From: pjs Date: Fri, 26 Jan 2007 19:37:24 +0000 (+0000) Subject: convert sdccman.lyx back to 221 format X-Git-Url: https://git.gag.com/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=7da20a7926c4d5b4b3b54bbf2a97fbaa852d8140;p=fw%2Fsdcc convert sdccman.lyx back to 221 format git-svn-id: https://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/sdcc/trunk/sdcc@4602 4a8a32a2-be11-0410-ad9d-d568d2c75423 --- diff --git a/doc/sdccman.lyx b/doc/sdccman.lyx index a761172b..4e6c156d 100644 --- a/doc/sdccman.lyx +++ b/doc/sdccman.lyx @@ -1,7 +1,5 @@ -#LyX 1.4.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ -\lyxformat 245 -\begin_document -\begin_header +#LyX 1.4.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 221 \textclass book \begin_preamble \pdfoptionpdfminorversion=3 @@ -27,10 +25,10 @@ \paperfontsize default \spacing single \papersize letterpaper -\use_geometry true -\use_amsmath 1 -\cite_engine basic -\use_bibtopic false +\use_geometry 1 +\use_amsmath 0 +\use_natbib 0 +\use_numerical_citations 0 \paperorientation portrait \leftmargin 30mm \topmargin 20mm @@ -44,64 +42,51 @@ \papercolumns 1 \papersides 1 \paperpagestyle fancy -\tracking_changes false -\output_changes true -\end_header -\begin_body +\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Comment -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Please note: double dashed longoptions (e.g. --version) are written this way: - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset - -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Two resp. three consecutive dashes simply result in a long resp. extra long dash. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Architecture specific stuff (like memory models, code examples) should maybe later go -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard into seperate sections/chapters/appendices (it is hard to document PIC or Z80 in -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard a 8051 centered document) - for now simply add. -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Title +\layout Title SDCC Compiler User Guide -\end_layout -\begin_layout Date +\layout Date \size normal SDCC 2.6.4 @@ -111,38 +96,32 @@ SDCC 2.6.4 $Date$ \newline $Revision$ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Comment -status collapsed +\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The above strings enclosed in $ are automatically updated by Subversion -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Chapter +\layout Chapter Introduction -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section About SDCC -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold SDCC @@ -199,38 +178,31 @@ rollers and underlying hardware effectively. \newline In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of standard optimizations like: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize global sub expression elimination, -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize loop optimizations (loop invariant, strength reduction of induction variables and loop reversing), -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize constant folding & propagation, -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize copy propagation, -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize dead code elimination -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize jump tables for \emph on switch \emph default statements. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For the back-end SDCC uses a global register allocation scheme which should be well suited for other 8 bit MCUs. @@ -244,9 +216,8 @@ The peep hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which \newline Supported data-types are: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular @@ -259,45 +230,40 @@ Supported data-types are: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard type -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard width -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard default -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signed range -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard unsigned range -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -306,45 +272,40 @@ unsigned range \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard bool -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1 bit -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard unsigned -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0, 1 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -353,45 +314,40 @@ unsigned \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard char -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 8 bits, 1 byte -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signed -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -128, +127 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0, +255 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -400,45 +356,40 @@ signed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard short -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 16 bits, 2 bytes -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signed -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -32.768, +32.767 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0, +65.535 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -447,45 +398,40 @@ signed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard int -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 16 bits, 2 bytes -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signed -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -32.768, +32.767 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0, +65.535 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -494,45 +440,40 @@ signed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard long -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 32 bits, 4 bytes -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signed -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -2.147.483.648, +2.147.483.647 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0, +4.294.967.295 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -541,43 +482,39 @@ signed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard float -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 4 bytes IEEE 754 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signed -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1.175494351E-38, \family roman \series medium @@ -588,7 +525,6 @@ signed \noun off \color none 3.402823466E+38 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -597,45 +533,40 @@ signed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard pointer -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard generic -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -658,14 +589,13 @@ inline assembler code SDCC also provides an option (- \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -704,22 +634,19 @@ Please note: the compiler will probably always be some steps ahead of this \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Obviously this has pros and cons -\end_layout \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Open Source -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard All packages used in this compiler system are \emph on open source @@ -756,18 +683,16 @@ This You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve what you give them. Help stamp out software-hoarding! -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Typographic conventions \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Typographic conventions} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention. Commands you have to type in are printed in \family sans @@ -785,9 +710,8 @@ typewriter font. Interesting items and new terms are printed in \emph on italic. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Compatibility \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Compatibility-with-previous} @@ -799,9 +723,8 @@ Compatibility \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version. But we also introduced some incompatibilities with older versions. Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable, efficient @@ -819,19 +742,16 @@ This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version. \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char (8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation files are stored is now in /usr/local/share. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize char type parameters to vararg \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg} @@ -839,14 +759,13 @@ char type parameters to vararg functions are casted to int unless explicitly casted \begin_inset Marginal -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ! -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -854,12 +773,12 @@ status collapsed \newline \family typewriter -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ char a=3; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ printf ("%d %c \backslash n", a, (char)a); @@ -867,60 +786,53 @@ n", a, (char)a); \newline will push a as an int and as a char resp. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -regextend has been removed. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -noregparms has been removed. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -stack-after-data has been removed. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} @@ -958,12 +870,12 @@ bit \newline \family typewriter -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ bit b; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ b = ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator} @@ -971,39 +883,35 @@ b = ~ b; /* equivalent to b=1 instead of toggling b */ \begin_inset Marginal -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ! -\end_layout \end_inset \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ b = !b; /* toggles b */ \newline \family default In previous versions, both forms would have toggled the bit. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section System Requirements -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and a desire to compute. The preferred method of installation is to compile SDCC from source using @@ -1011,13 +919,11 @@ What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and For Windows some pre-compiled binary distributions are available for your convenience. You should have some experience with command line tools and compiler use. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Other Resources -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The SDCC home page at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/} @@ -1040,28 +946,24 @@ The SDCC home page at If you want the latest unreleased software, the complete source package is available directly from Subversion on https://svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/sdcc /trunk/sdcc. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Wishes for the future -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard There are (and always will be) some things that could be done. Here are some I can think of: \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter char KernelFunction3(char p) at 0x340; \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter better code banking @@ -1093,18 +995,16 @@ If you can think of some more, please see the section . \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Chapter +\layout Chapter Installing SDCC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Installation} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux} @@ -1117,140 +1017,124 @@ For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section (Windows). More detailed instructions follow below. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Configure Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options SDCC configuration} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The install paths, search paths and other options are defined when running 'configure'. The defaults can be overridden by: -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -prefix see table below -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -exec_prefix see table below -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -bindir see table below -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -datadir see table below -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -datarootdir see table below \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ docdir environment variable, see table below -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ include_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ lib_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sdccconf_h_dir_separator environment variable, either / or \backslash @@ -1260,258 +1144,230 @@ sdccconf_h_dir_separator environment variable, either / or therefore a double-backslash is needed there. \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-mcs51-port Excludes the Intel mcs51 port -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-gbz80-port Excludes the Gameboy gbz80 port -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-z80-port Excludes the z80 port -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-avr-port Excludes the AVR port -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-ds390-port Excludes the DS390 port -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-hc08-port Excludes the HC08 port -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-pic-port Excludes the PIC port -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-xa51-port Excludes the XA51 port -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-ucsim Disables configuring and building of ucsim -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-device-lib Disables automatically building device libraries -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-packihx Disables building packihx \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -enable-doc Build pdf, html and txt files from the lyx sources -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -enable-libgc Use the Bohem memory allocator. Lower runtime footprint. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Furthermore the environment variables CC, CFLAGS, ... the tools and their arguments can be influenced. Please see `configure - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1550,21 +1406,17 @@ Win32 builds are used by the SDCC team to build the official Win32 binaries. The SDCC team uses Mingw32 to build the official Windows binaries, because it's -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate open source, -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate a gcc compiler and last but not least -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate the binaries can be built by cross compiling on Sourceforge's compile farm. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard See the examples, how to pass the Win32 settings to 'configure'. The other Win32 builds using Borland, VC or whatever don't use 'configure', but a header file sdcc_vc_in.h is the same as sdccconf.h built by 'configure' @@ -1575,9 +1427,8 @@ See the examples, how to pass the Win32 settings to 'configure'. These defaults are: \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -1589,27 +1440,24 @@ These defaults are: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Variable -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard default -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Win32 builds -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1618,31 +1466,28 @@ Win32 builds \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on PREFIX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard /usr/local -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash sdcc -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1651,33 +1496,30 @@ sdcc \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on EXEC_PREFIX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $PREFIX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $PREFIX -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1686,31 +1528,29 @@ $PREFIX \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on BINDIR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $EXEC_PREFIX \emph default /bin -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $EXEC_PREFIX @@ -1718,7 +1558,6 @@ $EXEC_PREFIX \backslash bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1727,33 +1566,30 @@ bin \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on DATADIR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $DATAROOTDIR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $DATAROOTDIR -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1762,35 +1598,32 @@ $DATAROOTDIR \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on DATAROOTDIR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $PREFIX \emph default /share -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $PREFIX -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1799,31 +1632,29 @@ $PREFIX \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on DOCDIR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $DATAROOTDIR \emph default /sdcc/doc -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $DATAROOTDIR @@ -1831,7 +1662,6 @@ $DATAROOTDIR \backslash doc -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1840,29 +1670,26 @@ doc \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/include -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard include -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1871,29 +1698,26 @@ include \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on LIB_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/lib -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard lib -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1905,18 +1729,16 @@ lib \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \noindent 'configure' also computes relative paths. This is needed for full relocatability of a binary package and to complete search paths (see section search paths below): \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -1928,27 +1750,24 @@ lib \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Variable (computed) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard default -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Win32 builds -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1957,29 +1776,26 @@ Win32 builds \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on BIN2DATA_DIR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard ../share -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard .. -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -1988,29 +1804,26 @@ BIN2DATA_DIR \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on PREFIX2BIN_DIR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard bin -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2019,29 +1832,26 @@ bin \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on PREFIX2DATA_DIR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard share/sdcc -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2053,26 +1863,23 @@ share/sdcc \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \noindent Examples: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code ./configure \newline ./configure - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2086,14 +1893,13 @@ status collapsed - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2109,39 +1915,35 @@ status collapsed \newline ./configure - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-avr-port - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -disable-xa51-port -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard To cross compile on linux for Mingw32 (see also 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_mingw 32'): -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code ./configure \backslash @@ -2192,14 +1994,13 @@ i586-mingw32msvc-strip \newline - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2217,14 +2018,13 @@ status collapsed \newline - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2300,14 +2100,13 @@ sdccconf_h_dir_separator= \newline - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2317,14 +2116,13 @@ status collapsed \newline - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2334,21 +2132,19 @@ status collapsed \newline - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -build=unknown-unknown-linux-gnu -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard To \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -2359,23 +2155,21 @@ cross compile on Cygwin for Mingw32 (see also sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32 ): -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code ./configure -C \backslash \newline - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2393,14 +2187,13 @@ status collapsed \newline - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2495,30 +2288,28 @@ g++ -mno-cygwin \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 'configure' is quite slow on Cygwin (at least on windows before Win2000/XP). The option '- \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -C' turns on caching, which gives a little bit extra speed. However if options are changed, it can be necessary to delete the config.cache file. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Install paths +\added_space_bottom medskip \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-paths} \end_inset @@ -2529,16 +2320,9 @@ Install paths \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace medskip -\end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -2551,44 +2335,40 @@ Install paths \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Description -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Path -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Default -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Win32 builds -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2597,42 +2377,38 @@ Win32 builds \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Binary files* -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $EXEC_PREFIX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard /usr/local/bin -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash sdcc \backslash bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2641,42 +2417,38 @@ bin \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Include files -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard /usr/local/share/sdcc/include -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash sdcc \backslash include -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2685,42 +2457,38 @@ include \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Library file** -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard /usr/local/share/sdcc/lib -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash sdcc \backslash lib -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2729,42 +2497,38 @@ lib \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Documentation -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $DOCDIR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard /usr/local/share/sdcc/doc -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash sdcc \backslash doc -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2774,9 +2538,8 @@ doc \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \size footnotesize *compiler, preprocessor, assembler, and linker @@ -2787,18 +2550,15 @@ model \shape default is auto-appended by the compiler, e.g. small, large, z80, ds390 etc -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \noindent The install paths can still be changed during `make install` with e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Of course this doesn't change the search paths compiled into the binaries. \newline @@ -2810,17 +2570,14 @@ r the install path can be changed by defining DESTDIR \end_inset : -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code make install DESTDIR=$(HOME)/sdcc.rpm/ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Please note that DESTDIR must have a trailing slash! -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Search Paths \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Search-Paths} @@ -2832,9 +2589,8 @@ Search Paths \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Some search paths or parts of them are determined by configure variables (in \emph on @@ -2853,9 +2609,8 @@ The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first Binary files (preprocessor, assembler and linker) \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -2867,27 +2622,24 @@ The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Search path -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard default -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Win32 builds -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2896,31 +2648,28 @@ Win32 builds \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_HOME/ \emph on $PPREFIX2BIN_DIR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_HOME/bin -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_HOME \backslash bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2929,27 +2678,24 @@ bin \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Path of argv[0] (if available) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Path of argv[0] -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Path of argv[0] -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2958,27 +2704,24 @@ Path of argv[0] \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $PATH -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $PATH -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $PATH -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -2990,17 +2733,15 @@ $PATH \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \noindent 2. Include files \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -3012,27 +2753,24 @@ $PATH \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Search path -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard default -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Win32 builds -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3041,66 +2779,60 @@ Win32 builds \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -I dir -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -I dir -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -I dir -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3109,27 +2841,24 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_INCLUDE -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_INCLUDE -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_INCLUDE -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3138,7 +2867,7 @@ $SDCC_INCLUDE \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_HOME/ \newline @@ -3146,31 +2875,28 @@ $SDCC_HOME/ $PREFIX2DATA_DIR/ \newline $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_ HOME/ \newline share/sdcc/ \newline include -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_HOME \backslash include -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3179,7 +2905,7 @@ include \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard path(argv[0])/ \newline @@ -3191,71 +2917,68 @@ $BIN2DATADIR/ \emph on $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard path(argv[0])/ \newline ../sdcc/include \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard path(argv[0]) \backslash .. \backslash include -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3264,7 +2987,7 @@ include \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $DATADIR/ @@ -3274,27 +2997,24 @@ $DATADIR/ \emph on $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard /usr/local/share/sdcc/ \newline include -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard (not on Win32) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3306,20 +3026,18 @@ include \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \noindent The option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3331,23 +3049,21 @@ status collapsed Library files \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard With the exception of \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3364,9 +3080,8 @@ model \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -3378,27 +3093,24 @@ model \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Search path -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard default -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Win32 builds -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3407,66 +3119,60 @@ Win32 builds \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -L dir -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -L dir -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -L dir -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3475,33 +3181,31 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_LIB/ \newline \emph on -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_LIB/ \newline \emph on -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_LIB \backslash @@ -3509,7 +3213,6 @@ $SDCC_LIB \emph on -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3518,7 +3221,7 @@ $SDCC_LIB \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_HOME/ \newline @@ -3526,14 +3229,13 @@ $SDCC_HOME/ $PREFIX2DATA_DIR/ \newline $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_HOME/ \newline share/sdcc/ @@ -3541,14 +3243,13 @@ share/sdcc/ lib/ \emph on -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $SDCC_HOME \backslash lib @@ -3558,7 +3259,6 @@ lib \newline -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3567,7 +3267,7 @@ lib \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard path(argv[0])/ \newline @@ -3579,68 +3279,66 @@ $BIN2DATADIR/ \emph on $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard path(argv[0])/ \newline ../sdcc/lib/ \emph on \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Standard +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\layout Standard path(argv[0]) \backslash @@ -3653,43 +3351,42 @@ lib \emph on \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - -\end_layout +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + \end_inset @@ -3698,35 +3395,32 @@ lib \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on $DATADIR/ \newline $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard /usr/local/share/sdcc/ \newline lib/ \emph on -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard (not on Win32) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -3738,61 +3432,54 @@ lib/ \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Comment -status collapsed +\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking the HTML output (last line)! -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\InsetSpace ~ +\layout Standard +\SpecialChar ~ \newline The option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -nostdlib disables the last two search paths. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Building SDCC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Building SDCC} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Building SDCC on Linux \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate \series medium Download the source package @@ -3815,15 +3502,13 @@ gz \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate \series medium Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate \series medium Unpack the file using a command like: @@ -3835,18 +3520,16 @@ Unpack the file using a command like: " \series medium , this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type: \family sans \series bold "cd sdcc \series default ". -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate \series medium Type @@ -3857,9 +3540,8 @@ Type \series default ". This configures the package for compilation on your system. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate \series medium Type @@ -3874,9 +3556,8 @@ Type \series default All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate \series medium Type @@ -3898,13 +3579,11 @@ Type \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Building SDCC on OSX 2.x -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Follow the instruction for Linux. \newline @@ -3913,26 +3592,21 @@ On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease)) fails to compile SDCC. Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine. This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code ./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32. See section 'Configure Options'. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions for Linux. \newline @@ -3979,55 +3653,43 @@ unix Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected because of dependencies with the manually selected packages. Never deselect these packages! -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize flex -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize bison -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize binutils ; selected with gcc -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize make -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or later -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or later -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize svn ; only if you use Subversion access -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If you want to develop something you'll need: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize python ; for the regression tests -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -4037,65 +3699,55 @@ insight \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't use autoconf-stable! -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard rxvt is a nice console with history. Replace in your cygwin.bat the line -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code bash - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -login -i -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard with (one line): -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -login -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting works with shift-insert. \newline @@ -4113,13 +3765,11 @@ cygdrive \end_inset is too long, you can change it with e.g. -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code mount -s -u -c /mnt -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF. Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted in binary mode. @@ -4134,13 +3784,11 @@ SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF. Although a tabulator spacing of 8 is a sensible choice for programmers (it's a power of 2 and allows to display 8/16 bit signed variables without loosing columns) the plan is to move towards using only spaces in the source. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series medium Download the source package @@ -4234,9 +3882,8 @@ Download the file UnxUtils Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the required programs. Here there are two alternatives (choose one!): -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate The easy way: \newline @@ -4263,9 +3910,8 @@ wbin', click ok. \newline (As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that could be useful, such as diff and patch.) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate A more compact way: \newline @@ -4300,24 +3946,24 @@ util \backslash ' and add these lines: \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ set BISON_SIMPLE=C: \backslash util \backslash bison.simple \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ set BISON_HAIRY=C: \backslash util \backslash bison.hairy \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9 \newline @@ -4349,9 +3995,8 @@ Common \backslash Tools'. So you don't have to execute step 'e' :) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard That is it. Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy the executables from sdcc @@ -4359,19 +4004,16 @@ That is it. bin_vc to sdcc \backslash bin, and you can compile using SDCC. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Building SDCC Using Borland -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc". This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for SDCDB and ucSim. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci es may not be correctly calculated. The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again. @@ -4408,13 +4050,11 @@ del /s *.obj *.lib *.rul \family default \series default from the sdcc directory. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Windows Install Using a ZIP Package -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate Download the binary zip package from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} @@ -4436,23 +4076,20 @@ include and c: sdcc \backslash lib for the include and libraries. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin directory or start sdcc using the full path. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Windows Install Using the Setup Program \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Windows-Install} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Download the setup program \emph on sdcc-x.y.z-setup.exe @@ -4475,99 +4112,90 @@ sdcc-yyyymmdd-xxxx-setup.exe and execute it. A windows typical installer will guide you through the installation process. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection VPATH \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{VPATH} \end_inset feature -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC supports the VPATH feature provided by configure and make. It allows to separate the source and build trees. Here's an example: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter -cd ~\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +cd ~\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ # cd $HOME -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter -tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\InsetSpace ~ +tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\SpecialChar ~ # extract source to directory sdcc -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter -mkdir sdcc.build\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +mkdir sdcc.build\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ # put output in sdcc.build -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter cd sdcc.build -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter -../sdcc/configure\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +../sdcc/configure\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ # configure is doing all the magic! -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter make -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \noindent That's it! \series bold @@ -4596,23 +4224,20 @@ This is not only usefull for building different binaries, e.g. make \series default will do the rest for you! -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Building the Documentation -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Add - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -4649,27 +4274,24 @@ x). \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Reading the Documentation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they are not \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If you should know why please drop us a note -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -4703,9 +4325,8 @@ A html version \newline This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document (commercially these probably would be separate documents/products). This document @@ -4716,9 +4337,8 @@ It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati on about f.e. Z80, PIC14, PIC16 and HC08. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize There are many references pointing away from this documentation. Don't let this distract you. If there f.e. @@ -4777,32 +4397,27 @@ have you ever heard of an open source compiler that compiles a subset of we expect you to have a quick look there and come back. If you read this you are on the right track. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings than to the solution. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles than pictures. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Testing the SDCC Compiler \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Testing-the-SDCC} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to see if it runs. Type @@ -4810,14 +4425,13 @@ The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to \series bold "sdcc - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -4836,9 +4450,8 @@ status collapsed \family typewriter SDCC : mcs51/z80/avr/ds390/pic16/pic14/ds400/hc08 2.5.6 #4169 (May 8 2006) (UNIX) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then you need to check over your installation. Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path @@ -4851,7 +4464,7 @@ section \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \series medium Install trouble-shooting for suggestions @@ -4886,9 +4499,8 @@ Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example. ASCII \series medium editor: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter char test; @@ -4897,16 +4509,15 @@ char test; \newline void main(void) { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ test=0; \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series medium Compile this using the following command: @@ -4965,7 +4576,7 @@ section \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \series medium Install trouble-shooting for suggestions). @@ -4986,9 +4597,8 @@ standard \series medium header files and libraries. Edit test.c and change it to the following: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter #include @@ -5001,14 +4611,13 @@ char str1[10]; \newline void main(void) { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ strcpy(str1, "testing"); \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series medium Compile this by typing @@ -5035,7 +4644,7 @@ section \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \series medium Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions). @@ -5045,14 +4654,13 @@ Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions). \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -5064,9 +4672,8 @@ status collapsed \end_inset to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Install Trouble-shooting \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} @@ -5078,13 +4685,11 @@ Install Trouble-shooting \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection If SDCC does not build correctly -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package again in an empty directory. Configure it like: @@ -5118,9 +4723,8 @@ make 2>&1 | tee make.log If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem. Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful when requesting help from the mailing list. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection What the \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -5130,9 +4734,8 @@ What the \end_inset does -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -5145,9 +4748,8 @@ The to ensure the source package compiles on your system. It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine what compiler features are installed. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection What the \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -5157,14 +4759,12 @@ make \end_inset does -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source packages into the final installed binary executables. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection What the \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -5174,9 +4774,8 @@ make install \end_inset command does. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include files into the appropriate directories. See sections @@ -5184,24 +4783,22 @@ This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include \end_inset -,\InsetSpace ~ +,\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ about install and search paths. \newline On most systems you will need super-user privilege s to do this. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Components of SDCC -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers. These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components. Here is a summary of some of the components. @@ -5220,96 +4817,76 @@ You \newline In /bin: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sdcc - The compiler. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sdcpp - The C preprocessor. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize as-z80 \series bold , \series default as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize link-z80 \series bold , \series default link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sdcdb - The source debugger. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In /share/sdcc/include -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize the include files -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In /share/sdcc/lib -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled relocatables. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In /share/sdcc/doc -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize the documentation -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection sdcc - The Compiler -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes the assembler and linkage editor. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The preprocessor \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} @@ -5328,9 +4905,8 @@ The preprocessor . The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef statements, #defines and so on. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection as \emph on xxxx @@ -5340,20 +4916,17 @@ xxxx xxx \emph default - The Assemblers and Linkage Editors -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan Baldwin. John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection s51 - The Simulator -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard S51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51} @@ -5369,13 +4942,11 @@ S51 . It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips XA51 family. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection sdcdb - Source Level Debugger -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} @@ -5394,21 +4965,17 @@ SDCDB \end_inset , but can be easily changed to use other simulators. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Chapter +\layout Chapter Using SDCC -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Compiling -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Single Source File Projects -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple. Compile your programs with the following command \family sans @@ -5419,9 +4986,8 @@ For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple. \series default This will compile, assemble and link your source file. Output files are as follows: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile.asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.asm} @@ -5433,9 +4999,8 @@ sourcefile.asm \end_inset file created by the compiler -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile.lst \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lst} @@ -5447,9 +5012,8 @@ sourcefile.lst \end_inset file created by the Assembler -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile.rst \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rst} @@ -5461,9 +5025,8 @@ sourcefile.rst \end_inset file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile.sym \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.sym} @@ -5475,9 +5038,8 @@ sourcefile.sym \end_inset for the sourcefile, created by the assembler -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile.rel \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} @@ -5494,9 +5056,8 @@ sourcefile.rel \end_inset created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile.map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} @@ -5508,18 +5069,16 @@ sourcefile.map \end_inset for the load module, created by the Linker -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile.mem \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.mem} \end_inset - A file with a summary of the memory usage -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile.ihx \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.ihx} @@ -5537,14 +5096,13 @@ sourcefile.ihx with - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -5583,9 +5141,8 @@ objdump \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile.adb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.adb} @@ -5594,14 +5151,13 @@ sourcefile.adb - An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the .cdb file (with - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -5611,9 +5167,8 @@ status collapsed \end_inset ) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile.cdb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.cdb} @@ -5621,22 +5176,20 @@ sourcefile.cdb - An optional file (with - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -debug) containing debug information. The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile. - (no extension) \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ (no extension)} @@ -5655,14 +5208,13 @@ sourcefile. file containing debug information (generated with option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -5689,9 +5241,8 @@ ormat is commonly used by third party tools (debuggers \end_inset , simulators, emulators) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sourcefile.dump* \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.dump*} @@ -5699,14 +5250,13 @@ sourcefile.dump* - Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -5715,13 +5265,13 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ and section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of} \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -5731,18 +5281,16 @@ Anatomy of the compiler \end_inset ). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Postprocessing the Intel Hex \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} \end_inset file -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In most cases this won't be needed but the Intel Hex file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.ihx} @@ -5798,10 +5346,10 @@ The separately available \family sans \series bold -srec_cat\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -sourcefile.ihx -intel\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +srec_cat\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ -o sourcefile.hex -intel \newline @@ -5811,9 +5359,9 @@ sourcefile.ihx -intel\InsetSpace ~ \series default An example for a more complex command line \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard the command backfills \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{backfill unused memory} @@ -5831,7 +5379,6 @@ lcall 0x1212 \family default (where an emergency routine could sit). -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -5843,13 +5390,13 @@ lcall \family sans \series bold \size footnotesize -srec_cat\InsetSpace ~ -sourcefile.ihx -intel\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ --fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\InsetSpace ~ +srec_cat\SpecialChar ~ +sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +-fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\SpecialChar ~ -little-endian-checksum-nega -tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ -o sourcefile.hex -intel \size default @@ -5865,13 +5412,11 @@ The srecord package is available at \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Projects with Multiple Source Files -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time. Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following files: @@ -5902,8 +5447,8 @@ The first two files will need to be compiled separately with the commands: \family sans \series bold -sdcc\InsetSpace ~ --c\InsetSpace ~ +sdcc\SpecialChar ~ +-c\SpecialChar ~ foo1.c \family default \series default @@ -5914,8 +5459,8 @@ foo1.c \family sans \series bold \size default -sdcc\InsetSpace ~ --c\InsetSpace ~ +sdcc\SpecialChar ~ +-c\SpecialChar ~ foo2.c \family default \series default @@ -5939,9 +5484,9 @@ main() \family sans \series bold -sdcc\InsetSpace ~ -foomain.c\InsetSpace ~ -foo1.rel\InsetSpace ~ +sdcc\SpecialChar ~ +foomain.c\SpecialChar ~ +foo1.rel\SpecialChar ~ foo2.rel \family default \series default @@ -5965,8 +5510,8 @@ can be separately compiled as well: \newline \newline -sdcc\InsetSpace ~ --c\InsetSpace ~ +sdcc\SpecialChar ~ +-c\SpecialChar ~ foomain.c \newline sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel @@ -6001,18 +5546,16 @@ first . You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising from missing libraries. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Projects with Additional Libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in /share/sdcc/doc) for how to create a @@ -6075,18 +5618,16 @@ The most efficient way to use libraries is libsdcc.lib \emph default in the directory /share/lib/small. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Using sdcclib to Create and Manage Libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library file as described in the preceding section, sdcclib can be used to embed all the modules belonging to such library in the library file itself. @@ -6097,9 +5638,8 @@ Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library To display a list of options supported by sdcclib type: \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family sans \series bold @@ -6119,54 +5659,47 @@ To create a new library file, start by compiling all the required modules. For example: \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family sans \series bold sdcc -c _divsint.c -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family sans \series bold sdcc -c _divuint.c -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family sans \series bold sdcc -c _modsint.c -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family sans \series bold sdcc -c _moduint.c -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family sans \series bold sdcc -c _mulint.c \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This will create files _divsint.rel, _divuint.rel, _modsint.rel, _moduint.rel, and _mulint.rel. The next step is to add the .rel files to the library file: \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family sans \series bold @@ -6178,30 +5711,26 @@ sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family sans \series bold sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family sans \series bold sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family sans \series bold sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family sans \series bold @@ -6210,9 +5739,8 @@ sdcclib libint.lib _mulint.rel \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If the file already exists in the library, it will be replaced. To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s and -m are available. @@ -6236,113 +5764,96 @@ sdcclib -s libint.lib \family typewriter \series default _divsint.rel: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __divsint_a_1_1 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __divsint_PARM_2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __divsint \newline _divuint.rel: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __divuint_a_1_1 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __divuint_PARM_2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __divuint_reste_1_1 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __divuint_count_1_1 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __divuint \newline _modsint.rel: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __modsint_a_1_1 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __modsint_PARM_2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __modsint \newline _moduint.rel: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __moduint_a_1_1 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __moduint_PARM_2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __moduint_count_1_1 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __moduint \newline _mulint.rel: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __mulint_PARM_2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter __mulint @@ -6351,19 +5862,18 @@ __mulint \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip If the source files are compiled using - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -6384,22 +5894,18 @@ status collapsed is embedded in the library file itself. Library files created using sdcclib are used as described in the preceding sections. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Command Line Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Command Line Options} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Processor Selection Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options processor selection} @@ -6411,9 +5917,8 @@ Processor Selection Options \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6431,9 +5936,8 @@ Processor Selection Options family of processors. This is the default processor target. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6450,9 +5954,8 @@ Processor Selection Options \end_inset processor. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6469,9 +5972,8 @@ Processor Selection Options \end_inset processor. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6488,9 +5990,8 @@ Processor Selection Options \end_inset family of processors. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6507,9 +6008,8 @@ Processor Selection Options \end_inset family of processors. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6526,9 +6026,8 @@ Processor Selection Options \end_inset processor (Not actively maintained). -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6556,24 +6055,21 @@ Processor Selection Options \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Comment -status collapsed +\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard I think it is fair to direct users there for now. Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work . But I didn't find the 'official' link. -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6591,22 +6087,19 @@ I think it is fair to direct users there for now. -bit processors (p16f84 and variants. In development, not complete). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Comment -status collapsed +\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877? -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6624,9 +6117,8 @@ p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877? -bit processors (p18f452 and variants. In development, not complete). -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6638,10 +6130,10 @@ p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877? \end_inset processor (Not maintained, not complete). -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \series bold -mxa51 @@ -6657,16 +6149,9 @@ p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877? \end_inset processor (Not maintained, not complete). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Preprocessor Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options preprocessor} @@ -6683,9 +6168,8 @@ Preprocessor Options \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6705,9 +6189,8 @@ Preprocessor Options \end_inset files. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6720,9 +6203,8 @@ Preprocessor Options \series default Command line definition of macros. Passed to the preprocessor. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6749,9 +6231,8 @@ Preprocessor Options \end_inset '. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6764,9 +6245,8 @@ Preprocessor Options \series default Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments. Used with the `-E' option. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6789,9 +6269,8 @@ Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with file"'. System header files included with `#include ' are omitted. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6806,9 +6285,8 @@ file"'. conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'. `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target machine. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6822,9 +6300,8 @@ file"'. Undefine macro macro. `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include' and `-imacros' options. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6838,9 +6315,8 @@ file"'. Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that are in effect at the end of preprocessing. Used with the `-E' option. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6853,9 +6329,8 @@ file"'. \series default Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in their proper sequence in the rest of the output. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6873,9 +6348,8 @@ file"'. \bar default Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted. Only `#define name' is included in the output. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -6901,13 +6375,13 @@ Pedentic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed properly \emph on Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard! -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \series bold --Wp\InsetSpace ~ +-Wp\SpecialChar ~ preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption] \series default @@ -6944,9 +6418,9 @@ gcc \end_inset -), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\InsetSpace ~ -4.1.1\InsetSpace ~ -CPP\InsetSpace ~ +), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\SpecialChar ~ +4.1.1\SpecialChar ~ +CPP\SpecialChar ~ Manual at \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/} @@ -6954,16 +6428,9 @@ Manual \end_inset . -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Linker Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options linker} @@ -6975,25 +6442,23 @@ Linker Options \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold --L\InsetSpace ~ +-L\SpecialChar ~ - \series default \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7011,7 +6476,7 @@ status collapsed \series default -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ This option is passed to the linkage editor's additional libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} @@ -7022,22 +6487,20 @@ status collapsed The path name must be absolute. Additional library files may be specified in the command line. See section Compiling programs for more details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7048,7 +6511,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ The start location of the external ram \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} @@ -7057,47 +6520,43 @@ status collapsed , default value is 0. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -xram-loc 0x8000 or - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -xram-loc 32768. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7108,7 +6567,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ The start location of the code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} @@ -7123,47 +6582,43 @@ status collapsed is also relocated to the given address. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -code-loc 0x8000 or - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -code-loc 32768. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7174,7 +6629,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ By default the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} @@ -7186,27 +6641,25 @@ status collapsed The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g. - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -stack-loc 0x20 or - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7220,20 +6673,19 @@ status collapsed \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -pack-iram \series default -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram} @@ -7244,42 +6696,39 @@ status collapsed \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -no-pack-iram \series default -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram} \end_inset option if you need to manually place the stack. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7290,7 +6739,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ By default the external stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xstack} @@ -7307,49 +6756,45 @@ status collapsed The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g. - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -xstack-loc 0x8000 or - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -stack-loc 32768. The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as the pdata or xdata segment and with enough space for the current application. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7360,7 +6805,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ The start location of the internal ram data \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} @@ -7370,27 +6815,25 @@ status collapsed The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -data-loc 0x20 or - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7401,34 +6844,31 @@ status collapsed For example if register banks 0 and 1 are used without bit variables, the data segment will be set, if - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -data-loc is not used, to location 0x10.) -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7439,7 +6879,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} @@ -7449,53 +6889,49 @@ status collapsed The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -idata-loc 0x88 or - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -idata-loc 136. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -bit-loc \series default -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ The start location of the bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} @@ -7507,24 +6943,22 @@ status collapsed not \emph default implemented yet. - Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\InsetSpace ~ + Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\SpecialChar ~ -bBSEG=. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7550,22 +6984,20 @@ The linker output (final object code) is in Intel Hex format. \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7586,22 +7018,20 @@ The linker output (final object code) is in Motorola S19 format . The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7632,13 +7062,13 @@ The linker output (final object code) is in ELF format \end_inset processors) -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \series bold --Wl\InsetSpace ~ +-Wl\SpecialChar ~ linkOption[,linkOption] \series default @@ -7652,7 +7082,7 @@ linkOption[,linkOption] \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset --Wl\InsetSpace ~ +-Wl\SpecialChar ~ -bCSEG=0x1000 \begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset @@ -7665,16 +7095,9 @@ linkOption[,linkOption] . File sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html has more on linker options. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection MCS51 Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options MCS51} @@ -7686,22 +7109,20 @@ MCS51 Options \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7720,22 +7141,20 @@ status collapsed Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more details. This is the default model. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7751,22 +7170,20 @@ status collapsed If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled with this option. It must also be used when invoking the linker. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7782,22 +7199,20 @@ status collapsed If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled with this option. It must also be used when invoking the linker. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -7820,30 +7235,28 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ External Stack for more details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -iram-size \series default -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } @@ -7851,28 +7264,26 @@ status collapsed Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of the given value. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -xram-size \series default -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size } @@ -7880,28 +7291,26 @@ status collapsed Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of the given value. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -code-size \series default -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size } @@ -7909,56 +7318,52 @@ status collapsed Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of the given value. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -stack-size \series default -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-size } \end_inset Causes the linker to check if there is at minimum bytes for stack. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -pack-iram \series default -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram} @@ -7967,44 +7372,36 @@ status collapsed Causes the linker to use unused register banks for data variables and pack data, idata and stack together. This is the default now. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -no-pack-iram \series default -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram} \end_inset Causes the linker to use old style for allocating memory areas. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection DS390 / DS400 Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options DS390} @@ -8016,22 +7413,20 @@ DS390 / DS400 Options \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8056,22 +7451,20 @@ Generate 24-bit flat mode code. \emph default . See section Memory Models for more details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8083,22 +7476,20 @@ status collapsed \series default disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8132,14 +7523,13 @@ status collapsed \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8155,14 +7545,13 @@ status collapsed \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8179,36 +7568,33 @@ status collapsed \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -model-flat24 option \emph default ). -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8220,22 +7606,20 @@ status collapsed \series default insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8248,22 +7632,21 @@ status collapsed \series default LibraryID used in -mTININative. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8276,16 +7659,9 @@ status collapsed \series default generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Z80 Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options Z80} @@ -8297,22 +7673,20 @@ Z80 Options \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8330,22 +7704,21 @@ status collapsed \size default \emph default Force a called function to always save BC. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8359,16 +7732,9 @@ status collapsed When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file. You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Optimization Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options optimization} @@ -8380,22 +7746,20 @@ Optimization Options \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8424,7 +7788,7 @@ ations, sloc ). A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated. - It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ nogcse \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} @@ -8436,22 +7800,20 @@ nogcse \end_inset for a given function only. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8471,29 +7833,27 @@ status collapsed \end_inset . - It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ noinvariant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant} \end_inset can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8506,29 +7866,27 @@ status collapsed \series default Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction for more details. - It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ noinduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} \end_inset can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8555,9 +7913,9 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ Switch Statements for more details. - It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ nojtbound \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} @@ -8565,22 +7923,20 @@ nojtbound can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function only. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8600,20 +7956,18 @@ Will not do loop reversal \end_inset optimization. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8627,22 +7981,20 @@ nolabelopt \end_inset Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable). -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8660,22 +8012,20 @@ status collapsed \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8688,22 +8038,20 @@ status collapsed \series default The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function, see section Parameters and local variables for more details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8715,22 +8063,20 @@ status collapsed \series default Disable peep-hole optimization with built-in rules. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8741,7 +8087,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by the peep hole optimizer. See section @@ -8749,24 +8095,22 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8786,22 +8130,20 @@ status collapsed rules defined in the source file tree '/peeph.def' before using this option. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8814,22 +8156,21 @@ status collapsed \series default The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly at the expense of code size. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8842,39 +8183,30 @@ status collapsed \series default The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly at the expense of code speed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Other Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options other} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold --c\InsetSpace ~ +-c\SpecialChar ~ - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8891,9 +8223,8 @@ status collapsed \series default will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -8901,14 +8232,13 @@ status collapsed \series default \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -8923,9 +8253,8 @@ status collapsed \series default reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it. The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -8939,13 +8268,12 @@ status collapsed Run only the C preprocessor. Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard output. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold --o\InsetSpace ~ +-o\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-o } @@ -8958,22 +8286,20 @@ The output path resp. If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9015,22 +8341,20 @@ reentrant with this option. It automatically implies --int-long-reent and --float-reent. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9077,41 +8401,38 @@ status collapsed If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file should be compiled with the same - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -callee-saves option string. - Also see #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + Also see #pragma\SpecialChar ~ callee_saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9135,9 +8456,8 @@ When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information. \end_inset format which is commonly used by third party tools. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -9155,22 +8475,20 @@ When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information. \bar default Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9184,22 +8502,20 @@ status collapsed Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant. Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant. See section Installation for more details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9231,22 +8547,20 @@ cyclomatic complexity \emph default see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9264,22 +8578,20 @@ status collapsed . See section Installation for more details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9306,22 +8618,20 @@ status collapsed sjmp . \family default '. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9334,22 +8644,20 @@ status collapsed \series default This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path to the preprocessor. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9366,22 +8674,20 @@ status collapsed \end_inset path to the linker. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9393,9 +8699,8 @@ status collapsed \series default Shows the various actions the compiler is performing. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -9407,22 +8712,20 @@ status collapsed \series default Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9435,22 +8738,20 @@ status collapsed \series default Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always blame the compiler :) -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9462,22 +8763,20 @@ status collapsed \series default Will not include peep-hole comments in the generated files. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9490,22 +8789,20 @@ status collapsed \series default Include i-codes in the asm file. Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9522,26 +8819,24 @@ status collapsed \end_inset (jwk burps: please be more specific here, please!). -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset --disable-warning\InsetSpace ~ +-disable-warning\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-disable-warning} @@ -9550,22 +8845,20 @@ status collapsed \series default Disable specific warning with number . -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9577,22 +8870,20 @@ status collapsed \series default Display the directories in the compiler's search path -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9617,22 +8908,20 @@ status collapsed output style, integration into most programming editors should be straightforwa rd. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9644,13 +8933,12 @@ status collapsed \series default Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold --Wa\InsetSpace ~ +-Wa\SpecialChar ~ asmOption[,asmOption] \series default @@ -9671,22 +8959,20 @@ asmOption[,asmOption] . See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9699,22 +8985,20 @@ status collapsed \series default Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (default). -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9727,22 +9011,20 @@ status collapsed \series default Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9755,22 +9037,20 @@ status collapsed \series default Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9783,22 +9063,20 @@ status collapsed \series default Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9809,7 +9087,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ The name to be used for the code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} @@ -9821,22 +9099,20 @@ status collapsed place in memory. Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a bank. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9847,7 +9123,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ The name to be used for the const \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} @@ -9859,22 +9135,20 @@ status collapsed in a special place in memory. Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data in a bank. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -9886,10 +9160,10 @@ status collapsed \series default Permit '$' as an identifier character -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \series bold more-pedantic @@ -9937,7 +9211,7 @@ lint.h \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset -__at\InsetSpace ~ +__at\SpecialChar ~ \series bold ( @@ -9958,7 +9232,7 @@ __at\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset -__interrupt\InsetSpace ~ +__interrupt\SpecialChar ~ (2) \begin_inset Quotes srd \end_inset @@ -9979,21 +9253,14 @@ Splint has an excellent on line manual at \newline \family sans -splint\InsetSpace ~ --I\InsetSpace ~ -/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +splint\SpecialChar ~ +-I\SpecialChar ~ +/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ myprogram.c -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset - -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Intermediate Dump Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options} @@ -10010,9 +9277,8 @@ Intermediate Dump Options \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging the compiler. They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode @@ -10036,22 +9302,20 @@ The anatomy of the compiler \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10076,22 +9340,20 @@ status collapsed at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in sequence of execution. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10110,22 +9372,20 @@ status collapsed , into a file named \emph on .dumpgcse. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10144,22 +9404,20 @@ status collapsed , into a file named \emph on .dumpdeadcode. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10181,22 +9439,20 @@ Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations , into a file named \emph on .dumploop. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10218,22 +9474,20 @@ Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range analysis , into a file named \emph on .dumprange. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10250,22 +9504,20 @@ status collapsed \end_inset for all symbols. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10287,22 +9539,20 @@ Will create a dump of iCode's, after register assignment , into a file named \emph on .dumprassgn. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10314,22 +9564,21 @@ status collapsed \series default Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\added_space_bottom bigskip \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10346,20 +9595,13 @@ status collapsed \size default \bar default Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Redirecting output on Windows Shells -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip By default SDCC writes it's error messages to \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -10384,14 +9626,13 @@ standard output \emph on \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10412,14 +9653,13 @@ use-stdout \emph on \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10448,14 +9688,13 @@ sdcc.exe - \emph on \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10467,14 +9706,13 @@ status collapsed \emph on \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10484,26 +9722,21 @@ status collapsed -model-large -c $(InputPath) \series default -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Environment variables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Environment variables} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC recognizes the following environment variables: -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -10522,14 +9755,13 @@ SDCC_LEAVE_SIGNALS to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception. If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler in order to be able to debug SDCC. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold -TMP,\InsetSpace ~ -TEMP,\InsetSpace ~ +TMP,\SpecialChar ~ +TEMP,\SpecialChar ~ TMPDIR \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR} @@ -10542,9 +9774,8 @@ TMPDIR In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's no need to set them. On Windows it's recommended to set one of them. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -10560,7 +9791,7 @@ SDCC_HOME \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -10570,9 +9801,8 @@ SDCC_HOME \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -10588,7 +9818,7 @@ SDCC_INCLUDE \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -10598,9 +9828,8 @@ Search Paths \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series bold @@ -10616,7 +9845,7 @@ SDCC_LIB \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -10626,37 +9855,31 @@ Search Paths \end_inset .. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these are solely used for debugging purposes. They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Storage Class Language Extensions -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection MCS51/DS390 Storage Class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} \end_inset Language Extensions -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51 specific storage classes: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection data \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} @@ -10678,9 +9901,8 @@ data \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This is the \series bold default @@ -10704,30 +9926,26 @@ __near can be used synonymously). Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __data unsigned char test_data; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -75*00 01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +75*00 01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _test_data,#0x01 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection xdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} @@ -10749,9 +9967,8 @@ xdata \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external RAM. This is the @@ -10759,53 +9976,49 @@ Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external default \series default storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __xdata unsigned char test_xdata; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -90s00r00\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +90s00r00\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dptr,#_test_xdata \newline -74\InsetSpace ~ -01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +74\SpecialChar ~ +01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,#0x01 \newline -F0\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -movx\InsetSpace ~ +F0\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +movx\SpecialChar ~ @dptr,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection idata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} @@ -10817,51 +10030,46 @@ idata \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __idata unsigned char test_idata; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -78r00\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +78r00\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ r0,#_test_idata \newline -76\InsetSpace ~ -01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +76\SpecialChar ~ +01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ @r0,#0x01 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM as the data memory. The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have @@ -10872,9 +10080,8 @@ Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM \end_inset is located in idata memory. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection pdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} @@ -10886,9 +10093,8 @@ pdata \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing modes of a 8051. It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of @@ -10912,60 +10118,55 @@ Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing default \series default storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __pdata unsigned char test_pdata; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -78r00\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +78r00\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r0,#_test_pdata \newline -74 01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +74 01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,#0x01 \newline -F2\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +F2\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ movx @r0,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If the - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -10976,9 +10177,8 @@ status collapsed option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} @@ -10990,110 +10190,99 @@ code \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code memory: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __code unsigned char test_code; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Read access to this variable generates the assembly code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -90s00r6F\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +90s00r6F\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov dptr,#_test_code \newline -E4\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +E4\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ clr a \newline -93\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +93\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ movc a,@a+dptr -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter char \family default indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'}; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -E5*00\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +E5*00\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,_index -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -90s00r41\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +90s00r41\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov dptr,#_test_array -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -93\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +93\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ movc a,@a+dptr -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} @@ -11105,39 +10294,34 @@ bit \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This is a data-type and a storage class specifier. When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable memory of 8051, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __bit test_bit; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -D2*00\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -setb\InsetSpace ~ +D2*00\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +setb\SpecialChar ~ _test_bit -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20 to 0x2f in data memory. @@ -11150,21 +10334,19 @@ Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c -\end_layout \end_inset . In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit signed modifier are implemented as unsigned. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} @@ -11206,9 +10388,8 @@ sfr \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Like the bit keyword, \emph on sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit @@ -11235,9 +10416,8 @@ pecial bit \emph default variables of a 8051, eg: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __sfr __at @@ -11250,7 +10430,7 @@ __sfr __at \end_inset - (0x80) P0;\InsetSpace ~ + (0x80) P0;\SpecialChar ~ /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */ \newline @@ -11258,8 +10438,8 @@ __sfr __at /* 16 bit special function register combination for timer 0 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ with the high byte at location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */ \newline @@ -11278,7 +10458,7 @@ __sbit __at \end_inset - (0xd7) CY;\InsetSpace ~ + (0xd7) CY;\SpecialChar ~ /* CY (Carry Flag \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flags} @@ -11290,9 +10470,8 @@ __sbit __at \end_inset ) */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by 8 are bit-addressable, an \emph on @@ -11315,9 +10494,8 @@ sfr32. this is not guaranteed. \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Please note, if you use a header file which was written for another compiler then the sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit Storage Class extensions will most likely be @@ -11327,8 +10505,8 @@ not compatible. Specifically the syntax \family typewriter -\InsetSpace ~ -sfr P0 = 0x80;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sfr P0 = 0x80;\SpecialChar ~ \family default is compiled @@ -11339,14 +10517,13 @@ without warning \family typewriter \begin_inset Marginal -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ! -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -11370,18 +10547,16 @@ Nevertheless it is possible to write header files ). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection Pointers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer} \end_inset to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any of the memory spaces \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} @@ -11396,9 +10571,8 @@ SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any \newline Pointer declaration examples: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter /* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram @@ -11453,9 +10627,8 @@ unsigned char * p; physically located in data space */ \newline char (* __data fp)(void); -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Well you get the idea. \newline @@ -11497,18 +10670,16 @@ generic \end_inset type will generate the most efficient code. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection Notes on MCS51 memory \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory} \end_inset layout -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal RAM memory which is structured as follows: \newline @@ -11528,9 +10699,8 @@ The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal - Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use. \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory ( \emph on @@ -11588,11 +10758,10 @@ xdata \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ Startup-Code). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Normally SDCC will only use the first bank \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} @@ -11655,14 +10824,13 @@ data at address 0x22. You can also use - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -11677,14 +10845,13 @@ data \emph default and - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -11705,21 +10872,19 @@ idata \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data variables. Option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -11738,14 +10903,13 @@ idata ) you can place the stack on it. You may also need to use - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -11760,14 +10924,13 @@ xdata \emph default ) and - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -11779,14 +10942,13 @@ status collapsed to specify its size. Same goes for the code memory, using - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -11797,14 +10959,13 @@ status collapsed and - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -11816,9 +10977,9 @@ status collapsed . If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip The linker generates two files with memory allocation information. The first, with extension .map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} @@ -11838,22 +10999,18 @@ The linker generates two files with memory allocation information. allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what the problem is. The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Z80/Z180 Storage Class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Storage class} \end_inset Language Extensions -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} @@ -11865,9 +11022,8 @@ sfr \end_inset (in/out to 8-bit addresses) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} @@ -11898,42 +11054,38 @@ utput memory. \end_inset is accessed with special instructions, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -3E 01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +3E 01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ld a,#0x01 \newline -D3 78\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +D3 78\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ out (_IoPort),a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection banked sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} @@ -11945,17 +11097,15 @@ banked sfr \end_inset (in/out to 16-bit addresses) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The keyword \emph on banked \emph default is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter sfr banked at @@ -11969,38 +11119,35 @@ sfr banked at \end_inset 0x123 IoPort; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -01 23 01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +01 23 01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ld bc,#_IoPort \newline -3E 01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +3E 01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ld a,#0x01 \newline -ED 79\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +ED 79\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ out (c),a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} @@ -12022,19 +11169,18 @@ sfr \end_inset ) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip The compiler option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -12043,7 +11189,7 @@ status collapsed \end_inset -=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\InsetSpace ~ +=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\SpecialChar ~ portmode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Pragmas!\#pragma portmode} @@ -12060,22 +11206,18 @@ in/out \family default . If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection HC08 Storage Class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Storage class} \end_inset Language Extensions -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection data \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (hc08 storage class)} @@ -12087,9 +11229,8 @@ data \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256 bytes of memory (the direct page). The HC08 @@ -12098,9 +11239,8 @@ The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256 \end_inset is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) stored here. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection xdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (hc08 storage class)} @@ -12112,29 +11252,25 @@ xdata \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in memory. This is the default if no storage class is specified. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Absolute Addressing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the \emph on at @@ -12150,9 +11286,8 @@ at
\emph default keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter xdata @@ -12176,19 +11311,16 @@ xdata \end_inset 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff of the external ram. The compiler does @@ -12197,14 +11329,13 @@ not \emph default reserve any space for variables declared in this way \begin_inset Marginal -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ! -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -12231,14 +11362,13 @@ status collapsed \emph on not \begin_inset Marginal -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ! -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -12250,17 +11380,15 @@ status collapsed \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword \emph on volatile \emph default has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter volatile @@ -12279,9 +11407,8 @@ volatile \end_inset (0x8000) unsigned char PORTA_8255; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa r) array \family typewriter @@ -12308,9 +11435,8 @@ r) array \newline Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all storage classes, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __bit @@ -12324,9 +11450,8 @@ __bit \end_inset (0x02) bvar; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab le space. There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables @@ -12335,9 +11460,8 @@ le space. For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you can declare the I/O pins in your routine using: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter extern volatile @@ -12345,23 +11469,23 @@ extern volatile \end_inset - __bit MOSI;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + __bit MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* master out, slave in */ \newline -extern volatile __bit MISO;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +extern volatile __bit MISO;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* master in, slave out */ \newline -extern volatile __bit MCLK;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +extern volatile __bit MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* master clock */ \newline @@ -12369,13 +11493,13 @@ extern volatile __bit MCLK;\InsetSpace ~ /* Input and Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus. \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ If needed adapt polarity of clock, polarity of data and bit order \newline -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ */ \newline unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte) @@ -12383,122 +11507,120 @@ unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte) \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ unsigned char i=8; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ do { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ MOSI = out_byte & 0x80; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ out_byte <<= 1; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ MCLK = 1; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -/* _asm nop _endasm; */\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +/* _asm nop _endasm; */\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* for slow peripherals */ \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ if(MISO) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ out_byte += 1; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ MCLK = 0; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ } while(--i); \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ return out_byte; \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __bit __at @@ -12511,43 +11633,41 @@ __bit __at \end_inset - (0x80) MOSI;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + (0x80) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* I/O port 0, bit 0 */ \newline -__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* I/O port 0, bit 1 */ \newline -__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* I/O port 0, bit 2 */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Similarly, for the second hardware you would use -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* I/O port 0, bit 3 */ \newline -__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* I/O port 1, bit 1 */ \newline @@ -12556,25 +11676,22 @@ __bit \end_inset - __at (0x92) MCLK;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + __at (0x92) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* I/O port 1, bit 2 */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as for example in a library. This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be specified in the whole project. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Parameters \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameters} @@ -12596,9 +11713,8 @@ Parameters \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed on the stack or in data-space. The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal @@ -12631,14 +11747,13 @@ They can be placed on the stack \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -12651,7 +11766,7 @@ status collapsed \emph default option, by using \emph on -#pragma\InsetSpace ~ +#pragma\SpecialChar ~ stackauto \emph default @@ -12669,26 +11784,24 @@ reentrant \emph default keyword in the function declaration, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter unsigned char foo(char i) __reentrant \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the \emph on reentrant @@ -12697,14 +11810,13 @@ keyword or the \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -12736,31 +11848,30 @@ Local variables \end_inset addresses, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter unsigned char foo() \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ __xdata unsigned char i; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ __bit bvar; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ __data __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} @@ -12768,17 +11879,16 @@ __data __at (0x31) unsigned char j; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In the above example the variable \emph on i @@ -12796,14 +11906,13 @@ bvar \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -12814,9 +11923,8 @@ status collapsed reentrant \emph default this should only be done for static variables. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Parameters \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} @@ -12829,9 +11937,8 @@ Parameters , (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also non-static local bit variables are supported. Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space. @@ -12841,9 +11948,8 @@ It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also \end_inset as a single byte just like the normal registers. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Overlaying \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Overlaying} @@ -12855,9 +11961,8 @@ Overlaying \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For non-reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} @@ -12888,42 +11993,38 @@ no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory \end_inset is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlayed. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin g the data items. Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine \begin_inset Marginal -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold ! -\end_layout \end_inset - should be preceded by a #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~ nooverlay \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} \end_inset if they are not reentrant. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls other c-functions that might use the overlay. - In that case the #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + In that case the #pragma\SpecialChar ~ nooverlay should be used. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica tion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} @@ -12937,9 +12038,8 @@ tion will NOT be overlayed since these are implemented using external functions, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter #pragma save @@ -12955,10 +12055,10 @@ void set_error(unsigned char errcd) \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ P3 = errcd; \newline } @@ -12977,29 +12077,29 @@ void \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ set_error(10); \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip In the above example the parameter \emph on errcd @@ -13008,33 +12108,28 @@ errcd \emph on set_error \emph default - would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\SpecialChar ~ nooverlay was not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called from an interrupt service routine. - The #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + The #pragma\SpecialChar ~ nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for the function are NOT overlayed. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Interrupt Service Routines \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection General Information -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC allows \emph on i @@ -13048,26 +12143,24 @@ ervice r \emph default outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter void timer_isr (void) __interrupt (1) __using (1) \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The optional number following the \emph on interrupt @@ -13116,9 +12209,8 @@ using \newline Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile} \end_inset @@ -13126,9 +12218,8 @@ Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs: Common interrupt pitfall: variable not declared \emph on volatile -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by other functions these variables have to be declared \emph on @@ -13146,9 +12237,8 @@ volatile \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-atomic} \end_inset @@ -13156,9 +12246,8 @@ volatile Common interrupt pitfall: \emph on non-atomic access -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If the access to these variables is not \emph on atomic @@ -13184,8 +12273,8 @@ Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs \family typewriter -flags\InsetSpace ~ -|=\InsetSpace ~ +flags\SpecialChar ~ +|=\SpecialChar ~ 0x80; \family default @@ -13203,8 +12292,8 @@ flags \family typewriter -flags\InsetSpace ~ -|=\InsetSpace ~ +flags\SpecialChar ~ +|=\SpecialChar ~ 0x40; \family default @@ -13219,8 +12308,8 @@ flags\InsetSpace ~ \family typewriter -counter\InsetSpace ~ -+=\InsetSpace ~ +counter\SpecialChar ~ ++=\SpecialChar ~ 8; \family default @@ -13236,9 +12325,8 @@ counter Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can cause a lot of trouble. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-stack-overflow} \end_inset @@ -13246,9 +12334,8 @@ Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can Common interrupt pitfall: \emph on stack overflow -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine are saved on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} @@ -13277,9 +12364,8 @@ deepest subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e. many return addresses. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-reentrant} \end_inset @@ -13287,9 +12373,8 @@ deepest Common interrupt pitfall: \emph on use of non-reentrant functions -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division} @@ -13317,14 +12402,13 @@ A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13339,14 +12423,13 @@ status collapsed \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13367,14 +12450,13 @@ Note, the type promotion required by ANSI C can cause 16 bit routines to be used \begin_inset Marginal -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ! -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13390,13 +12472,13 @@ status collapsed \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended, avoid it if possible. Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine - it should be preceded by a #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + it should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~ nooverlay \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} @@ -13418,25 +12500,21 @@ nooverlay \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ about Overlaying and section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Functions-using-private-banks} \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ about Functions using private register banks. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} @@ -13452,9 +12530,8 @@ Interrupt to the maximum interrupt number specified. \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -13466,27 +12543,24 @@ Interrupt \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Interrupt # -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Description -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Vector Address -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13495,27 +12569,24 @@ Vector Address \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard External 0 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0x0003 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13524,27 +12595,24 @@ External 0 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Timer 0 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0x000b -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13553,27 +12621,24 @@ Timer 0 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 2 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard External 1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0x0013 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13582,27 +12647,24 @@ External 1 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 3 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Timer 1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0x001b -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13611,27 +12673,24 @@ Timer 1 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 4 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Serial -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0x0023 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13640,27 +12699,24 @@ Serial \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 5 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Timer 2 (8052) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0x002b -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13669,27 +12725,24 @@ Timer 2 (8052) \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard ... -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard ... -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13698,27 +12751,24 @@ Timer 2 (8052) \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard n -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0x0003 + 8*n -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -13730,9 +12780,8 @@ n \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If the interrupt service routine is defined without \emph on using @@ -13757,9 +12806,9 @@ using stack. This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which have low register usage. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register bank then only \emph on @@ -13774,22 +12823,19 @@ a, b, dptr . This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} \end_inset Interrupt Service Routines -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip Since the number of interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt} @@ -13807,17 +12853,13 @@ Since the number of interrupts \end_inset for details on customizing startup. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Z80 Interrupt Service Routines -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} @@ -13831,9 +12873,8 @@ The Z80 vector depending on the hardware implementation. Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt to generate an interrupt vector table. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI instruction to return from the interrupt. To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs @@ -13842,26 +12883,25 @@ By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI critical \emph default keyword: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip However if you need to create a non-interruptable interrupt service routine you would also require the \emph on @@ -13870,21 +12910,16 @@ critical keyword. To distinguish between this and an nmi_isr you must provide an interrupt number. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Enabling and Disabling Interrupts -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Critical Functions and Critical Statements -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring it as \emph on @@ -13904,9 +12939,8 @@ critical \end_inset for each call. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter int foo () __critical @@ -13923,24 +12957,23 @@ int foo () __critical \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like \emph on reentrant. @@ -13952,168 +12985,159 @@ The keyword critical \emph default may also be used to disable interrupts more locally: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __critical{ i++; } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard More than one statement could have been included in the block. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} \end_inset can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051): -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -EA = 0;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -or:\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +EA = 0;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +or:\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ EA_SAVE = EA; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -...\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ EA = 0; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -EA = 1;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ EA = EA_SAVE; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} @@ -14126,9 +13150,8 @@ On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling \end_inset ): -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter #define CLI _asm @@ -14136,35 +13159,32 @@ On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -cli\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +cli\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} \end_inset ; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -#define SEI _asm\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -sei\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +#define SEI _asm\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sei\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _endasm; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter ... -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source like f.e. a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an @@ -14178,9 +13198,8 @@ interrupt mask \emph default register. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as short as possible. This minimizes both @@ -14209,9 +13228,8 @@ interrupt jitter On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas a much smaller jitter will be very audible. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture s you can make use of two (or more) levels of \emph on @@ -14233,18 +13251,16 @@ interrupt priorities and don't add complexity unless you have to. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Semaphore \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{semaphore} \end_inset locking (mcs51/ds390) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} @@ -14277,13 +13293,11 @@ instruction. don't have to be disabled for the locking operation. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter volatile @@ -14297,35 +13311,34 @@ volatile \newline if (resource_is_free) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ resource_is_free=0; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ resource_is_free=1; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} @@ -14338,18 +13351,16 @@ clear instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and \emph on set). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Functions using private register banks \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Functions-using-private-banks} \end_inset (mcs51/ds390) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets. SDCC supports this feature with the \emph on @@ -14383,9 +13394,8 @@ interrupt functions (see footnote below). This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient since it will not have to save registers on the stack. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The \emph on using @@ -14396,9 +13406,9 @@ non-interrupt \emph default function (but may occasionally be useful anyway \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute as the calling 'interrupt' functions. @@ -14406,7 +13416,6 @@ possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy() 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -14431,9 +13440,8 @@ non-interrupt . \emph on ) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard An \emph on interrupt @@ -14470,9 +13478,9 @@ used If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance hit. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions. If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the @@ -14480,13 +13488,10 @@ It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions. It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank from an ISR. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Startup Code \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Startup-Code} @@ -14498,13 +13503,11 @@ Startup Code \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection MCS51/DS390 Startup Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The compiler inserts a call to the C routine \emph on _sdcc_external_startup() @@ -14558,14 +13561,13 @@ _sdcc_external_startup() \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -14578,21 +13580,20 @@ n \emph default is used. (recommended for Chipcon CC1010). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip See also the compiler options \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -14611,14 +13612,13 @@ opt \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -14635,34 +13635,28 @@ status collapsed \end_inset about MCS51-variants. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection HC08 Startup Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip The HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} \end_inset startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Z80 Startup Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip On the Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} @@ -14677,14 +13671,13 @@ On the Z80 \emph default \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -14700,39 +13693,33 @@ status collapsed and provide your own crt0.o. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Inline Assembler Code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection A Step by Step Introduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51 how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and an array in xdata memory. The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures. This is a buffer routine which should be optimized: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter \size footnotesize @@ -14763,23 +13750,23 @@ unsigned char __far \newline -unsigned char head, tail;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +unsigned char head, tail;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* if interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} @@ -14787,51 +13774,51 @@ unsigned char head, tail;\InsetSpace ~ are involved see \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile} @@ -14849,12 +13836,12 @@ void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) - )\InsetSpace ~ + )\SpecialChar ~ /* cast \series bold needed @@ -14871,49 +13858,47 @@ needed to integer */ \begin_inset Marginal -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ! -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -buf[ head++ ] = c;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + +\end_inset + + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +buf[ head++ ] = c;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */ \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated. We define a new function @@ -14939,17 +13924,16 @@ _endasm; \end_inset to the beginning and the end of the function body: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter \size footnotesize /* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with. \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ The function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */ \newline @@ -14958,10 +13942,10 @@ void to_buffer_asm( \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} @@ -14974,15 +13958,15 @@ _asm \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ r2,dpl \newline -;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \InsetSpace ~ +;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \SpecialChar ~ /* cast \series bold needed @@ -14999,48 +13983,48 @@ needed to integer */ \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,_tail \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -dec\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dec\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ r3,a \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,_head \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ cjne a,ar3,00106$ \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ret \newline 00106$: @@ -15053,65 +14037,65 @@ ret \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ r3,_head \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -inc\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _head \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dpl,r3 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dph,#(_buf >> 8) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,r2 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ movx @dptr,a \newline 00103$: \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ret \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} @@ -15125,16 +14109,14 @@ _endasm ; \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced function argument 'c'. Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY (1) and finally have: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter \size footnotesize @@ -15155,21 +14137,21 @@ void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ buf[ head++ ] = c; \newline } @@ -15185,16 +14167,16 @@ void to_buffer( \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} @@ -15207,192 +14189,192 @@ _asm \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; save used registers here. \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here. \newline ; if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ a,_tail \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -dec\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +dec\SpecialChar ~ a \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -xrl\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +xrl\SpecialChar ~ a,_head \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; we could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -jz\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +jz\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ t_b_end$ \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; \newline ; buf[ head++ ] = c; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ - a,dpl \InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ + a,dpl \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; dpl holds lower byte of function argument \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ - - dpl,_head \InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ + + dpl,_head \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ dph,#(_bu f>>8) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ movx @dptr,a \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -inc \InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc \SpecialChar ~ _head \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see above) \newline t_b_end$: \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; restore used registers here \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} @@ -15408,9 +14390,8 @@ _endasm } \newline #endif -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler , this includes any assembler directives and comment lines. The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments. @@ -15429,11 +14410,10 @@ The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the \family typewriter _asm @@ -15472,21 +14452,19 @@ _asm has to be done manually. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed in a separate line (as the example shows). When the - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -15513,9 +14491,8 @@ peep-asm SDCCpeeph.def \emph default before using this option. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Naked Functions \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Naked-Functions} @@ -15527,9 +14504,8 @@ Naked Functions \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as \emph on _naked @@ -15572,9 +14548,8 @@ return This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large (and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue. For example, compare the code generated by these two functions: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter volatile @@ -15600,10 +14575,10 @@ void simpleInterrupt(void) __interrupt \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ counter++; \newline } @@ -15614,10 +14589,10 @@ void nakedInterrupt(void) __interrupt (2) __naked \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} @@ -15630,36 +14605,36 @@ _asm \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -inc\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -reti\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +reti\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function. \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} @@ -15673,13 +14648,11 @@ _endasm ; \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter Note, this is an @@ -15698,181 +14671,178 @@ same \newline _simpleInterrupt: \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -push\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +push\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ acc \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -push\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +push\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ b \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ pu -sh\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +sh\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dpl \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -push\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +push\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dph \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -push\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +push\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ psw \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ psw,#0x00 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -inc\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _counter \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -pop\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +pop\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ psw \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -pop\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +pop\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dph \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -pop\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +pop\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dpl \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -pop\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +pop\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ b \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -pop\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +pop\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ acc \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ reti -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard whereas nakedInterrupt looks like: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter _nakedInterrupt: \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -inc\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +inc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -reti\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +reti\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The related directive #pragma exclude \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} @@ -15884,22 +14854,19 @@ The related directive #pragma exclude \end_inset the registers. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a \family typewriter _naked \family default function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this, and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Use of Labels within Inline Assembler -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding labels. In older versions of the compiler all labels defined within inline assembler @@ -15921,9 +14888,8 @@ per function \noun default . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter _asm @@ -15938,27 +14904,27 @@ _asm \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ b,#10 \newline 00001$: \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -djnz\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +djnz\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ b,00001$ \newline _endasm @@ -15972,9 +14938,8 @@ _endasm \end_inset ; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference labels \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Labels} @@ -15982,76 +14947,75 @@ Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference \end_inset defined by the inline assembler, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter foo() { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* some c code */ \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _asm \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; some assembler code \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ljmp $0003 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _endasm; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* some more c code */ \newline -clabel:\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +clabel:\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* inline assembler cannot reference this label */ \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _asm \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ $0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} @@ -16064,41 +15028,37 @@ _endasm ; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* some more c code */ \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline assembly within the scope of the function. The same goes the other way, i.e. labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Interfacing with Assembler Code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Global Registers used for Parameter Passing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameter passing} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The compiler always uses the global registers \emph on DPL, DPH @@ -16131,27 +15091,24 @@ and The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant routines or if - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -stack-auto is used) or in data / xdata memory (depending on the memory model). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Assembler Routine (non-reentrant) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In the following example \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} @@ -16169,9 +15126,8 @@ In the following example \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char); @@ -16183,10 +15139,10 @@ int c_func (unsigned char \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ return asm_func(i,j); \newline } @@ -16197,123 +15153,121 @@ int main() \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ return c_func(10,9); \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The corresponding assembler function is: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter .globl _asm_func_PARM_2 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ .globl _asm_func \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ .area OSEG \newline _asm_func_PARM_2: \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ .ds 1 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ .area CSEG \newline _asm_func: \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,dpl \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -add\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +add\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,_asm_func_PARM_2 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dpl,a \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dph \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL} @@ -16321,18 +15275,17 @@ dph ,#0x00 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ret -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Note here that the return values \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value} @@ -16342,9 +15295,8 @@ Note here that the return values two byte values. 'dpl', 'dph' and 'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph',' b' & 'acc' for four byte values. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The parameter naming convention is __PARM_, where n is the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left. The first parameter is passed in @@ -16408,13 +15360,11 @@ Then compile and link the assembler routine to the C source file with the \family sans \series bold sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Assembler Routine (reentrant) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In this case \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} @@ -16434,9 +15384,8 @@ In this case to left i.e. after the call the leftmost parameter will be on the top of the stack. Here is an example: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char); @@ -16448,10 +15397,10 @@ int c_func (unsigned char \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ return asm_func(i,j); \newline } @@ -16462,132 +15411,127 @@ int main() \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ return c_func(10,9); \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The corresponding assembler routine is: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter .globl _asm_func \newline _asm_func: \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ push _bp \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov _bp,sp \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r2,dpl \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,_bp \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ add a,#0xfd \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r0,a \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ add a,#0xfc ;? \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r1,a \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,@r0 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ add a,r2 ;? \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov dpl,a \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov dph,#0x00 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov sp,_bp \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ pop _bp \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ret -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp is the stack frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters and local variables. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section int (16 bit) \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (16 bit)} @@ -16599,9 +15543,8 @@ int (16 bit) \end_inset Support -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division, multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines. These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting @@ -16611,9 +15554,8 @@ For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division, found in /share/sdcc/lib. \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -16624,22 +15566,20 @@ For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division, \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Function -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Description -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16648,18 +15588,16 @@ Description \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _mulint.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 16 bit multiplication -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16668,18 +15606,16 @@ _mulint.c \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _divsint.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16688,18 +15624,16 @@ _divsint.c \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _divuint.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard unsigned 16 bit division -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16708,18 +15642,16 @@ _divuint.c \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _modsint.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16728,18 +15660,16 @@ signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint) \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _moduint.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard unsigned 16 bit modulus -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16748,18 +15678,16 @@ unsigned 16 bit modulus \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _mullong.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 32 bit multiplication -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16768,18 +15696,16 @@ _mullong.c \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _divslong.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signed 32 division (calls _divulong) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16788,18 +15714,16 @@ _divslong.c \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _divulong.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard unsigned 32 division -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16808,18 +15732,16 @@ unsigned 32 division \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _modslong.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16828,18 +15750,16 @@ _modslong.c \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _modulong.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard unsigned 32 bit modulus -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16851,9 +15771,8 @@ unsigned 32 bit modulus \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Since they are compiled as \emph on non-reentrant @@ -16874,14 +15793,13 @@ non-reentrant \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16896,14 +15814,13 @@ status collapsed \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16918,26 +15835,23 @@ status collapsed Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly. The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation is required. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Floating Point Support \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers. The floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and consist of the following routines: \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \size footnotesize @@ -16950,7 +15864,7 @@ SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers. \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -16961,16 +15875,14 @@ SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers. \noun off \color none Function -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Description -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -16979,7 +15891,7 @@ Description \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -16990,14 +15902,13 @@ Description \noun off \color none _fsadd.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17008,7 +15919,6 @@ _fsadd.c \noun off \color none add floating point numbers -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17017,7 +15927,7 @@ add floating point numbers \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17028,14 +15938,13 @@ add floating point numbers \noun off \color none _fssub.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17046,7 +15955,6 @@ _fssub.c \noun off \color none subtract floating point numbers -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17055,7 +15963,7 @@ subtract floating point numbers \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17066,14 +15974,13 @@ subtract floating point numbers \noun off \color none _fsdiv.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17084,7 +15991,6 @@ _fsdiv.c \noun off \color none divide floating point numbers -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17093,7 +15999,7 @@ divide floating point numbers \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17104,14 +16010,13 @@ divide floating point numbers \noun off \color none _fsmul.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17122,7 +16027,6 @@ _fsmul.c \noun off \color none multiply floating point numbers -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17131,7 +16035,7 @@ multiply floating point numbers \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17142,14 +16046,13 @@ multiply floating point numbers \noun off \color none _fs2uchar.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17160,7 +16063,6 @@ _fs2uchar.c \noun off \color none convert floating point to unsigned char -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17169,7 +16071,7 @@ convert floating point to unsigned char \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17180,14 +16082,13 @@ convert floating point to unsigned char \noun off \color none _fs2char.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17198,7 +16099,6 @@ _fs2char.c \noun off \color none convert floating point to signed char -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17207,7 +16107,7 @@ convert floating point to signed char \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17218,14 +16118,13 @@ convert floating point to signed char \noun off \color none _fs2uint.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17236,7 +16135,6 @@ _fs2uint.c \noun off \color none convert floating point to unsigned int -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17245,7 +16143,7 @@ convert floating point to unsigned int \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17256,14 +16154,13 @@ convert floating point to unsigned int \noun off \color none _fs2int.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17274,7 +16171,6 @@ _fs2int.c \noun off \color none convert floating point to signed int -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17283,7 +16179,7 @@ convert floating point to signed int \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17302,14 +16198,13 @@ _fs2ulong. \bar default \noun default c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17320,7 +16215,6 @@ c \noun off \color none convert floating point to unsigned long -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17329,7 +16223,7 @@ convert floating point to unsigned long \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17340,14 +16234,13 @@ convert floating point to unsigned long \noun off \color none _fs2long.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17358,7 +16251,6 @@ _fs2long.c \noun off \color none convert floating point to signed long -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17367,7 +16259,7 @@ convert floating point to signed long \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17378,14 +16270,13 @@ convert floating point to signed long \noun off \color none _uchar2fs.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17396,7 +16287,6 @@ _uchar2fs.c \noun off \color none convert unsigned char to floating point -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17405,7 +16295,7 @@ convert unsigned char to floating point \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17416,14 +16306,13 @@ convert unsigned char to floating point \noun off \color none _char2fs.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17434,7 +16323,6 @@ _char2fs.c \noun off \color none convert char to floating point number -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17443,7 +16331,7 @@ convert char to floating point number \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17454,14 +16342,13 @@ convert char to floating point number \noun off \color none _uint2fs.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17472,7 +16359,6 @@ _uint2fs.c \noun off \color none convert unsigned int to floating point -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17481,7 +16367,7 @@ convert unsigned int to floating point \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17492,14 +16378,13 @@ convert unsigned int to floating point \noun off \color none _int2fs.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17510,7 +16395,6 @@ _int2fs.c \noun off \color none convert int to floating point numbers -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17519,7 +16403,7 @@ convert int to floating point numbers \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17530,14 +16414,13 @@ convert int to floating point numbers \noun off \color none _ulong2fs.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17548,7 +16431,6 @@ _ulong2fs.c \noun off \color none convert unsigned long to floating point number -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17557,7 +16439,7 @@ convert unsigned long to floating point number \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17568,14 +16450,13 @@ convert unsigned long to floating point number \noun off \color none _long2fs.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -17586,7 +16467,6 @@ _long2fs.c \noun off \color none convert long to floating point number -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17598,22 +16478,21 @@ convert long to floating point number \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space and speed improvement \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard These floating point routines ( \emph on not \emph default sinf(), cosf(), ...) for the mcs51 are implemented in assembler. -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17624,47 +16503,38 @@ not Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly. The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation is required. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Library Routines \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection -\end_layout -\begin_layout Paragraph +\layout Paragraph getchar(), putchar() -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{} \end_inset @@ -17710,53 +16580,50 @@ putchar() putchar() \family default routine might be a start: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter void putchar (char c) { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -while (!TI)\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +while (!TI)\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* assumes UART is initialized */ \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ TI = 0; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ SBUF = c; \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Paragraph +\layout Paragraph printf() -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The default \family typewriter printf() @@ -17775,14 +16642,13 @@ The default \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17798,14 +16664,13 @@ DUSE_FLOATS=1 \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17817,9 +16682,8 @@ status collapsed \emph default for the mcs51 port, since this uses a lot of memory. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If you're short on code memory you might want to use \family typewriter printf_small() @@ -17875,21 +16739,19 @@ not Be sure to only use only one of these printf options within a project. \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Feature matrix of different \emph on printf \emph default options on mcs51. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular - + @@ -17900,73 +16762,66 @@ printf \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold \size large mcs51 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard printf \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard printf \size scriptsize USE_FLOATS=1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard printf_small -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard printf_fast -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard printf_fast_f -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard printf_tiny -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -17975,75 +16830,68 @@ printf_tiny \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard filename -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size scriptsize printf_large.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size scriptsize printf_large.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size scriptsize printfl.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size scriptsize printf_fast.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size scriptsize printf_fast_f.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size scriptsize printf_tiny.c -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18052,7 +16900,7 @@ printf_tiny.c \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -18061,65 +16909,57 @@ Hello World \end_inset size -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard small / large -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1.7k / 2.4k -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 4.3k / 5.6k -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1.2k / 1.8k -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1.3k / 1.3k -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1.9k / 1.9k -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.44k / 0.44k -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18128,67 +16968,59 @@ small / large \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard code size -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard small / large -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1.4k / 2.0k -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 2.8k / 3.7k -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.45k / 0.47k (+ _ltoa) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1.2k / 1.2k -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1.6k / 1.6k -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.26k / 0.26k -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18197,29 +17029,27 @@ small / large \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard formats -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard cdi \emph on o \emph default psux -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -18262,14 +17092,13 @@ o \bar no \noun off psux -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard c \family roman \series medium @@ -18304,34 +17133,30 @@ s \bar default \noun default x -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard cdsux -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard cdfsux -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard cdsux -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18340,52 +17165,47 @@ cdsux \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard long (32 bit) support -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard x -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard x -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard x -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard x -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -18396,16 +17216,14 @@ x \noun off \color none x -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18414,63 +17232,56 @@ x \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard byte arguments on stack -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard b -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard b -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18479,78 +17290,70 @@ b \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard float format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard %f -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard %f \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Range limited to +/- 4294967040, precision limited to 8 digits past decimal -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18559,63 +17362,56 @@ Range limited to +/- 4294967040, precision limited to 8 digits past decimal \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard float formats %e %g -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18624,63 +17420,56 @@ float formats %e %g \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard field width -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard x -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard x -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard x -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard x -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18689,81 +17478,72 @@ x \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard string speed \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Execution time of printf("%s%c%s%c%c%c", "Hello", ' ', "World", '!', ' \backslash r', ' \backslash n'); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar() -\end_layout \end_inset , -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard small / large -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1.52 / 2.59 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1.53 / 2.62 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.92 / 0.93 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.45 / 0.45 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.46 / 0.46 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.45 / 0.45 ms -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18772,88 +17552,78 @@ small / large \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard int speed \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Execution time of printf("%d", -12345); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar() -\end_layout \end_inset , -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard small / large -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 3.01 / 3.61 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 3.01 / 3.61 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 3.51 / 18.13 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.22 / 0.22 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.23 / 0.23 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.25 / 0.25 ms \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard printf_tiny integer speed is data dependent, worst case is 0.33 ms -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18862,78 +17632,69 @@ printf_tiny integer speed is data dependent, worst case is 0.33 ms \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard long speed \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Execution time of printf("%ld", -123456789); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar() -\end_layout \end_inset , -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard small / large -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 5.37 / 6.31 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 5.37 / 6.31 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 8.71 / 40.65 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.40 / 0.40 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0.40 / 0.40 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -18942,78 +17703,69 @@ small / large \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard float speed \begin_inset Foot -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Execution time of printf("%.3f", -12345.678); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar() -\end_layout \end_inset , -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard small / large -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 7.49 / 22.47 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1.04 / 1.04 ms -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard - -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -19023,18 +17775,16 @@ small / large \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{malloc.h} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard As of SDCC 2.6.2 you no longer need to call an initialization routine before using dynamic memory allocation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{dynamic memory allocation (malloc)} @@ -19051,41 +17801,33 @@ As of SDCC 2.6.2 you no longer need to call an initialization routine before required size defined in HEAP_SIZE. It is recommended to make a copy of this file into your project directory and compile it there with: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter sdcc -c _heap.c -D HEAD_SIZE=2048 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard And then link it with: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter sdcc main.rel _heap.rel -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard See definitions in file . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Other libraries -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} @@ -19102,29 +17844,25 @@ Libraries LGPL \emph default . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Comment -status collapsed +\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard license statements for the libraries are missing. sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard or _decdptr f.e. come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal enough for many embedded programmers. -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code which f.e. falls into any of these categories Busses (I @@ -19138,26 +17876,22 @@ C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ would certainly like to hear about it. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl e these references are very valuable. Let's help to create a climate where information is shared. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Memory Models -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection MCS51 Memory Models \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} @@ -19169,13 +17903,11 @@ MCS51 Memory Models \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection Small, Medium and Large -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code, \shape slanted small, medium @@ -19194,9 +17926,8 @@ never medium and large. The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small, medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant @@ -19207,9 +17938,8 @@ When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a functions). When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated in the internal ram. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} @@ -19220,9 +17950,8 @@ Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless absolutely required. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection External Stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:External-Stack} @@ -19239,19 +17968,17 @@ External Stack \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The external stack (- \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -19270,14 +17997,13 @@ status collapsed 256 bytes). When - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -19291,14 +18017,13 @@ status collapsed This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements. When used with the - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -19311,9 +18036,8 @@ status collapsed stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same options. There is a predefined target in the library makefile). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment into port P2 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} @@ -19330,9 +18054,8 @@ The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment may not \emph default be used by the application program. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection DS390 Memory Model \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} @@ -19344,9 +18067,8 @@ DS390 Memory Model \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The only model supported is Flat 24 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)} @@ -19387,14 +18109,13 @@ Like \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -19408,14 +18129,13 @@ status collapsed Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -19429,9 +18149,8 @@ status collapsed \emph default on the SDCC command line. However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Pragmas \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Pragmas} @@ -19443,13 +18162,11 @@ Pragmas \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC supports the following #pragma directives: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold save @@ -19460,11 +18177,10 @@ save \end_inset - this will save most current options to the save/restore stack. - See #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + See #pragma\SpecialChar ~ restore. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold restore @@ -19478,13 +18194,12 @@ restore saves & restores can be nested. SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack, restore pulls current options from the stack. - See #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + See #pragma\SpecialChar ~ save. \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold callee_saves @@ -19517,28 +18232,26 @@ callee_saves to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call. If - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -callee-saves command line option is used, the function names specified - in #pragma\InsetSpace ~ + in #pragma\SpecialChar ~ callee_saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} \end_inset is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold exclude @@ -19574,8 +18287,8 @@ R outines. The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition and it affects ALL ISR functions following it. - To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\InsetSpace ~ -exclude\InsetSpace ~ + To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +exclude\SpecialChar ~ none \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} @@ -19593,9 +18306,8 @@ none \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold less_pedantic @@ -19607,9 +18319,8 @@ less_pedantic - the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you'r on your own now ;-( -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold disable_warning @@ -19620,9 +18331,8 @@ disable_warning \end_inset - the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold nogcse @@ -19633,9 +18343,8 @@ nogcse \end_inset - will stop global common subexpression elimination. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold noinduction @@ -19646,9 +18355,8 @@ noinduction \end_inset - will stop loop induction optimizations. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold noinvariant @@ -19665,9 +18373,8 @@ noinvariant \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold noiv @@ -19698,11 +18405,10 @@ noiv \end_inset -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ about interrupts. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold nojtbound @@ -19720,9 +18426,8 @@ nojtbound \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold noloopreverse @@ -19733,9 +18438,8 @@ noloopreverse \end_inset - Will not do loop reversal optimization -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold nooverlay @@ -19747,9 +18451,8 @@ nooverlay - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a function. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold stackauto @@ -19761,14 +18464,13 @@ stackauto - See option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -19783,9 +18485,8 @@ status collapsed \end_inset Parameters and Local Variables. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold opt_code_speed @@ -19798,9 +18499,8 @@ opt_code_speed - The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly at the expense of code size. Currently this has little effect. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold opt_code_size @@ -19813,9 +18513,8 @@ opt_code_size - The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly at the expense of code speed. Currently this has little effect. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold opt_code_balanced @@ -19829,9 +18528,8 @@ opt_code_balanced as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the default). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold std_sdcc89 @@ -19843,9 +18541,8 @@ std_sdcc89 - Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (default). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold std_c89 @@ -19857,9 +18554,8 @@ std_c89 - Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold std_sdcc99 @@ -19871,9 +18567,8 @@ std_sdcc99 - Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold std_c99 @@ -19885,9 +18580,8 @@ std_c99 - Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold codeseg @@ -19901,21 +18595,19 @@ codeseg 8 characters) for the code segment. See option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -codeseg. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold constseg @@ -19929,30 +18621,27 @@ constseg 8 characters) for the const segment. See option - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -constseg. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The preprocessor SDCPP \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} \end_inset supports the following #pragma directives: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold pedantic_parse_number @@ -19969,9 +18658,8 @@ pedantic_parse_number \emph on Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard! -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter #pragma pedantic_parse_number + @@ -19991,25 +18679,24 @@ unsigned char foo(void) \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3) ; \newline \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ return c; \newline } \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold preproc_asm @@ -20025,9 +18712,8 @@ preproc_asm This will prevent the preprocessor from changing the formating required by assembly code. Below is an example on how to use this pragma. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter #pragma preproc_asm - @@ -20039,19 +18725,19 @@ preproc_asm \newline #define MYDELAY _asm \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ nop ;my assembly comment... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ nop \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ nop \newline _endasm @@ -20065,29 +18751,28 @@ void foo (void) \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ MYDELAY; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline } \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \series bold sdcc_hash @@ -20107,9 +18792,8 @@ sdcc_hash \newline Default is off. Below is an example on how to use this pragma. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter #pragma preproc_asm + @@ -20127,23 +18811,23 @@ Default is off. \backslash \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov R6_B3, #(x & 0xff) \backslash \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov R7_B3, #((x >> 8) & 0xff) \backslash \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ lcall __romcall \newline @@ -20159,9 +18843,8 @@ _endasm; ... \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to store compiler generated temporary variables. @@ -20170,9 +18853,8 @@ The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations are used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside a function body could have unpredictable results. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter #pragma save @@ -20180,13 +18862,13 @@ The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations \end_inset - \InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* save the current settings */ \newline #pragma nogcse @@ -20194,11 +18876,11 @@ The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations \end_inset - \InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* turnoff global subexpression elimination */ \newline #pragma noinduction @@ -20212,17 +18894,17 @@ int foo () \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ /* large code */ \newline -\InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ ... \newline @@ -20234,9 +18916,8 @@ int foo () \end_inset /* turn the optimizations back on */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated. It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragma's be used when changing options for a function. @@ -20246,13 +18927,11 @@ The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated. \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Defines Created by the Compiler -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The compiler creates the following #defines \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#defines} @@ -20266,9 +18945,8 @@ The compiler creates the following #defines : \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular @@ -20278,22 +18956,20 @@ The compiler creates the following #defines \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold #define -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Description -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20302,25 +18978,23 @@ Description \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Always defined. Since version 2.5.6 the version number as an int (ex. 256) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20329,7 +19003,7 @@ Always defined. \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC_mcs51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_mcs51} @@ -20346,16 +19020,14 @@ SDCC_mcs51 \end_inset , etc. -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20364,7 +19036,7 @@ depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390) \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard __mcs51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_mcs51} @@ -20386,17 +19058,15 @@ __mcs51 \end_inset , etc -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard depending on the model used (e.g. -mz80) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20405,40 +19075,37 @@ depending on the model used (e.g. \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC_STACK_AUTO \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_AUTO} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard when \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -stack-auto \emph default option is used -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20447,40 +19114,37 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC_MODEL_SMALL \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_SMALL} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard when \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -model-small \emph default is used -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20489,40 +19153,37 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_MEDIUM} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard when \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -model-medium \emph default is used -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20531,40 +19192,37 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC_MODEL_LARGE \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_LARGE} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard when \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -model-large \emph default is used -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20573,40 +19231,37 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC_USE_XSTACK \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_USE\_XSTACK} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard when \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -xstack \emph default option is used -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20615,27 +19270,25 @@ status collapsed \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC_STACK_TENBIT \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_TENBIT} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard when \emph on -mds390 \emph default is used -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20644,27 +19297,25 @@ when \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_FLAT24} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard when \emph on -mds390 \emph default is used -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -20674,13 +19325,11 @@ when \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Chapter +\layout Chapter Notes on supported Processors -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section MCS51 variants \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:MCS51-variants} @@ -20692,21 +19341,18 @@ MCS51 variants \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different flavours. While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection pdata access by SFR -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices using port P2 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} @@ -20744,27 +19390,23 @@ sfr \family default at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this. Some examples are: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter __sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed. See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} @@ -20772,13 +19414,12 @@ For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed. \end_inset for other possibilities. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Other Features available by SFR -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} @@ -20788,17 +19429,14 @@ Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR These are currently not used for the MCS51 port. If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit a patch to SDCC. -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section DS400 port -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip The DS80C400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400} @@ -20822,17 +19460,13 @@ The DS80C400 . -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section The Z80 and gbz80 port -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC can target both the Zilog Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} @@ -20861,9 +19495,9 @@ regressions tests ) as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long variables and bitfield support is fine. See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and z80/gen.c. The stack @@ -20884,17 +19518,13 @@ As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and The gbz80 port use the same set of registers for the return values, but in a different order of significance: E (one byte), DE (two bytes), or HLDE (four bytes). -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section The HC08 port -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} @@ -20906,32 +19536,24 @@ The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08 unoptimized. Some of the SDCC's standard C library functions have embedded non-HC08 inline assembly and so are not yet usable. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard +\added_space_bottom bigskip +\pagebreak_bottom The HC08 port passes the regression test suite (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control} \end_inset ). -\begin_inset VSpace bigskip -\end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\newpage - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section The PIC14 port -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The 14bit PIC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} @@ -20949,9 +19571,8 @@ The 14bit PIC sdcc/src/regression \shape default . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection C code and 14bit PIC code page \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code page (pic14)} @@ -20963,9 +19584,8 @@ C code and 14bit PIC code page \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks. It does not have intimate knowledge of the code flow. It will put all the code section of a single asm file into a single code @@ -20978,45 +19598,38 @@ The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks. \newline To get the best follow these guide lines: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate Make local functions static, as non static functions require code page selection overhead. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate For devices that have multiple code pages it is more efficient to use the same number of files as pages, i.e. for the 16F877 use 4 separate files and i.e. for the 16F874 use 2 separate files. This way the linker can put the code for each file into different code pages and there's less page selection overhead. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC 14 as they have a very simple instruction set), use 'unsigned char' whereever possible instead of 'int'. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Creating a device include file -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For generating a device include file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Header files} \end_inset use the support perl script inc2h.pl kept in directory support/script. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Interrupt code -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For the interrupt function, use the keyword '__interrupt' \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!interrupt} @@ -21025,27 +19638,24 @@ For the interrupt function, use the keyword '__interrupt' with level number of 0 (PIC14 only has 1 interrupt so this number is only there to avoid a syntax error - it ought to be fixed). E.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter void Intr(void) __interrupt 0 \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ T0IF = 0; /* Clear timer interrupt */ \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Linking and assembling -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For assembling you can use either GPUTILS' \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)} @@ -21069,80 +19679,77 @@ Here is a Makefile \family default using GPUTILS: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter .c.o: \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ gpasm -c $*.asm \newline \newline $(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ gplink -m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Here is a \family typewriter Makefile \family default using MPLAB: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter .c.o: \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm \newline @@ -21150,59 +19757,53 @@ mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm $(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mplink /v $(PRJ).lkr /m $(PRJ).map /o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Please note that indentations within a \family typewriter Makefile \family default have to be done with a tabulator character. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Command-line options -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Besides the switches common to all SDCC backends, the PIC14 port accepts the following options (for an updated list see sdcc - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -help): -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21212,20 +19813,18 @@ status collapsed \end_inset emit debug info in assembly output -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21235,20 +19834,18 @@ status collapsed \end_inset disable (slightly faulty) optimization on pCode -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21259,20 +19856,18 @@ status collapsed sets the lowest address of the argument passing stack (defaults to a suitably large shared databank to reduce BANKSEL overhead) -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21282,13 +19877,11 @@ status collapsed \end_inset sets the size if the argument passing stack (default: 16, minimum: 4) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection The library -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection error: missing definition for symbol \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -21298,9 +19891,8 @@ __gptrget1 \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The PIC14 port uses library routines to provide more complex operations like multiplication, division/modulus and (generic) pointer dereferencing. In order to add these routines to your project, you must link with PIC14's @@ -21317,9 +19909,8 @@ libsdcc.lib to the linker's arguments. Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch to the linker)! -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection Processor mismatch in file \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -21329,9 +19920,8 @@ XXX \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst 14 bit PIC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} @@ -21339,9 +19929,8 @@ This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst \end_inset devices. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in \family typewriter @@ -21354,18 +19943,16 @@ device/lib/pic/Makefile to reflect your device. This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unneccesary BANKSELs migth be removed. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Known bugs -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection initialized data -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Currently, data can only be initialized if it resides in the source file +\pagebreak_bottom together with \emph on main() @@ -21380,36 +19967,28 @@ not \size footnotesize \begin_inset Marginal -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ! -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\newpage -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section The PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} \end_inset port -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} @@ -21424,9 +20003,8 @@ The PIC16 (TM) microcontrollers with 16 bit core. Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx. Currently supported devices are: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -21441,54 +20019,48 @@ The PIC16 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F242 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F248 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F252 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F258 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F442 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F448 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21497,54 +20069,48 @@ The PIC16 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F452 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F458 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F1220 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F2220 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F2550 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F4331 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21553,54 +20119,48 @@ The PIC16 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F4455 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F6520 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F6620 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F6680 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F6720 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F8520 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21609,54 +20169,48 @@ The PIC16 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F8620 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F8680 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 18F8720 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21666,30 +20220,26 @@ The PIC16 \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Global Options -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PIC16 port supports the standard command line arguments as supposed, with the exception of certain cases that will be mentioned in the following list: -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21700,32 +20250,29 @@ status collapsed See - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -all-callee-saves -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21738,20 +20285,18 @@ status collapsed \emph on There is no need to specify this in the command line. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21761,51 +20306,44 @@ status collapsed \end_inset Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses no local variables. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Port Specific Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options PIC16} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc --help output. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection General Options -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard General options enable certain port features and optimizations. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -pstack-model=[model] Used in conjuction with the command above. Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are : -\end_layout \begin_deeper -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \emph on @@ -21814,9 +20352,8 @@ small Selects small stack model. 8 bit stack and frame pointers. Supports 256 bytes stack size. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \emph on @@ -21825,96 +20362,86 @@ large Selects large stack model. 16 bit stack and frame pointers. Supports 65536 bytes stack size. -\end_layout \end_deeper -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating unitialized data variables with [kword]. Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr". -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -ivt-loc positions the Interrupt Vector Table at location . Useful for bootloaders. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -asm= sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -link= sets the full path and name of an external linker to call. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -21925,99 +20452,87 @@ status collapsed compatibility option. Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection Optimization Options -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -optimize-goto Try to use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -obanksel=nn Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs. \newline -\end_layout \begin_deeper -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 0 no optimization -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit BANKSEL, accounts only for labels. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs if they are in the same bank. @@ -22027,100 +20542,88 @@ status collapsed \emph on Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections across bank borders! -\end_layout \end_deeper -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection Linking Options -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -nodefaultlibs do not link default libraries when linking -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -use-crt= Use a custom run-time module instead of the defaults. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection Debugging Options -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -debug-xtra Similar to - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22130,117 +20633,103 @@ status collapsed \end_inset , but dumps more information. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -debug-ralloc Force register allocator to dump .d file with debugging information. is the name of the file compiled. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -pcode-verbose Enable pcode debugging information in translation. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes. Use with care. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -call-tree dump call tree in .calltree file -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Enviromental Variables -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard There is a number of enviromental variables that can be used when running SDCC to enable certain optimizations or force a specific program behaviour. these variables are primarily for debugging purposes so they can be enabled/dis abled at will. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Currently there is only two such variables available: -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure bitfields is optimized by directly loading FSR0 with the address of the @@ -22252,30 +20741,26 @@ OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure (ie. 80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this option). -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 NO_REG_OPT do not perform pCode registers optimization. This should be used for debugging purposes. In some where bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit from temporarily disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Preprocessor Macros -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} \end_inset port defines the following preprocessor macros while translating a source. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -22286,18 +20771,16 @@ PIC16 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Macro -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Description -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22306,18 +20789,16 @@ Description \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC_pic16 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Port identification -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22326,31 +20807,28 @@ Port identification \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _ \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset _pic16 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Port identification (same as above) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22359,16 +20837,15 @@ Port identification (same as above) \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard pic18fxxxx -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard MCU Identification. \emph on @@ -22376,7 +20853,6 @@ xxxx \emph default is the microcontrol identification number, i.e. 452, 6620, etc -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22385,31 +20861,28 @@ xxxx \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard _ \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset _18Fxxxx -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard MCU Identification (same as above) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22418,18 +20891,16 @@ MCU Identification (same as above) \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard STACK_MODEL_nnn -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22439,13 +20910,11 @@ nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -22456,18 +20925,16 @@ In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Macro -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Description -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22476,16 +20943,15 @@ Description \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard __18Fxxxx -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard MCU Identification. \emph on @@ -22493,7 +20959,6 @@ xxxx \emph default is the microcontrol identification number, i.e. 452, 6620, etc -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22502,19 +20967,17 @@ xxxx \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC_MODEL_nnn -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for SDCC -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22523,18 +20986,16 @@ nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard STACK_MODEL_nnn -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22544,22 +21005,19 @@ nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Directories -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} \end_inset port uses the following directories for searching header files and libraries. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -22572,36 +21030,32 @@ PIC16 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Directory -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Description -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Target -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Command prefix -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22610,36 +21064,32 @@ Command prefix \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PIC16 specific headers -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Compiler -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -I -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22648,36 +21098,32 @@ Compiler \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PIC16 specific libraries -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Linker -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -L -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22687,27 +21133,24 @@ Linker \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Pragmas \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Pragmas} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} \end_inset port currently supports the following pragmas: -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma stack} @@ -22728,61 +21171,52 @@ The stack pragma should be used only once in a project. Multiple pragmas may result in indeterminate behaviour of the program. \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The old format (ie. #pragma stack 0x5ff) is deprecated and will cause the stack pointer to cross page boundaries (or even exceed the available data RAM) and crash the program. Make sure that stack does not cross page boundaries when using the SMALL stack model. -\end_layout \end_inset \newline The format is as follows: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code #pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on bottom_address \emph default is the lower bound of the stack section. The stack pointer initially will point at address (bottom_address+stack_size-1). -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code Example: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code /* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code #pragma stack 0x200 100 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If the stack_size field is omitted then a stack is created with the default size of 64. This size might be enough for most programs, but its not enough for operations with deep function nesting or excessive stack usage. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma code} @@ -22790,40 +21224,32 @@ code \end_inset place a function symbol at static FLASH address -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code Example: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code /* place function test_func at 0x4000 */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code #pragma code test_func 0x4000 -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 library instructs the linker to use a library module. \newline Usage: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code #pragma library module_name -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on module_name @@ -22831,9 +21257,8 @@ module_name can be any library or object file (including its path). Note that there are four reserved keywords which have special meaning. These are: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -22845,27 +21270,24 @@ module_name \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Keyword -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Description -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Module to link -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22874,31 +21296,28 @@ Module to link \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold ignore -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard ignore all library pragmas -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on (none) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22907,33 +21326,30 @@ ignore all library pragmas \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard link the C library -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on libc18f \emph default .lib -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22942,33 +21358,30 @@ libc18f \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold math -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard link the Math libarary -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on libm18f \emph default .lib -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -22977,33 +21390,30 @@ libm18f \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold io -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard link the I/O library -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on libio18f* \emph default .lib -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23012,33 +21422,30 @@ libio18f* \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold debug -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard link the debug library -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on libdebug \emph default .lib -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23051,9 +21458,8 @@ libdebug \newline * is the device number, i.e. 452 for PIC18F452 MCU. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This feature allows for linking with specific libraries withoug having to explicit name them in the command line. Note that the @@ -23061,164 +21467,127 @@ This feature allows for linking with specific libraries withoug having to ignore \noun default keyword will reject all modules specified by the library pragma. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 udata pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker will place a variable at a specific memory bank -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code Example: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code /* places variable foo at bank2 */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code #pragma udata bank2 foo -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code char foo; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In order for this pragma to work extra SECTION directives should be added in the .lkr script. In the following example a sample .lkr file is shown: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code // Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code LIBPATH . -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4 -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The linker will recognise the section name set in the pragma statement and will position the variable at the memory bank set with the RAM field at the SECTION line in the linker script file. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Header Files \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Header-Files} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard There is one main header file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Header files} @@ -23239,22 +21608,18 @@ pic18fregs.h so it is necessary if the source accesses them. It can be included by adding the following line in the beginning of the file: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code #include -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The specific microcontroller is selected within the pic18fregs.h automatically, so the same source can be used with a variety of devices. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Libraries -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Libraries} @@ -23274,69 +21639,55 @@ xxxx is the microcontroller identification number. The specific library is selected automatically by the compiler at link stage according to the selected device. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Libraries are created with gplib which is part of the gputils package \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* Building the libraries -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Before using SDCC/pic16 there are some libraries that need to be compiled. This process is not done automatically by SDCC since not all users use SDCC for pic16 projects. So each user should compile the libraries separately. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The steps to compile the pic16 libraries under Linux are: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code cd device/lib/pic16 -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code ./configure -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code make -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code cd .. -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code make model-pic16 -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If you need to install the headers too, do: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code cd device/include -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard There exist a special target to build the I/O libraries. This target is not automatically build because it will build the I/O library for @@ -23350,34 +21701,27 @@ every device/lib/pic16/pics.build \series default file and then execute: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code make lib-io -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Memory Models -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize small model -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize large model -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source. The sizes are shown in the next table: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -23389,27 +21733,24 @@ Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source. \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Pointer sizes according to memory model -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard small model -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard large model -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23418,27 +21759,24 @@ large model \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard code pointers -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 16-bits -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 24-bits -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23447,27 +21785,24 @@ code pointers \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard data pointers -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 16-bits -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 16-bits -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23477,9 +21812,8 @@ data pointers \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard It is advisable that all sources within a project are compiled with the same memory model. If one wants to override the default memory model, this can be done by @@ -23494,9 +21828,8 @@ near . Far selects large memory model's pointers, while near selects small memory model's pointers. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The standard device libraries (see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:PIC16_Header-Files} @@ -23504,13 +21837,11 @@ The standard device libraries (see ) contain no reference to pointers, so they can be used with both memory models. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Stack -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack} @@ -23518,39 +21849,33 @@ The stack implementation for the PIC16 port uses two indirect registers, FSR1 and FSR2. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \noun on small \noun default model -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize \noun on large \noun default model -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \noun on Small @@ -23565,9 +21890,8 @@ large uses both FSRxL and FSRxH registers. The following table shows the stack/frame pointers sizes according to stack model and the maximum space they can address: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -23579,27 +21903,24 @@ large \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard small -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard large -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23608,27 +21929,24 @@ large \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Stack pointer FSR1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 8-bits -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 16-bits -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23637,27 +21955,24 @@ Stack pointer FSR1 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Frame pointer FSR2 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 8-bits -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 16-bits -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23667,9 +21982,8 @@ Frame pointer FSR2 \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \noun on Large @@ -23679,38 +21993,32 @@ stack model is currently not working properly throughout the code generator. Also there are some other points that need special care: \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate Do not create stack sections with size more than one physical bank (that is 256 bytes) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate Stack sections should no cross physical bank limits (i.e. #pragma stack 0x50 0x100) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard These limitations are caused by the fact that only FSRxL is modified when using SMALL stack model, so no more than 256 bytes of stack can be used. This problem will disappear after LARGE model is fully implemented. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Functions -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In addition to the standard SDCC function keywords, PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} \end_inset port makes available two more: -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 wparam \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!wparam} @@ -23722,34 +22030,27 @@ wparam that are called via function pointers, otherwise the first byte of the first parameter will get lost. Usage: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code void func_wparam(int a) wparam -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code { -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code /* WREG hold the lower part of a */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code /* the high part of a is stored in FSR2+2 (or +3 for large stack model) */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code ... -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code } -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 shadowregs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!shadowregs} @@ -23768,44 +22069,36 @@ shadowregs interrupt \emph default keyword in the function's header. -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1 -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code { -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code ... -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on shadowregs \emph default instructs the code generator not to store/restore WREG, STATUS, BSR when entering/exiting the ISR. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Function return values -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following a modified Microchip policy optimized for SDCC. The following table shows these registers: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -23816,18 +22109,16 @@ Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard size -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard destination register -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23836,18 +22127,16 @@ destination register \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 8 bits -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard WREG -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23856,18 +22145,16 @@ WREG \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 16 bits -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PRODL:WREG -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23876,18 +22163,16 @@ PRODL:WREG \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 24 bits -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PRODH:PRODL:WREG -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23896,18 +22181,16 @@ PRODH:PRODL:WREG \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 32 bits -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23916,18 +22199,16 @@ FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard >32 bits -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -23937,13 +22218,11 @@ on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Interrupts -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard An interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!interrupt} @@ -23954,35 +22233,29 @@ An interrupt interrupt \emph default keyword. -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code void isr(void) interrupt \emph on n -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code { -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code ... -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on n \emph default is the interrupt number, which for PIC18F devices can be: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -23994,29 +22267,26 @@ n \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on n -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Interrupt Vector -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Interrupt Vector Address -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24025,27 +22295,24 @@ Interrupt Vector Address \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard RESET vector -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0x000000 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24054,7 +22321,7 @@ RESET vector \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -24065,14 +22332,13 @@ RESET vector \noun off \color none 1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -24083,16 +22349,14 @@ RESET vector \noun off \color none HIGH priority interrupts -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0x000008 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24101,27 +22365,24 @@ HIGH priority interrupts \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 2 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard LOW priority interrupts -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0x000018 -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24131,9 +22392,8 @@ LOW priority interrupts \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard When generating assembly code for ISR the code generator places a \noun on goto @@ -24163,30 +22423,26 @@ not at the next interrupt´s vector address and cause undeterminate program behaviour if that interrupt is raised. \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This is not a problem when -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate this is a HIGH interrupt ISR and LOW interrupts are \emph on disabled \emph default or not used. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt´s vector address. -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on n @@ -24194,65 +22450,54 @@ n is possible to be omitted. This way a function is generated similar to an ISR, but it is not assigned to any interrupt. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard When entering an interrupt, currently the PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} \end_inset port automatically saves the following registers: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize WREG -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize STATUS -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize BSR -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize PROD (PRODL and PRODH) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard These registers are restored upon return from the interrupt routine. \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard NOTE that when the _naked attribute is specified for an interrupt routine, then NO registers are stored or restored. -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Generic Pointers -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types. There are 3 types of generic pointers currently implemented data, code and eeprom pointers. They are differentiated by the value of the 7th and 6th bits of the upper byte: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -24266,45 +22511,40 @@ Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types. \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard pointer type -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 7th bit -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 6th bit -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard rest of the pointer -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard description -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24313,49 +22553,44 @@ description \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard data -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter \shape slanted \emph on uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24364,49 +22599,44 @@ a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard code -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter \shape slanted \emph on uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24415,49 +22645,44 @@ a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard eeprom -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter \shape slanted \emph on uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24466,49 +22691,44 @@ a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard (unimplemented) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter \shape slanted \emph on xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard unimplemented pointer type -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24518,47 +22738,38 @@ unimplemented pointer type \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Generic pointer are read and written with a set of library functions which read/write 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection PIC16 C Libraries -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection Standard I/O Streams -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In the \emph on stdio.h \emph default the type FILE is defined as: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code typedef char * FILE; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This type is the stream type implemented I/O in the PIC18F devices. Also the standard input and output streams are declared in stdio.h: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code extern FILE * stdin; -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code extern FILE * stdout; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The FILE type is actually a generic pointer which defines one more type of generic pointers, the \emph on @@ -24566,9 +22777,8 @@ stream \emph default pointer. This new type has the format: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -24584,63 +22794,56 @@ pointer. \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard pointer type -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard <7:6> -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard <5> -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard <4> -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard <3:0> -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard rest of the pointer -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard descrption -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24649,67 +22852,60 @@ descrption \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard stream -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 00 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 0 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard nnnn -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter \shape slanted \emph on uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24719,13 +22915,11 @@ upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -24738,36 +22932,32 @@ Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard stream type -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard value -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard module -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard description -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24776,38 +22966,34 @@ description \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard STREAM_USART -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter 0x200000UL -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard USART -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24816,38 +23002,34 @@ Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard STREAM_MSSP -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter 0x210000UL -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard MSSP -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24856,38 +23038,34 @@ Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard STREAM_USER -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter 0x2f0000UL -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard (none) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -24897,61 +23075,53 @@ Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In the libc library there exist the functions that are used to write to each of the above streams. These are -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 _ \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset _stream_usart_putchar writes a character at the USART stream -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 _ \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset _stream_mssp_putchar writes a character at the MSSP stream -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 putchar dummy function. This writes a character to a user specified manner. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In order to increase performance \emph on putchar @@ -24966,9 +23136,8 @@ arg \emph default is the name of the variable that holds the character to print. An example follows: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code #include \newline #include @@ -24976,92 +23145,72 @@ arg \newline PUTCHAR( c ) -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code { -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code } \newline \newline void main(void) -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code { -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessary, since stdout points -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code * by default to STREAM_USER */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code printf (¨This is a printf test \backslash n¨); -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code } -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection Printing functions -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PIC16 contains an implementation of the printf-family of functions. There exist the following functions: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...); -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap); -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...); -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap); -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...); -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap); -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard For sprintf and vsprintf \emph on buf @@ -25074,18 +23223,15 @@ fp \emph default should be a stream pointer (i.e. stdout, STREAM_MSSP, etc...). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection Signals -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources. A list of these interrupts is shown in the following table: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Tabular @@ -25098,36 +23244,32 @@ The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources. \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signal name -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard description -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard signal name -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard descritpion -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25136,36 +23278,32 @@ descritpion \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_RB -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PORTB change interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_EE -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25174,36 +23312,32 @@ EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_INT0 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard INT0 external interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_BCOL -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Bus collision interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25212,36 +23346,32 @@ Bus collision interrupt \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_INT1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard INT1 external interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_LVD -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Low voltage detect interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25250,36 +23380,32 @@ Low voltage detect interrupt \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_INT2 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard INT2 external interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_PSP -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Parallel slave port interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25288,36 +23414,32 @@ Parallel slave port interrupt \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_CCP1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard CCP1 module interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_AD -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard AD convertion complete interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25326,36 +23448,32 @@ AD convertion complete interrupt \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_CCP2 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard CCP2 module interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_RC -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard USART receive interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25364,36 +23482,32 @@ USART receive interrupt \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_TMR0 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard TMR0 overflow interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_TX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard USART transmit interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25402,36 +23516,32 @@ USART transmit interrupt \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_TMR1 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard TMR1 overflow interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_MSSP -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SSP receive/transmit interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25440,36 +23550,32 @@ SSP receive/transmit interrupt \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_TMR2 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25478,36 +23584,32 @@ TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SIG_TMR3 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard TMR3 overflow interrupt -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25517,21 +23619,18 @@ TMR3 overflow interrupt \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The prototypes for these names are defined in the header file \emph on signal.h \emph default . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided: -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for high priority interrupts. @@ -25540,9 +23639,8 @@ DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for name \emph default is the function name to use. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo low priority interrupt. @@ -25551,26 +23649,22 @@ DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo name \emph default is the function name to use. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 DEF_HANDLER(sig,handler) define a handler for signal \emph on sig. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Additionally there are two more macros to simplify the declaration of the signal handler: -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \series medium @@ -25581,118 +23675,95 @@ this declares the function prototype for the handler \emph default function. -\end_layout -\begin_layout List +\layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard An example of using the macros above is shown below: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code #include -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code #include \newline \newline DEF_INTHIGH(high_int) -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler) -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler) -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code END_DEF \newline \newline SIGHANDLER(_tmr0_handler) -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code { -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code /* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code } \newline \newline SIGHANDLERNAKED(_bcol_handler) -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code { -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code _asm -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code /* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code retfie -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code _endasm; -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold NOTES: \series default Special care should be taken when using the above scheme: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize when declaring SIGHANDLERNAKED handler never forget to use \emph on retfie \emph default for proper returning. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection PIC16 Port -- Tips -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection +\layout Subsubsection Stack size -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The default stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack} @@ -25706,38 +23777,33 @@ The default stack need to set the stack size around the maximum (256 for small stack model). The following diagram shows what happens when calling printf to print an integer: -\end_layout -\begin_layout LyX-Code +\layout LyX-Code printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar () -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard It is should be understood that stack is easily consumed when calling complicate d functions. Using command line arguments like - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -fommit-frame-pointer might reduce stack usage by not creating unnecessery stack frames. Other ways to reduce stack usage may exist. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Known bugs -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The PIC16 Port currently does not pass SDCC's regression test \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC16)} @@ -25761,13 +23827,11 @@ Linux on Opteron. \end_inset (pick the most up to date file there, scroll down, lend a hand). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Chapter +\layout Chapter Debugging -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard There are several approaches to debugging your code. This chapter is meant to show your options and to give detail on some of them: @@ -25775,15 +23839,13 @@ There are several approaches to debugging your code. \newline When writing your code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize write your code with debugging in mind (avoid duplicating code, put conceptually similar variables into structs, use structured code, have strategic points within your code where all variables are consistent, ...) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize run a syntax-checking tool like splint \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} @@ -25796,14 +23858,13 @@ run a syntax-checking tool like splint (see - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25813,21 +23874,19 @@ status collapsed \end_inset ) over the code. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize for the high level code use a C-compiler (like f.e. GCC) to compile run and debug the code on your host. See (see - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -25838,31 +23897,27 @@ status collapsed ) on howto handle syntax extensions like __xdata, __at(), ... -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize use another C-compiler to compile code for your target. Always an option but not recommended:) And not very likely to help you. If you seriously consider walking this path you should at least occasionally check portability of your code. Most commercial compiler vendors will offer an evaluation version so you can test compile your code or snippets of your code. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Debugging on a simulator: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize there is a separate section about SDCDB (section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} \end_inset ) below. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize or (8051 specific) use a freeware/commercial simulator which interfaces to the AOMF \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} @@ -25875,22 +23930,19 @@ or (8051 specific) use a freeware/commercial simulator which interfaces \end_inset ) optionally generated by SDCC. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Debugging On-target: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize use a MCU port pin to serially output debug data to the RS232 port of your host. You'll probably want some level shifting device typically involving a MAX232 or similar IC. If the hardware serial port of the MCU is not available search for 'Software UART' in your favourite search machine. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize use an on-target monitor. In this context a monitor is a small program which usually accepts commands via a serial line and allows to set program counter, to single step through @@ -25902,9 +23954,8 @@ use an on-target monitor. \end_inset ). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize toggle MCU port pins at strategic points within your code and use an oscilloscop e. A @@ -25921,12 +23972,12 @@ digital oscilloscope If you need to monitor more pins than your oscilloscope provides you can sometimes get away with a small R-2R network. On a single channel oscilloscope you could f.e. - monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\InsetSpace ~ + monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\SpecialChar ~ k \begin_inset Formula $\Omega$ \end_inset - resistor and the other one by a 5\InsetSpace ~ + resistor and the other one by a 5\SpecialChar ~ k \begin_inset Formula $\Omega$ \end_inset @@ -25938,9 +23989,8 @@ k logic analyzer \emph default will be handy. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize use an ICE ( \emph on i @@ -25963,9 +24013,8 @@ mulator And very nice to have too. And usually locks you (for years...) to the devices the ICE can emulate. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize use a remote debugger. In most 8-bit systems the symbol information is not available on the target, and a complete debugger is too bulky for the target system. @@ -25976,9 +24025,8 @@ use a remote debugger. Terms to enter into your favourite search engine could be 'remote debugging', 'gdb stub' or 'inferior debugger'. (is there one?) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize use an on target hardware debugger. Some of the more modern MCUs include hardware support for setting break points and monitoring/changing variables by using dedicated hardware pins. @@ -26000,13 +24048,11 @@ usually ) as input file. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Last not least: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize if you are not familiar with any of the following terms you're likely to run into problems rather sooner than later: \emph on @@ -26034,17 +24080,15 @@ have before \emph default you have problems?) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize tell someone else about your problem (actually this is a surprisingly effective means to hunt down the bug even if the listener is not familiar with your environment). As 'failure to communicate' is probably one of the job-induced deformations of an embedded programmer this is highly encouraged. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Debugging with SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} @@ -26056,9 +24100,8 @@ Debugging with SDCDB \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger} @@ -26077,23 +24120,20 @@ on, which also builds and installs the debugger in the target directory specified during configuration. The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source level. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Compiling for Debugging -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -26117,23 +24157,20 @@ status collapsed files and the address information. This .cdb is used by the debugger. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection How the Debugger Works -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard When the - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -26158,13 +24195,11 @@ newcdb \end_inset is an effort to connect directly to the hardware.) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Starting the Debugger SDCDB -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The debugger can be started using the following command line. (Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo). \newline @@ -26181,40 +24216,34 @@ sdcdb foo \newline The debugger will look for the following files. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize foo.c - the source file. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize foo.ihx - the Intel hex format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} \end_inset object file. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection SDCDB Command Line Options -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -26226,83 +24255,70 @@ status collapsed if the source files can be in the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2, the - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -directory option should be - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -directory=/home/src1:/home/src2. Note there can be no spaces in the option. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize -cd - change to the . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize -fullname - used by GUI front ends. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize -cpu - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the simulator docs for details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize -X this options is passed to the simulator please see the simulator docs for details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize -s passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize -S passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize -k passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection SDCDB Debugger Commands -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible. This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces (like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger. If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip this section. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* break [line | file:line | function | file:function] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Set breakpoint at specified line or function: \newline @@ -26317,13 +24333,11 @@ sdcdb>break foo.c:100 sdcdb>break funcfoo \newline sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Clear breakpoint at specified line or function: \newline @@ -26338,150 +24352,117 @@ sdcdb>clear foo.c:100 sdcdb>clear funcfoo \newline sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* continue -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* finish -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Execute till the end of the current function. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* delete [n] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Delete breakpoint number 'n'. If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* info [break | stack | frame | registers ] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize info break - list all breakpoints -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize info stack - show the function call stack. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize info frame - show information about the current execution frame. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize info registers - show content of all registers. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* step -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Step program until it reaches a different source line. Note: pressing repeats the last command. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* next -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* run -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Start debugged program. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* ptype variable -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Print type information of the variable. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* print variable -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard print value of variable. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* file filename -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard load the given file name. Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* frame -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard print information about current frame. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* set srcmode -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Toggle between C source & assembly source. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* ! simulator command -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is displayed. Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator, so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution context and may display incorrect values. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsubsection* +\layout Subsubsection* quit -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard "Watch me now. Iam going Down. My name is Bobby Brown" -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Interfacing SDCDB with DDD -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Comment -status collapsed +\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The screenshot was converted from png to eps with: \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -26492,20 +24473,17 @@ bmeps -c -e8f -p3 ddd_example.png >ddd_example.eps which produces a pretty compact eps file which is free from compression artifacts. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The screenshot was included in sdccman.lyx cvs version 1.120 but later removed as this broke the build system on Sourceforge (pdf-file was broken. pdflatex does not accept eps files). -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The \emph on p @@ -26550,14 +24528,13 @@ sdcc - \series default \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -26585,25 +24562,22 @@ and DDD was invoked with \newline ddd -debugger "sdcdb -cpu 8032 ddd_example" -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status open +\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Check that the double quotes or an apostroph within the command line survive the LyX tool chain. Previously the apostrophs got slanted in the PDF output so a cut and paste did not work. -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Interfacing SDCDB with XEmacs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XEmacs} @@ -26615,9 +24589,8 @@ Interfacing SDCDB with XEmacs \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs, sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el. These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat @@ -26662,828 +24635,816 @@ You will prompted to enter the file name to be debugged. The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are bound to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el. The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize sdcdbsrc-serial nil -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\InsetSpace ~ +\layout Standard +\SpecialChar ~ +\pagebreak_bottom \family typewriter \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ Current Listing :: \newline -;;key\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -binding\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;key\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +binding\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ Comment \newline -;;---\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ --------\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;---\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +-------\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ------- \newline ;; \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -n\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +n\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sdcdb-next-fro -m-src\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +m-src\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ SDCDB next command \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -b\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -sdcdb-back-from-src\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +b\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-back-from-src\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ SDCDB back command \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -c\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +c\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sdcdb-cont-f -rom-src\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +rom-src\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ SDCDB continue command \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -s\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -sdcdb-step-from-src\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +s\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-step-from-src\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ SDCDB step command \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -?\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +?\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sdcdb-w -hatis-c-sexp\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +hatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ SDCDB ptypecommand for data at \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ buffer point \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -x\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -sdcdbsrc-delete\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +x\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ SDCD B Delete all breakpoints if no arg \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ given or delete arg (C-u arg x) \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -m\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +m\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sdcdbsrc --frame\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +-frame\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ SDCDB Display current frame if no arg, \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ given or display frame arg \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ buffer point \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -!\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +!\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ Goto the SDCDB output buffer \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -p\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +p\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sdcdb-prin -t-c-sexp\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +t-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ SDCDB print command for data at \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ buffer point \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -g\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +g\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ Got o the SDCDB output buffer \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -t\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -sdcdbsrc-mode\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +t\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it off) \newline ;; \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -C-c\InsetSpace ~ -C-f\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -sdcdb-finish-from-src\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +C-c\SpecialChar ~ +C-f\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdb-finish-from-src\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ SDCDB finish command \newline ;; \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -C-x\InsetSpace ~ -SPC\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +C-x\SpecialChar ~ +SPC\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sdcdb-brea -k\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +k\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ Set break for line with point \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -ESC\InsetSpace ~ -t\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -sdcdbsrc-mode\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +ESC\SpecialChar ~ +t\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode \newline -;;\InsetSpace ~ -ESC\InsetSpace ~ -m\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +;;\SpecialChar ~ +ESC\SpecialChar ~ +m\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sdc -dbsrc-srcmode\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +dbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ Toggle list mode \newline ;; \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\newpage - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Chapter +\layout Chapter TIPS -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally good programming practice. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value. If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'. @@ -27495,14 +25456,13 @@ Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value. \begin_inset Marginal -status collapsed +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ! -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -27520,10 +25480,9 @@ status collapsed can be omitted, if the result is the same. The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often surprising: -\end_layout \begin_deeper -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter unsigned char uc = 0xfe; @@ -27532,16 +25491,15 @@ if (uc * uc < 0) /* this is true! */ \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ .... \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family typewriter uc * uc @@ -27554,19 +25512,16 @@ uc * uc \newline Another one: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter (unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ... -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard No, the result is not 4: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter (int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 = @@ -27582,9 +25537,8 @@ No, the result is not 4: (int) 244 / (int) -3 = \newline (int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result. gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints. Therefore the results are different. @@ -27598,9 +25552,8 @@ comp.lang.c FAQ \end_inset : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Quote +\layout Quote \emph on If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values @@ -27612,30 +25565,26 @@ Although character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny" integers, doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredictable sign extension and increased code size. -\end_layout \end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to be negative. This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting or are using an array index. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize NEVER jump into a LOOP. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize Declare the variables to be local \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} \end_inset whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize Have a look at the assembly listing to get a \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -27645,22 +25594,19 @@ feeling \end_inset for the code generation. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Porting code from or to other compilers \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check whether endianness of the compilers differs and adapt where needed. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check the device specific header files \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files} @@ -27690,18 +25636,15 @@ check the device specific header files \end_inset ). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check whether the startup code contains the correct initialization (watchdog, peripherals). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check whether the sizes of short, int, long match. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check if some 16 or 32 bit hardware registers require a specific addressing order (least significant or most significant byte first) and adapt if needed ( @@ -27718,9 +25661,8 @@ last not \emph default the same as endianness). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check whether the keyword \emph on volatile @@ -27735,18 +25677,15 @@ volatile \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check that the compilers are not told to supress warnings. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check and convert compiler specific extensions (interrupts, memory areas, pragmas etc.). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check for differences in type promotion. Especially check for math operations on \family typewriter @@ -27771,7 +25710,7 @@ or (unsigned char) \family default . - Also check that the ~\InsetSpace ~ + Also check that the ~\SpecialChar ~ operator \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator} @@ -27786,7 +25725,7 @@ bit \family default - variables, use the !\InsetSpace ~ + variables, use the !\SpecialChar ~ operator instead. See sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{type promotion} @@ -27799,19 +25738,16 @@ operator instead. \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check the assembly code generated for interrupt routines (f.e. for calls to possibly non-reentrant library functions). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check whether timing loops result in proper timing (or preferably consider a rewrite of the code with timer based delays instead). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check for differences in printf parameters (some compilers push (va_arg \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg} @@ -27832,9 +25768,8 @@ char \end_inset ). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize check the resulting memory map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map} @@ -27844,18 +25779,16 @@ check the resulting memory map Usage of different memory spaces: code, stack, data (for mcs51/ds390 additional ly idata, pdata, xdata). Eventually check if unexpected library functions are included. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Tools \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tools} \end_inset included in the distribution -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align left \begin_inset Tabular @@ -27867,33 +25800,30 @@ Tools \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Name -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Purpose -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Directory -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -27902,32 +25832,29 @@ Directory \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard uCsim \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Simulator for various architectures -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/sim/ucsim -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -27936,16 +25863,15 @@ sdcc/sim/ucsim \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard keil2sdcc.pl -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard header file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files} @@ -27957,16 +25883,14 @@ header file \end_inset conversion -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/support/scripts -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -27975,27 +25899,24 @@ sdcc/support/scripts \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard mh2h.c -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard header file conversion -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/support/scripts -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28004,25 +25925,23 @@ sdcc/support/scripts \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard as-gbz80 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Assembler -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -28033,7 +25952,6 @@ Assembler \noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28042,25 +25960,23 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard as-z80 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Assembler -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -28071,7 +25987,6 @@ Assembler \noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28080,25 +25995,23 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard asx8051 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Assembler -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -28109,7 +26022,6 @@ Assembler \noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28118,25 +26030,23 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCDB -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Simulator -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -28147,7 +26057,6 @@ Simulator \noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28156,25 +26065,23 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard aslink -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Linker -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -28185,7 +26092,6 @@ Linker \noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28194,25 +26100,23 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard link-z80 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Linker -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -28223,7 +26127,6 @@ Linker \noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28232,25 +26135,23 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard link-gbz80 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Linker -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -28261,7 +26162,6 @@ Linker \noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28270,30 +26170,28 @@ sdcc/bin \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard packihx -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Intel Hex packer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -28304,7 +26202,6 @@ Intel Hex packer \noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28316,18 +26213,16 @@ sdcc/bin \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Documentation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation} \end_inset included in the distribution -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align left \begin_inset Tabular @@ -28338,22 +26233,20 @@ Documentation \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Subject / Title -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Filename / Where to get -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28362,21 +26255,20 @@ Filename / Where to get \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC Compiler User Guide -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard You're reading it right now \emph on - \InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \hfill online at: @@ -28389,7 +26281,6 @@ online at: \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28398,21 +26289,20 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Changelog of SDCC -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/Changelog \emph on - \InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \hfill online at: @@ -28425,7 +26315,6 @@ online at: \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28434,7 +26323,7 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard ASXXXX \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} @@ -28458,19 +26347,18 @@ ASLINK \end_inset Relocating Linker -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html \emph on -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \hfill online at: @@ -28483,7 +26371,6 @@ online at: \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28492,26 +26379,25 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC regression test \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf \emph on -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \hfill online at: @@ -28524,7 +26410,6 @@ online at: \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28533,21 +26418,20 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Various notes -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/doc/* \emph on -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \hfill online at: @@ -28560,7 +26444,6 @@ online at: \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28569,26 +26452,25 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Notes on debugging with SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/debugger/README \emph on -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \hfill online at @@ -28601,7 +26483,6 @@ online at \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28610,21 +26491,20 @@ online at \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard uCsim \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim} \end_inset Software simulator for microcontrollers -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -28644,9 +26524,9 @@ sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc \noun default /index.html \emph on -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \hfill online at: @@ -28659,7 +26539,6 @@ online at: \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28668,26 +26547,25 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Temporary notes on the pic16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} \end_inset port -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES \emph on -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \hfill online at: @@ -28700,7 +26578,6 @@ online at: \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28709,16 +26586,15 @@ online at: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard sdcc/doc/ \family roman \series medium @@ -28738,9 +26614,9 @@ cdbfileformat.pd \noun default f \emph on - \InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ \hfill online at: @@ -28753,7 +26629,6 @@ online at: \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28765,9 +26640,8 @@ online at: \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Related open source tools \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Related-open-source-tools} @@ -28779,9 +26653,8 @@ Related open source tools \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align left \begin_inset Tabular @@ -28793,33 +26666,30 @@ Related open source tools \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Name -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Purpose -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Where to get -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28828,36 +26698,33 @@ Where to get \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard gpsim \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gpsim (pic simulator)} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PIC simulator -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28866,36 +26733,33 @@ PIC simulator \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard gputils \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard GNU PIC utilities -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28904,31 +26768,28 @@ GNU PIC utilities \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard flP5 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard PIC programmer -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28937,32 +26798,29 @@ PIC programmer \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard ec2drv/newcdb -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Tools for Silicon Laboratories JTAG debug adapter, partly based on SDCDB (Unix only) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ec2drv} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -28971,36 +26829,33 @@ Tools for Silicon Laboratories JTAG debug adapter, partly based on SDCDB \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard indent \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{indent (source formatting tool)} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Formats C source - Master of the white spaces -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29009,36 +26864,33 @@ Formats C source - Master of the white spaces \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard srecord \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Object file conversion, checksumming, ... -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/srecord} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29047,32 +26899,29 @@ Object file conversion, checksumming, ... \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard objdump \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Object file conversion, ... -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Part of binutils (should be there anyway) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29081,31 +26930,28 @@ Part of binutils (should be there anyway) \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard cmon51 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmon51} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29114,36 +26960,33 @@ cmon51 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard doxygen \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{doxygen (source documentation tool)} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Source code documentation system -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29152,31 +26995,28 @@ Source code documentation system \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard kdevelop -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29185,31 +27025,28 @@ IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only) \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard paulmon -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/paulmon2.html} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29218,41 +27055,38 @@ paulmon \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard splint \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Statically checks c sources (see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} \end_inset ) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29261,41 +27095,38 @@ Statically checks c sources (see \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard ddd \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} \end_inset (Unix only) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29307,13 +27138,11 @@ Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to SDCDB \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Related documentation / recommended reading -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align left \begin_inset Tabular @@ -29325,33 +27154,30 @@ Related documentation / recommended reading \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Name -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Subject / Title -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Where to get -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29360,7 +27186,7 @@ Where to get \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \family roman \series medium @@ -29371,34 +27197,31 @@ Where to get \noun off \color none c-refcard.pdf -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard C Reference Card \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C Reference card} \end_inset , 2 pages -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29407,36 +27230,33 @@ C Reference Card \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard c-faq -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard C-FAQ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C FAQ} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.c-faq.com} \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29445,16 +27265,15 @@ C-FAQ \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -29463,14 +27282,13 @@ C-Standard \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899} @@ -29478,7 +27296,6 @@ C-Standard \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29487,16 +27304,15 @@ C-Standard \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard ISO/IEC DTR 18037 -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset Quotes sld \end_inset @@ -29505,14 +27321,13 @@ Extensions for Embedded C \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf} @@ -29520,7 +27335,6 @@ Extensions for Embedded C \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29529,27 +27343,24 @@ Extensions for Embedded C \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Latest datasheet of target CPU -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard vendor -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29558,27 +27369,24 @@ vendor \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Revision history of datasheet -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard vendor -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29590,13 +27398,11 @@ vendor \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Application notes specifically for SDCC -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC makes no claims about the completeness of this list and about up-to-datenes s or correctness of the application notes \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Application notes} @@ -29604,9 +27410,8 @@ s or correctness of the application notes \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \align left \size footnotesize @@ -29620,36 +27425,33 @@ s or correctness of the application notes \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold \size footnotesize Vendor -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold \size footnotesize Subject / Title -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold \size footnotesize Where to get -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29658,18 +27460,17 @@ Where to get \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Maxim / Dallas -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400 @@ -29678,14 +27479,13 @@ Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400 \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3346.pdf} @@ -29693,7 +27493,6 @@ Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400 \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29702,18 +27501,17 @@ Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Maxim / Dallas -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450 @@ -29722,14 +27520,13 @@ Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450 \end_inset Family of Microcontrollers -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3477.pdf} @@ -29737,7 +27534,6 @@ Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450 \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29746,18 +27542,17 @@ Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450 \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Silicon Laboratories / Cygnal -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE @@ -29766,14 +27561,13 @@ Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.silabs.com/public/documents/tpub_doc/anote/Microcontrollers/en/an198.pdf} @@ -29781,7 +27575,6 @@ Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29790,29 +27583,27 @@ Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp} @@ -29820,7 +27611,6 @@ Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29829,29 +27619,27 @@ Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp} @@ -29859,7 +27647,6 @@ Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29868,29 +27655,27 @@ Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Texas Instruments -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize MSC12xx Programming with SDCC -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf} @@ -29898,7 +27683,6 @@ MSC12xx Programming with SDCC \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -29908,60 +27692,50 @@ MSC12xx Programming with SDCC \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Some Questions -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn ask \emph on you \emph default some questions: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever? Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit? -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating system on the target device help? -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy? -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy? -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside? -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s), internationali(z|s)ation, packaging, labels, 2nd source for components, electromagnetic compatability/interference, documentation for production, production test software, update mechanism, patent issues? -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune, fun? -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may even be \emph on @@ -29969,28 +27743,25 @@ no \emph default , nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres -\end_layout \end_inset . Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them... -\end_layout -\begin_layout Chapter +\layout Chapter Support \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Support} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC has grown to be a large project. The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is well over 150,000 lines of code (blank stripped). @@ -30004,9 +27775,8 @@ SDCC has grown to be a large project. There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part in making SDCC a great software package. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc} @@ -30034,9 +27804,8 @@ The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at \end_inset there. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Reporting Bugs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bug reporting} @@ -30048,16 +27817,14 @@ Reporting Bugs \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the sourceforge site. You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about the known bugs. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and will be fixed ASAP. When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program @@ -30066,14 +27833,13 @@ Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and this can be very helpful. Compiling your program with the - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -30084,19 +27850,16 @@ status collapsed option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems. When reporting a bug please make sure you: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate Specify the SDCC version (type " \family sans \series bold @@ -30105,18 +27868,15 @@ sdcc -v \series default "), your platform, and operating system. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate Put something meaningful in the subject of your message. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC. Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your @@ -30124,9 +27884,8 @@ Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug! -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and the bug is not yet known. This is the link for reporting bugs: @@ -30142,13 +27901,12 @@ Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and on sourceforge per day \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard 220 daily downloads on average Jan-Sept 2006 and about 150 daily downloads between 2002 and 2005. This does not include other methods of distribution. -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -30159,9 +27917,8 @@ status open reporting bugs is good \emph default . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Requesting Features \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Requesting-Features} @@ -30178,9 +27935,8 @@ Requesting Features \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing list. This is the link for requesting features: @@ -30189,13 +27945,11 @@ Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Submitting patches -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing list. This is the link for submitting patches @@ -30209,9 +27963,8 @@ Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard You need to specify some parameters to the \family typewriter diff @@ -30248,13 +28001,11 @@ diff -u sourcefile.c.orig sourcefile.c >my_changes.patch \family default will do. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Getting Help -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard These links should take you directly to the \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Mailing lists]{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599} @@ -30262,12 +28013,11 @@ These links should take you directly to the \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting automated messages (mid 2003) -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -30286,13 +28036,11 @@ Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting While mails to the lists themselves are delivered promptly their web front end on sourceforge sometimes shows a severe time lag (up to several weeks), if you're seriously using SDCC please consider subscribing to the lists. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section ChangeLog -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard You can follow the status of the Subversion version \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version} @@ -30311,13 +28059,11 @@ You can follow the status of the Subversion version \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Subversion Source Code Repository -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The output of \family sans \series bold @@ -30348,18 +28094,16 @@ sdcc --version to Subversion (April 2006) are either by accessible by Subversion or by cvs). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Release policy \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release policy} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Historically there often were long delays between official releases and the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all. Excuses in the past might have referred to problems with live range analysis, @@ -30394,18 +28138,16 @@ Historically there often were long delays between official releases and \end_inset also holds some information about past and future releases. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Examples \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard You'll find some small examples in the directory \emph on sdcc/device/examples/. @@ -30426,32 +28168,28 @@ web site or at \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Comment -status collapsed +\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e. shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor. Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized development boards anyway). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Maybe we should include some links to real world applications. Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays manageable here? -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Quality control \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Quality-control} @@ -30463,9 +28201,8 @@ Quality control \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The compiler is passed through nightly compile and build checks. The so called \shape italic @@ -30489,9 +28226,8 @@ regression tests \end_inset ). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard There is a separate document \shape italic test_suite.pdf @@ -30507,9 +28243,8 @@ test_suite.pdf \end_inset about the regression test suite. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard You'll find the test code in the directory \shape italic sdcc/support/regression @@ -30546,9 +28281,8 @@ make test-mcs51 \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The 14bit pic port uses a different set of regression tests \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)} @@ -30559,22 +28293,20 @@ The 14bit pic port uses a different set of regression tests sdcc/src/regression \shape default . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Use of SDCC in Education -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In short: \emph on highly \emph default encouraged \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard the phrase "use in education" might evoke the association " \emph on only @@ -30582,23 +28314,20 @@ only fit for use in education". This connotation is not intended but nevertheless risked as the licensing of SDCC makes it difficult to offer educational discounts -\end_layout \end_inset . If your rationales are to: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate give students a chance to understand the \emph on complete \emph default steps of code generation -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate have a curriculum that can be extended for years. Then you could use an fpga board as target and your curriculum will seamlessly extend from logic synthesis ( @@ -30617,9 +28346,8 @@ have a curriculum that can be extended for years. \end_inset ) and to C. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate be able to insert excursions about skills like using a revision control system, submitting/applying patches, using a type-setting (as opposed to word-processing) engine LyX/LaTeX, using @@ -30648,9 +28376,8 @@ And if there should be a shortage of ideas then you can always point students \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate not tie students to a specific host platform and instead allow them to use a host platform of \emph on @@ -30663,80 +28390,63 @@ their \end_inset ) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate not encourage students to use illegal copies of educational software -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate be immune to licensing/availability/price changes of the chosen tool chain -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate be able to change to a new target platform without having to adopt a new tool chain -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate have complete control over and insight into the tool chain -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate make your students aware about the pros and cons of open source software development -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate give back to the public as you are probably at least partially publically funded -\end_layout -\begin_layout Enumerate +\layout Enumerate give students a chance to publically prove their skills and to possibly see a world wide impact -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard then SDCC is probably among the first choices. +\pagebreak_bottom Well, probably SDCC might be the only choice. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard - -\newpage -\end_layout -\begin_layout Chapter +\layout Chapter SDCC Technical Data -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific optimizations. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Sub-expression Elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The compiler does local and \emph on g @@ -30754,21 +28464,18 @@ ubexpression e \emph default limination, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter i = x + y + 1; \newline j = x + y; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard will be translated to -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter iTemp = x + y; @@ -30776,26 +28483,22 @@ iTemp = x + y; i = iTemp + 1; \newline j = iTemp; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter a->b[i].c = 10; \newline a->b[i].d = 11; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once; the equivalent code in C would be. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter iTemp = a->b[i]; @@ -30803,22 +28506,19 @@ iTemp = a->b[i]; iTemp.c = 10; \newline iTemp.d = 11; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Dead-Code Elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter int global; @@ -30827,46 +28527,44 @@ int global; \newline void f () { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ int i; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -i = 1; \InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +i = 1; \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* dead store */ \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -global = 1;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +global = 1;\SpecialChar ~ /* dead store */ \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ global = 2; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ return; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -global = 3;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +global = 3;\SpecialChar ~ /* unreachable */ \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard will be changed to -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter int global; @@ -30875,80 +28573,74 @@ int global; \newline void f () { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ global = 2; \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Copy-Propagation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Copy propagation} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter int f() { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ int i, j; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ i = 10; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ j = i; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ return j; \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard will be changed to -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter int f() { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ int i, j; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ i = 10; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ j = 10; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ return 10; \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated by dead-code elimination. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Loop Optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization} @@ -30960,9 +28652,8 @@ Loop Optimizations \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC \emph on loop invariant @@ -30992,18 +28683,17 @@ loop invariant If this extra space allocation is undesirable then induction optimization can be eliminated either for the entire source file (with - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset --noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\InsetSpace ~ +-noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\SpecialChar ~ noinduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} @@ -31014,39 +28704,35 @@ noinduction \newline Loop Invariant: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ f += k + l; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard changed to -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter itemp = k + l; \newline for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ f += itemp; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static address computations are also moved out of the loop. \newline @@ -31058,25 +28744,22 @@ Strength Reduction \end_inset , this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter for (i=0;i < 100; i++) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ar[i*5] = i*3; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard changed to -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter itemp1 = 0; @@ -31085,47 +28768,44 @@ itemp2 = 0; \newline for (i=0;i< 100;i++) { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ar[itemp1] = itemp2; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ itemp1 += 5; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ itemp2 += 3; \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The more expensive multiplication \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} \end_inset is changed to a less expensive addition. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Loop Reversing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries for every iteration. Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a @@ -31140,9 +28820,8 @@ decrement and jump if not zero SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible (note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize The 'for' loop is of the form \newline @@ -31152,14 +28831,13 @@ The 'for' loop is of the form for( = ; [< | <=] ; [++ | += 1]) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize The does not contain \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset @@ -31173,87 +28851,78 @@ continue \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize All goto's are contained within the loop. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize No function calls within the loop. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize The loop control variable is not assigned any value within the loop -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation within the loop. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize There are NO switch statements in the loop. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Algebraic Simplifications -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set of these optimizations. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -i = j + 0;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ i = j; \newline -i /= 2;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ i >>= 1; \newline i - = j - j;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + = j - j;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ i = 0; \newline -i = j / 1;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ i = j; -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Note the subexpressions \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression} @@ -31261,9 +28930,8 @@ Note the subexpressions given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result of copy/constant propagation. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection 'switch' Statements \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:'switch'-Statements} @@ -31275,9 +28943,8 @@ Note the subexpressions \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{jump tables} @@ -31286,597 +28953,581 @@ SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables . It makes the decision based on an estimate of the generated code size. SDCC is quite liberal in the requirements for jump table generation: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize The labels need not be in order, and the starting number need not be one or zero, the case labels are in numerical sequence or not too many case labels are missing. -\end_layout \begin_deeper -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -switch(i) {\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ switch (i) { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -case 4: ...\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 0: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -case 5: ...\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 1: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -case 3: ...\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - -\newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -case 6: ...\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + +\newline +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 3: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -case 7: ...\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 7: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 4: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -case 8: ...\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 5: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -case 9: ...\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 6: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -case 10: ...\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 7: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -case 11: ...\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +case 11: ...\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 8: ... \newline -}\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +}\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table. The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed. -\end_layout \end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize The number of case labels is not larger than supported by the target architectur e. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize If the case labels are not in numerical sequence ('gaps' between cases) SDCC checks whether a jump table with additionally inserted dummy cases is still attractive. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize If the starting number is not zero and a check for the lower boundary of the jump-table can thus be eliminated SDCC might insert dummy cases 0, ... . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Switch statements which have large gaps in the numeric sequence or those that have too many case labels can be split into more than one switch statement for efficient code generation, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter switch (i) { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 1: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 2: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 3: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 4: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 5: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 6: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 7: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 101: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 102: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 103: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 104: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 105: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 106: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 107: ... \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter switch (i) { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 1: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 2: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 3: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 4: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 5: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 6: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 7: ... \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard and -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter switch (i) { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 101: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 102: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 103: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 104: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 105: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 106: ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ case 107: ... \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas the unmodified switch statement will not be. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Comment -status collapsed +\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard There might be reasons which SDCC cannot know about to either favour or not favour jump tables. If the target system has to be as quick for the last switch case as for the first (pro jump table), or if the switch argument is known to be zero in the majority of the cases (contra jump table). -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The pragma nojtbound \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} @@ -31903,25 +29554,22 @@ aries. argument is not matched by a case statement the processor will happily jump into Nirvana. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Bit-shifting Operations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit shifting} \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin g. SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way possible, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter unsigned char i; @@ -31932,33 +29580,29 @@ unsigned char i; i >>= 4; \newline ... -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard generates the following code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -mov\InsetSpace ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ a,_i \newline swap a \newline -anl\InsetSpace ~ +anl\SpecialChar ~ a,#0x0f \newline -mov\InsetSpace ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ _i,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known. Another example: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter unsigned int i; @@ -31969,73 +29613,68 @@ unsigned int i; i >>= 9; \newline ... -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard will generate: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,(_i + 1) \newline -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ (_i + 1),#0x00 \newline -clr\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +clr\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ c \newline -rrc\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +rrc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a \newline -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _i,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Bit-rotation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit rotation} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{rotating bits} \end_inset , SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter \series bold unsigned \series default -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -char i;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +char i;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* unsigned is needed for rotation */ \newline ... @@ -32048,69 +29687,62 @@ i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7)); \family typewriter ... -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard will generate the following code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,_i \newline -rl\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +rl\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a \newline -mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _i,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Nibble and Byte Swapping -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{swapping nibbles/bytes} \end_inset , SDCC recognizes the following expressions: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter \series bold unsigned \series default -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ char i; \newline \series bold unsigned \series default -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ int j; \newline ... @@ -32123,9 +29755,8 @@ i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4)); \family typewriter j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8)); -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Nibble swapping} @@ -32155,14 +29786,13 @@ signed (unsigned int) \family default first. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian \begin_inset Foot -status open +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness. This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction to increment its @@ -32179,7 +29809,6 @@ dptr \emph default so little-endian is the more efficient byte order. -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -32195,9 +29824,8 @@ so little-endian is the more efficient byte order. format (i.e. lowest order first). -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Highest Order Bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Highest Order Bit} @@ -32209,17 +29837,15 @@ Highest Order Bit \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral type (long, int, short or char types). Also obtaining any other order bit is not uncommon. SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the highest order bit and generates optimized code for it, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter unsigned int gint; @@ -32228,795 +29854,792 @@ unsigned int gint; \newline foo () { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ unsigned char hob1, aob1; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ bit hob2, hob3, aob2, aob3; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ hob1 = (gint >> 15) & 1; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ hob2 = (gint >> 15) & 1; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ hob3 = gint & 0x8000; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ aob1 = (gint >> 9) & 1; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ aob2 = (gint >> 8) & 1; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ aob3 = gint & 0x0800; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ .. \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard will generate the following code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 61 ;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 61 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 7 \newline -000A E5*01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 62\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +000A E5*01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 62\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) \newline -000C 23\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 63\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - rl\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +000C 23\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 63\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + rl\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a \newline -000D 54 01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - - 64\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - anl\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +000D 54 01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + + 64\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + anl\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,#0x01 \newline -000F F5*02\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 65\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +000F F5*02\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 65\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _foo_hob1_1_1,a \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 66 ;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 66 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 8 \newline -0011 E5*01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - - 67\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0011 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + + 67\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) \newline -0013 33\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 68\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - rlc\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0013 33\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 68\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + rlc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a \newline -0014 92*00\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 69\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0014 92*00\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 69\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _foo_hob2_1_1,c \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 66 ;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 66 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 9 \newline -0016 E5*01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 67\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0016 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 67\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) \newline -0018 33\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 68\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - rlc\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0018 33\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 68\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + rlc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a \newline -0019 92*01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - - 69\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0019 92*01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + + 69\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _foo_hob3_1_1,c \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 70 ;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 70 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 10 \newline -001B E5*01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 71\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +001B E5*01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 71\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) \newline 001D - 03\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 72\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - rr\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + 03\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 72\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + rr\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a \newline -001E 54 01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 73\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - anl\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +001E 54 01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 73\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + anl\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,#0x01 \newline -0020 F5*03\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 74\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0020 F5*03\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 74\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _foo_aob1_1_1,a \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 75 ;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 75 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 11 \newline -0022 E5*01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 76\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0022 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 76\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) \newline -0024 13\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 77\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - rrc\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0024 13\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 77\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + rrc\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a \newline -0025 92*02\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - - 78\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0025 92*02\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + + 78\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _foo_aob2_1_1,c \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 79 ;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 79 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 12 \newline -0027 E5*01\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 80\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0027 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 80\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ a,(_gint + 1) \newline 0029 - A2 E3\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 81\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + A2 E3\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 81\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ c,acc[3] \newline -002B 92*03\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 82\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +002B 92*03\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 82\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _foo_aob3_1_1,c -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Other variations of these cases however will \emph on not @@ -33026,19 +30649,16 @@ not way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable). Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1); -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard will still be recognized. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Higher Order Byte \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Byte} @@ -33050,16 +30670,14 @@ Higher Order Byte \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard It is also frequently required to obtain a higher order byte or word of a larger integral type (long, int or short types). SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the higher order byte or word and generates optimized code for it, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter unsigned int gint; @@ -33070,286 +30688,283 @@ unsigned long int glong; \newline foo () { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ unsigned char hob1, hob2; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ unsigned int how1, how2; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ hob1 = (gint >> 8) & 0xFF; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ hob2 = glong >> 24; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ how2 = glong >> 8; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ .. \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard will generate the following code: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 91 ;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 91 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 15 \newline -0037 85*01*06\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 92\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0037 85*01*06\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 92\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _foo_hob1_1_1,(_gint + 1) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 93 ;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 93 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 16 \newline -003A 85*05*07\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 94\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +003A 85*05*07\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 94\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _foo_hob2_1_1,(_glong + 3) \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 95 ;\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 95 ;\SpecialChar ~ hob.c 17 \newline -003D 85*04*08\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - - 96\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +003D 85*04*08\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + + 96\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _foo_how1_1_1,(_glong + 2) \newline -0040 85*05*09\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 97\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0040 85*05*09\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 97\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ (_foo_how1_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 3) \newline -0043 85*03*0A\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - 98\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0043 85*03*0A\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + 98\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ _foo_how2_1_1,(_glong + 1) \newline -0046 85*04*0B\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - - 99\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ - mov\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +0046 85*04*0B\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + + 99\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + mov\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ (_foo_how2_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 2) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Again, variations of these cases may \emph on not @@ -33359,19 +30974,16 @@ not way to get the higher order byte/word, (it is portable). Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, e.g.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter xyz = gint + ((gint >> 8) & 0xFF); -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard will still be recognized. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Subsection +\layout Subsection Peephole Optimizer \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Peephole-Optimizer} @@ -33383,9 +30995,8 @@ Peephole Optimizer \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism for peep-hole optimization. It is inspired by @@ -33393,22 +31004,21 @@ The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism copt \emph default a peep-hole optimizer by Christopher W. - Fraser (cwfraser\InsetSpace ~ -@\InsetSpace ~ + Fraser (cwfraser\SpecialChar ~ +@\SpecialChar ~ microsoft.com). A default set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules may be added with the \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -33421,75 +31031,67 @@ status collapsed \emph default option. The rule language is best illustrated with examples. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter replace { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov %1,a \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,%1 \newline } by { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov %1,a \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The above rule will change the following assembly \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} \end_inset sequence: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter mov r1,a \newline mov a,r1 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard to -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter mov r1,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Note: All occurrences of a \emph on %n \emph default (pattern variable) must denote the same string. With the above rule, the assembly sequence: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter mov r1,a \newline mov a,r2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard will remain unmodified. \newline @@ -33499,14 +31101,13 @@ Other special case optimizations may be added by the \emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -33543,17 +31144,15 @@ ajmp and \family typewriter acall -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 } \newline replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The \emph on inline-assembler code @@ -33568,73 +31167,71 @@ e is MCU independent. \newline The syntax for a rule is as follows: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter rule := replace [ restart ] '{' ' \backslash n' \newline -\InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ '}' by '{' ' \backslash n' \newline -\InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ ' \backslash n' \newline -\InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ '}' [if ] ' \backslash n' -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard := assembly instruction (each instruction including labels must be on a separate line). \newline @@ -33649,35 +31246,32 @@ The optimizer will apply to the rules the same rule again. An example of this (not a good one, it has side effects) is the following rule: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter replace restart { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ pop %1 \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ push %1 } by { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ; nop \newline } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment line. Without the 'restart' option only the innermost 'pop' 'push' pair would be eliminated, i.e.: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter pop ar1 @@ -33687,13 +31281,11 @@ pop ar2 push ar2 \newline push ar1 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard would result in: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter pop ar1 @@ -33701,56 +31293,51 @@ pop ar1 ; nop \newline push ar1 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \emph on with \emph default the restart option the rule will be applied again to the resulting code and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated to yield: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter ; nop \newline ; nop -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard A conditional function can be attached to a rule. Attaching rules are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with an example. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter replace { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ ljmp %5 \newline %2: \newline } by { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ - \InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ + \SpecialChar ~ sjmp %5 \newline %2: \newline } if labelInRange -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function \emph on @@ -33785,30 +31372,27 @@ and notVolatile \emph default . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard I know this whole thing is a little kludgey, but maybe some day we will have some better means. If you are looking at this file, you will see the default rules that are compiled into the compiler, you can add your own rules in the default set there if you get tired of specifying the - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -peep-file option. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section ANSI-Compliance \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance} @@ -33820,9 +31404,8 @@ ANSI-Compliance \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The latest publically available version of the standard \emph on ISO/IEC 9899 - Programming languages - C @@ -33835,13 +31418,11 @@ ISO/IEC 9899 - Programming languages - C . \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Deviations from the compliance: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize functions are not reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} @@ -33851,14 +31432,13 @@ functions are not reentrant \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -33870,9 +31450,8 @@ status collapsed \series default command line option is specified. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize structures \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{struct} @@ -33890,10 +31469,9 @@ structures \end_inset from a function, e.g.: -\end_layout \begin_deeper -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter struct s { ... @@ -33905,23 +31483,23 @@ foo() \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline @@ -33939,51 +31517,48 @@ struct \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ struct s rets; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ return rets; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ \newline } -\end_layout \end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize initialization of structure arrays must be fully braced. -\end_layout \begin_deeper -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* invalid in SDCC */ \newline struct s { char x } a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */ -\end_layout \end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize 'long long \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long long (not supported)} @@ -33995,9 +31570,8 @@ struct s { char x \end_inset ) not supported. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize 'double \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{double (not supported)} @@ -34009,19 +31583,17 @@ struct s { char x \end_inset not supported. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize Old K&R style \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{K\&R style} \end_inset function declarations are NOT allowed. -\end_layout \begin_deeper -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */ @@ -34031,23 +31603,21 @@ int i,j; /* are valid \newline { \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ... \newline } -\end_layout \end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, f.e.: -\end_layout \begin_deeper -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter \series bold @@ -34073,23 +31643,21 @@ for ( int \series default i=0; i<10; i++) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99 */ -\end_layout \end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize Certain words that are valid identifiers in the standard may be reserved words in SDCC unless the \series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34100,14 +31668,13 @@ status collapsed or - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34132,18 +31699,16 @@ t', 'near', 'nonbanked', 'pdata', 'reentrant', 'sbit', 'sfr', 'shadowregs', , f.e. '__data' instead of 'data'. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Cyclomatic Complexity \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent paths the program can take during execution of the function. This is an important number since it defines the number test cases you @@ -34162,9 +31727,8 @@ Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent SDCC uses the following formula to compute the complexity: \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - (number of nodes in control flow graph) + 2; \newline @@ -34178,28 +31742,24 @@ Having said that the industry standard is 10, The complexity level is by no means an absolute measure of the algorithmic complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting point for which functions you might look at for further optimization. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section Retargetting for other Processors -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be covered by this document. What follows is a brief description of each of the seven phases of the compiler and its MCU dependency. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree. This phase is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions). Syntax & semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations like bit-rotation etc. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy manipulated during the later phases. This phase is entirely MCU independent. @@ -34208,21 +31768,19 @@ The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy The compiler can be made to dump a human readable form of the code generated by using the - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset -dumpraw option. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also MCU independe nt. This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases: @@ -34245,9 +31803,8 @@ Loop optimizations If loop optimizations caused any changes then do 'global subexpression elimination' and 'dead code elimination' again. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those iTemp variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all the optimization s. @@ -34258,9 +31815,8 @@ s. is essential for register allocation, since these computation determines which of these iTemps will be assigned to registers, and for how long. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize Phase five is register allocation. There are two parts to this process. \newline @@ -34277,21 +31833,18 @@ The second part is more MCU independent and deals with allocating registers to the remaining live ranges. A lot of MCU specific code does creep into this phase because of the limited number of index registers available in the 8051. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and very little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU. However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand for each iCode operand may be reused. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Itemize +\layout Itemize As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is rule based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard More information is available in a wiki \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki} @@ -34308,27 +31861,24 @@ More information is available in a wiki \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Chapter +\layout Chapter Compiler internals \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compiler internals} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section The anatomy of the compiler \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:The-anatomy-of} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \shape italic This is an excerpt from an article published in Circuit Cellar Magazine @@ -34348,18 +31898,16 @@ The current version of SDCC can generate code for Intel 8051 and Z80 MCU. It is fairly easy to retarget for other 8-bit MCU. Here we take a look at some of the internals of the compiler. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Paragraph* +\layout Paragraph* Parsing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parsing} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Annotated syntax tree} @@ -34376,52 +31924,46 @@ Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree xdata will be treated as a storage class specifier when parsing 8051 C code but will be treated as a C identifier when parsing z80 or ATMEL AVR C code. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Paragraph* +\layout Paragraph* Generating iCode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Intermediate code generation. In this phase the AST is broken down into three-operand form (iCode). These three operand forms are represented as doubly linked lists. ICode is the term given to the intermediate form generated by the compiler. ICode example section shows some examples of iCode generated for some simple C source functions. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Paragraph* +\layout Paragraph* Optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations} \end_inset . -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Bulk of the target independent optimizations is performed in this phase. The optimizations include constant propagation, common sub-expression eliminati on, loop invariant code movement, strength reduction of loop induction variables and dead-code elimination. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Paragraph* +\layout Paragraph* Live range analysis \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard During intermediate code generation phase, the compiler assumes the target machine has infinite number of registers and generates a lot of temporary variables. @@ -34435,18 +31977,16 @@ nerated temporaries. The live ranges are computed in terms of these numbers. The from number is the number of the iCode which first defines the operand and the to number signifies the iCode which uses this operand last. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Paragraph* +\layout Paragraph* Register Allocation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed by each operand. In most MCUs only a few registers can be used for indirect addressing. @@ -34464,19 +32004,16 @@ The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed operand and use the registers in this block, the operand will then be popped at the end of the basic block. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard There are other MCU specific considerations in this phase. Some MCUs have an accumulator; very short-lived operands could be assigned to the accumulator instead of a general-purpose register. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Paragraph* +\layout Paragraph* Code generation -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Figure II gives a table of iCode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} @@ -34493,9 +32030,8 @@ Figure II gives a table of iCode \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Figure II @@ -34510,7 +32046,7 @@ Figure II \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold iCode @@ -34521,40 +32057,36 @@ iCode \end_inset -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Operands -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold Description -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \series bold C Equivalent -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34563,44 +32095,40 @@ C Equivalent \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '!' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize NOT operation -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = ! IC_LEFT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34609,44 +32137,40 @@ IC_RESULT = ! IC_LEFT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '~' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Bitwise complement of -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = ~IC_LEFT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34655,44 +32179,40 @@ IC_RESULT = ~IC_LEFT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize RRC -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Rotate right with carry -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << 1) | (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8-1)); -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34701,44 +32221,40 @@ IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << 1) | (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8-1)); \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize RLC -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Rotate left with carry -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << (sizeof(LC_LEFT)*8-1) ) | (IC_LEFT >> 1); -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34747,44 +32263,40 @@ IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << (sizeof(LC_LEFT)*8-1) ) | (IC_LEFT >> 1); \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize GETHBIT -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Get the highest order bit of IC_LEFT -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8 -1)); -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34793,44 +32305,40 @@ IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8 -1)); \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize UNARYMINUS -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Unary minus -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = - IC_LEFT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34839,44 +32347,40 @@ IC_RESULT = - IC_LEFT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IPUSH -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Push the operand into stack -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize NONE -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34885,44 +32389,40 @@ NONE \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IPOP -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Pop the operand from the stack -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize NONE -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34931,44 +32431,40 @@ NONE \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize CALL -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Call the function represented by IC_LEFT -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT(); -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -34977,44 +32473,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT(); \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize PCALL -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Call via function pointer -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT)(); -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35023,44 +32515,40 @@ IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT)(); \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize RETURN -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Return the value in operand IC_LEFT -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize return IC_LEFT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35069,44 +32557,40 @@ return IC_LEFT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize LABEL -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LABEL() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Label -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LABEL: -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35115,44 +32599,40 @@ IC_LABEL: \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize GOTO -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LABEL() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Goto label -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize goto IC_LABEL(); -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35161,44 +32641,40 @@ goto IC_LABEL(); \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '+' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Addition -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT + IC_RIGHT -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35207,44 +32683,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT + IC_RIGHT \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '-' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Subtraction -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT - IC_RIGHT -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35253,44 +32725,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT - IC_RIGHT \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '*' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Multiplication -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT * IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35299,44 +32767,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT * IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '/' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Division -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT / IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35345,44 +32809,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT / IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '%' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Modulus -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT % IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35391,44 +32851,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT % IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '<' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Less than -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT < IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35437,44 +32893,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT < IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '>' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Greater than -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT > IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35483,44 +32935,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT > IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize EQ_OP -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Equal to -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT == IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35529,44 +32977,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT == IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize AND_OP -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Logical and operation -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT && IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35575,44 +33019,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT && IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize OR_OP -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Logical or operation -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT || IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35621,44 +33061,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT || IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '^' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Exclusive OR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT ^ IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35667,44 +33103,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT ^ IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '|' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Bitwise OR -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT | IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35713,44 +33145,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT | IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize BITWISEAND -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Bitwise AND -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT & IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35759,44 +33187,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT & IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize LEFT_OP -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Left shift -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT << IC_RIGHT -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35805,44 +33229,40 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT << IC_RIGHT \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize RIGHT_OP -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Right shift -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT >> IC_RIGHT -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35851,46 +33271,42 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT >> IC_RIGHT \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize GET_VALUE_ \newline AT_ ADDRESS -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Indirect fetch -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT); -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35899,44 +33315,40 @@ IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT); \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize POINTER_SET -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Indirect set -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize (*IC_RESULT) = IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35945,44 +33357,40 @@ Indirect set \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize '=' -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Assignment -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -35991,52 +33399,48 @@ IC_RESULT = IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IFX -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_COND IC_TRUE IC_LABEL -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Conditional jump. If true label is present then jump to true label if condition is true else jump to false label if condition is false -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize if (IC_COND) goto IC_TRUE; \newline -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ Or \newline If (!IC_COND) goto IC_FALSE; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -36045,44 +33449,40 @@ If (!IC_COND) goto IC_FALSE; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ADDRESS_OF -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Address of -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = &IC_LEFT(); -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -36091,44 +33491,40 @@ IC_RESULT = &IC_LEFT(); \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize JUMPTABLE -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_JTCOND IC_JTLABELS -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Jump to list of labels depending on the value of JTCOND -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Switch statement -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -36137,44 +33533,40 @@ Switch statement \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize CAST -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RIGHT() IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Cast types -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (typeof IC_LEFT) IC_RIGHT; -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -36183,47 +33575,43 @@ IC_RESULT = (typeof IC_LEFT) IC_RIGHT; \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize SEND -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_LEFT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize This is used for passing parameters in registers; \newline move IC_LEFT to the next available parameter register. -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize None -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -36232,47 +33620,43 @@ None \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize RECV -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize IC_RESULT() -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize This is used for receiving parameters passed in registers; \newline Move the values in the next parameter register to IC_RESULT -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize None -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -36281,37 +33665,34 @@ None \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \shape slanted \size footnotesize (some more have been added) -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard -\end_layout \end_inset \begin_inset Text -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \shape slanted \size footnotesize @@ -36323,7 +33704,6 @@ gen51Code() in \family typewriter src/mcs51/gen.c -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -36333,123 +33713,117 @@ src/mcs51/gen.c \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Comment -status collapsed +\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note +collapsed true -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In the original article Figure II was announced to be downloadable on \shape italic Circuit Cellar \shape default 's web site. ftp://ftp.circuitcellar.com/pub/Circuit_Cellar/2000/121/dutta.ZIP -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Paragraph* +\layout Paragraph* ICode Example \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This section shows some details of iCode. The example C code does not do anything useful; it is used as an example to illustrate the intermediate code generated by the compiler. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Verse +\layout Verse \family typewriter -1.\InsetSpace ~ +1.\SpecialChar ~ xdata int * p; \newline -2.\InsetSpace ~ +2.\SpecialChar ~ int gint; \newline -3.\InsetSpace ~ +3.\SpecialChar ~ /* This function does nothing useful. It is used \newline -4.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +4.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ for the purpose of explaining iCode */ \newline -5.\InsetSpace ~ +5.\SpecialChar ~ short function (data int *x) \newline -6.\InsetSpace ~ +6.\SpecialChar ~ { \newline -7.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -short i=10; \InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +7.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +short i=10; \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* dead initialization eliminated */ \newline -8.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +8.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ short sum=10; /* dead initialization eliminated */ \newline -9.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +9.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ short mul; \newline -10.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +10.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ int j ; \newline -11.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +11.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ while (*x) *x++ = *p++; \newline -12.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +12.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sum = 0 ; \newline -13.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +13.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mul = 0; \newline -14.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +14.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* compiler detects i,j to be induction variables */ \newline -15.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +15.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ for (i = 0, j = 10 ; i < 10 ; i++, j \family default - \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \backslash / -\end_layout \end_inset @@ -36457,42 +33831,41 @@ status collapsed \family typewriter ) { \newline -16.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +16.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sum += i; \newline -17.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -mul += i * 3; \InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +17.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +mul += i * 3; \SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* this multiplication remains */ \newline -18.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +18.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ gint += - j * 3;\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ + j * 3;\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ /* this multiplication changed to addition */ \newline -19.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +19.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ } \newline -20.\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +20.\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ return sum+mul; \newline -21.\InsetSpace ~ +21.\SpecialChar ~ } -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard In addition to the operands each iCode contains information about the filename and line it corresponds to in the source file. The first field in the listing should be interpreted as follows: @@ -36593,241 +33966,204 @@ Note the dead code elimination respectively. \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c (5:1:0:0) _entry($9) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(5:2:1:0) proc _function [lr0:0]{function short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:3:2:0) iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:4:53:0) preHeaderLbl0($11) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:5:55:0) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:6:5:1) _whilecontinue_0($1) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:7:7:1) iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:8:8:1) if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:9:14:1) iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:10:15:1) _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:13:18:1) iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:14:19:1) *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int }[r2 r3] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:15:12:1) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] + 0x2 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:16:20:1) goto _whilecontinue_0($1) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(11:17:21:0)_whilebreak_0($3) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(12:18:22:0) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(13:19:23:0) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(15:20:54:0)preHeaderLbl1($13) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(15:21:56:0) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(15:22:57:0) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(15:23:58:0) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(15:24:26:1)_forcond_0($4) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(15:25:27:1) iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(15:26:28:1) if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(16:27:31:1) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] + ITemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(17:29:33:1) iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(17:30:34:1) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] + iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(18:32:36:1:1) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(18:33:37:1) _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{ int}[r7 r0] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(15:36:42:1) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(15:37:45:1) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(19:38:47:1) goto _forcond_0($4) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(19:39:48:0)_forbreak_0($7) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(20:40:49:0) iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}[DPTR] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] + ITemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(20:41:50:0) ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(20:42:51:0)_return($8) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize Sample.c(20:43:52:0) eproc _function [lr0:0]{ ia0 re0 rm0}{function short} @@ -36839,883 +34175,760 @@ Sample.c(20:43:52:0) eproc _function [lr0:0]{ ia0 re0 rm0}{function short} Finally the code generated for this function: \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize .area DSEG (DATA) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize _p:: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ .ds 2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize _gint:: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ .ds 2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; sample.c 5 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; ---------------------------------------------- -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; function function -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; ---------------------------------------------- -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize _function: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r2,dpl -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov ar0,r2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ;_whilecontinue_0($1) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize 00101$: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov ar2,@r0 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ inc r0 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov ar3,@r0 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dec r0 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,r2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ orl a,r3 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ jz 00103$ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize 00114$: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov dpl,_p -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov dph,(_p + 1) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,#0x02 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ add a,_p -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov _p,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ clr a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ addc a,(_p + 1) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov (_p + 1),a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ movx a,@dptr -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r2,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ inc dptr -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ movx a,@dptr -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r3,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov @r0,ar2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ inc r0 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov @r0,ar3 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] + -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; 0x2 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ inc r0 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; goto _whilecontinue_0($1) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sjmp 00101$ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; _whilebreak_0($3) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize 00103$: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r2,#0x00 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r3,#0x00 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r4,#0x00 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r5,#0x0A -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r6,#0x00 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r7,#0x1E -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r0,#0x00 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; _forcond_0($4) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize 00104$: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ clr c -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,r4 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ xrl a,#0x80 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ subb a,#0x8a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ jnc 00107$ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize 00115$: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] + -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,r4 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ add a,r2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r2,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov b,#0x03 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,r4 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mul ab -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r1,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] + -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ add a,r3 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r3,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,r7 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ add a,#0xfd -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r7,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,r0 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ addc a,#0xff -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov r0,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,r7 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ add a,_gint -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov _gint,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,r0 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ addc a,(_gint + 1) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov (_gint + 1),a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ inc r4 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dec r5 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ cjne r5,#0xff,00104$ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ dec r6 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; goto _forcond_0($4) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ sjmp 00104$ -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; _forbreak_0($7) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize 00107$: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short} -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov a,r3 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ add a,r2 -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ mov dpl,a -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize ; _return($8) : -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize 00108$: -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \size footnotesize -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ ret \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section +\layout Section A few words about basic block successors, predecessors and dominators -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard Successors are basic blocks \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks} @@ -37730,61 +34943,50 @@ Dominators are basic blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic block. \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard [basic block 1] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard if (something) -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\layout Standard +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ [basic block 2] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard else -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ -\InsetSpace ~ +\layout Standard +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ +\SpecialChar ~ [basic block 3] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard [basic block 4] \newline -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard a) succList of [BB2] = [BB4], of [BB3] = [BB4], of [BB1] = [BB2,BB3] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard b) predList of [BB2] = [BB1], of [BB3] = [BB1], of [BB4] = [BB2,BB3] -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard c) domVect of [BB4] = BB1 ... here we are not sure if BB2 or BB3 was executed but we are SURE that BB1 was executed. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Chapter +\layout Chapter Acknowledgments -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net#Who} \end_inset @@ -37813,38 +35015,34 @@ Also thanks to Sourceforge which has hosted the project since 1999 and donates significant download bandwidth and probably more than \begin_inset ERT -status collapsed +status Collapsed -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard $10^{13}$ -\end_layout \end_inset CPU cycles per day. \newline -\begin_inset Note Note -status open +\begin_inset Note +collapsed false -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard more than 10^13 is an estimate: on my Athlon 2800+ it takes about (0.5+6.5+20) minutes for (configure+make+regression test), and there is (i386, amd64, alpha, ppc64, (mingw32), sparc, macosx). -\end_layout \end_inset -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard This document was initially written by Sandeep Dutta -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard All product names mentioned herein may be trademarks \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Trademarks} @@ -37852,24 +35050,19 @@ All product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Section* +\layout Section* Alphabetical index -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard To avoid confusion, the installation and building options for SDCC itself (chapter 2) are not part of the index. -\end_layout -\begin_layout Standard +\layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \printindex{} \end_inset -\end_layout -\end_body -\end_document +\the_end