models \layout Standard -The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port: +The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port: \layout Itemize -small model +small model \layout Itemize -large model +large model \layout Standard + Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source. The sizes are shown in the next table: - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -21773,25 +21966,25 @@ Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source. \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Pointer sizes according to memory model -\end_inset +Pointer sizes according to memory model +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -small model -\end_inset +small model +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -large model -\end_inset +large model +\end_inset @@ -21799,25 +21992,25 @@ large model \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -code pointers -\end_inset +code pointers +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -16-bits -\end_inset +16-bits +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -24-bits -\end_inset +24-bits +\end_inset @@ -21825,114 +22018,114 @@ code pointers \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -data pointers -\end_inset +data pointers +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -16-bits -\end_inset +16-bits +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -16-bits -\end_inset +16-bits +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + It is advisable that all sources within a project are compiled with the same memory model. If one wants to override the default memory model, this can be done by declaring a pointer as -\series bold +\series bold far -\series default +\series default or -\series bold +\series bold near -\series default +\series default . Far selects large memory model's pointers, while near selects small memory model's pointers. - \layout Standard + The standard device libraries (see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:PIC16_Header-Files} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) contain no reference to pointers, so they can be used with both memory models. - \layout Subsection -Stack +Stack \layout Standard + The stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset implementation for the PIC16 port uses two indirect registers, FSR1 and FSR2. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer +FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer +FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer \layout Standard -The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port +The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port \layout Itemize -\noun on + +\noun on small -\noun default +\noun default model - \layout Itemize -\noun on + +\noun on large -\noun default +\noun default model - \layout Standard -\noun on + +\noun on Small -\noun default +\noun default model means that only the FSRxL byte is used to access stack and frame, while -\emph on -\noun on +\emph on +\noun on large -\emph default -\noun default +\emph default +\noun default uses both FSRxL and FSRxH registers. The following table shows the stack/frame pointers sizes according to stack model and the maximum space they can address: - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -21943,25 +22136,25 @@ large \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model -\end_inset +Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -small -\end_inset +small +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -large -\end_inset +large +\end_inset @@ -21969,25 +22162,25 @@ large \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Stack pointer FSR1 -\end_inset +Stack pointer FSR1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -8-bits -\end_inset +8-bits +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -16-bits -\end_inset +16-bits +\end_inset @@ -21995,151 +22188,151 @@ Stack pointer FSR1 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Frame pointer FSR2 -\end_inset +Frame pointer FSR2 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -8-bits -\end_inset +8-bits +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -16-bits -\end_inset +16-bits +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard -\noun on + +\noun on Large -\noun default +\noun default stack model is currently not working properly throughout the code generator. So its use is not advised. Also there are some other points that need special care: -\newline - +\newline \layout Enumerate + Do not create stack sections with size more than one physical bank (that is 256 bytes) - \layout Enumerate + Stack sections should no cross physical bank limits (i.e. #pragma stack 0x50 0x100) - \layout Standard + These limitations are caused by the fact that only FSRxL is modified when using SMALL stack model, so no more than 256 bytes of stack can be used. This problem will disappear after LARGE model is fully implemented. - \layout Subsection -Functions +Functions \layout Standard + In addition to the standard SDCC function keywords, PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port makes available two more: - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + wparam \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!wparam} -\end_inset +\end_inset Use the WREG to pass one byte of the first function argument. This improves speed but you may not use this for functions with arguments that are called via function pointers, otherwise the first byte of the first parameter will get lost. Usage: - \layout LyX-Code -void func_wparam(int a) wparam +void func_wparam(int a) wparam \layout LyX-Code -{ +{ \layout LyX-Code - /* WREG hold the lower part of a */ + /* WREG hold the lower part of a */ \layout LyX-Code + /* the high part of a is stored in FSR2+2 (or +3 for large stack model) */ - \layout LyX-Code -... +... \layout LyX-Code -} +} \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + shadowregs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!shadowregs} -\end_inset +\end_inset When entering/exiting an ISR, it is possible to take advantage of the PIC18F hardware shadow registers which hold the values of WREG, STATUS and BSR registers. This can be done by adding the keyword -\emph on +\emph on shadowregs -\emph default +\emph default before the -\emph on +\emph on interrupt -\emph default +\emph default keyword in the function's header. - \layout LyX-Code -void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1 +void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1 \layout LyX-Code -{ +{ \layout LyX-Code -... +... \layout LyX-Code -} +} \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on shadowregs -\emph default +\emph default instructs the code generator not to store/restore WREG, STATUS, BSR when entering/exiting the ISR. - \layout Subsection -Function return values +Function return values \layout Standard + Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following a modified Microchip policy optimized for SDCC. The following table shows these registers: - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -22149,17 +22342,17 @@ Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -size -\end_inset +size +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -destination register -\end_inset +destination register +\end_inset @@ -22167,17 +22360,17 @@ destination register \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -8 bits -\end_inset +8 bits +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -WREG -\end_inset +WREG +\end_inset @@ -22185,17 +22378,17 @@ WREG \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -16 bits -\end_inset +16 bits +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -PRODL:WREG -\end_inset +PRODL:WREG +\end_inset @@ -22203,17 +22396,17 @@ PRODL:WREG \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -24 bits -\end_inset +24 bits +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -PRODH:PRODL:WREG -\end_inset +PRODH:PRODL:WREG +\end_inset @@ -22221,17 +22414,17 @@ PRODH:PRODL:WREG \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -32 bits -\end_inset +32 bits +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG -\end_inset +FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG +\end_inset @@ -22239,64 +22432,64 @@ FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG \begin_inset Text \layout Standard ->32 bits -\end_inset +>32 bits +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning -\end_inset +on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection -Interrupts +Interrupts \layout Standard + An interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset service routine (ISR) is declared using the -\emph on +\emph on interrupt -\emph default +\emph default keyword. - \layout LyX-Code + void isr(void) interrupt -\emph on +\emph on n - \layout LyX-Code -{ +{ \layout LyX-Code -... +... \layout LyX-Code -} +} \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on n -\emph default +\emph default is the interrupt number, which for PIC18F devices can be: - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -22308,26 +22501,26 @@ n \layout Standard -\emph on -n -\end_inset +\emph on +n +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Interrupt Vector -\end_inset +Interrupt Vector +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Interrupt Vector Address -\end_inset +Interrupt Vector Address +\end_inset @@ -22335,25 +22528,25 @@ Interrupt Vector Address \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0 -\end_inset +0 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -RESET vector -\end_inset +RESET vector +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0x000000 -\end_inset +0x000000 +\end_inset @@ -22362,42 +22555,42 @@ RESET vector \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 1 - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none HIGH priority interrupts - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0x000008 -\end_inset +0x000008 +\end_inset @@ -22405,55 +22598,55 @@ HIGH priority interrupts \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -2 -\end_inset +2 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -LOW priority interrupts -\end_inset +LOW priority interrupts +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0x000018 -\end_inset +0x000018 +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + When generating assembly code for ISR the code generator places a -\noun on +\noun on goto -\noun default +\noun default instruction at the -\emph on +\emph on Interrupt Vector Address -\emph default +\emph default which points at the genetated ISR. This single GOTO instruction is part of an automatically generated -\emph on +\emph on interrupt entry point -\emph default +\emph default function. The actuall ISR code is placed as normally would in the code space. Upon interrupt request, the GOTO instruction is executed which jumps to the ISR code. When declaring interrupt functions as _naked this GOTO instruction is -\series bold +\series bold not -\series default +\series default generated. The whole interrupt functions is therefore placed at the Interrupt Vector Address of the specific interrupt. @@ -22465,80 +22658,80 @@ not collapsed false \layout Standard -This is not a problem when +This is not a problem when \layout Enumerate + this is a HIGH interrupt ISR and LOW interrupts are -\emph on +\emph on disabled -\emph default +\emph default or not used. - \layout Enumerate -when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt´s vector address. - -\end_inset +when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt´s vector address. +\end_inset \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on n -\emph default +\emph default is possible to be omitted. This way a function is generated similar to an ISR, but it is not assigned to any interrupt. - \layout Standard + When entering an interrupt, currently the PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port automatically saves the following registers: - \layout Itemize -WREG +WREG \layout Itemize -STATUS +STATUS \layout Itemize -BSR +BSR \layout Itemize -PROD (PRODL and PRODH) +PROD (PRODL and PRODH) \layout Itemize -FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H) +FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H) \layout Standard + These registers are restored upon return from the interrupt routine. \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard + NOTE that when the _naked attribute is specified for an interrupt routine, then NO registers are stored or restored. - -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection -Generic Pointers +Generic Pointers \layout Standard + Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types. There are 3 types of generic pointers currently implemented data, code and eeprom pointers. They are differentiated by the value of the 7th and 6th bits of the upper byte: - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -22551,41 +22744,41 @@ Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types. \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -pointer type -\end_inset +pointer type +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -7th bit -\end_inset +7th bit +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -6th bit -\end_inset +6th bit +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -rest of the pointer -\end_inset +rest of the pointer +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -description -\end_inset +description +\end_inset @@ -22593,45 +22786,45 @@ description \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -data -\end_inset +data +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1 -\end_inset +1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0 -\end_inset +0 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on -uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx -\end_inset +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on +uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory -\end_inset +a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory +\end_inset @@ -22639,45 +22832,45 @@ a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -code -\end_inset +code +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0 -\end_inset +0 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0 -\end_inset +0 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on -uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx -\end_inset +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on +uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory -\end_inset +a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory +\end_inset @@ -22685,45 +22878,45 @@ a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -eeprom -\end_inset +eeprom +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0 -\end_inset +0 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1 -\end_inset +1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on -uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx -\end_inset +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on +uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory -\end_inset +a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory +\end_inset @@ -22731,95 +22924,95 @@ a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -(unimplemented) -\end_inset +(unimplemented) +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1 -\end_inset +1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1 -\end_inset +1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on -xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx -\end_inset +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on +xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -unimplemented pointer type -\end_inset +unimplemented pointer type +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Generic pointer are read and written with a set of library functions which read/write 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes. - \layout Subsection -PIC16 C Libraries +PIC16 C Libraries \layout Subsubsection -Standard I/O Streams +Standard I/O Streams \layout Standard + In the -\emph on +\emph on stdio.h -\emph default +\emph default the type FILE is defined as: - \layout LyX-Code -typedef char * FILE; +typedef char * FILE; \layout Standard + This type is the stream type implemented I/O in the PIC18F devices. Also the standard input and output streams are declared in stdio.h: - \layout LyX-Code -extern FILE * stdin; +extern FILE * stdin; \layout LyX-Code -extern FILE * stdout; +extern FILE * stdout; \layout Standard + The FILE type is actually a generic pointer which defines one more type of generic pointers, the -\emph on +\emph on stream -\emph default +\emph default pointer. This new type has the format: - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -22834,57 +23027,57 @@ pointer. \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -pointer type -\end_inset +pointer type +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -<7:6> -\end_inset +<7:6> +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -<5> -\end_inset +<5> +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -<4> -\end_inset +<4> +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -<3:0> -\end_inset +<3:0> +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -rest of the pointer -\end_inset +rest of the pointer +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -descrption -\end_inset +descrption +\end_inset @@ -22892,75 +23085,75 @@ descrption \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -stream -\end_inset +stream +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -00 -\end_inset +00 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -1 -\end_inset +1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -0 -\end_inset +0 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -nnnn -\end_inset +nnnn +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on -uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu -\end_inset +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on +uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes -\end_inset +upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard -Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined: +Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined: \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -22972,33 +23165,33 @@ Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined: \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -stream type -\end_inset +stream type +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -value -\end_inset +value +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -module -\end_inset +module +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -description -\end_inset +description +\end_inset @@ -23006,35 +23199,35 @@ description \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -STREAM_USART -\end_inset +STREAM_USART +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family typewriter -0x200000UL -\end_inset +\family typewriter +0x200000UL +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -USART -\end_inset +USART +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral -\end_inset +Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral +\end_inset @@ -23042,35 +23235,35 @@ Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -STREAM_MSSP -\end_inset +STREAM_MSSP +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family typewriter -0x210000UL -\end_inset +\family typewriter +0x210000UL +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -MSSP -\end_inset +MSSP +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral -\end_inset +Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral +\end_inset @@ -23078,201 +23271,194 @@ Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -STREAM_USER -\end_inset +STREAM_USER +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family typewriter -0x2f0000UL -\end_inset +\family typewriter +0x2f0000UL +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -(none) -\end_inset +(none) +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions -\end_inset +Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard -The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header. +The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header. \layout Standard + In the libc library there exist the functions that are used to write to each of the above streams. These are - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + _ \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset _stream_usart_putchar writes a character at the USART stream - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + _ \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset _stream_mssp_putchar writes a character at the MSSP stream - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + putchar dummy function. This writes a character to a user specified manner. - \layout Standard + In order to increase performance -\emph on +\emph on putchar -\emph default +\emph default is declared in stdio.h as having its parameter in WREG (it has the wparam keyword). In stdio.h exists the macro PUTCHAR(arg) that defines the putchar function in a user-friendly way. -\emph on +\emph on arg -\emph default +\emph default is the name of the variable that holds the character to print. An example follows: - \layout LyX-Code + #include -\newline +\newline #include -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline PUTCHAR( c ) - \layout LyX-Code -{ +{ \layout LyX-Code - PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */ + PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */ \layout LyX-Code + } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void main(void) - \layout LyX-Code -{ +{ \layout LyX-Code - stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessary, since stdout points + stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessary, since stdout points \layout LyX-Code - * by default to STREAM_USER */ + * by default to STREAM_USER */ \layout LyX-Code + printf (¨This is a printf test -\backslash +\backslash n¨); - \layout LyX-Code -} +} \layout LyX-Code - \layout Subsubsection -Printing functions +Printing functions \layout Standard + PIC16 contains an implementation of the printf-family of functions. There exist the following functions: - \layout LyX-Code -extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...); +extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...); \layout LyX-Code -extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap); +extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap); \layout LyX-Code - \layout LyX-Code -extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...); +extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...); \layout LyX-Code -extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap); +extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap); \layout LyX-Code - \layout LyX-Code -extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...); +extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...); \layout LyX-Code -extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap); +extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap); \layout Standard + For sprintf and vsprintf -\emph on +\emph on buf -\emph default +\emph default should normally be a data pointer where the resulting string will be placed. No range checking is done so the user should allocate the necessery buffer. For fprintf and vfprintf -\emph on +\emph on fp -\emph default +\emph default should be a stream pointer (i.e. stdout, STREAM_MSSP, etc...). - \layout Subsubsection -Signals +Signals \layout Standard + The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources. A list of these interrupts is shown in the following table: - \layout Standard -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\align center + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -23284,33 +23470,33 @@ The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources. \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -signal name -\end_inset +signal name +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -description -\end_inset +description +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -signal name -\end_inset +signal name +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -descritpion -\end_inset +descritpion +\end_inset @@ -23318,33 +23504,33 @@ descritpion \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_RB -\end_inset +SIG_RB +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -PORTB change interrupt -\end_inset +PORTB change interrupt +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_EE -\end_inset +SIG_EE +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt -\end_inset +EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt +\end_inset @@ -23352,33 +23538,33 @@ EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_INT0 -\end_inset +SIG_INT0 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -INT0 external interrupt -\end_inset +INT0 external interrupt +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_BCOL -\end_inset +SIG_BCOL +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Bus collision interrupt -\end_inset +Bus collision interrupt +\end_inset @@ -23386,33 +23572,33 @@ Bus collision interrupt \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_INT1 -\end_inset +SIG_INT1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -INT1 external interrupt -\end_inset +INT1 external interrupt +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_LVD -\end_inset +SIG_LVD +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Low voltage detect interrupt -\end_inset +Low voltage detect interrupt +\end_inset @@ -23420,33 +23606,33 @@ Low voltage detect interrupt \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_INT2 -\end_inset +SIG_INT2 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -INT2 external interrupt -\end_inset +INT2 external interrupt +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_PSP -\end_inset +SIG_PSP +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Parallel slave port interrupt -\end_inset +Parallel slave port interrupt +\end_inset @@ -23454,33 +23640,33 @@ Parallel slave port interrupt \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_CCP1 -\end_inset +SIG_CCP1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -CCP1 module interrupt -\end_inset +CCP1 module interrupt +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_AD -\end_inset +SIG_AD +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -AD convertion complete interrupt -\end_inset +AD convertion complete interrupt +\end_inset @@ -23488,33 +23674,33 @@ AD convertion complete interrupt \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_CCP2 -\end_inset +SIG_CCP2 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -CCP2 module interrupt -\end_inset +CCP2 module interrupt +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_RC -\end_inset +SIG_RC +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -USART receive interrupt -\end_inset +USART receive interrupt +\end_inset @@ -23522,33 +23708,33 @@ USART receive interrupt \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_TMR0 -\end_inset +SIG_TMR0 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -TMR0 overflow interrupt -\end_inset +TMR0 overflow interrupt +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_TX -\end_inset +SIG_TX +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -USART transmit interrupt -\end_inset +USART transmit interrupt +\end_inset @@ -23556,33 +23742,33 @@ USART transmit interrupt \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_TMR1 -\end_inset +SIG_TMR1 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -TMR1 overflow interrupt -\end_inset +TMR1 overflow interrupt +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_MSSP -\end_inset +SIG_MSSP +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SSP receive/transmit interrupt -\end_inset +SSP receive/transmit interrupt +\end_inset @@ -23590,33 +23776,31 @@ SSP receive/transmit interrupt \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_TMR2 -\end_inset +SIG_TMR2 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt -\end_inset +TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -23624,189 +23808,187 @@ TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SIG_TMR3 -\end_inset +SIG_TMR3 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -TMR3 overflow interrupt -\end_inset +TMR3 overflow interrupt +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The prototypes for these names are defined in the header file -\emph on +\emph on signal.h -\emph default +\emph default . - \layout Standard -In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided: +In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided: \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for high priority interrupts. -\emph on +\emph on name -\emph default +\emph default is the function name to use. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo low priority interrupt. -\emph on +\emph on name -\emph default +\emph default is the function name to use. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + DEF_HANDLER(sig,handler) define a handler for signal -\emph on +\emph on sig. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table. +END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table. \layout Standard + Additionally there are two more macros to simplify the declaration of the signal handler: - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series medium + +\series medium SIGHANDLER(handler) -\series default +\series default this declares the function prototype for the -\emph on +\emph on handler -\emph default +\emph default function. - \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function. +SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function. \layout Standard -An example of using the macros above is shown below: +An example of using the macros above is shown below: \layout LyX-Code -#include +#include \layout LyX-Code + #include -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline DEF_INTHIGH(high_int) - \layout LyX-Code -DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler) +DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler) \layout LyX-Code -DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler) +DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler) \layout LyX-Code + END_DEF -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline SIGHANDLER(_tmr0_handler) - \layout LyX-Code -{ +{ \layout LyX-Code - /* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */ + /* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */ \layout LyX-Code + } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline SIGHANDLERNAKED(_bcol_handler) - \layout LyX-Code -{ +{ \layout LyX-Code - _asm + _asm \layout LyX-Code - /* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */ + /* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */ \layout LyX-Code - retfie + retfie \layout LyX-Code - _endasm; + _endasm; \layout LyX-Code -} +} \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold NOTES: -\series default +\series default Special care should be taken when using the above scheme: - \layout Itemize -do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros. +do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros. \layout Itemize + when declaring SIGHANDLERNAKED handler never forget to use -\emph on +\emph on retfie -\emph default +\emph default for proper returning. - \layout Subsection -PIC16 Port -- Tips +PIC16 Port -- Tips \layout Standard -Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16. +Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16. \layout Subsubsection -Stack size +Stack size \layout Standard + The default stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset size (that is 64 bytes) probably is enough for many programs. One must take care that when there are many levels of function nesting, @@ -23816,11 +23998,11 @@ The default stack need to set the stack size around the maximum (256 for small stack model). The following diagram shows what happens when calling printf to print an integer: - \layout LyX-Code -printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar () +printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar () \layout Standard + It is should be understood that stack is easily consumed when calling complicate d functions. Using command line arguments like - @@ -23829,71 +24011,69 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -fommit-frame-pointer might reduce stack usage by not creating unnecessery stack frames. Other ways to reduce stack usage may exist. - \layout Subsection -Known bugs +Known bugs \layout Standard + The PIC16 Port currently does not pass SDCC's regression test \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC16)} -\end_inset +\end_inset suite (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) and thus the nightly regression tests for the PIC16 target are currently disabled for all hosts except for -\emph on +\emph on Linux on Opteron. -\emph default +\emph default This means you can see the result of the PIC16 regression tests f.e. by checking the log files in \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/regression_test_results/amd64-unknown-linux2.3/} -\end_inset +\end_inset (pick the most up to date file there, scroll down, lend a hand). - \layout Chapter -Debugging +Debugging \layout Standard + There are several approaches to debugging your code. This chapter is meant to show your options and to give detail on some of them: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline When writing your code: - \layout Itemize + write your code with debugging in mind (avoid duplicating code, put conceptually similar variables into structs, use structured code, have strategic points within your code where all variables are consistent, ...) - \layout Itemize + run a syntax-checking tool like splint \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset (see - \begin_inset ERT @@ -23901,20 +24081,18 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -more-pedantic \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) over the code. - \layout Itemize + for the high level code use a C-compiler (like f.e. GCC) to compile run and debug the code on your host. See (see - @@ -23923,65 +24101,63 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -more-pedantic \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) on howto handle syntax extensions like __xdata, __at(), ... - \layout Itemize + use another C-compiler to compile code for your target. Always an option but not recommended:) And not very likely to help you. If you seriously consider walking this path you should at least occasionally check portability of your code. Most commercial compiler vendors will offer an evaluation version so you can test compile your code or snippets of your code. - \layout Standard -Debugging on a simulator: +Debugging on a simulator: \layout Itemize + there is a separate section about SDCDB (section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) below. - \layout Itemize + or (8051 specific) use a freeware/commercial simulator which interfaces to the AOMF \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} -\end_inset +\end_inset file (see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) optionally generated by SDCC. - \layout Standard -Debugging On-target: +Debugging On-target: \layout Itemize + use a MCU port pin to serially output debug data to the RS232 port of your host. You'll probably want some level shifting device typically involving a MAX232 or similar IC. If the hardware serial port of the MCU is not available search for 'Software UART' in your favourite search machine. - \layout Itemize + use an on-target monitor. In this context a monitor is a small program which usually accepts commands via a serial line and allows to set program counter, to single step through @@ -23990,21 +24166,21 @@ use an on-target monitor. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Related-open-source-tools} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). - \layout Itemize + toggle MCU port pins at strategic points within your code and use an oscilloscop e. A -\emph on +\emph on digital oscilloscope -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Oscilloscope} -\end_inset +\end_inset with deep trace memory is really helpful especially if you have to debug a realtime application. @@ -24014,144 +24190,144 @@ digital oscilloscope monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\SpecialChar ~ k \begin_inset Formula $\Omega$ -\end_inset +\end_inset resistor and the other one by a 5\SpecialChar ~ k \begin_inset Formula $\Omega$ -\end_inset +\end_inset resistor to the oscilloscope probe (check output drive capability of the pins you want to monitor). If you need to monitor many more pins a -\emph on +\emph on logic analyzer -\emph default +\emph default will be handy. - \layout Itemize + use an ICE ( -\emph on +\emph on i -\emph default +\emph default n -\emph on +\emph on c -\emph default +\emph default ircuit -\emph on +\emph on e -\emph default +\emph default mulator \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ICE (in circuit emulator)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). Usually very expensive. And very nice to have too. And usually locks you (for years...) to the devices the ICE can emulate. - \layout Itemize + use a remote debugger. In most 8-bit systems the symbol information is not available on the target, and a complete debugger is too bulky for the target system. Therefore usually a debugger on the host system connects to an on-target debugging stub which accepts only primitive commands. -\newline +\newline Terms to enter into your favourite search engine could be 'remote debugging', 'gdb stub' or 'inferior debugger'. (is there one?) - \layout Itemize + use an on target hardware debugger. Some of the more modern MCUs include hardware support for setting break points and monitoring/changing variables by using dedicated hardware pins. This facility doesn't require additional code to run on the target and -\emph on +\emph on usually -\emph default +\emph default doesn't affect runtime behaviour until a breakpoint is hit. For the mcs51 most hardware debuggers use the AOMF \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} -\end_inset +\end_inset file (see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) as input file. - \layout Standard -Last not least: +Last not least: \layout Itemize + if you are not familiar with any of the following terms you're likely to run into problems rather sooner than later: -\emph on +\emph on volatile -\emph default +\emph default , -\emph on +\emph on atomic -\emph default +\emph default , -\emph on +\emph on memory map -\emph default +\emph default , -\emph on +\emph on overlay -\emph default +\emph default . As an embedded programmer you -\emph on +\emph on have -\emph default +\emph default to know them so why not look them up -\emph on +\emph on before -\emph default +\emph default you have problems?) - \layout Itemize + tell someone else about your problem (actually this is a surprisingly effective means to hunt down the bug even if the listener is not familiar with your environment). As 'failure to communicate' is probably one of the job-induced deformations of an embedded programmer this is highly encouraged. - \layout Section + Debugging with SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} -\end_inset +\end_inset - \layout Standard + SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The debugger uses a command line interface, the command repertoire of the debugger has been kept as close to gdb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gdb} -\end_inset +\end_inset (the GNU debugger) as possible. The configuration and build process is part of the standard compiler installati @@ -24159,27 +24335,25 @@ on, which also builds and installs the debugger in the target directory specified during configuration. The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source level. - \layout Subsection -Compiling for Debugging +Compiling for Debugging \layout Standard + The - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -debug \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} -\end_inset +\end_inset option must be specified for all files for which debug information is to be generated. @@ -24187,31 +24361,29 @@ status Collapsed The linker creates the .cdb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.cdb} -\end_inset +\end_inset file from the .adb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.adb} -\end_inset +\end_inset files and the address information. This .cdb is used by the debugger. - \layout Subsection -How the Debugger Works +How the Debugger Works \layout Standard + When the - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -debug option is specified the compiler generates extra symbol information some of which are put into the assembler source and some are put into the @@ -24225,66 +24397,64 @@ status Collapsed When a command is issued for the debugger, it translates it into appropriate commands for the simulator. (Currently SDCDM only connects to the simulator but -\emph on +\emph on newcdb -\emph default +\emph default at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://ec2drv.sf.net/} -\end_inset +\end_inset is an effort to connect directly to the hardware.) - \layout Subsection -Starting the Debugger SDCDB +Starting the Debugger SDCDB \layout Standard + The debugger can be started using the following command line. (Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo). -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcdb foo -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline The debugger will look for the following files. - \layout Itemize -foo.c - the source file. +foo.c - the source file. \layout Itemize -foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file. +foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file. \layout Itemize + foo.ihx - the Intel hex format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} -\end_inset +\end_inset object file. - \layout Subsection -SDCDB Command Line Options +SDCDB Command Line Options \layout Itemize + - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -directory= this option can used to specify the directory search list. @@ -24298,11 +24468,9 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -directory option should be - \begin_inset ERT @@ -24310,326 +24478,324 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -directory=/home/src1:/home/src2. Note there can be no spaces in the option. - \layout Itemize --cd - change to the . +-cd - change to the . \layout Itemize --fullname - used by GUI front ends. +-fullname - used by GUI front ends. \layout Itemize + -cpu - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the simulator docs for details. - \layout Itemize + -X this options is passed to the simulator please see the simulator docs for details. - \layout Itemize --s passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. +-s passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. \layout Itemize --S passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. +-S passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. \layout Itemize --k passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. +-k passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. \layout Subsection -SDCDB Debugger Commands +SDCDB Debugger Commands \layout Standard + As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible. This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces (like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger. If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip this section. - \layout Subsubsection* -break [line | file:line | function | file:function] +break [line | file:line | function | file:function] \layout Standard + Set breakpoint at specified line or function: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcdb>break 100 -\newline +\newline sdcdb>break foo.c:100 -\newline +\newline sdcdb>break funcfoo -\newline +\newline sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo - \layout Subsubsection* -clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ] +clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ] \layout Standard + Clear breakpoint at specified line or function: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcdb>clear 100 -\newline +\newline sdcdb>clear foo.c:100 -\newline +\newline sdcdb>clear funcfoo -\newline +\newline sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo - \layout Subsubsection* -continue +continue \layout Standard -Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint. +Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint. \layout Subsubsection* -finish +finish \layout Standard -Execute till the end of the current function. +Execute till the end of the current function. \layout Subsubsection* -delete [n] +delete [n] \layout Standard + Delete breakpoint number 'n'. If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points. - \layout Subsubsection* -info [break | stack | frame | registers ] +info [break | stack | frame | registers ] \layout Itemize -info break - list all breakpoints +info break - list all breakpoints \layout Itemize -info stack - show the function call stack. +info stack - show the function call stack. \layout Itemize -info frame - show information about the current execution frame. +info frame - show information about the current execution frame. \layout Itemize -info registers - show content of all registers. +info registers - show content of all registers. \layout Subsubsection* -step +step \layout Standard + Step program until it reaches a different source line. Note: pressing repeats the last command. - \layout Subsubsection* -next +next \layout Standard -Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls. +Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls. \layout Subsubsection* -run +run \layout Standard -Start debugged program. +Start debugged program. \layout Subsubsection* -ptype variable +ptype variable \layout Standard -Print type information of the variable. +Print type information of the variable. \layout Subsubsection* -print variable +print variable \layout Standard -print value of variable. +print value of variable. \layout Subsubsection* -file filename +file filename \layout Standard + load the given file name. Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging. - \layout Subsubsection* -frame +frame \layout Standard -print information about current frame. +print information about current frame. \layout Subsubsection* -set srcmode +set srcmode \layout Standard -Toggle between C source & assembly source. +Toggle between C source & assembly source. \layout Subsubsection* -! simulator command +! simulator command \layout Standard + Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is displayed. Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator, so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution context and may display incorrect values. - \layout Subsubsection* -quit +quit \layout Standard + "Watch me now. Iam going Down. My name is Bobby Brown" - \layout Subsection -Interfacing SDCDB with DDD +Interfacing SDCDB with DDD \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Note collapsed true \layout Standard + The screenshot was converted from png to eps with: \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset bmeps -c -e8f -p3 ddd_example.png >ddd_example.eps \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset which produces a pretty compact eps file which is free from compression artifacts. - \layout Standard + The screenshot was included in sdccman.lyx cvs version 1.120 but later removed as this broke the build system on Sourceforge (pdf-file was broken. pdflatex does not accept eps files). - -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The -\emph on +\emph on p -\emph default +\emph default ortable -\emph on +\emph on n -\emph default +\emph default etwork -\emph on +\emph on g -\emph default +\emph default raphics File -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/figures/ddd_example.png} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size default +\size default shows a screenshot of a debugging session with DDD \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)} -\end_inset +\end_inset (Unix only) on a simulated 8032. The debugging session might not run as smoothly as the screenshot suggests. The debugger allows setting of breakpoints, displaying and changing variables, single stepping through C and assembler code. -\newline +\newline The source was compiled with -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline sdcc - -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -debug ddd_example.c -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline and DDD was invoked with -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline ddd -debugger "sdcdb -cpu 8032 ddd_example" - \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Note collapsed false \layout Standard + Check that the double quotes or an apostroph within the command line survive the LyX tool chain. Previously the apostrophs got slanted in the PDF output so a cut and paste did not work. - -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Subsection + Interfacing SDCDB with XEmacs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XEmacs} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Emacs} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs, sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el. These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat @@ -24637,66 +24803,65 @@ ion is complete. These files need to be loaded into XEmacs for the interface to work. This can be done at XEmacs startup time by inserting the following into your '.xemacs' file (which can be found in your HOME directory): -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (load-file sdcdbsrc.el) -\family default +\family default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline .xemacs is a lisp file so the () around the command is REQUIRED. The files can also be loaded dynamically while XEmacs is running, set the environment variable 'EMACSLOADPATH' to the installation bin directory (/bin), then enter the following command ESC-x load-file sdcdbsrc. To start the interface enter the following command: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold ESC-x sdcdbsrc -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline You will prompted to enter the file name to be debugged. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are - bound to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el. +\newline +The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are bound + to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el. The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required. - \layout Itemize -sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51 +sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51 \layout Itemize -sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200 +sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200 \layout Itemize -sdcdbsrc-serial nil +sdcdbsrc-serial nil \layout Standard -The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface. +The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface. \layout Standard -\SpecialChar ~ \pagebreak_bottom +\SpecialChar ~ -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ Current Listing :: -\newline +\newline ;;key\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24734,7 +24899,7 @@ binding\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ Comment -\newline +\newline ;;---\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24772,9 +24937,9 @@ Comment \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ------- -\newline +\newline ;; -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ n\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24791,8 +24956,7 @@ n\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-next-fro -m-src\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-next-from-src\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24803,7 +24967,7 @@ m-src\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ SDCDB next command -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ b\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24831,7 +24995,7 @@ sdcdb-back-from-src\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ SDCDB back command -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ c\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24848,8 +25012,7 @@ c\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-cont-f -rom-src\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-cont-from-src\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24860,7 +25023,7 @@ rom-src\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ SDCDB continue command -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ s\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24888,7 +25051,7 @@ sdcdb-step-from-src\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ SDCDB step command -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ ?\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24905,8 +25068,7 @@ SDCDB step command \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-w -hatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-whatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24917,7 +25079,7 @@ hatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ SDCDB ptypecommand for data at -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24966,7 +25128,7 @@ SDCDB ptypecommand for data at \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ buffer point -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ x\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -24997,9 +25159,8 @@ sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -SDCD -B Delete all breakpoints if no arg -\newline +SDCDB Delete all breakpoints if no arg +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25048,7 +25209,7 @@ B Delete all breakpoints if no arg \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ given or delete arg (C-u arg x) -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ m\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25065,8 +25226,7 @@ m\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc --frame\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-frame\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25082,7 +25242,7 @@ sdcdbsrc \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ SDCDB Display current frame if no arg, -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25130,9 +25290,8 @@ SDCDB Display current frame if no arg, \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -given or display frame arg - -\newline +given or display frame arg +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25181,7 +25340,7 @@ given or display frame arg \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ buffer point -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ !\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25209,7 +25368,7 @@ sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ Goto the SDCDB output buffer -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ p\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25226,8 +25385,7 @@ p\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-prin -t-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-print-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25239,7 +25397,7 @@ t-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ SDCDB print command for data at -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25288,7 +25446,7 @@ SDCDB print command for data at \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ buffer point -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ g\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25315,9 +25473,8 @@ sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -Got -o the SDCDB output buffer -\newline +Goto the SDCDB output buffer +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ t\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25350,11 +25507,10 @@ sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it - off) -\newline +Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it off) +\newline ;; -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ C-c\SpecialChar ~ C-f\SpecialChar ~ @@ -25375,9 +25531,9 @@ sdcdb-finish-from-src\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ SDCDB finish command -\newline +\newline ;; -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ C-x\SpecialChar ~ SPC\SpecialChar ~ @@ -25389,8 +25545,7 @@ SPC\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-brea -k\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-break\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25409,7 +25564,7 @@ k\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ Set break for line with point -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ ESC\SpecialChar ~ t\SpecialChar ~ @@ -25440,7 +25595,7 @@ sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode -\newline +\newline ;;\SpecialChar ~ ESC\SpecialChar ~ m\SpecialChar ~ @@ -25454,8 +25609,7 @@ m\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -sdc -dbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -25469,21 +25623,20 @@ dbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ Toggle list mode -\newline +\newline ;; -\newline - - +\newline \layout Chapter -TIPS +TIPS \layout Standard + Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally good programming practice. - \layout Itemize + Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value. If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'. @@ -25491,7 +25644,7 @@ Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value. promoted to 'signed int' \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Marginal @@ -25499,213 +25652,210 @@ collapsed true \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold \SpecialChar ~ ! - -\end_inset +\end_inset before doing any operation. This promotion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be omitted, if the result is the same. The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often surprising: - -\begin_deeper +\begin_deeper \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter unsigned char uc = 0xfe; -\newline +\newline if (uc * uc < 0) /* this is true! */ -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ .... -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter uc * uc -\family default +\family default is evaluated as -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (int) uc * (int) uc = (int) 0xfe * (int) 0xfe = (int) 0xfc04 = -1024 -\family default +\family default . -\newline +\newline Another one: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -(unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ... +\family typewriter +(unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ... \layout Standard -No, the result is not 4: +No, the result is not 4: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter (int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 = -\newline -(int) (unsigned char) - 0xf4 / (int) (signed char) 0xfd = -\newline +\newline +(int) (unsigned char) 0xf4 / (int) (signed char) 0xfd = +\newline +(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd = +\newline (int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd = -\newline -(int) 0x00f4 - / (int) 0xfffd = -\newline +\newline (int) 244 / (int) -3 = -\newline +\newline (int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf; - \layout Standard + Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result. gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints. Therefore the results are different. -\newline +\newline From \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset comp.lang.c FAQ \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset : - \layout Quote -\emph on + +\emph on If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values are not, or if you want to steer clear of sign-extension problems when manipulating bits or bytes, use one of the corresponding unsigned types. (Beware when mixing signed and unsigned values in expressions, though.) -\newline -Although - character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny" integers, - doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredictable - sign extension and increased code size. - -\end_deeper +\newline +Although character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny" + integers, doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredicta +ble sign extension and increased code size. +\end_deeper \layout Itemize + Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to be negative. This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting or are using an array index. - \layout Itemize -NEVER jump into a LOOP. +NEVER jump into a LOOP. \layout Itemize + Declare the variables to be local \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction). - \layout Itemize + Have a look at the assembly listing to get a \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset feeling \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset for the code generation. - \layout Section + Porting code from or to other compilers \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Itemize -check whether endianness of the compilers differs and adapt where needed. +check whether endianness of the compilers differs and adapt where needed. \layout Itemize + check the device specific header files \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files} -\end_inset +\end_inset for compiler specific syntax. Eventually include the file \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/compiler.h?view=markup} -\end_inset +\end_inset to allow using common header files. (see f.e. cc2510fx.h \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/cc2510fx.h?view=markup} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). - \layout Itemize + check whether the startup code contains the correct initialization (watchdog, peripherals). - \layout Itemize -check whether the sizes of short, int, long match. +check whether the sizes of short, int, long match. \layout Itemize + check if some 16 or 32 bit hardware registers require a specific addressing order (least significant or most significant byte first) and adapt if needed ( -\emph on +\emph on first -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on last -\emph default +\emph default relate to time and not to lower/upper memory location here, so this is -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default the same as endianness). - \layout Itemize + check whether the keyword -\emph on +\emph on volatile -\emph default +\emph default is used where needed. The compilers might differ in their optimization characteristics (as different versions of the same compiler might also use more clever optimizations @@ -25713,123 +25863,123 @@ volatile See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Itemize -check that the compilers are not told to supress warnings. +check that the compilers are not told to supress warnings. \layout Itemize + check and convert compiler specific extensions (interrupts, memory areas, pragmas etc.). - \layout Itemize + check for differences in type promotion. Especially check for math operations on -\family typewriter +\family typewriter char -\family default +\family default or -\family typewriter +\family typewriter unsigned char -\family default +\family default variables. For the sake of C99 compatibility SDCC will probably promote these to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter int -\family default +\family default more often than other compilers. Eventually insert explicit casts to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (char) -\family default +\family default or -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (unsigned char) -\family default +\family default . Also check that the ~\SpecialChar ~ operator \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator} -\end_inset +\end_inset is not used on -\family typewriter +\family typewriter bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default variables, use the !\SpecialChar ~ operator instead. See sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Itemize + check the assembly code generated for interrupt routines (f.e. for calls to possibly non-reentrant library functions). - \layout Itemize + check whether timing loops result in proper timing (or preferably consider a rewrite of the code with timer based delays instead). - \layout Itemize + check for differences in printf parameters (some compilers push (va_arg \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) char variables as -\family typewriter +\family typewriter int -\family default +\family default others push them as -\family typewriter +\family typewriter char -\family default +\family default . See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). - \layout Itemize + check the resulting memory map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Usage of different memory spaces: code, stack, data (for mcs51/ds390 additional ly idata, pdata, xdata). Eventually check if unexpected library functions are included. - \layout Section + Tools \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tools} -\end_inset +\end_inset included in the distribution - \layout Standard -\align left -\begin_inset Tabular +\align left + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -25841,30 +25991,30 @@ Tools \layout Standard -\series bold -Name -\end_inset +\series bold +Name +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Purpose -\end_inset +\series bold +Purpose +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Directory -\end_inset +\series bold +Directory +\end_inset @@ -25872,30 +26022,30 @@ Directory \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + uCsim \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Simulator for various architectures -\end_inset +Simulator for various architectures +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -sdcc/sim/ucsim -\end_inset +sdcc/sim/ucsim +\end_inset @@ -25903,35 +26053,35 @@ sdcc/sim/ucsim \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -keil2sdcc.pl -\end_inset +keil2sdcc.pl +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + header file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files} -\end_inset +\end_inset conversion - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -sdcc/support/scripts -\end_inset +sdcc/support/scripts +\end_inset @@ -25939,25 +26089,25 @@ sdcc/support/scripts \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -mh2h.c -\end_inset +mh2h.c +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -header file conversion -\end_inset +header file conversion +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -sdcc/support/scripts -\end_inset +sdcc/support/scripts +\end_inset @@ -25965,34 +26115,34 @@ sdcc/support/scripts \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -as-gbz80 -\end_inset +as-gbz80 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Assembler -\end_inset +Assembler +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26000,34 +26150,34 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -as-z80 -\end_inset +as-z80 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Assembler -\end_inset +Assembler +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26035,34 +26185,34 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -asx8051 -\end_inset +asx8051 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Assembler -\end_inset +Assembler +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26070,34 +26220,34 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SDCDB -\end_inset +SDCDB +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Simulator -\end_inset +Simulator +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26105,34 +26255,34 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -aslink -\end_inset +aslink +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Linker -\end_inset +Linker +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26140,34 +26290,34 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -link-z80 -\end_inset +link-z80 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Linker -\end_inset +Linker +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26175,34 +26325,34 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -link-gbz80 -\end_inset +link-gbz80 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Linker -\end_inset +Linker +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26210,60 +26360,60 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -packihx -\end_inset +packihx +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + Intel Hex packer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline - +\newline \layout Section + Documentation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset included in the distribution - \layout Standard -\align left -\begin_inset Tabular +\align left + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -26274,20 +26424,20 @@ Documentation \layout Standard -\series bold -Subject / Title -\end_inset +\series bold +Subject / Title +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Filename / Where to get -\end_inset +\series bold +Filename / Where to get +\end_inset @@ -26295,33 +26445,33 @@ Filename / Where to get \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SDCC Compiler User Guide -\end_inset +SDCC Compiler User Guide +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + You're reading it right now -\emph on +\emph on \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26329,33 +26479,33 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Changelog of SDCC -\end_inset +Changelog of SDCC +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + sdcc/Changelog -\emph on +\emph on \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26363,55 +26513,55 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + ASXXXX \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset Assemblers and -\newline +\newline ASLINK \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset Relocating Linker - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html -\emph on +\emph on \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26419,38 +26569,38 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + SDCC regression test \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf -\emph on +\emph on \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26458,33 +26608,33 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Various notes -\end_inset +Various notes +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + sdcc/doc/* -\emph on +\emph on \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26492,38 +26642,38 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + Notes on debugging with SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + sdcc/debugger/README -\emph on +\emph on \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at -\emph default +\emph default : -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/debugger/README} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26531,55 +26681,55 @@ online at \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + uCsim \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim} -\end_inset +\end_inset Software simulator for microcontrollers - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default /index.html -\emph on +\emph on \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc/index.html} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26587,38 +26737,38 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + Temporary notes on the pic16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES -\emph on +\emph on \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\newline +\newline -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26626,76 +26776,76 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format) -\end_inset +SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format) +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + sdcc/doc/ -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none cdbfileformat.pd -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default f -\emph on +\emph on \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/cdbfileformat.pdf} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline - +\newline \layout Section + Related open source tools \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Related-open-source-tools} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Related tools} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard -\align left -\begin_inset Tabular +\align left + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -26707,30 +26857,30 @@ Related open source tools \layout Standard -\series bold -Name -\end_inset +\series bold +Name +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Purpose -\end_inset +\series bold +Purpose +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Where to get -\end_inset +\series bold +Where to get +\end_inset @@ -26738,34 +26888,35 @@ Where to get \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + gpsim \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gpsim (pic simulator)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -PIC simulator -\end_inset +PIC simulator +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26773,34 +26924,35 @@ PIC simulator \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + gputils \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)} -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -GNU PIC utilities -\end_inset +GNU PIC utilities +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26808,29 +26960,30 @@ GNU PIC utilities \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -flP5 -\end_inset +flP5 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -PIC programmer -\end_inset +PIC programmer +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26838,30 +26991,31 @@ PIC programmer \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -ec2drv/newcdb -\end_inset +ec2drv/newcdb +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + Tools for Silicon Laboratories JTAG debug adapter, partly based on SDCDB (Unix only) - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ec2drv} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ec2drv} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26869,34 +27023,35 @@ Tools for Silicon Laboratories JTAG debug adapter, partly based on SDCDB \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + indent \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{indent (source formatting tool)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Formats C source - Master of the white spaces -\end_inset +Formats C source - Master of the white spaces +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26904,34 +27059,35 @@ Formats C source - Master of the white spaces \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + srecord \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Object file conversion, checksumming, ... -\end_inset +Object file conversion, checksumming, ... +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/srecord} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/srecord} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -26939,30 +27095,30 @@ Object file conversion, checksumming, ... \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + objdump \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Object file conversion, ... -\end_inset +Object file conversion, ... +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Part of binutils (should be there anyway) -\end_inset +Part of binutils (should be there anyway) +\end_inset @@ -26970,29 +27126,30 @@ Part of binutils (should be there anyway) \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -cmon51 -\end_inset +cmon51 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble) -\end_inset +8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble) +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmon51} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmon51} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27000,34 +27157,35 @@ cmon51 \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + doxygen \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{doxygen (source documentation tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Source code documentation system -\end_inset +Source code documentation system +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27035,29 +27193,30 @@ Source code documentation system \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -kdevelop -\end_inset +kdevelop +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only) -\end_inset +IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only) +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27065,29 +27224,30 @@ IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only) \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -paulmon -\end_inset +paulmon +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble) -\end_inset +8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble) +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/paulmon2.html} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/paulmon2.html} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27095,39 +27255,40 @@ paulmon \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + splint \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + Statically checks c sources (see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27135,55 +27296,56 @@ Statically checks c sources (see \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + ddd \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)} -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} -\end_inset +\end_inset (Unix only) - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline - +\newline \layout Section -Related documentation / recommended reading +Related documentation / recommended reading \layout Standard -\align left -\begin_inset Tabular +\align left + +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -27195,30 +27357,30 @@ Related documentation / recommended reading \layout Standard -\series bold -Name -\end_inset +\series bold +Name +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Subject / Title -\end_inset +\series bold +Subject / Title +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Where to get -\end_inset +\series bold +Where to get +\end_inset @@ -27227,42 +27389,43 @@ Where to get \layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none c-refcard.pdf - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + C Reference Card \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C Reference card} -\end_inset +\end_inset , 2 pages - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27270,34 +27433,35 @@ C Reference Card \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -c-faq -\end_inset +c-faq +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + C-FAQ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C FAQ} -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.c-faq.com} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.c-faq.com} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27305,38 +27469,40 @@ C-FAQ \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 -\end_inset +ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset C-Standard \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899} -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27344,38 +27510,40 @@ C-Standard \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -ISO/IEC DTR 18037 -\end_inset +ISO/IEC DTR 18037 +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Extensions for Embedded C \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf} -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27384,24 +27552,23 @@ Extensions for Embedded C \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Latest datasheet of target CPU -\end_inset +Latest datasheet of target CPU +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -vendor -\end_inset +vendor +\end_inset @@ -27410,51 +27577,50 @@ vendor \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -Revision history of datasheet -\end_inset +Revision history of datasheet +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -vendor -\end_inset +vendor +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline - +\newline \layout Section -Application notes specifically for SDCC +Application notes specifically for SDCC \layout Standard + SDCC makes no claims about the completeness of this list and about up-to-datenes s or correctness of the application notes \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Application notes} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Standard -\align left +\align left + +\size footnotesize -\size footnotesize -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -27466,33 +27632,33 @@ s or correctness of the application notes \layout Standard -\series bold -\size footnotesize -Vendor -\end_inset +\series bold +\size footnotesize +Vendor +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -\size footnotesize -Subject / Title -\end_inset +\series bold +\size footnotesize +Subject / Title +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -\size footnotesize -Where to get -\end_inset +\series bold +\size footnotesize +Where to get +\end_inset @@ -27501,39 +27667,40 @@ Where to get \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Maxim / Dallas -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Maxim / Dallas +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3346.pdf} -\end_inset +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3346.pdf} +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27542,39 +27709,40 @@ Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400 \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Maxim / Dallas -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Maxim / Dallas +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS89C4x0} -\end_inset +\end_inset Family of Microcontrollers - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3477.pdf} -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3477.pdf} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27583,39 +27751,40 @@ Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450 \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Silicon Laboratories / Cygnal -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Silicon Laboratories / Cygnal +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE} -\end_inset - +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.silabs.com/public/documents/tpub_doc/anote/Microcontrollers/en/an198.pdf} -\end_inset +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.silabs.com/public/documents/tpub_doc/anote/Microcontrollers/en/an198.pdf} +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27624,34 +27793,35 @@ Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp} -\end_inset +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp} +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27660,34 +27830,35 @@ Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp} -\end_inset +\size footnotesize + +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp} +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -27696,111 +27867,112 @@ Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Texas Instruments -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Texas Instruments +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -MSC12xx Programming with SDCC -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +MSC12xx Programming with SDCC +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf} -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf} + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Section -Some Questions +Some Questions \layout Standard + Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn ask -\emph on +\emph on you -\emph default +\emph default some questions: - \layout Itemize + can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever? Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit? - \layout Itemize + should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating system on the target device help? - \layout Itemize -if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy? +if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy? \layout Itemize -if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy? +if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy? \layout Itemize + if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside? - \layout Itemize + is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s), internationali(z|s)ation, packaging, labels, 2nd source for components, electromagnetic compatability/interference, documentation for production, production test software, update mechanism, patent issues? - \layout Itemize + is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune, fun? - \layout Standard + Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may even be -\emph on +\emph on no -\emph default +\emph default , nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard -burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres -\end_inset +burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres +\end_inset . Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them... - \layout Chapter + Support \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Support} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + SDCC has grown to be a large project. The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is well over 150,000 lines of code (blank stripped). @@ -27814,56 +27986,56 @@ SDCC has grown to be a large project. There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part in making SDCC a great software package. - \layout Standard + The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc} -\end_inset +\end_inset . You'll find the complete set of mailing lists \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)} -\end_inset +\end_inset , forums, bug reporting system, patch submission \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} -\end_inset +\end_inset system, download \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download} -\end_inset +\end_inset area and Subversion code repository \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository} -\end_inset +\end_inset there. - \layout Section + Reporting Bugs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bug reporting} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Reporting bugs} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the sourceforge site. You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about the known bugs. - \layout Standard + Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and will be fixed ASAP. When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program @@ -27876,46 +28048,44 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumpall \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall} -\end_inset +\end_inset option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems. When reporting a bug please make sure you: - \layout Enumerate + Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC. - \layout Enumerate + Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile. - \layout Enumerate + Specify the SDCC version (type " -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc -v -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default "), your platform, and operating system. - \layout Enumerate + Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output. - \layout Enumerate -Put something meaningful in the subject of your message. +Put something meaningful in the subject of your message. \layout Standard + Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC. Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your @@ -27923,204 +28093,204 @@ Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug! - \layout Standard + Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and the bug is not yet known. This is the link for reporting bugs: \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=100599} -\end_inset +\end_inset . With SDCC on average having more than 200 downloads \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download} -\end_inset +\end_inset on sourceforge per day \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard + 220 daily downloads on average Jan-Sept 2006 and about 150 daily downloads between 2002 and 2005. This does not include other methods of distribution. - -\end_inset +\end_inset there must be some users. So it's not exactly easy to find a new bug. If you find one we need it: -\emph on +\emph on reporting bugs is good -\emph default +\emph default . - \layout Section + Requesting Features \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Requesting-Features} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing list. This is the link for requesting features: \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Section -Submitting patches +Submitting patches \layout Standard + Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing list. This is the link for submitting patches \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} -\end_inset +\end_inset : \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=300599} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Standard + You need to specify some parameters to the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter diff -\family default +\family default command for the patches to be useful. If you modified more than one file a patch created f.e. with -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset diff -Naur unmodified_directory modified_directory >my_changes.patch \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default will be fine, otherwise -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset diff -u sourcefile.c.orig sourcefile.c >my_changes.patch \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default -\family default +\family default will do. - \layout Section -Getting Help +Getting Help \layout Standard + These links should take you directly to the \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Mailing lists]{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard + Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting automated messages (mid 2003) - -\end_inset +\end_inset and the \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Forums]{http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=599} -\end_inset +\end_inset , lists \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)} -\end_inset +\end_inset and forums are archived and searchable so if you are lucky someone already had a similar problem. While mails to the lists themselves are delivered promptly their web front end on sourceforge sometimes shows a severe time lag (up to several weeks), if you're seriously using SDCC please consider subscribing to the lists. - \layout Section -ChangeLog +ChangeLog \layout Standard + You can follow the status of the Subversion version \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version} -\end_inset +\end_inset of SDCC by watching the Changelog \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Changelog} -\end_inset +\end_inset in the Subversion repository -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Section -Subversion Source Code Repository +Subversion Source Code Repository \layout Standard + The output of -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc --version -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default or the filenames of the snapshot versions of SDCC include date and its Subversion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository} -\end_inset +\end_inset number. Subversion allows to download the source of recent or previous versions \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/svn/?group_id=599} -\end_inset +\end_inset (by number or by date). An on-line source code browser and detailled instructions are also available @@ -28129,20 +28299,20 @@ sdcc --version versions prior to the conversion from cvs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cvs|see{Subversion}} -\end_inset +\end_inset to Subversion (April 2006) are either by accessible by Subversion or by cvs). - \layout Section + Release policy \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release policy} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Historically there often were long delays between official releases and the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all. Excuses in the past might have referred to problems with live range analysis, @@ -28152,105 +28322,106 @@ Historically there often were long delays between official releases and daily snapshots available at \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[snap]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset , and you can always build the very last version (hopefully with many bugs fixed, and features added) from the source code available at \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[Source]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php#Source} -\end_inset +\end_inset . A release wiki \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release wiki} -\end_inset +\end_inset at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/release_wiki/} -\end_inset +\end_inset also holds some information about past and future releases. - \layout Section + Examples \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + You'll find some small examples in the directory -\emph on +\emph on sdcc/device/examples/. -\emph default +\emph default More examples and libraries are available at -\emph on +\emph on The SDCC Open Knowledge Resource \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdccokr.dl9sec.de/} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default web site or at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Note collapsed true \layout Standard + I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e. shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor. Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized development boards anyway). - \layout Standard + Maybe we should include some links to real world applications. Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays manageable here? - -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Section + Quality control \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Quality-control} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Quality control} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The compiler is passed through nightly compile and build checks. The so called -\shape italic +\shape italic regression tests -\shape default +\shape default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} -\end_inset +\end_inset check that SDCC itself compiles flawlessly on several host platforms (i386, Opteron, 64 bit Alpha, ppc64, MacOS X on PPC, Solaris on Sparc) and checks @@ -28262,314 +28433,312 @@ regression tests (click on the red or green symbols on the right side of \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). - \layout Standard + There is a separate document -\shape italic +\shape italic test_suite.pdf \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Test suite} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\shape default +\shape default \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset about the regression test suite. - \layout Standard + You'll find the test code in the directory -\shape italic +\shape italic sdcc/support/regression -\shape default +\shape default . You can run these tests manually by running -\family sans +\family sans make -\family default +\family default in this directory (or f.e. -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset make test-mcs51 \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default if you don't want to run the complete tests). The test code might also be interesting if you want to look for examples \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples} -\end_inset +\end_inset checking corner cases of SDCC or if you plan to submit patches \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Standard + The 14bit pic port uses a different set of regression tests \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)} -\end_inset +\end_inset , you'll find them in the directory -\shape italic +\shape italic sdcc/src/regression -\shape default +\shape default . - \layout Section -Use of SDCC in Education +Use of SDCC in Education \layout Standard + In short: -\emph on +\emph on highly -\emph default +\emph default encouraged \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard + the phrase "use in education" might evoke the association " -\emph on +\emph on only -\emph default +\emph default fit for use in education". This connotation is not intended but nevertheless risked as the licensing of SDCC makes it difficult to offer educational discounts - -\end_inset +\end_inset . If your rationales are to: - \layout Enumerate + give students a chance to understand the -\emph on +\emph on complete -\emph default +\emph default steps of code generation - \layout Enumerate + have a curriculum that can be extended for years. Then you could use an fpga board as target and your curriculum will seamlessly extend from logic synthesis ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[http://www.opencores.org]{opencores.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset , \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Oregano]{http://www.oregano.at/ip/ip01.htm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ), over assembly programming, to C to FPGA compilers ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[FPGAC]{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) and to C. - \layout Enumerate + be able to insert excursions about skills like using a revision control system, submitting/applying patches, using a type-setting (as opposed to word-processing) engine LyX/LaTeX, using \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[SourceForge]{http://www.sf.net} -\end_inset +\end_inset , following some \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[netiquette]{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiquette} -\end_inset +\end_inset , understanding BSD/LGPL/GPL/Proprietary licensing, growth models of Open Source Software, CPU simulation, compiler regression tests \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline And if there should be a shortage of ideas then you can always point students to the ever-growing feature request list \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Enumerate + not tie students to a specific host platform and instead allow them to use a host platform of -\emph on +\emph on their -\emph default +\emph default choice (among them Alpha, i386, i386_64, MacOs, Mips, Sparc, Windows and eventually \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[OLPC]{http://www.laptop.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) - \layout Enumerate -not encourage students to use illegal copies of educational software +not encourage students to use illegal copies of educational software \layout Enumerate -be immune to licensing/availability/price changes of the chosen tool chain +be immune to licensing/availability/price changes of the chosen tool chain \layout Enumerate + be able to change to a new target platform without having to adopt a new tool chain - \layout Enumerate -have complete control over and insight into the tool chain +have complete control over and insight into the tool chain \layout Enumerate + make your students aware about the pros and cons of open source software development - \layout Enumerate + give back to the public as you are probably at least partially publically funded - \layout Enumerate + give students a chance to publically prove their skills and to possibly see a world wide impact - \layout Standard -then SDCC is probably among the first choices. \pagebreak_bottom +then SDCC is probably among the first choices. Well, probably SDCC might be the only choice. - - \layout Chapter -SDCC Technical Data +SDCC Technical Data \layout Section + Optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific optimizations. - \layout Subsection + Sub-expression Elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The compiler does local and -\emph on +\emph on g -\emph default +\emph default lobal -\emph on +\emph on c -\emph default +\emph default ommon -\emph on +\emph on s -\emph default +\emph default ubexpression -\emph on +\emph on e -\emph default +\emph default limination, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter i = x + y + 1; -\newline +\newline j = x + y; - \layout Standard -will be translated to +will be translated to \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter iTemp = x + y; -\newline +\newline i = iTemp + 1; -\newline +\newline j = iTemp; - \layout Standard -Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.: +Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter a->b[i].c = 10; -\newline +\newline a->b[i].d = 11; - \layout Standard + In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once; the equivalent code in C would be. - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter iTemp = a->b[i]; -\newline +\newline iTemp.c = 10; -\newline +\newline iTemp.d = 11; - \layout Standard -The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers. +The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers. \layout Subsection + Dead-Code Elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter int global; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void f () { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ int i; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ i = 1; \SpecialChar ~ @@ -28578,129 +28747,128 @@ i = 1; \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* dead store */ -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ global = 1;\SpecialChar ~ -/* dead - store */ -\newline +/* dead store */ +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ global = 2; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ return; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ global = 3;\SpecialChar ~ /* unreachable */ -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -will be changed to +will be changed to \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter int global; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void f () { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ global = 2; -\newline +\newline } - \layout Subsection + Copy-Propagation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Copy propagation} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter int f() { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ int i, j; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ i = 10; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ j = i; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ return j; -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -will be changed to +will be changed to \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter int f() { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ int i, j; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ i = 10; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ j = 10; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ return 10; -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated by dead-code elimination. - \layout Subsection + Loop Optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Loop-Optimizations} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC -\emph on +\emph on loop invariant -\emph default +\emph default lifting and -\emph on +\emph on strength reduction -\emph default +\emph default of loop induction variables. In addition to the strength reduction the optimizer marks the induction variables and the register allocator tries to keep the induction variables @@ -28708,13 +28876,13 @@ loop invariant Because of this preference of the register allocator \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation} -\end_inset +\end_inset , loop induction optimization causes an increase in register pressure, which may cause unwanted spilling of other temporary variables into the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset / data space. The compiler will generate a warning message when it is forced to allocate @@ -28726,197 +28894,194 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\SpecialChar ~ noinduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Loop Invariant: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++) -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ f += k + l; - \layout Standard -changed to +changed to \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter itemp = k + l; -\newline +\newline for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ f += itemp; - \layout Standard + As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static address computations are also moved out of the loop. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Strength Reduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset , this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter for (i=0;i < 100; i++) -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ar[i*5] = i*3; - \layout Standard -changed to +changed to \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter itemp1 = 0; -\newline +\newline itemp2 = 0; -\newline +\newline for (i=0;i< 100;i++) { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ar[itemp1] = itemp2; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -itemp1 - += 5; -\newline +itemp1 += 5; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ itemp2 += 3; -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + The more expensive multiplication \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} -\end_inset +\end_inset is changed to a less expensive addition. - \layout Subsection + Loop Reversing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries for every iteration. Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset decrement and jump if not zero \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset instruction. SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible (note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis). - \layout Itemize + The 'for' loop is of the form -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter for( = ; [< | <=] ; [++ | += 1]) -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - \layout Itemize + The does not contain \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset continue \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset or 'break \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Itemize -All goto's are contained within the loop. +All goto's are contained within the loop. \layout Itemize -No function calls within the loop. +No function calls within the loop. \layout Itemize -The loop control variable is not assigned any value within the loop +The loop control variable is not assigned any value within the loop \layout Itemize + The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation within the loop. - \layout Itemize -There are NO switch statements in the loop. +There are NO switch statements in the loop. \layout Subsection -Algebraic Simplifications +Algebraic Simplifications \layout Standard + SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set of these optimizations. - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -28926,7 +29091,7 @@ i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ i = j; -\newline +\newline i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -28939,9 +29104,8 @@ i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ i >>= 1; -\newline -i - = j - j;\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +i = j - j;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -28950,7 +29114,7 @@ i \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ i = 0; -\newline +\newline i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -28960,48 +29124,48 @@ i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ i = j; - \layout Standard + Note the subexpressions \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression} -\end_inset +\end_inset given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result of copy/constant propagation. - \layout Subsection + 'switch' Statements \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:'switch'-Statements} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{jump tables} -\end_inset +\end_inset . It makes the decision based on an estimate of the generated code size. SDCC is quite liberal in the requirements for jump table generation: - \layout Itemize + The labels need not be in order, and the starting number need not be one or zero, the case labels are in numerical sequence or not too many case labels are missing. - -\begin_deeper +\begin_deeper \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29029,7 +29193,7 @@ switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ switch (i) { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29061,7 +29225,7 @@ case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 0: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29093,7 +29257,7 @@ case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 1: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29124,7 +29288,7 @@ case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29156,7 +29320,7 @@ case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 3: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29188,7 +29352,7 @@ case 7: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 4: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29220,7 +29384,7 @@ case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 5: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29252,7 +29416,7 @@ case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 6: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29283,7 +29447,7 @@ case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 7: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29314,7 +29478,7 @@ case 11: ...\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 8: ... -\newline +\newline }\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29352,355 +29516,356 @@ case 8: ... \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ } - \layout Standard + Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table. The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed. - -\end_deeper +\end_deeper \layout Itemize + The number of case labels is not larger than supported by the target architectur e. - \layout Itemize + If the case labels are not in numerical sequence ('gaps' between cases) SDCC checks whether a jump table with additionally inserted dummy cases is still attractive. - \layout Itemize + If the starting number is not zero and a check for the lower boundary of the jump-table can thus be eliminated SDCC might insert dummy cases 0, ... . - \layout Standard + Switch statements which have large gaps in the numeric sequence or those that have too many case labels can be split into more than one switch statement for efficient code generation, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter switch (i) { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 1: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 2: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 3: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 4: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 5: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 6: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 7: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 101: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 102: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 103: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 104: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 105: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 106: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 107: ... -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements +If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter switch (i) { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 1: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 2: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 3: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 4: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 5: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 6: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 7: ... -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -and +and \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter switch (i) { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 101: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 102: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 103: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 104: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 105: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 106: ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ case 107: ... -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas the unmodified switch statement will not be. - \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Note collapsed true \layout Standard + There might be reasons which SDCC cannot know about to either favour or not favour jump tables. If the target system has to be as quick for the last switch case as for the first (pro jump table), or if the switch argument is known to be zero in the majority of the cases (contra jump table). - -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The pragma nojtbound \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be used to turn off checking the -\emph on +\emph on j -\emph default +\emph default ump -\emph on +\emph on t -\emph default +\emph default able -\emph on +\emph on bound -\emph default +\emph default aries. It has no effect if a default label is supplied. Use of this pragma is dangerous: if the switch \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} -\end_inset +\end_inset argument is not matched by a case statement the processor will happily jump into Nirvana. - \layout Subsection + Bit-shifting Operations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit shifting} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Standard + Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin g. SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way possible, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter unsigned char i; -\newline +\newline ... -\newline +\newline i >>= 4; -\newline +\newline ... - \layout Standard -generates the following code: +generates the following code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter mov\SpecialChar ~ a,_i -\newline +\newline swap a -\newline +\newline anl\SpecialChar ~ a,#0x0f -\newline +\newline mov\SpecialChar ~ _i,a - \layout Standard + In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known. Another example: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter unsigned int i; -\newline +\newline ... -\newline +\newline i >>= 9; -\newline +\newline ... - \layout Standard -will generate: +will generate: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,(_i + 1) -\newline +\newline mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ (_i + 1),#0x00 -\newline +\newline clr\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ c -\newline +\newline rrc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a -\newline +\newline mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _i,a - \layout Subsection + Bit-rotation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit rotation} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{rotating bits} -\end_inset +\end_inset , SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -\series bold + +\family typewriter +\series bold unsigned -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ char i;\SpecialChar ~ @@ -29715,236 +29880,234 @@ char i;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* unsigned is needed for rotation */ -\newline +\newline ... -\newline +\newline i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7)); -\family default +\family default -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ... - \layout Standard -will generate the following code: +will generate the following code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,_i -\newline +\newline rl\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a -\newline +\newline mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _i,a - \layout Standard + SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */ +\family typewriter +i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */ \layout Subsection -Nibble and Byte Swapping +Nibble and Byte Swapping \layout Standard + Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{swapping nibbles/bytes} -\end_inset +\end_inset , SDCC recognizes the following expressions: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -\series bold + +\family typewriter +\series bold unsigned -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ char i; -\newline +\newline -\series bold +\series bold unsigned -\series default +\series default \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ int j; -\newline +\newline ... -\newline +\newline i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4)); -\family default +\family default -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8)); - \layout Standard + and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Nibble swapping} -\end_inset +\end_inset or move instructions for the byte swapping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Byte swapping} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset j \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset example can be used to convert from little to big-endian or vice versa. If you want to change the endianness of a -\emph on +\emph on signed -\emph default +\emph default integer you have to cast to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (unsigned int) -\family default +\family default first. - \layout Standard + Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard + Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness. This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction to increment its -\emph on +\emph on dptr -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} -\end_inset +\end_inset -datapointer -\emph on +\emph on -\emph default +\emph default so little-endian is the more efficient byte order. - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{little-endian} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Endianness} -\end_inset +\end_inset format (i.e. lowest order first). - \layout Subsection + Highest Order Bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Highest Order Bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset / Any Order Bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Any Order Bit} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral type (long, int, short or char types). Also obtaining any other order bit is not uncommon. SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the highest order bit and generates optimized code for it, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter unsigned int gint; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline foo () { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ unsigned char hob1, aob1; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -bit hob2, hob3, aob2, - aob3; -\newline +bit hob2, hob3, aob2, aob3; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ hob1 = (gint >> 15) & 1; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ hob2 = (gint >> 15) & 1; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -hob3 = gint & 0x8000; - -\newline +hob3 = gint & 0x8000; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ aob1 = (gint >> 9) & 1; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ aob2 = (gint >> 8) & 1; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ aob3 = gint & 0x0800; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ .. -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -will generate the following code: +will generate the following code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29972,7 +30135,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ 61 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 7 -\newline +\newline 000A E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -29999,7 +30162,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline +\newline 000C 23\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30030,7 +30193,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a -\newline +\newline 000D 54 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30046,7 +30209,6 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 64\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30058,7 +30220,7 @@ will generate the following code: anl\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,#0x01 -\newline +\newline 000F F5*02\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30085,7 +30247,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _foo_hob1_1_1,a -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30113,7 +30275,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ 66 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 8 -\newline +\newline 0011 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30129,7 +30291,6 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 67\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30141,7 +30302,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline +\newline 0013 33\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30171,7 +30332,7 @@ will generate the following code: rlc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a -\newline +\newline 0014 92*00\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30197,9 +30358,8 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - _foo_hob2_1_1,c - -\newline + _foo_hob2_1_1,c +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30227,7 +30387,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ 66 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 9 -\newline +\newline 0016 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30254,7 +30414,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline +\newline 0018 33\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30284,7 +30444,7 @@ will generate the following code: rlc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a -\newline +\newline 0019 92*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30300,7 +30460,6 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 69\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30312,7 +30471,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _foo_hob3_1_1,c -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30340,7 +30499,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ 70 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 10 -\newline +\newline 001B E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30367,9 +30526,8 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline -001D - 03\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +001D 03\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30399,7 +30557,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a -\newline +\newline 001E 54 01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30426,7 +30584,7 @@ will generate the following code: anl\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,#0x01 -\newline +\newline 0020 F5*03\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30452,9 +30610,8 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - _foo_aob1_1_1,a - -\newline + _foo_aob1_1_1,a +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30482,7 +30639,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ 75 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 11 -\newline +\newline 0022 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30509,7 +30666,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline +\newline 0024 13\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30539,7 +30696,7 @@ will generate the following code: rrc\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a -\newline +\newline 0025 92*02\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30555,7 +30712,6 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 78\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30567,7 +30723,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _foo_aob2_1_1,c -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30595,7 +30751,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ 79 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 12 -\newline +\newline 0027 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30622,9 +30778,8 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline -0029 - A2 E3\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0029 A2 E3\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30650,7 +30805,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ c,acc[3] -\newline +\newline 002B 92*03\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30677,100 +30832,98 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _foo_aob3_1_1,c - \layout Standard + Other variations of these cases however will -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default be recognized. They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable). Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1); +\family typewriter +xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1); \layout Standard -will still be recognized. +will still be recognized. \layout Subsection + Higher Order Byte \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Byte} -\end_inset +\end_inset / Higher Order Word \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Word} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + It is also frequently required to obtain a higher order byte or word of a larger integral type (long, int or short types). SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the higher order byte or word and generates optimized code for it, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter unsigned int gint; -\newline +\newline unsigned long int glong; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline foo () { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -unsigned char hob1, - hob2; -\newline +unsigned char hob1, hob2; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ unsigned int how1, how2; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ hob1 = (gint >> 8) & 0xFF; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ hob2 = glong >> 24; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF; - -\newline +how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ how2 = glong >> 8; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ .. -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard -will generate the following code: +will generate the following code: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30798,7 +30951,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ 91 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 15 -\newline +\newline 0037 85*01*06\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30822,7 +30975,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _foo_hob1_1_1,(_gint + 1) -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30849,9 +31002,8 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ 93 ;\SpecialChar ~ - hob.c - 16 -\newline + hob.c 16 +\newline 003A 85*05*07\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30875,7 +31027,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _foo_hob2_1_1,(_glong + 3) -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30903,7 +31055,7 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ 95 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 17 -\newline +\newline 003D 85*04*08\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30916,7 +31068,6 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 96\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30928,7 +31079,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _foo_how1_1_1,(_glong + 2) -\newline +\newline 0040 85*05*09\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30951,9 +31102,8 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - (_foo_how1_1_1 + - 1),(_glong + 3) -\newline + (_foo_how1_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 3) +\newline 0043 85*03*0A\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30977,7 +31127,7 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ _foo_how2_1_1,(_glong + 1) -\newline +\newline 0046 85*04*0B\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -30990,7 +31140,6 @@ will generate the following code: \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ - 99\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -31002,218 +31151,213 @@ will generate the following code: mov\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ (_foo_how2_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 2) - \layout Standard + Again, variations of these cases may -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default be recognized. They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only way to get the higher order byte/word, (it is portable). Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, e.g.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter -xyz = gint + ((gint >> 8) & 0xFF); +\family typewriter +xyz = gint + ((gint >> 8) & 0xFF); \layout Standard -will still be recognized. +will still be recognized. \layout Subsection + Peephole Optimizer \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Peephole-Optimizer} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism for peep-hole optimization. It is inspired by -\emph on +\emph on copt -\emph default +\emph default a peep-hole optimizer by Christopher W. Fraser (cwfraser\SpecialChar ~ @\SpecialChar ~ microsoft.com). A default set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules may be added with the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -peep-file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option. The rule language is best illustrated with examples. - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter replace { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov %1,a -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,%1 -\newline +\newline } by { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov %1,a -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + The above rule will change the following assembly \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} -\end_inset +\end_inset sequence: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter mov r1,a -\newline +\newline mov a,r1 - \layout Standard -to +to \layout Verse -\family typewriter -mov r1,a +\family typewriter +mov r1,a \layout Standard + Note: All occurrences of a -\emph on +\emph on %n -\emph default +\emph default (pattern variable) must denote the same string. With the above rule, the assembly sequence: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter mov r1,a -\newline +\newline mov a,r2 - \layout Standard + will remain unmodified. -\newline +\newline -\newline -Other special case optimizations may be added by the - user (via -\emph on +\newline +Other special case optimizations may be added by the user (via +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -peep-file option -\emph default +\emph default ). E.g. some variants of the 8051 MCU \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants} -\end_inset +\end_inset allow only -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ajmp -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter acall -\family default +\family default . The following two rules will change all -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ljmp -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter lcall -\family default +\family default to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ajmp -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter acall - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 } -\newline +\newline replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 } - \layout Standard + The -\emph on +\emph on inline-assembler code -\emph default +\emph default is also passed through the peep hole optimizer, thus the peephole optimizer can also be used as an assembly level macro expander. The rules themselves are MCU dependent whereas the rule language infra-structur e is MCU independent. Peephole optimization rules for other MCU can be easily programmed using the rule language. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline The syntax for a rule is as follows: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter rule := replace [ restart ] '{' ' -\backslash +\backslash n' -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -31229,9 +31373,9 @@ n' \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ '}' by '{' ' -\backslash +\backslash n' -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -31249,9 +31393,9 @@ n' \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ' -\backslash +\backslash n' -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -31267,152 +31411,151 @@ n' \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ '}' [if ] ' -\backslash +\backslash n' - \layout Standard + := assembly instruction (each instruction including labels must be on a separate line). -\newline +\newline -\newline -The optimizer will apply to the rules - one by one from the top in the sequence of their appearance, it will terminate - when all rules are exhausted. +\newline +The optimizer will apply to the rules one by one from the top in the sequence + of their appearance, it will terminate when all rules are exhausted. If the 'restart' option is specified, then the optimizer will start matching the rules again from the top, this option for a rule is expensive (performance) , it is intended to be used in situations where a transformation will trigger the same rule again. An example of this (not a good one, it has side effects) is the following rule: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter replace restart { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ pop %1 -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ push %1 } by { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ; nop -\newline +\newline } - \layout Standard + Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment line. Without the 'restart' option only the innermost 'pop' 'push' pair would be eliminated, i.e.: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter pop ar1 -\newline +\newline pop ar2 -\newline +\newline push ar2 -\newline +\newline push ar1 - \layout Standard -would result in: +would result in: \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter pop ar1 -\newline +\newline ; nop -\newline +\newline push ar1 - \layout Standard -\emph on + +\emph on with -\emph default +\emph default the restart option the rule will be applied again to the resulting code and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated to yield: - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter ; nop -\newline +\newline ; nop - \layout Standard + A conditional function can be attached to a rule. Attaching rules are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with an example. - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter replace { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ljmp %5 -\newline +\newline %2: -\newline +\newline } by { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ sjmp %5 -\newline +\newline %2: -\newline +\newline } if labelInRange - \layout Standard + The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function -\emph on +\emph on callFuncByName -\emph default +\emph default in the source file SDCCpeeph.c, with the name -\emph on +\emph on labelInRange -\emph default +\emph default . If it finds a corresponding entry the function is called. Note there can be no parameters specified for these functions, in this case the use of -\emph on +\emph on %5 -\emph default +\emph default is crucial, since the function -\emph on +\emph on labelInRange -\emph default +\emph default expects to find the label in that particular variable (the hash table containin g the variable bindings is passed as a parameter). If you want to code more such functions, take a close look at the function labelInRange and the calling mechanism in source file SDCCpeeph.c. Currently implemented are -\emph on +\emph on labelInRange, labelRefCount, labelIsReturnOnly, operandsNotSame, xramMovcOption, 24bitMode, portIsDS390, 24bitModeAndPortDS390 -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on notVolatile -\emph default +\emph default . - \layout Standard + I know this whole thing is a little kludgey, but maybe some day we will have some better means. If you are looking at this file, you will see the default rules that are @@ -31423,287 +31566,278 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -peep-file option. - \layout Section + ANSI-Compliance \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:ANSI-Compliance} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The latest publically available version of the standard -\emph on +\emph on ISO/IEC 9899 - Programming languages - C -\emph default +\emph default should be available at: \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -Deviations from the compliance: +Deviations from the compliance: \layout Itemize + functions are not reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset unless explicitly declared as such or the -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default command line option is specified. - \layout Itemize + structures \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{struct} -\end_inset +\end_inset and unions \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{union} -\end_inset +\end_inset cannot be assigned values directly, cannot be passed as function parameters or assigned to each other and cannot be a return value \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value} -\end_inset +\end_inset from a function, e.g.: - -\begin_deeper +\begin_deeper \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter struct s { ... }; -\newline +\newline struct s s1, s2; -\newline +\newline foo() -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\series bold +\series bold struct -\series default +\series default s foo1 ( -\series bold +\series bold struct -\series default +\series default s parms) /* invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ -\newline +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -struct s rets; - -\newline +struct s rets; +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ return rets; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ -\newline +\newline } - -\end_deeper +\end_deeper \layout Itemize -initialization of structure arrays must be fully braced. -\begin_deeper +initialization of structure arrays must be fully braced. +\begin_deeper \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* invalid in SDCC */ -\newline -struct s { char x - } a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */ - -\end_deeper +\newline +struct s { char x } a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */ +\end_deeper \layout Itemize + 'long long \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long long (not supported)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ' (64 bit integers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (64 bit) (not supported)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) not supported. - \layout Itemize + 'double \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{double (not supported)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ' precision floating point \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} -\end_inset +\end_inset not supported. - \layout Itemize + Old K&R style \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{K\&R style} -\end_inset +\end_inset function declarations are NOT allowed. - -\begin_deeper +\begin_deeper \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */ -\newline -int i,j; /* are valid - in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */ -\newline +\newline +int i,j; /* are valid in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */ +\newline { -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ... -\newline +\newline } - -\end_deeper +\end_deeper \layout Itemize -Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, f.e.: -\begin_deeper +Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, f.e.: +\begin_deeper \layout Verse -\family typewriter -\series bold + +\family typewriter +\series bold inline \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{inline (not supported)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default int increment (int a) { return a+1; } /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99. An empty define -\emph on +\emph on #define inline -\emph default +\emph default can be used as a work around */ -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline for ( -\series bold +\series bold int -\series default +\series default i=0; i<10; i++) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99 */ - -\end_deeper +\end_deeper \layout Itemize + Certain words that are valid identifiers in the standard may be reserved words in SDCC unless the -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -std-c89 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89} -\end_inset +\end_inset or - \begin_inset ERT @@ -31711,19 +31845,17 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -std-c99 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c99} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default command line options are used. These may include (depending on the selected processor): 'at', 'banked', 'bit', 'code', 'critical', 'data', 'eeprom', 'far', 'flash', 'idata', 'interrup @@ -31734,20 +31866,20 @@ t', 'near', 'nonbanked', 'pdata', 'reentrant', 'sbit', 'sfr', 'shadowregs', that begin with two underscores \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ (prefix for extended keywords)} -\end_inset +\end_inset , f.e. '__data' instead of 'data'. - \layout Section + Cyclomatic Complexity \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent paths the program can take during execution of the function. This is an important number since it defines the number test cases you @@ -31760,45 +31892,45 @@ Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent Large functions can have low complexity, and small functions can have large complexity levels. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline SDCC uses the following formula to compute the complexity: -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard + complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - (number of nodes in control flow graph) + 2; -\newline +\newline -\newline -Having said that the industry standard is 10, - you should be aware that in some cases it be may unavoidable to have a - complexity level of less than 10. +\newline +Having said that the industry standard is 10, you should be aware that in + some cases it be may unavoidable to have a complexity level of less than + 10. For example if you have switch statement with more than 10 case labels, each case label adds one to the complexity level. The complexity level is by no means an absolute measure of the algorithmic complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting point for which functions you might look at for further optimization. - \layout Section -Retargetting for other Processors +Retargetting for other Processors \layout Standard + The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be covered by this document. What follows is a brief description of each of the seven phases of the compiler and its MCU dependency. - \layout Itemize + Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree. This phase is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions). Syntax & semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations like bit-rotation etc. - \layout Itemize + The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy manipulated during the later phases. This phase is entirely MCU independent. @@ -31811,146 +31943,139 @@ status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset -dumpraw option. - \layout Itemize + This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also MCU independe nt. This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases: -\newline - -\newline -Break down intermediate - code (iCode) into basic blocks. -\newline -Do control flow & data flow analysis on the - basic blocks. -\newline -Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpressio -n elimination -\newline +\newline + +\newline +Break down intermediate code (iCode) into basic blocks. +\newline +Do control flow & data flow analysis on the basic blocks. +\newline +Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpression elimination +\newline Dead code elimination -\newline +\newline Loop optimizations -\newline -If loop optimizations - caused any changes then do 'global subexpression elimination' and 'dead - code elimination' again. - +\newline +If loop optimizations caused any changes then do 'global subexpression eliminati +on' and 'dead code elimination' again. \layout Itemize + This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those iTemp variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all the optimization s. Live range analysis \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} -\end_inset +\end_inset is essential for register allocation, since these computation determines which of these iTemps will be assigned to registers, and for how long. - \layout Itemize + Phase five is register allocation. There are two parts to this process. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The first part I call 'register packing' - (for lack of a better term). +\newline +The first part I call 'register packing' (for lack of a better term). In this case several MCU specific expression folding is done to reduce register pressure. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The second part is more MCU independent and deals with - allocating registers to the remaining live ranges. +\newline +The second part is more MCU independent and deals with allocating registers + to the remaining live ranges. A lot of MCU specific code does creep into this phase because of the limited number of index registers available in the 8051. - \layout Itemize + The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and very little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU. However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand for each iCode operand may be reused. - \layout Itemize + As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is rule based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs. - \layout Standard + More information is available in a wiki \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki} -\end_inset +\end_inset (preliminary link \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/release_wiki/index.php?page=SDCC+internals+and+porting} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) and in the thread \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=13954144} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Chapter + Compiler internals \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compiler internals} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Section + The anatomy of the compiler \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:The-anatomy-of} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard -\shape italic + +\shape italic This is an excerpt from an article published in Circuit Cellar Magazine in -\series bold +\series bold August 2000 -\series default +\series default . It's a little outdated (the compiler is much more efficient now and user/develo per friendly), but pretty well exposes the guts of it all. -\shape default +\shape default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline The current version of SDCC can generate code for Intel 8051 and Z80 MCU. It is fairly easy to retarget for other 8-bit MCU. Here we take a look at some of the internals of the compiler. - \layout Paragraph* + Parsing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parsing} -\end_inset +\end_inset - \layout Standard + Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Annotated syntax tree} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). This phase also involves propagating types (annotating each node of the @@ -31963,46 +32088,46 @@ Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree xdata will be treated as a storage class specifier when parsing 8051 C code but will be treated as a C identifier when parsing z80 or ATMEL AVR C code. - \layout Paragraph* + Generating iCode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + Intermediate code generation. In this phase the AST is broken down into three-operand form (iCode). These three operand forms are represented as doubly linked lists. ICode is the term given to the intermediate form generated by the compiler. ICode example section shows some examples of iCode generated for some simple C source functions. - \layout Paragraph* + Optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - \layout Standard + Bulk of the target independent optimizations is performed in this phase. The optimizations include constant propagation, common sub-expression eliminati on, loop invariant code movement, strength reduction of loop induction variables and dead-code elimination. - \layout Paragraph* + Live range analysis \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + During intermediate code generation phase, the compiler assumes the target machine has infinite number of registers and generates a lot of temporary variables. @@ -32016,16 +32141,16 @@ nerated temporaries. The live ranges are computed in terms of these numbers. The from number is the number of the iCode which first defines the operand and the to number signifies the iCode which uses this operand last. - \layout Paragraph* + Register Allocation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed by each operand. In most MCUs only a few registers can be used for indirect addressing. @@ -32043,20 +32168,20 @@ The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed operand and use the registers in this block, the operand will then be popped at the end of the basic block. - \layout Standard + There are other MCU specific considerations in this phase. Some MCUs have an accumulator; very short-lived operands could be assigned to the accumulator instead of a general-purpose register. - \layout Paragraph* -Code generation +Code generation \layout Standard + Figure II gives a table of iCode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} -\end_inset +\end_inset operations supported by the compiler. The code generation involves translating these operations into corresponding @@ -32067,14 +32192,14 @@ Figure II gives a table of iCode SEND and RECV iCode operations will not be generated, and it also does not support JUMPTABLES. -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Figure II -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -32087,47 +32212,47 @@ Figure II \layout Standard -\series bold + +\series bold iCode -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Operands -\end_inset +\series bold +Operands +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -Description -\end_inset +\series bold +Description +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\series bold -C Equivalent -\end_inset +\series bold +C Equivalent +\end_inset @@ -32136,40 +32261,40 @@ C Equivalent \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'!' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'!' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -NOT operation -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +NOT operation +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = ! IC_LEFT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = ! IC_LEFT; +\end_inset @@ -32178,40 +32303,40 @@ IC_RESULT = ! IC_LEFT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'~' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'~' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Bitwise complement of -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Bitwise complement of +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = ~IC_LEFT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = ~IC_LEFT; +\end_inset @@ -32220,40 +32345,40 @@ IC_RESULT = ~IC_LEFT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -RRC -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +RRC +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Rotate right with carry -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Rotate right with carry +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << 1) | (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8-1)); -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << 1) | (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8-1)); +\end_inset @@ -32262,40 +32387,40 @@ IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << 1) | (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8-1)); \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -RLC -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +RLC +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Rotate left with carry -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Rotate left with carry +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << (sizeof(LC_LEFT)*8-1) ) | (IC_LEFT >> 1); -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << (sizeof(LC_LEFT)*8-1) ) | (IC_LEFT >> 1); +\end_inset @@ -32304,40 +32429,40 @@ IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << (sizeof(LC_LEFT)*8-1) ) | (IC_LEFT >> 1); \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -GETHBIT -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +GETHBIT +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Get the highest order bit of IC_LEFT -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Get the highest order bit of IC_LEFT +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8 -1)); -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8 -1)); +\end_inset @@ -32346,40 +32471,40 @@ IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8 -1)); \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -UNARYMINUS -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +UNARYMINUS +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Unary minus -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Unary minus +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = - IC_LEFT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = - IC_LEFT; +\end_inset @@ -32388,40 +32513,40 @@ IC_RESULT = - IC_LEFT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IPUSH -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IPUSH +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Push the operand into stack -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Push the operand into stack +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -NONE -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +NONE +\end_inset @@ -32430,40 +32555,40 @@ NONE \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IPOP -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IPOP +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Pop the operand from the stack -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Pop the operand from the stack +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -NONE -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +NONE +\end_inset @@ -32472,40 +32597,40 @@ NONE \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -CALL -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +CALL +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Call the function represented by IC_LEFT -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Call the function represented by IC_LEFT +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT(); -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT(); +\end_inset @@ -32514,40 +32639,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT(); \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -PCALL -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +PCALL +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Call via function pointer -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Call via function pointer +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT)(); -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT)(); +\end_inset @@ -32556,40 +32681,40 @@ IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT)(); \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -RETURN -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +RETURN +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Return the value in operand IC_LEFT -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Return the value in operand IC_LEFT +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -return IC_LEFT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +return IC_LEFT; +\end_inset @@ -32598,40 +32723,40 @@ return IC_LEFT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -LABEL -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +LABEL +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LABEL() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LABEL() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Label -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Label +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LABEL: -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LABEL: +\end_inset @@ -32640,40 +32765,40 @@ IC_LABEL: \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -GOTO -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +GOTO +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LABEL() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LABEL() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Goto label -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Goto label +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -goto IC_LABEL(); -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +goto IC_LABEL(); +\end_inset @@ -32682,40 +32807,40 @@ goto IC_LABEL(); \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'+' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'+' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Addition -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Addition +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT + IC_RIGHT -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT + IC_RIGHT +\end_inset @@ -32724,40 +32849,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT + IC_RIGHT \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'-' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'-' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Subtraction -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Subtraction +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT - IC_RIGHT -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT - IC_RIGHT +\end_inset @@ -32766,40 +32891,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT - IC_RIGHT \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'*' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'*' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Multiplication -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Multiplication +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT * IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT * IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -32808,40 +32933,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT * IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'/' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'/' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Division -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Division +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT / IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT / IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -32850,40 +32975,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT / IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'%' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'%' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Modulus -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Modulus +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT % IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT % IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -32892,40 +33017,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT % IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'<' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'<' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Less than -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Less than +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT < IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT < IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -32934,40 +33059,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT < IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'>' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'>' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Greater than -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Greater than +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT > IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT > IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -32976,40 +33101,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT > IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -EQ_OP -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +EQ_OP +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Equal to - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT == IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT == IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -33018,40 +33143,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT == IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -AND_OP -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +AND_OP +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Logical and operation -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Logical and operation +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT && IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT && IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -33060,40 +33185,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT && IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -OR_OP -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +OR_OP +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Logical or operation -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Logical or operation +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT || IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT || IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -33102,40 +33227,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT || IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'^' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'^' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Exclusive OR -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Exclusive OR +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT ^ IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT ^ IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -33144,40 +33269,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT ^ IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'|' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'|' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Bitwise OR -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Bitwise OR +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT | IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT | IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -33186,40 +33311,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT | IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -BITWISEAND -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +BITWISEAND +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Bitwise AND -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Bitwise AND +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT & IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT & IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -33228,40 +33353,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT & IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -LEFT_OP -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +LEFT_OP +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Left shift -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Left shift +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT << IC_RIGHT -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT << IC_RIGHT +\end_inset @@ -33270,40 +33395,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT << IC_RIGHT \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -RIGHT_OP -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +RIGHT_OP +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Right shift -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Right shift +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT >> IC_RIGHT -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT >> IC_RIGHT +\end_inset @@ -33312,42 +33437,42 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT >> IC_RIGHT \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize GET_VALUE_ -\newline +\newline AT_ ADDRESS - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Indirect fetch -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Indirect fetch +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT); -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT); +\end_inset @@ -33356,40 +33481,40 @@ IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT); \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -POINTER_SET -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +POINTER_SET +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Indirect set -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Indirect set +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -(*IC_RESULT) = IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +(*IC_RESULT) = IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -33398,40 +33523,40 @@ Indirect set \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -'=' -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +'=' +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Assignment -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Assignment +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -33440,48 +33565,48 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IFX -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IFX +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_COND IC_TRUE IC_LABEL -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_COND IC_TRUE IC_LABEL +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Conditional jump. If true label is present then jump to true label if condition is true else jump to false label if condition is false - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize if (IC_COND) goto IC_TRUE; -\newline +\newline \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ Or -\newline +\newline If (!IC_COND) goto IC_FALSE; - -\end_inset +\end_inset @@ -33490,40 +33615,40 @@ If (!IC_COND) goto IC_FALSE; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -ADDRESS_OF -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +ADDRESS_OF +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Address of -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Address of +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = &IC_LEFT(); -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = &IC_LEFT(); +\end_inset @@ -33532,40 +33657,40 @@ IC_RESULT = &IC_LEFT(); \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -JUMPTABLE -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +JUMPTABLE +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_JTCOND IC_JTLABELS -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_JTCOND IC_JTLABELS +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Jump to list of labels depending on the value of JTCOND -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Jump to list of labels depending on the value of JTCOND +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Switch statement -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Switch statement +\end_inset @@ -33574,40 +33699,40 @@ Switch statement \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -CAST -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +CAST +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RIGHT() IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RIGHT() IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Cast types -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +Cast types +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT = (typeof IC_LEFT) IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT = (typeof IC_LEFT) IC_RIGHT; +\end_inset @@ -33616,43 +33741,42 @@ IC_RESULT = (typeof IC_LEFT) IC_RIGHT; \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -SEND -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +SEND +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_LEFT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_LEFT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -This is used for passing parameters in registers; -\newline -move IC_LEFT to the next - available parameter register. -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +This is used for passing parameters in registers; +\newline +move IC_LEFT to the next available parameter register. +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -None -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +None +\end_inset @@ -33661,43 +33785,42 @@ None \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -RECV -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +RECV +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +IC_RESULT() +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -This is used for receiving parameters passed in registers; -\newline -Move the values - in the next parameter register to IC_RESULT -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +This is used for receiving parameters passed in registers; +\newline +Move the values in the next parameter register to IC_RESULT +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -None -\end_inset +\size footnotesize +None +\end_inset @@ -33706,176 +33829,169 @@ None \layout Standard -\shape slanted -\size footnotesize -(some more have been added) -\end_inset +\shape slanted +\size footnotesize +(some more have been added) +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard -\shape slanted -\size footnotesize + +\shape slanted +\size footnotesize see f.e. -\family typewriter +\family typewriter gen51Code() -\family default +\family default in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter src/mcs51/gen.c - -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + + \begin_inset Note collapsed true \layout Standard + In the original article Figure II was announced to be downloadable on -\shape italic +\shape italic Circuit Cellar -\shape default +\shape default 's web site. ftp://ftp.circuitcellar.com/pub/Circuit_Cellar/2000/121/dutta.ZIP - -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Paragraph* + ICode Example \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard + This section shows some details of iCode. The example C code does not do anything useful; it is used as an example to illustrate the intermediate code generated by the compiler. - \layout Verse -\family typewriter + +\family typewriter 1.\SpecialChar ~ xdata int * p; -\newline +\newline 2.\SpecialChar ~ int gint; -\newline +\newline 3.\SpecialChar ~ /* This function does nothing useful. It is used -\newline +\newline 4.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ for the purpose of explaining iCode */ -\newline +\newline 5.\SpecialChar ~ -short function (data - int *x) -\newline +short function (data int *x) +\newline 6.\SpecialChar ~ { -\newline +\newline 7.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ short i=10; \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* dead initialization eliminated */ -\newline +\newline 8.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -short sum=10; - /* dead initialization eliminated */ -\newline +short sum=10; /* dead initialization eliminated */ +\newline 9.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ short mul; -\newline +\newline 10.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ int j ; -\newline +\newline 11.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -while (*x) *x++ - = *p++; -\newline +while (*x) *x++ = *p++; +\newline 12.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ sum = 0 ; -\newline +\newline 13.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mul = 0; -\newline +\newline 14.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -/* compiler detects i,j to be induction - variables */ -\newline +/* compiler detects i,j to be induction variables */ +\newline 15.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ for (i = 0, j = 10 ; i < 10 ; i++, j -\family default +\family default - \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash / - -\end_inset +\end_inset - -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ) { -\newline +\newline 16.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ sum += i; -\newline +\newline 17.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ @@ -33883,41 +33999,40 @@ sum += i; mul += i * 3; \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* this multiplication remains */ -\newline +\newline 18.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ -gint += - j * 3;\SpecialChar ~ +gint += j * 3;\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ /* this multiplication changed to addition */ -\newline +\newline 19.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ } -\newline +\newline 20.\SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ return sum+mul; -\newline +\newline 21.\SpecialChar ~ } - \layout Standard + In addition to the operands each iCode contains information about the filename and line it corresponds to in the source file. The first field in the listing should be interpreted as follows: -\newline +\newline -\shape italic -\size footnotesize +\shape italic +\size footnotesize Filename(linenumber: iCode Execution sequence number : ICode hash table key : loop depth of the iCode). -\shape default -\size default +\shape default +\size default -\newline +\newline Then follows the human readable form of the ICode operation. Each operand of this triplet form can be of three basic types a) compiler generated temporary b) user defined variable c) a constant value. @@ -33926,41 +34041,40 @@ Then follows the human readable form of the ICode operation. Live ranges \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} -\end_inset +\end_inset are computed only for temporaries (i.e. live ranges are not computed for global variables). Registers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation} -\end_inset +\end_inset are allocated for temporaries only. Operands are formatted in the following manner: -\newline +\newline -\shape italic -\size footnotesize +\shape italic +\size footnotesize Operand Name [lr live-from : live-to ] { type information } [ registers allocated ]. -\shape default -\size default +\shape default +\size default -\newline +\newline As mentioned earlier the live ranges are computed in terms of the execution sequence number of the iCodes, for example -\newline +\newline the iTemp0 is live from (i.e. first defined in iCode with execution sequence number 3, and is last used in the iCode with sequence number 5). For induction variables such as iTemp21 the live range computation extends the lifetime from the start to the end of the loop. -\newline -The register allocator - used the live range information to allocate registers, the same registers - may be used for different temporaries if their live ranges do not overlap, - for example r0 is allocated to both iTemp6 and to iTemp17 since their live - ranges do not overlap. +\newline +The register allocator used the live range information to allocate registers, + the same registers may be used for different temporaries if their live + ranges do not overlap, for example r0 is allocated to both iTemp6 and to + iTemp17 since their live ranges do not overlap. In addition the allocator also takes into consideration the type and usage of a temporary, for example itemp6 is a pointer to near space and is used as to fetch data from (i.e. @@ -33970,19 +34084,18 @@ The register allocator iTemp13 is allocated to a pseudo register CC which tells the back end that the temporary is used only for a conditional jump the code generation makes use of this information to optimize a compare and jump ICode. -\newline -There are several - loop optimizations +\newline +There are several loop optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization} -\end_inset +\end_inset performed by the compiler. It can detect induction variables iTemp21(i) and iTemp23(j). Also note the compiler does selective strength reduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset , i.e. the multiplication of an induction variable in line 18 (gint = j * 3) is @@ -33991,1065 +34104,1065 @@ There are several The compiler does not change the multiplication \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} -\end_inset +\end_inset in line 17 however since the processor does support an 8 * 8 bit multiplication. -\newline - +\newline Note the dead code elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination} -\end_inset +\end_inset optimization eliminated the dead assignments in line 7 & 8 to I and sum respectively. -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c (5:1:0:0) _entry($9) : +\size footnotesize +Sample.c (5:1:0:0) _entry($9) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(5:2:1:0) proc _function [lr0:0]{function short} +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(5:2:1:0) proc _function [lr0:0]{function short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(11:3:2:0) iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(11:3:2:0) iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(11:4:53:0) preHeaderLbl0($11) : +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(11:4:53:0) preHeaderLbl0($11) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:5:55:0) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(11:6:5:1) _whilecontinue_0($1) : +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(11:6:5:1) _whilecontinue_0($1) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:7:7:1) iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]] - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(11:8:8:1) if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3) +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(11:8:8:1) if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3) \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:9:14:1) iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:10:15:1) _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short} - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:13:18:1) iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]] - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:14:19:1) *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int }[r2 r3] - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:15:12:1) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] + 0x2 {short} - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(11:16:20:1) goto _whilecontinue_0($1) +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(11:16:20:1) goto _whilecontinue_0($1) \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(11:17:21:0)_whilebreak_0($3) : +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(11:17:21:0)_whilebreak_0($3) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(12:18:22:0) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short} +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(12:18:22:0) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(13:19:23:0) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short} +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(13:19:23:0) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(15:20:54:0)preHeaderLbl1($13) : +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(15:20:54:0)preHeaderLbl1($13) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(15:21:56:0) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short} +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(15:21:56:0) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(15:22:57:0) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int} +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(15:22:57:0) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(15:23:58:0) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int} +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(15:23:58:0) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(15:24:26:1)_forcond_0($4) : +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(15:24:26:1)_forcond_0($4) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:25:27:1) iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short} - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(15:26:28:1) if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7) +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(15:26:28:1) if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7) \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(16:27:31:1) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] + ITemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(17:29:33:1) iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short} - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(17:30:34:1) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] + iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(18:32:36:1:1) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short} - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(18:33:37:1) _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{ int}[r7 r0] - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:36:42:1) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short} - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:37:45:1) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short} - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(19:38:47:1) goto _forcond_0($4) +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(19:38:47:1) goto _forcond_0($4) \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(19:39:48:0)_forbreak_0($7) : +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(19:39:48:0)_forbreak_0($7) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(20:40:49:0) iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}[DPTR] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] + ITemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(20:41:50:0) ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short} +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(20:41:50:0) ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -Sample.c(20:42:51:0)_return($8) : +\size footnotesize +Sample.c(20:42:51:0)_return($8) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize Sample.c(20:43:52:0) eproc _function [lr0:0]{ ia0 re0 rm0}{function short} -\size default +\size default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Finally the code generated for this function: -\newline - +\newline \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -.area DSEG (DATA) +\size footnotesize +.area DSEG (DATA) \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -_p:: +\size footnotesize +_p:: \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ .ds 2 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -_gint:: +\size footnotesize +_gint:: \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ .ds 2 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; sample.c 5 +\size footnotesize +; sample.c 5 \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; ---------------------------------------------- +\size footnotesize +; ---------------------------------------------- \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; function function +\size footnotesize +; function function \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; ---------------------------------------------- +\size footnotesize +; ---------------------------------------------- \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -_function: +\size footnotesize +_function: \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv +\size footnotesize +; iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r2,dpl - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] +\size footnotesize +; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov ar0,r2 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -;_whilecontinue_0($1) : +\size footnotesize +;_whilecontinue_0($1) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -00101$: +\size footnotesize +00101$: \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]] +\size footnotesize +; iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]] \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3) +\size footnotesize +; if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3) \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov ar2,@r0 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ inc r0 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov ar3,@r0 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dec r0 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,r2 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ orl a,r3 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ jz 00103$ - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -00114$: +\size footnotesize +00114$: \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} +\size footnotesize +; iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov dpl,_p - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov dph,(_p + 1) - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short} +\size footnotesize +; _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,#0x02 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ add a,_p - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov _p,a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ clr a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ addc a,(_p + 1) - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov (_p + 1),a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]] +\size footnotesize +; iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]] \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ movx a,@dptr - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r2,a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ inc dptr - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ movx a,@dptr - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r3,a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] +\size footnotesize +; *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov @r0,ar2 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ inc r0 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov @r0,ar3 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = +\size footnotesize +; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] + +\size footnotesize +; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] + \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; 0x2 {short} +\size footnotesize +; 0x2 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ inc r0 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; goto _whilecontinue_0($1) +\size footnotesize +; goto _whilecontinue_0($1) \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ sjmp 00101$ - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; _whilebreak_0($3) : +\size footnotesize +; _whilebreak_0($3) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -00103$: +\size footnotesize +00103$: \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short} +\size footnotesize +; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r2,#0x00 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short} +\size footnotesize +; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r3,#0x00 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short} +\size footnotesize +; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r4,#0x00 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int} +\size footnotesize +; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r5,#0x0A - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r6,#0x00 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int} +\size footnotesize +; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r7,#0x1E - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r0,#0x00 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; _forcond_0($4) : +\size footnotesize +; _forcond_0($4) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -00104$: +\size footnotesize +00104$: \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short} +\size footnotesize +; iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7) +\size footnotesize +; if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7) \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ clr c - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,r4 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ xrl a,#0x80 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ subb a,#0x8a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ jnc 00107$ - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -00115$: +\size footnotesize +00115$: \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] + +\size footnotesize +; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] + \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] +\size footnotesize +; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,r4 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ add a,r2 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r2,a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short} +\size footnotesize +; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov b,#0x03 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,r4 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mul ab - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r1,a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] + +\size footnotesize +; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] + \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] +\size footnotesize +; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ add a,r3 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r3,a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short} +\size footnotesize +; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,r7 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ add a,#0xfd - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r7,a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,r0 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ addc a,#0xff - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov r0,a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] +\size footnotesize +; _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,r7 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ add a,_gint - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov _gint,a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,r0 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ addc a,(_gint + 1) - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov (_gint + 1),a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short} +\size footnotesize +; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ inc r4 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short} +\size footnotesize +; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dec r5 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ cjne r5,#0xff,00104$ - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ dec r6 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; goto _forcond_0($4) +\size footnotesize +; goto _forcond_0($4) \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ sjmp 00104$ - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; _forbreak_0($7) : +\size footnotesize +; _forbreak_0($7) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -00107$: +\size footnotesize +00107$: \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short} +\size footnotesize +; ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short} \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov a,r3 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ add a,r2 - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ mov dpl,a - \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -; _return($8) : +\size footnotesize +; _return($8) : \layout Standard -\size footnotesize -00108$: +\size footnotesize +00108$: \layout Standard -\size footnotesize + +\size footnotesize \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ ret -\newline - +\newline \layout Section -A few words about basic block successors, predecessors and dominators +A few words about basic block successors, predecessors and dominators \layout Standard + Successors are basic blocks \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks} -\end_inset +\end_inset that might execute after this basic block. -\newline -Predecessors are basic blocks - that might execute before reaching this basic block. -\newline -Dominators are basic - blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic block. -\newline - +\newline +Predecessors are basic blocks that might execute before reaching this basic + block. +\newline +Dominators are basic blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic + block. +\newline \layout Standard -[basic block 1] +[basic block 1] \layout Standard -if (something) +if (something) \layout Standard + \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ [basic block 2] - \layout Standard -else +else \layout Standard + \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ \SpecialChar ~ [basic block 3] - \layout Standard -[basic block 4] -\newline +[basic block 4] +\newline \layout Standard -a) succList of [BB2] = [BB4], of [BB3] = [BB4], of [BB1] = [BB2,BB3] +a) succList of [BB2] = [BB4], of [BB3] = [BB4], of [BB1] = [BB2,BB3] \layout Standard -b) predList of [BB2] = [BB1], of [BB3] = [BB1], of [BB4] = [BB2,BB3] +b) predList of [BB2] = [BB1], of [BB3] = [BB1], of [BB4] = [BB2,BB3] \layout Standard + c) domVect of [BB4] = BB1 ... here we are not sure if BB2 or BB3 was executed but we are SURE that BB1 was executed. - \layout Chapter -Acknowledgments +Acknowledgments \layout Standard + + \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net#Who} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on Thanks to all the other volunteer developers who have helped with coding, testing, web-page creation, distribution sets, etc. You know who you are :-) -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on Also thanks to Sourceforge \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.sf.net} -\end_inset +\end_inset which has hosted the project since 1999 and donates significant download bandwidth and probably more than @@ -35057,51 +35170,49 @@ Also thanks to Sourceforge status Collapsed \layout Standard - $10^{13}$ - -\end_inset +\end_inset CPU cycles per day. -\newline +\newline \begin_inset Note collapsed false \layout Standard + more than 10^13 is an estimate: on my Athlon 2800+ it takes about (0.5+6.5+20) minutes for (configure+make+regression test), and there is (i386, amd64, alpha, ppc64, (mingw32), sparc, macosx). - -\end_inset - +\end_inset \layout Standard -This document was initially written by Sandeep Dutta +This document was initially written by Sandeep Dutta \layout Standard + All product names mentioned herein may be trademarks \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Trademarks} -\end_inset +\end_inset of their respective companies. - \layout Section* -Alphabetical index +Alphabetical index \layout Standard + To avoid confusion, the installation and building options for SDCC itself (chapter 2) are not part of the index. - \layout Standard -\begin_inset LatexCommand \printindex{} -\end_inset +\begin_inset LatexCommand \printindex{} + +\end_inset \the_end diff --git a/src/mcs51/Makefile.bcc b/src/mcs51/Makefile.bcc index 8370b9f0..f6ce704d 100644 --- a/src/mcs51/Makefile.bcc +++ b/src/mcs51/Makefile.bcc @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Makefile for Borlad C++ +# Makefile for Borland C++ PRJDIR = ../.. -OBJ = gen.obj ralloc.obj main.obj +OBJ = gen.obj ralloc.obj main.obj rtrack.obj LIB = port.lib !include $(PRJDIR)/Bcc.inc diff --git a/src/mcs51/gen.c b/src/mcs51/gen.c index b476551b..6539d048 100644 --- a/src/mcs51/gen.c +++ b/src/mcs51/gen.c @@ -258,24 +258,6 @@ movb (const char *x) emitcode("mov","b,%s", x); } -/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ -/* movc - moves specified value into the carry */ -/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ -static void -movc (const char *s) -{ - if (!strcmp (s, zero)) - CLRC; - else if (!strcmp (s, one)) - SETC; - else if (strcmp (s, "c")) - {/* it's not in carry already */ - MOVA (s); - /* set C, if a >= 1 */ - emitcode ("add", "a,#0xff"); - } -} - /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ /* pushB - saves register B if necessary */ /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ @@ -1431,8 +1413,8 @@ aopGet (operand * oper, int offset, bool bit16, bool dname) return aop->aopu.aop_reg[offset]->name; case AOP_CRY: - emitcode ("clr", "a"); emitcode ("mov", "c,%s", aop->aopu.aop_dir); + emitcode ("clr", "a"); emitcode ("rlc", "a"); return (dname ? "acc" : "a"); @@ -1686,29 +1668,27 @@ aopPut (operand * result, const char *s, int offset) break; case AOP_CRY: - /* if not bit variable */ + /* if result no bit variable */ if (!aop->aopu.aop_dir) { + assert (!strcmp (s, "c")); /* inefficient: move carry into A and use jz/jnz */ emitcode ("clr", "a"); emitcode ("rlc", "a"); accuse = TRUE; } - else + else if (s == zero) + emitcode ("clr", "%s", aop->aopu.aop_dir); + else if (s == one) + emitcode ("setb", "%s", aop->aopu.aop_dir); + else if (!strcmp (s, "c")) + emitcode ("mov", "%s,c", aop->aopu.aop_dir); + else if (strcmp (s, aop->aopu.aop_dir)) { - if (s == zero) - emitcode ("clr", "%s", aop->aopu.aop_dir); - else if (s == one) - emitcode ("setb", "%s", aop->aopu.aop_dir); - else if (!strcmp (s, "c")) - emitcode ("mov", "%s,c", aop->aopu.aop_dir); - else if (strcmp (s, aop->aopu.aop_dir)) - { - MOVA (s); - /* set C, if a >= 1 */ - emitcode ("add", "a,#0xff"); - emitcode ("mov", "%s,c", aop->aopu.aop_dir); - } + MOVA (s); + /* set C, if a >= 1 */ + emitcode ("add", "a,#0xff"); + emitcode ("mov", "%s,c", aop->aopu.aop_dir); } break; @@ -1912,6 +1892,56 @@ toBoolean (operand * oper) } } +/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ +/* toCarry - make boolean and move into carry */ +/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ +static void +toCarry (operand * oper) +{ + /* if the operand is a literal then + we know what the value is */ + if (AOP_TYPE (oper) == AOP_LIT) + { + if ((int) operandLitValue (oper)) + SETC; + else + CLRC; + } + else if (AOP_TYPE (oper) == AOP_CRY) + { + emitcode ("mov", "c,%s", oper->aop->aopu.aop_dir); + } + else + { + /* or the operand into a */ + toBoolean (oper); + /* set C, if a >= 1 */ + emitcode ("add", "a,#0xff"); + } +} + +/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ +/* assignBit - assign operand to bit operand */ +/*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ +static void +assignBit (operand * result, operand * right) +{ + /* if the right side is a literal then + we know what the value is */ + if (AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_LIT) + { + if ((int) operandLitValue (right)) + aopPut (result, one, 0); + else + aopPut (result, zero, 0); + } + else + { + toCarry (right); + aopPut (result, "c", 0); + } +} + /*-------------------------------------------------------------------*/ /* xch_a_aopGet - for exchanging acc with value of the aop */ @@ -2764,19 +2794,10 @@ static void genSend(set *sendSet) else emitcode ("clr", "b[%d]", bit); } - else if (AOP_TYPE (IC_LEFT (sic)) == AOP_CRY) - { - char *l = AOP (IC_LEFT (sic))->aopu.aop_dir; - if (strcmp (l, "c")) - emitcode ("mov", "c,%s", l); - emitcode ("mov", "b[%d],c", bit); - } else { /* we need to or */ - toBoolean (IC_LEFT (sic)); - /* set C, if a >= 1 */ - emitcode ("add", "a,#0xff"); + toCarry (IC_LEFT (sic)); emitcode ("mov", "b[%d],c", bit); } bit_count++; @@ -3047,7 +3068,7 @@ genPcall (iCode * ic) // need caution message to user here } - if (IS_LITERAL(etype)) + if (IS_LITERAL (etype)) { /* if send set is not empty then assign */ if (_G.sendSet) @@ -3097,6 +3118,7 @@ genPcall (iCode * ic) if (!swapBanks) { + /* what if aopGet needs r0 or r1 ??? */ emitcode ("mov", "ar0,%s", aopGet(IC_LEFT (ic), 0, FALSE, FALSE)); emitcode ("mov", "ar1,%s", aopGet(IC_LEFT (ic), 1, FALSE, FALSE)); emitcode ("mov", "ar2,%s", aopGet(IC_LEFT (ic), 2, FALSE, FALSE)); @@ -3128,7 +3150,7 @@ genPcall (iCode * ic) emitcode ("lcall", "__sdcc_banked_call"); } } - else + else if (_G.sendSet) { /* push the return address on to the stack */ emitcode ("mov", "a,#%05d$", (rlbl->key + 100)); @@ -3160,6 +3182,38 @@ genPcall (iCode * ic) emitcode ("ret", ""); emitLabel (rlbl); } + else /* the send set is empty */ + { + char *l; + /* now get the calling address into dptr */ + aopOp (IC_LEFT (ic), ic, FALSE); + + l = aopGet (IC_LEFT (ic), 0, FALSE, FALSE); + if (AOP_TYPE (IC_LEFT (ic)) == AOP_DPTR) + { + emitcode ("mov", "r0,%s", l); + l = aopGet (IC_LEFT (ic), 1, FALSE, FALSE); + emitcode ("mov", "dph,%s", l); + emitcode ("mov", "dpl,r0"); + } + else + { + emitcode ("mov", "dpl,%s", l); + l = aopGet (IC_LEFT (ic), 1, FALSE, FALSE); + emitcode ("mov", "dph,%s", l); + } + + freeAsmop (IC_LEFT (ic), NULL, ic, TRUE); + + if (swapBanks) + { + emitcode ("mov", "psw,#0x%02x", + ((FUNC_REGBANK(dtype)) << 3) & 0xff); + } + + /* make the call */ + emitcode ("lcall", "__sdcc_call_dptr"); + } } if (swapBanks) { @@ -3998,10 +4052,7 @@ genRet (iCode * ic) if (IS_BIT(_G.currentFunc->etype)) { - if (AOP_TYPE (IC_LEFT (ic)) == AOP_CRY) - emitcode ("mov", "c,%s", AOP (IC_LEFT (ic))->aopu.aop_dir); - else - movc (aopGet (IC_LEFT (ic), 0, FALSE, FALSE)); + toCarry (IC_LEFT (ic)); } else { @@ -4011,15 +4062,13 @@ genRet (iCode * ic) if (AOP_TYPE (IC_LEFT (ic)) == AOP_DPTR) { /* #NOCHANGE */ - l = aopGet (IC_LEFT (ic), offset++, - FALSE, TRUE); + l = aopGet (IC_LEFT (ic), offset++, FALSE, TRUE); emitcode ("push", "%s", l); pushed++; } else { - l = aopGet (IC_LEFT (ic), offset, - FALSE, FALSE); + l = aopGet (IC_LEFT (ic), offset, FALSE, FALSE); if (strcmp (fReturn[offset], l)) emitcode ("mov", "%s,%s", fReturn[offset++], l); } @@ -4296,10 +4345,10 @@ genPlusBits (iCode * ic) { D (emitcode (";", "genPlusBits")); + emitcode ("mov", "c,%s", AOP (IC_LEFT (ic))->aopu.aop_dir); if (AOP_TYPE (IC_RESULT (ic)) == AOP_CRY) { symbol *lbl = newiTempLabel (NULL); - emitcode ("mov", "c,%s", AOP (IC_LEFT (ic))->aopu.aop_dir); emitcode ("jnb", "%s,%05d$", AOP (IC_RIGHT (ic))->aopu.aop_dir, (lbl->key + 100)); emitcode ("cpl", "c"); emitLabel (lbl); @@ -4308,7 +4357,6 @@ genPlusBits (iCode * ic) else { emitcode ("clr", "a"); - emitcode ("mov", "c,%s", AOP (IC_LEFT (ic))->aopu.aop_dir); emitcode ("rlc", "a"); emitcode ("mov", "c,%s", AOP (IC_RIGHT (ic))->aopu.aop_dir); emitcode ("addc", "a,%s", zero); @@ -11064,28 +11112,7 @@ genAssign (iCode * ic) /* if the result is a bit */ if (AOP_TYPE (result) == AOP_CRY) { - /* if the right size is a literal then - we know what the value is */ - if (AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_LIT) - { - if (((int) operandLitValue (right))) - aopPut (result, one, 0); - else - aopPut (result, zero, 0); - goto release; - } - - /* the right is also a bit variable */ - if (AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_CRY) - { - emitcode ("mov", "c,%s", AOP (right)->aopu.aop_dir); - aopPut (result, "c", 0); - goto release; - } - - /* we need to or */ - toBoolean (right); - aopPut (result, "a", 0); + assignBit (result, right); goto release; } @@ -11273,29 +11300,7 @@ genCast (iCode * ic) /* if the result is a bit (and not a bitfield) */ if (IS_BIT (OP_SYMBOL (result)->type)) { - /* if the right size is a literal then - we know what the value is */ - if (AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_LIT) - { - if (((int) operandLitValue (right))) - aopPut (result, one, 0); - else - aopPut (result, zero, 0); - - goto release; - } - - /* the right is also a bit variable */ - if (AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_CRY) - { - emitcode ("mov", "c,%s", AOP (right)->aopu.aop_dir); - aopPut (result, "c", 0); - goto release; - } - - /* we need to or */ - toBoolean (right); - aopPut (result, "a", 0); + assignBit (result, right); goto release; } diff --git a/src/mcs51/ralloc.h b/src/mcs51/ralloc.h index 7153faa9..9d851a8f 100644 --- a/src/mcs51/ralloc.h +++ b/src/mcs51/ralloc.h @@ -47,17 +47,18 @@ enum /* definition for the registers */ typedef struct regs { - short type; /* can have value - REG_GPR, REG_PTR or REG_CND */ - short rIdx; /* index into register table */ + short type; /* can have value + REG_GPR, REG_PTR or REG_CND */ + short rIdx; /* index into register table */ short otype; - char *name; /* name */ - char *dname; /* name when direct access needed */ - char *base; /* base address */ - short offset; /* offset from the base */ - unsigned isFree:1; /* is currently unassigned */ - unsigned char value; /* from rtrack.c only valid when valueKnown is set */ - short valueKnown; + char *name; /* name */ + char *dname; /* name when direct access needed */ + char *base; /* base address */ + short offset; /* offset from the base */ + unsigned isFree:1; /* is currently unassigned */ + unsigned valueKnown:1; /* from rtrack.c */ + unsigned char value; /* from rtrack.c only valid when valueKnown is set */ + } regs; extern regs regs8051[]; diff --git a/src/mcs51/rtrack.c b/src/mcs51/rtrack.c index 10882d7f..6fbc92b7 100644 --- a/src/mcs51/rtrack.c +++ b/src/mcs51/rtrack.c @@ -1,638 +1,684 @@ -/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- - rtrack.c - tracking content of registers on an mcs51 - - Copyright 2007 Frieder Ferlemann (Frieder Ferlemann AT web.de) - - This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify - it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by - the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or - (at your option) any later version. - - This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, - but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the - GNU General Public License for more details. - - You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License - along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software - Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA --------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ - -/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Status: - - passes regression test suite, still bugs are likely - - only active if environment variable SDCC_RTRACK is set - - Missed opportunities: - - does not track symbols as in "mov a,#_my_int" or "mov a,#(_my_int+1)" - - only used with moves to acc so chances to use: "inc dptr", - "inc r2", "add a,r2" or "mov r2,a" would not be detected) - - a label causes loss of tracking (no handling of information of blocks - known to follow/preceed the current block) - - not used in aopGet or genRet --------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ - - -#include -#include -#include "SDCCglobl.h" - -#include "common.h" -#include "ralloc.h" -#include "gen.h" - -#define DEBUG(x) -//#define DEBUG(x) x - -#define D(x) x - -#define REGS8051_SET(idx,val) do{ \ - regs8051[idx].value = (val) & 0xff; \ - regs8051[idx].valueKnown = 1; \ - DEBUG(printf("%s:0x%02x\n",regs8051[idx].name, \ - regs8051[idx].value);) \ - } while(0) - -#define REGS8051_UNSET(idx) do{ \ - regs8051[idx].valueKnown = 0; \ - DEBUG(printf("%s:*\n",regs8051[idx].name);) \ - } while(0) - -/* r0..r7 are not in numerical order in struct regs: r2..r7,r0,r1 */ -#define Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(num) (R2_IDX+((num-2)&0x07)) - - -/* move this (or rtrackGetLit() and rtrackMoveALit() - elsewhere? stealing emitcode from gen.c */ -void emitcode (const char *inst, const char *fmt,...); - - -static int enable = -1; - -/* -static void dumpAll() -{ - unsigned int i; - unsigned int nl=0; - - for (i=0; ivalueKnown) - { - REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, r->value); - return; - } - } - REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); - return; - } - - if (!strncmp (line,"mov\ta",5)) - { - REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); - return; - } - - if (!strncmp (line,"movc\ta",6) || - !strncmp (line,"movx\ta",6)) - { - REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); - return; - } - - /* move direct to symbol, do not care */ - if (!strncmp (line,"mov\t_",5) || - !strncmp (line,"mov\t(_",6)) - return; - - /* check literal mov to register */ - if (!strncmp (line,"mov\tr",5)) - { - char *s; - int value; - int regNum; - - regNum = strtol (line+5, &s, 16); - if (s == line+6) - { - value = strtol (line+8, &s, 16); - if ((s != line+8) && !strncmp (line+6,",#0x",4)) - REGS8051_SET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum), value); - else - REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum)); - return; - } - } - - /* mov to psw can change register bank */ - if (!strncmp (line,"mov\tpsw,",8)) - { - invalidateAllRx(); - return; - } - - /* no tracking of these, so we do not care */ - if (!strncmp (line,"mov\tdptr,#",10) || - !strncmp (line,"mov\tdpl,",8) || - !strncmp (line,"mov\tdph,",8) || - !strncmp (line,"mov\tsp,",7) || - !strncmp (line,"mov\tb,",6)) - return; - - /* mov to xdata memory does not change registers */ - if (!strncmp (line,"movx\t@",6)) - return; - - if (!strncmp (line,"mov\t@",5)) - { - invalidateAllRx(); - return; - } - } - - /* no tracking of SP */ - if (!strncmp (line,"push",4)) - return; - - if (!strncmp (line,"pop\ta",5)) - { - if (!strncmp (line+4,"acc",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); return; } - if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar2",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (2)); return; } - if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar3",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (3)); return; } - if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar4",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (4)); return; } - if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar5",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (5)); return; } - if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar6",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (6)); return; } - if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar7",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (7)); return; } - if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar0",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (0)); return; } - if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar1",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (1)); return; } - } - - if (!strncmp (line,"inc",3)) - { - /* no tracking of dptr, ignore */ - if (!strcmp (line,"inc\tdptr") || - !strcmp (line,"inc\tdph") || - !strcmp (line,"inc\tdpl")) - return; - - if (!strcmp (line,"inc\ta")) - { - if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) - REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, regs8051[A_IDX].value+1); - return; - } - - if(!strncmp (line,"inc\tr",5)) - { - char *s; - int regNum; - - regNum = strtol (line+5, &s, 16); - if (s == line+6) - { - regs *r = ®s8051[Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum)]; - if (r->valueKnown) - { - REGS8051_SET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum), r->value+1); - } - return; - } - } - } - - /* unfortunately the label typically following these - will cause loss of tracking */ - if (!strncmp (line,"jc\t",3) || - !strncmp (line,"jnc\t",4) || - !strncmp (line,"jb\t",3) || - !strncmp (line,"jnb\t",4) || - !strncmp (line,"jbc\t",4)) - return; - - /* if branch not taken in "cjne r2,#0x08,somewhere" - r2 is known to be 8 */ - if (!strncmp (line,"cjne",4)) - return; - - /* acc eventually known to be zero */ - if (!strncmp (line,"jz\t",3) || - !strncmp (line,"jnz\t",4)) - return; - - if (!strncmp (line,"djnz\tr",6)) - { - char *s; - int regNum; - - regNum = strtol (line+6, &s, 16); - if (s == line+7) - { - REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum)); - // REGS8051_SET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum), 0x00); // branch not taken - return; - } - } - - /* only carry bit, so we do not care */ - if (!strncmp (line,"setb\tc",6) || - !strncmp (line,"clr\tc",5) || - !strncmp (line,"cpl\tc",5)) - return; - - if (!strncmp (line,"add\ta,",6) || - !strncmp (line,"addc\ta,",7)|| - !strncmp (line,"subb\ta,",7)|| - !strncmp (line,"xrl\ta,",6) || - !strncmp (line,"orl\ta,",6) || - !strncmp (line,"anl\ta,",6) || - !strncmp (line,"da\ta",4) || - !strncmp (line,"rlc\ta,",6) || - !strncmp (line,"rrc\ta,",6) || - !strncmp (line,"setb\ta",6) || - !strncmp (line,"clrb\ta,",7)) - { - /* could also handle f.e. "add a,Rx" if a, Rx are known or "xrl a,#0x08" */ - REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); - return; - } - - - if (!strncmp (line,"dec",3)) - { - /* no tracking of dptr, so we would not care */ - if (!strcmp (line,"dec\tdph") || - !strcmp (line,"dec\tdpl")) - return; - - if (!strcmp (line,"dec\ta")) - { - if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) - REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, regs8051[A_IDX].value-1); - return; - } - - if(!strncmp (line,"dec\tr",5)) - { - char *s; - int regNum; - - regNum = strtol (line+5, &s, 16); - if (s == line+6) - { - regs *r = ®s8051[Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum)]; - if (r->valueKnown) - { - REGS8051_SET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum), r->value-1); - } - return; - } - } - } - - - if (!strcmp (line,"clr\ta")) - { - REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, 0); - return; - } - - if (!strcmp (line,"cpl\ta")) - { - if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) - REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, ~regs8051[A_IDX].value); - return; - } - if (!strcmp (line,"rl\ta")) - { - if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) - REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, (regs8051[A_IDX].value<<1) | - (regs8051[A_IDX].value>>7) ); - return; - } - if (!strcmp (line,"rr\ta")) - { - if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) - REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, (regs8051[A_IDX].value>>1) | - (regs8051[A_IDX].value<<7)); - return; - } - if (!strcmp (line,"swap\ta")) - { - if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) - REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, (regs8051[A_IDX].value>>4) | - (regs8051[A_IDX].value<<4)); - return; - } - - if (!strncmp (line,"mul",3) || - !strncmp (line,"div",3) - ) - { - REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); - REGS8051_UNSET (B_IDX); - return; - } - - /* assuming these library functions have no side-effects */ - if (!strcmp (line,"lcall")) - { - if (!strcmp (line,"lcall\t__gptrput")) - { - /* invalidate R0..R7 because they might have been changed */ - invalidateAllRx(); - return; - } - if (!strcmp (line,"lcall\t__gptrget")) - { - REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); - return; - } - if (!strcmp (line,"lcall\t__decdptr")) - { - return; - } - } - - /* all others unrecognized, invalidate */ - invalidateAll(); -} - - -/* expects f.e. "#0x01" and returns either "#0x01" - if the value is not known to be within registers - or "a" or "r0".."r7". - (mov a,r7 or add a,r7 need one byte whereas - mov a,#0x01 or add a,#0x01 would take two - */ -char * rtrackGetLit(const char *x) -{ - unsigned int i; - - char *s; - - if (enable != 1) - return (char *)x; - - /* was it a numerical literal? */ - if (*x == '#') - { - int val = strtol (x+1, &s, 16); - if (x+1 != s) - { - /* try to get from acc */ - regs *r = ®s8051[A_IDX]; - if (r->valueKnown && - r->value == val) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=%s", val, r->name)); - return r->name; - } - /* try to get from register R0..R7 */ - for (i=0; i<8; i++) - { - regs *r = ®s8051[Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(i)]; - if (r->valueKnown && - r->value == val) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=%s", val, r->name)); - return r->name; - } - } - } - else - { - /* probably a symbolic literal as in "mov r3,#(_i+1)", - not handled... */ - } - } - - return (char *)x; -} - -/* Similar to the above function - As the destination is the accumulator try harder yet and - try to generate the result with arithmetic operations */ -int rtrackMoveALit (const char *x) -{ - - if (enable != 1) - return 0; - - /* if it is a literal mov try to get it cheaper */ - if ( *x == '#' ) - { - regs *a = ®s8051[A_IDX]; - - char *s; - int val = strtol (x+1, &s, 16); - - /* was it a numerical literal? */ - if (x+1 != s) - { - /* prefer mov a,#0x00 */ - if (val == 0 && - ((a->valueKnown && a->value != 0) || - !a->valueKnown)) - { - /* peepholes convert to clr a */ - emitcode ("mov", "a,#0x00"); - return 1; - } - - if (a->valueKnown) - { - /* already there? */ - if (val == a->value) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack acc=0x%02x", a->value)); - return 1; - } - - /* can be calculated with an instruction - that does not change flags from acc itself? */ - if (val == ((a->value+1) & 0xff) ) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x+1", val, a->value)); - emitcode ("inc", "a"); - return 1; - } - if (val == ((a->value-1) & 0xff) ) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x-1", val, a->value)); - emitcode ("dec", "a"); - return 1; - } - if (val == ((~a->value) & 0xff) ) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=~0x%02x", val, a->value)); - emitcode ("cpl", "a"); - return 1; - } - if (val == (((a->value>>1) | - (a->value<<7)) & 0xff)) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=rr(0x%02x)", val, a->value)); - emitcode ("rr", "a"); - return 1; - } - if (val == (((a->value<<1) | - (a->value>>7)) & 0xff )) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=rl(0x%02x)", val, a->value)); - emitcode ("rl", "a"); - return 1; - } - if (val == ( ((a->value & 0x0f)<<4) | - ((a->value & 0xf0)>>4) )) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=swap(0x%02x)", val, a->value)); - emitcode ("swap", "a"); - return 1; - } - /* Decimal Adjust Accumulator (da a) changes flags so not used */ - } - - - { - unsigned int i; - char *ptr= rtrackGetLit(x); - - if (x != ptr) - { - /* could get from register, fine */ - emitcode ("mov", "a,%s", ptr); - return 1; - } - - /* not yet giving up - try to calculate from register R0..R7 */ - for (i=0; i<8; i++) - { - regs *r = ®s8051[Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(i)]; - - if (a->valueKnown && r->valueKnown) - { - /* calculate with a single byte instruction from R0..R7? */ - if (val == (a->value | r->value)) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x|0x%02x", - val, a->value, r->value)); - emitcode ("orl", "a,%s",r->name); - return 1; - } - if (val == (a->value & r->value)) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x&0x%02x", - val, a->value, r->value)); - emitcode ("anl", "a,%s", r->name); - return 1; - } - if (val == (a->value ^ r->value)) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x^0x%02x", - val, a->value, r->value)); - emitcode ("xrl", "a,%s", r->name); - return 1; - } - /* changes flags (does that matter?) - if (val == (a->value + r->value)) - { - D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x+%0x02x", - val, a->value, r->value)); - emitcode ("add", "a,%s",r->name); - return 1; - } - so not used */ - } - } - } - } - } - - return 0; -} - +/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- + rtrack.c - tracking content of registers on an mcs51 + + Copyright 2007 Frieder Ferlemann (Frieder Ferlemann AT web.de) + + This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + GNU General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software + Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA +-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + +/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Status: + - passes regression test suite, still bugs are likely + - only active if environment variable SDCC_RTRACK is set + + Missed opportunities: + - does not track symbols as in "mov a,#_my_int" or "mov a,#(_my_int+1)" + - only used with moves to acc so chances to use: "inc dptr", + "inc r2", "add a,r2" or "mov r2,a" would not be detected) + - a label causes loss of tracking (no handling of information of blocks + known to follow/preceed the current block) + - not used in aopGet or genRet +-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + + +#include +#include +#include "SDCCglobl.h" + +#include "common.h" +#include "ralloc.h" +#include "gen.h" + +#define DEBUG(x) +//#define DEBUG(x) x + +#define D(x) x + +#define REGS8051_SET(idx,val) do{ \ + regs8051[idx].value = (val) & 0xff; \ + regs8051[idx].valueKnown = 1; \ + DEBUG(printf("%s:0x%02x\n",regs8051[idx].name, \ + regs8051[idx].value);) \ + } while(0) + +#define REGS8051_UNSET(idx) do{ \ + regs8051[idx].valueKnown = 0; \ + DEBUG(printf("%s:*\n",regs8051[idx].name);) \ + } while(0) + +/* r0..r7 are not in numerical order in struct regs: r2..r7,r0,r1 */ +#define Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(num) (R2_IDX+((num-2)&0x07)) + + +/* move this (or rtrackGetLit() and rtrackMoveALit() + elsewhere? stealing emitcode from gen.c */ +void emitcode (const char *inst, const char *fmt,...); + + +static int enable = -1; + +/* +static void dumpAll() +{ + unsigned int i; + unsigned int nl=0; + + for (i=0; ivalueKnown) + { + REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, r->value); + return; + } + REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); + return; + } + + if (!strncmp (line,"mov\ta",5)) + { + REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); + return; + } + + if (!strncmp (line,"movc\ta",6) || + !strncmp (line,"movx\ta",6)) + { + REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); + return; + } + + /* move direct to symbol, do not care */ + if (!strncmp (line,"mov\t_",5) || + !strncmp (line,"mov\t(_",6)) + return; + + /* check literal mov to register */ + if (!strncmp (line,"mov\tr",5)) + { + char *s; + int value; + int regNum; + + regNum = strtol (line+5, &s, 16); + if (s == line+6) + { + value = strtol (line+8, &s, 16); + if ((s != line+8) && !strncmp (line+6,",#0x",4)) + REGS8051_SET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum), value); + else + REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum)); + return; + } + } + + /* mov to psw can change register bank */ + if (!strncmp (line,"mov\tpsw,",8)) + { + invalidateAllRx(); + return; + } + + /* no tracking of these, so we do not care */ + if (!strncmp (line,"mov\tdptr,#",10) || + !strncmp (line,"mov\tdpl,",8) || + !strncmp (line,"mov\tdph,",8) || + !strncmp (line,"mov\tsp,",7) || + !strncmp (line,"mov\tb,",6)) + return; + + /* mov to xdata memory does not change registers */ + if (!strncmp (line,"movx\t@",6)) + return; + + if (!strncmp (line,"mov\t@",5)) + { + invalidateAllRx(); + return; + } + } + + /* no tracking of SP */ + if (!strncmp (line,"push",4)) + return; + + if (!strncmp (line,"pop\ta",5)) + { + if (!strncmp (line+4,"acc",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); return; } + if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar2",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (2)); return; } + if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar3",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (3)); return; } + if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar4",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (4)); return; } + if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar5",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (5)); return; } + if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar6",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (6)); return; } + if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar7",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (7)); return; } + if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar0",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (0)); return; } + if (!strncmp (line+4,"ar1",3)){ REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX (1)); return; } + } + + if (!strncmp (line,"inc",3)) + { + /* no tracking of dptr, ignore */ + if (!strcmp (line,"inc\tdptr") || + !strcmp (line,"inc\tdph") || + !strcmp (line,"inc\tdpl")) + return; + + if (!strcmp (line,"inc\ta")) + { + if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) + REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, regs8051[A_IDX].value+1); + return; + } + + if(!strncmp (line,"inc\tr",5)) + { + regs *r = getReg(line+5); + if (r && r->valueKnown) + { + REGS8051_SET (r->rIdx, r->value+1); + } + return; + } + } + + /* some bit in acc is cleared + MB: I'm too lazy to find out which right now */ + if (!strncmp (line,"jbc\tacc",7)) + { + REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); + return; + } + + /* unfortunately the label typically following these + will cause loss of tracking */ + if (!strncmp (line,"jc\t",3) || + !strncmp (line,"jnc\t",4) || + !strncmp (line,"jb\t",3) || + !strncmp (line,"jnb\t",4) || + !strncmp (line,"jbc\t",4)) + return; + + /* if branch not taken in "cjne r2,#0x08,somewhere" + r2 is known to be 8 */ + if (!strncmp (line,"cjne",4)) + { + if(!strncmp (line,"cjne\ta,#0x",10)) + { + char *s; + int value; + + value = strtol (line+8, &s, 16); + if (s != line+8) + REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, value); /* valid hex found */ + } + if(!strncmp (line,"cjne\tr",6)) + { + char *s; + int value; + regs *r = getReg(line+6); + value = strtol (line+8, &s, 16); + if (r && s != line+8) + REGS8051_SET (r->rIdx, value); /* valid hex found */ + } + return; + } + + /* acc eventually known to be zero */ + if (!strncmp (line,"jz\t",3)) + return; + + /* acc eventually known to be zero */ + if (!strncmp (line,"jnz\t",4)) + { + REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, 0x00); // branch not taken + return; + } + + if (!strncmp (line,"djnz\tr",6)) + { + char *s; + int regNum; + + regNum = strtol (line+6, &s, 16); + if (s == line+7) + { + //REGS8051_UNSET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum)); + REGS8051_SET (Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(regNum), 0x00); // branch not taken + return; + } + } + + /* only carry bit, so we do not care */ + if (!strncmp (line,"setb\tc",6) || + !strncmp (line,"clr\tc",5) || + !strncmp (line,"cpl\tc",5)) + return; + + if (!strncmp (line,"add\ta,",6) || + !strncmp (line,"addc\ta,",7)|| + !strncmp (line,"subb\ta,",7)|| + !strncmp (line,"xrl\ta,",6) || + !strncmp (line,"orl\ta,",6) || + !strncmp (line,"anl\ta,",6) || + !strncmp (line,"da\ta",4) || + !strncmp (line,"rlc\ta,",6) || + !strncmp (line,"rrc\ta,",6) || + !strncmp (line,"setb\ta",6) || + !strncmp (line,"clrb\ta,",7)|| + !strncmp (line,"cpl\tacc",7)) + { + /* could also handle f.e. "add a,Rx" if a, Rx are known or "xrl a,#0x08" */ + REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); + return; + } + + + if (!strncmp (line,"dec",3)) + { + /* no tracking of dptr, so we would not care */ + if (!strcmp (line,"dec\tdph") || + !strcmp (line,"dec\tdpl")) + return; + + if (!strcmp (line,"dec\ta")) + { + if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) + REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, regs8051[A_IDX].value-1); + return; + } + + if(!strncmp (line,"dec\tr",5)) + { + regs *r = getReg(line+5); + if (r && r->valueKnown) + { + REGS8051_SET (r->rIdx, r->value-1); + } + return; + } + } + + + if (!strcmp (line,"clr\ta")) + { + REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, 0); + return; + } + + if (!strcmp (line,"cpl\ta")) + { + if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) + REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, ~regs8051[A_IDX].value); + return; + } + if (!strcmp (line,"rl\ta")) + { + if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) + REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, (regs8051[A_IDX].value<<1) | + (regs8051[A_IDX].value>>7) ); + return; + } + if (!strcmp (line,"rr\ta")) + { + if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) + REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, (regs8051[A_IDX].value>>1) | + (regs8051[A_IDX].value<<7)); + return; + } + if (!strcmp (line,"swap\ta")) + { + if (regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown) + REGS8051_SET (A_IDX, (regs8051[A_IDX].value>>4) | + (regs8051[A_IDX].value<<4)); + return; + } + + if (!strncmp (line,"mul",3) || + !strncmp (line,"div",3) + ) + { + REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); + REGS8051_UNSET (B_IDX); + return; + } + + /* assuming these library functions have no side-effects */ + if (!strcmp (line,"lcall")) + { + if (!strcmp (line,"lcall\t__gptrput")) + { + /* invalidate R0..R7 because they might have been changed */ + /* MB: too paranoid ? */ + //invalidateAllRx(); + return; + } + if (!strcmp (line,"lcall\t__gptrget")) + { + REGS8051_UNSET (A_IDX); + return; + } + if (!strcmp (line,"lcall\t__decdptr")) + { + return; + } + } + + if (!strncmp (line,"xch\ta,r",7)) + { + /* handle xch acc with Rn */ + regs *r = getReg(line+7); + if (r) + { + unsigned swap; + swap = r->valueKnown; + r->valueKnown = regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown; + regs8051[A_IDX].valueKnown = swap; + + swap = r->value; + r->value = regs8051[A_IDX].value; + regs8051[A_IDX].value = swap; + return; + } + } + + /* all others unrecognized, invalidate */ + invalidateAll(); +} + + +/* expects f.e. "#0x01" and returns either "#0x01" + if the value is not known to be within registers + or "a" or "r0".."r7". + (mov a,r7 or add a,r7 need one byte whereas + mov a,#0x01 or add a,#0x01 would take two + */ +char * rtrackGetLit(const char *x) +{ + unsigned int i; + + char *s; + + if (enable != 1) + return (char *)x; + + /* was it a numerical literal? */ + if (*x == '#') + { + int val = strtol (x+1, &s, 16); + if (x+1 != s) + { + /* try to get from acc */ + regs *r = ®s8051[A_IDX]; + if (r->valueKnown && + r->value == val) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=%s", val, r->name)); + return r->name; + } + /* try to get from register R0..R7 */ + for (i=0; i<8; i++) + { + regs *r = ®s8051[Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(i)]; + if (r->valueKnown && + r->value == val) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=%s", val, r->name)); + return r->name; + } + } + } + else + { + /* probably a symbolic literal as in "mov r3,#(_i+1)", + not handled... */ + } + } + + return (char *)x; +} + +/* Similar to the above function + As the destination is the accumulator try harder yet and + try to generate the result with arithmetic operations */ +int rtrackMoveALit (const char *x) +{ + + if (enable != 1) + return 0; + + /* if it is a literal mov try to get it cheaper */ + if ( *x == '#' ) + { + regs *a = ®s8051[A_IDX]; + + char *s; + int val = strtol (x+1, &s, 16); + + /* was it a numerical literal? */ + if (x+1 != s) + { + /* prefer mov a,#0x00 */ + if (val == 0 && + ((a->valueKnown && a->value != 0) || + !a->valueKnown)) + { + /* peepholes convert to clr a */ + /* MB: why not here ? */ + emitcode ("mov", "a,#0x00"); + return 1; + } + + if (a->valueKnown) + { + /* already there? */ + if (val == a->value) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack acc=0x%02x", a->value)); + return 1; + } + + /* can be calculated with an instruction + that does not change flags from acc itself? */ + if (val == ((a->value+1) & 0xff) ) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x+1", val, a->value)); + emitcode ("inc", "a"); + return 1; + } + if (val == ((a->value-1) & 0xff) ) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x-1", val, a->value)); + emitcode ("dec", "a"); + return 1; + } + if (val == ((~a->value) & 0xff) ) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=~0x%02x", val, a->value)); + emitcode ("cpl", "a"); + return 1; + } + if (val == (((a->value>>1) | + (a->value<<7)) & 0xff)) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=rr(0x%02x)", val, a->value)); + emitcode ("rr", "a"); + return 1; + } + if (val == (((a->value<<1) | + (a->value>>7)) & 0xff )) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=rl(0x%02x)", val, a->value)); + emitcode ("rl", "a"); + return 1; + } + if (val == ( ((a->value & 0x0f)<<4) | + ((a->value & 0xf0)>>4) )) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=swap(0x%02x)", val, a->value)); + emitcode ("swap", "a"); + return 1; + } + /* Decimal Adjust Accumulator (da a) changes flags so not used */ + } + + + { + unsigned int i; + char *ptr= rtrackGetLit(x); + + if (x != ptr) + { + /* could get from register, fine */ + emitcode ("mov", "a,%s", ptr); + return 1; + } + + /* not yet giving up - try to calculate from register R0..R7 */ + for (i=0; i<8; i++) + { + regs *r = ®s8051[Rx_NUM_TO_IDX(i)]; + + if (a->valueKnown && r->valueKnown) + { + /* calculate with a single byte instruction from R0..R7? */ + if (val == (a->value | r->value)) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x|0x%02x", + val, a->value, r->value)); + emitcode ("orl", "a,%s",r->name); + return 1; + } + if (val == (a->value & r->value)) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x&0x%02x", + val, a->value, r->value)); + emitcode ("anl", "a,%s", r->name); + return 1; + } + if (val == (a->value ^ r->value)) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x^0x%02x", + val, a->value, r->value)); + emitcode ("xrl", "a,%s", r->name); + return 1; + } + /* changes flags (does that matter?) + if (val == (a->value + r->value)) + { + D(emitcode (";", "genFromRTrack 0x%02x=0x%02x+%0x02x", + val, a->value, r->value)); + emitcode ("add", "a,%s",r->name); + return 1; + } + so not used */ + } + } + } + } + } + + return 0; +} + diff --git a/src/pic/pcode.c b/src/pic/pcode.c index a17c4ebf..82290b93 100644 --- a/src/pic/pcode.c +++ b/src/pic/pcode.c @@ -4738,6 +4738,8 @@ void FixRegisterBanking(pBlock *pb) new_mask = 0; // unknown, assume worst case } else { assert(!"Could not get register from instruction."); + new_bank = "UNKNOWN"; + new_mask = 0; // unknown, assume worst case } // optimizations... diff --git a/src/z80/gen.c b/src/z80/gen.c index dc639d94..c02557da 100644 --- a/src/z80/gen.c +++ b/src/z80/gen.c @@ -701,9 +701,12 @@ _push (PAIR_ID pairId) static void _pop (PAIR_ID pairId) { - emit2 ("pop %s", _pairs[pairId].name); - _G.stack.pushed -= 2; - spillPair (pairId); + if (pairId != PAIR_INVALID) + { + emit2 ("pop %s", _pairs[pairId].name); + _G.stack.pushed -= 2; + spillPair (pairId); + } } void @@ -2086,6 +2089,7 @@ aopPut (asmop * aop, const char *s, int offset) #define AOP_TYPE(op) AOP(op)->type #define AOP_SIZE(op) AOP(op)->size #define AOP_NEEDSACC(x) (AOP(x) && ((AOP_TYPE(x) == AOP_CRY) || (AOP_TYPE(x) == AOP_SFR))) +#define AOP_IS_PAIRPTR(x, p) (AOP_TYPE (x) == AOP_PAIRPTR && AOP (x)->aopu.aop_pairId == p) static void commitPair (asmop * aop, PAIR_ID id) @@ -2945,7 +2949,6 @@ emitCall (iCode * ic, bool ispcall) OP_SYMBOL (IC_RESULT (ic))->spildir)) || IS_TRUE_SYMOP (IC_RESULT (ic))) { - aopOp (IC_RESULT (ic), ic, FALSE, FALSE); assignResultValue (IC_RESULT (ic)); @@ -4752,8 +4755,9 @@ genCmpLt (iCode * ic, iCode * ifx) /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ /* gencjneshort - compare and jump if not equal */ +/* returns pair that still needs to be popped */ /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ -static void +static PAIR_ID gencjneshort (operand * left, operand * right, symbol * lbl) { int size = max (AOP_SIZE (left), AOP_SIZE (right)); @@ -4768,18 +4772,13 @@ gencjneshort (operand * left, operand * right, symbol * lbl) left = t; } + /* if the right side is a literal then anything goes */ if (AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_LIT) { lit = (unsigned long) floatFromVal (AOP (right)->aopu.aop_lit); - } - - /* if the right side is a literal then anything goes */ - if (AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_LIT && - AOP_TYPE (left) != AOP_DIR) - { if (lit == 0) { - emit2 ("ld a,%s", aopGet (AOP (left), offset, FALSE)); + _moveA (aopGet (AOP (left), offset, FALSE)); if (size > 1) { while (--size) @@ -4807,21 +4806,22 @@ gencjneshort (operand * left, operand * right, symbol * lbl) } } } - /* if the right side is in a register or in direct space or - if the left is a pointer register & right is not */ + /* if the right side is in a register or + pointed to by HL, IX or IY */ else if (AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_REG || - AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_DIR || - (AOP_TYPE (left) == AOP_DIR && AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_LIT)) + AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_HL || + AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_IY || + AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_STK || + AOP_IS_PAIRPTR (right, PAIR_HL) || + AOP_IS_PAIRPTR (right, PAIR_IX) || + AOP_IS_PAIRPTR (right, PAIR_IY)) { while (size--) { _moveA (aopGet (AOP (left), offset, FALSE)); - if (/*AOP_TYPE (left) == AOP_DIR &&*/ AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_LIT && + if (AOP_TYPE (right) == AOP_LIT && ((unsigned int) ((lit >> (offset * 8)) & 0x0FFL) == 0)) { - /* PENDING */ - /* MB: pending what? doesn't this need "or a,a"? */ - /* and I don't think AOP_TYPE(left) has anything to do with this */ emit2 ("or a,a"); emit2 ("jp NZ,!tlabel", lbl->key + 100); } @@ -4833,18 +4833,31 @@ gencjneshort (operand * left, operand * right, symbol * lbl) offset++; } } + /* right is in direct space or a pointer reg, need both a & b */ else { - /* right is a pointer reg need both a & b */ - /* PENDING: is this required? */ + PAIR_ID pair; + for (pair = PAIR_BC; pair <= PAIR_HL; pair++) + { + if (((AOP_TYPE (left) != AOP_PAIRPTR) || (AOP (left)->aopu.aop_pairId != pair)) && + ((AOP_TYPE (right) != AOP_PAIRPTR) || (AOP (right)->aopu.aop_pairId != pair))) + { + break; + } + } + _push (pair); while (size--) { + emit2 ("; direct compare"); + _emitMove (_pairs[pair].l, aopGet (AOP (left), offset, FALSE)); _moveA (aopGet (AOP (right), offset, FALSE)); - emit2 ("cp %s", aopGet (AOP (left), offset, FALSE)); + emit2 ("sub %s", _pairs[pair].l); emit2 ("!shortjp NZ,!tlabel", lbl->key + 100); offset++; } + return pair; } + return PAIR_INVALID; } /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ @@ -4855,7 +4868,7 @@ gencjne (operand * left, operand * right, symbol * lbl) { symbol *tlbl = newiTempLabel (NULL); - gencjneshort (left, right, lbl); + PAIR_ID pop = gencjneshort (left, right, lbl); /* PENDING: ?? */ emit2 ("ld a,!one"); @@ -4863,6 +4876,7 @@ gencjne (operand * left, operand * right, symbol * lbl) emitLabel (lbl->key + 100); emit2 ("xor a,a"); emitLabel (tlbl->key + 100); + _pop (pop); } /*-----------------------------------------------------------------*/ @@ -4900,19 +4914,24 @@ genCmpEq (iCode * ic, iCode * ifx) } else { + PAIR_ID pop; tlbl = newiTempLabel (NULL); - gencjneshort (left, right, tlbl); + pop = gencjneshort (left, right, tlbl); if (IC_TRUE (ifx)) { + _pop (pop); emit2 ("jp !tlabel", IC_TRUE (ifx)->key + 100); emitLabel (tlbl->key + 100); + _pop (pop); } else { /* PENDING: do this better */ symbol *lbl = newiTempLabel (NULL); + _pop (pop); emit2 ("!shortjp !tlabel", lbl->key + 100); emitLabel (tlbl->key + 100); + _pop (pop); emit2 ("jp !tlabel", IC_FALSE (ifx)->key + 100); emitLabel (lbl->key + 100); } -- 2.30.2