From: pjs Date: Fri, 26 Jan 2007 12:15:35 +0000 (+0000) Subject: added printf benchmarks to manual X-Git-Url: https://git.gag.com/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=52022dcd66afa047ce47e41493c84a0dba28116f;p=fw%2Fsdcc added printf benchmarks to manual git-svn-id: https://sdcc.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/sdcc/trunk/sdcc@4599 4a8a32a2-be11-0410-ad9d-d568d2c75423 --- diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog index c626756c..d27ad78f 100644 --- a/ChangeLog +++ b/ChangeLog @@ -1,8 +1,14 @@ +2007-01-26 Paul Stoffregen + + * doc/sdccman.lyx: add printf benchmarks + 2007-01-25 Paul Stoffregen + * device/lib/printf_fast.c: fix %c, char promoted to int * device/lib/printf_tiny.c: fix %c, char promoted to int 2007-01-25 Paul Stoffregen + * device/lib/printf_fast.c: fix float overflow check, bug #1525093 2007-01-25 Frieder Ferlemann diff --git a/doc/sdccman.lyx b/doc/sdccman.lyx index 05f928a9..13c3965d 100644 --- a/doc/sdccman.lyx +++ b/doc/sdccman.lyx @@ -1,5 +1,7 @@ -#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ -\lyxformat 221 +#LyX 1.4.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 245 +\begin_document +\begin_header \textclass book \begin_preamble \pdfoptionpdfminorversion=3 @@ -23,13 +25,12 @@ \fontscheme pslatex \graphics default \paperfontsize default -\spacing single +\spacing single \papersize letterpaper -\paperpackage a4 -\use_geometry 1 -\use_amsmath 0 -\use_natbib 0 -\use_numerical_citations 0 +\use_geometry true +\use_amsmath 1 +\cite_engine basic +\use_bibtopic false \paperorientation portrait \leftmargin 30mm \topmargin 20mm @@ -40,105 +41,139 @@ \paragraph_separation indent \defskip medskip \quotes_language swedish -\quotes_times 2 \papercolumns 1 \papersides 1 \paperpagestyle fancy +\tracking_changes false +\output_changes true +\end_header -\layout Comment +\begin_body +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Comment +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard Please note: double dashed longoptions (e.g. --version) are written this way: - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset - -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Two resp. three consecutive dashes simply result in a long resp. extra long dash. -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Architecture specific stuff (like memory models, code examples) should maybe later go -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard into seperate sections/chapters/appendices (it is hard to document PIC or Z80 in -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard a 8051 centered document) - for now simply add. -\layout Title +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Title SDCC Compiler User Guide -\layout Date +\end_layout +\begin_layout Date -\size normal +\size normal SDCC 2.6.4 -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize -\newline +\newline $Date$ -\newline +\newline $Revision$ -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Comment +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard The above strings enclosed in $ are automatically updated by Subversion -\layout Standard +\end_layout + +\end_inset +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Introduction -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section About SDCC -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold SDCC -\series default +\series default ( -\emph on +\emph on S -\emph default +\emph default mall -\emph on +\emph on D -\emph default +\emph default evice -\emph on +\emph on C -\emph default +\emph default -\emph on +\emph on C -\emph default +\emph default ompiler) is an open source, retargettable, optimizing ANSI-C compiler by -\series bold +\series bold Sandeep Dutta -\series default +\series default designed for 8 bit Microprocessors. The current version targets Intel MCS51 based Microprocessors (8031, 8032, 8051, 8052 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{8031, 8032, 8051, 8052, mcs51 CPU} -\end_inset +\end_inset , etc.), Dallas DS80C390 variants, Freescale (formerly Motorola) HC08 and Zilog Z80 based MCUs. @@ -148,64 +183,71 @@ Sandeep Dutta SDCC uses ASXXXX \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} -\end_inset +\end_inset & ASLINK \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink} -\end_inset +\end_inset , an open source retargetable assembler & linker. SDCC has extensive language extensions suitable for utilizing various microcont rollers and underlying hardware effectively. -\newline +\newline -\newline -In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of standard - optimizations like: -\layout Itemize +\newline +In addition to the MCU specific optimizations SDCC also does a host of + standard optimizations like: +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize global sub expression elimination, -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize loop optimizations (loop invariant, strength reduction of induction variables and loop reversing), -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize constant folding & propagation, -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize copy propagation, -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize dead code elimination -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize jump tables for -\emph on +\emph on switch -\emph default +\emph default statements. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For the back-end SDCC uses a global register allocation scheme which should be well suited for other 8 bit MCUs. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The peep hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which is - MCU independent. +\newline +The peep hole optimizer uses a rule based substitution mechanism which + is MCU independent. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Supported data-types are: -\layout Standard - +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -217,433 +259,485 @@ Supported data-types are: \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard type -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard width -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard default -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signed range -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard unsigned range -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard bool -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 1 bit -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard unsigned -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0, 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard char -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 8 bits, 1 byte -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signed -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -128, +127 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0, +255 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard short -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 16 bits, 2 bytes -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signed -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -32.768, +32.767 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0, +65.535 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard int -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 16 bits, 2 bytes -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signed -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -32.768, +32.767 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0, +65.535 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard long -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 32 bits, 4 bytes -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signed -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -2.147.483.648, +2.147.483.647 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0, +4.294.967.295 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard float -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 4 bytes IEEE 754 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signed -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 1.175494351E-38, -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 3.402823466E+38 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard pointer -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard generic -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline The compiler also allows -\emph on +\emph on inline assembler code -\emph default +\emph default to be embedded anywhere in a function. In addition, routines developed in assembly can also be called. -\newline +\newline -\newline -SDCC also provides an option (- +\newline +SDCC also + provides an option (- \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -cyclomatic) to report the relative complexity of a function. These functions can then be further optimized, or hand coded in assembly if needed. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline SDCC also comes with a companion source level debugger SDCDB, the debugger currently uses ucSim a freeware simulator for 8051 and other micro-controllers.< -\newline +\newline + +\newline -\newline The latest version can be downloaded from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\series bold +\series bold -\series default -\emph on +\series default +\emph on Please note: the compiler will probably always be some steps ahead of this documentation -\series bold -\emph default +\series bold +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard Obviously this has pros and cons -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset . -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Open Source -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard All packages used in this compiler system are -\emph on +\emph on open source -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on freeware -\emph default +\emph default ; source code for all the sub-packages (pre-processor, assemblers, linkers etc) is distributed with the package. This documentation is maintained using a freeware word processor (LyX). -\newline -This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it - under the terms of the GNU General Public License +\newline +This + program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under + the terms of the GNU General Public License \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU General Public License, GPL} -\end_inset +\end_inset as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version. @@ -651,7 +745,7 @@ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{warranty} -\end_inset +\end_inset of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. @@ -662,229 +756,254 @@ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it You are forbidden to forbid anyone else to use, share and improve what you give them. Help stamp out software-hoarding! -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Typographic conventions \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Typographic conventions} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Throughout this manual, we will use the following convention. Commands you have to type in are printed in -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sans serif" -\series default +\series default . -\family default +\family default Code samples are printed in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter typewriter font. -\family default +\family default Interesting items and new terms are printed in -\emph on +\emph on italic. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Compatibility \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Compatibility-with-previous} -\end_inset +\end_inset with previous versions \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compatibility with previous versions} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This version has numerous bug fixes compared with the previous version. But we also introduced some incompatibilities with older versions. Not just for the fun of it, but to make the compiler more stable, efficient and ANSI compliant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance} -\end_inset +\end_inset (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:ANSI-Compliance} -\end_inset +\end_inset for ANSI-Compliance). -\newline +\newline -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize short is now equivalent to int (16 bits), it used to be equivalent to char (8 bits) which is not ANSI compliant. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize the default directory for gcc-builds where include, library and documentation files are stored is now in /usr/local/share. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize char type parameters to vararg \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg} -\end_inset +\end_inset functions are casted to int unless explicitly casted \begin_inset Marginal -collapsed true +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +\InsetSpace ~ ! -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset , e.g.: -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ char a=3; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ printf ("%d %c -\backslash +\backslash n", a, (char)a); -\family default +\family default -\newline +\newline will push a as an int and as a char resp. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -regextend has been removed. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -noregparms has been removed. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-after-data has been removed. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset and sbit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit} -\end_inset +\end_inset types now consistently behave like the C99 _Bool type with respect to type conversion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type conversion} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The most common incompatibility resulting from this change is related to bit toggling \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit toggling} -\end_inset +\end_inset idioms, e.g.: -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ bit b; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ b = ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator} -\end_inset +\end_inset b; /* equivalent to b=1 instead of toggling b */ \begin_inset Marginal -collapsed true +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +\InsetSpace ~ ! -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ b = !b; /* toggles b */ -\newline +\newline -\family default +\family default In previous versions, both forms would have toggled the bit. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section System Requirements -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and a desire to compute. The preferred method of installation is to compile SDCC from source using @@ -892,15 +1011,17 @@ What do you need before you start installation of SDCC? A computer, and For Windows some pre-compiled binary distributions are available for your convenience. You should have some experience with command line tools and compiler use. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Other Resources -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The SDCC home page at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/} -\end_inset +\end_inset is a great place to find distribution sets. You can also find links to the user mailing lists that offer help or discuss @@ -911,7 +1032,7 @@ The SDCC home page at A pdf version of this document is available at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Some of the other tools (simulator and assembler) included with SDCC contain @@ -919,452 +1040,546 @@ The SDCC home page at If you want the latest unreleased software, the complete source package is available directly from Subversion on https://svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/sdcc /trunk/sdcc. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Wishes for the future -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are (and always will be) some things that could be done. Here are some I can think of: -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter char KernelFunction3(char p) at 0x340; -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter better code banking \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code banking (limited support)} -\end_inset +\end_inset support for mcs51 -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default +\family default If you can think of some more, please see the section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Requesting-Features} -\end_inset +\end_inset about filing feature requests \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Installing SDCC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Installation} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For most users it is sufficient to skip to either section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux} -\end_inset +\end_inset (Unix) or section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Windows-Install} -\end_inset +\end_inset (Windows). More detailed instructions follow below. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Configure Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options SDCC configuration} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The install paths, search paths and other options are defined when running 'configure'. The defaults can be overridden by: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -prefix see table below -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -exec_prefix see table below -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -bindir see table below -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -datadir see table below -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -datarootdir see table below -\newline +\newline -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -docdir environment variable, see table below -\layout List +\begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +docdir environment variable, see table below +\end_layout -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -include_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below -\layout List +\begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +include_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below +\end_layout -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -lib_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below -\layout List +\begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +lib_dir_suffix environment variable, see table below +\end_layout -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ sdccconf_h_dir_separator environment variable, either / or -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash makes sense here. This character will only be used in sdccconf.h; don't forget it's a C-header, therefore a double-backslash is needed there. -\newline +\newline -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-mcs51-port Excludes the Intel mcs51 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-gbz80-port Excludes the Gameboy gbz80 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-z80-port Excludes the z80 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-avr-port Excludes the AVR port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-ds390-port Excludes the DS390 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-hc08-port Excludes the HC08 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-pic-port Excludes the PIC port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-xa51-port Excludes the XA51 port -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-ucsim Disables configuring and building of ucsim -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-device-lib Disables automatically building device libraries -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-packihx Disables building packihx -\newline +\newline -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -enable-doc Build pdf, html and txt files from the lyx sources -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -enable-libgc Use the Bohem memory allocator. Lower runtime footprint. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Furthermore the environment variables CC, CFLAGS, ... the tools and their arguments can be influenced. Please see `configure - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -help` and the man/info pages of `configure` for details. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The names of the standard libraries STD_LIB, STD_INT_LIB, STD_LONG_LIB, - STD_FP_LIB, STD_DS390_LIB, STD_XA51_LIB and the environment variables SDCC_DIR_ -NAME, SDCC_INCLUDE_NAME, SDCC_LIB_NAME are defined by `configure` too. +\newline +The names of the + standard libraries STD_LIB, STD_INT_LIB, STD_LONG_LIB, STD_FP_LIB, STD_DS390_LI +B, STD_XA51_LIB and the environment variables SDCC_DIR_NAME, SDCC_INCLUDE_NAME, + SDCC_LIB_NAME are defined by `configure` too. At the moment it's not possible to change the default settings (it was simply never required). -\newline +\newline -\newline -These configure options are compiled into the binaries, and can only be - changed by rerunning 'configure' and recompiling SDCC. +\newline +These configure options are compiled into the binaries, + and can only be changed by rerunning 'configure' and recompiling SDCC. The configure options are written in -\emph on +\emph on italics -\emph default +\emph default to distinguish them from run time environment variables (see section search paths). -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline The settings for \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Win32 builds \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset are used by the SDCC team to build the official Win32 binaries. The SDCC team uses Mingw32 to build the official Windows binaries, because it's -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate open source, -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate a gcc compiler and last but not least -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate the binaries can be built by cross compiling on Sourceforge's compile farm. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard See the examples, how to pass the Win32 settings to 'configure'. The other Win32 builds using Borland, VC or whatever don't use 'configure', but a header file sdcc_vc_in.h is the same as sdccconf.h built by 'configure' for Win32. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline These defaults are: -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -1374,306 +1589,336 @@ These defaults are: \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Variable -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard default -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Win32 builds -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on PREFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard /usr/local -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on EXEC_PREFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $PREFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $PREFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on BINDIR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $EXEC_PREFIX -\emph default +\emph default /bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $EXEC_PREFIX -\emph default +\emph default -\backslash +\backslash bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on DATADIR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $DATAROOTDIR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $DATAROOTDIR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on DATAROOTDIR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $PREFIX -\emph default +\emph default /share -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $PREFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on DOCDIR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $DATAROOTDIR -\emph default +\emph default /sdcc/doc -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $DATAROOTDIR -\emph default +\emph default -\backslash +\backslash doc -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/include -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard include -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on LIB_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/lib -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard lib -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard -\noindent +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent 'configure' also computes relative paths. This is needed for full relocatability of a binary package and to complete search paths (see section search paths below): -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -1683,553 +1928,619 @@ lib \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Variable (computed) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard default -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Win32 builds -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on BIN2DATA_DIR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard ../share -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard .. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on PREFIX2BIN_DIR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on PREFIX2DATA_DIR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard share/sdcc -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard -\noindent +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent Examples: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code ./configure -\newline +\newline ./configure - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -prefix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /usr/bin \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -datarootdir= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /usr/share \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline ./configure - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-avr-port - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-xa51-port -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To cross compile on linux for Mingw32 (see also 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_mingw 32'): -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code ./configure -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline CC= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset i586-mingw32msvc-gcc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset CXX= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset i586-mingw32msvc-g++ \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline RANLIB= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset i586-mingw32msvc-ranlib \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline STRIP= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset i586-mingw32msvc-strip \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -prefix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /sdcc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -datarootdir= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /sdcc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline docdir= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash ${datarootdir}/doc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline include_dir_suffix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset include \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline lib_dir_suffix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset lib \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline sdccconf_h_dir_separator= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -disable-device-lib -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -host=i586-mingw32msvc -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -build=unknown-unknown-linux-gnu -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset cross \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset compile on Cygwin for Mingw32 (see also sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32 ): -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code ./configure -C -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -prefix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /sdcc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -datarootdir= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset /sdcc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline docdir= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash ${datarootdir}/doc \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline include_dir_suffix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset include \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline lib_dir_suffix= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset lib \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline sdccconf_h_dir_separator= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash -\backslash +\backslash \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline CC= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset gcc -mno-cygwin \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline CXX= \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset g++ -mno-cygwin \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard 'configure' is quite slow on Cygwin (at least on windows before Win2000/XP). The option '- \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -C' turns on caching, which gives a little bit extra speed. However if options are changed, it can be necessary to delete the config.cache file. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Install paths \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\layout Standard -\added_space_top medskip \align center +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace medskip +\end_inset -\begin_inset Tabular + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -2240,282 +2551,313 @@ Install paths \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold Description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold Path -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold Default -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold Win32 builds -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Binary files* -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $EXEC_PREFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard /usr/local/bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Include files -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $DATADIR/ $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard /usr/local/share/sdcc/include -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash include -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Library file** -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $DATADIR/$LIB_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard /usr/local/share/sdcc/lib -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash lib -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Documentation -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $DOCDIR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard /usr/local/share/sdcc/doc -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash doc -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize *compiler, preprocessor, assembler, and linker -\newline +\newline **the -\shape italic +\shape italic model -\shape default +\shape default is auto-appended by the compiler, e.g. small, large, z80, ds390 etc -\layout Standard -\noindent +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent The install paths can still be changed during `make install` with e.g.: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code make install prefix=$(HOME)/local/sdcc -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Of course this doesn't change the search paths compiled into the binaries. -\newline +\newline -\newline -Moreover the install path can be changed by defining DESTDIR +\newline +Moreove +r the install path can be changed by defining DESTDIR \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DESTDIR} -\end_inset +\end_inset : -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code make install DESTDIR=$(HOME)/sdcc.rpm/ -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Please note that DESTDIR must have a trailing slash! -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Search Paths \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Search-Paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Search path} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Some search paths or parts of them are determined by configure variables (in -\emph on +\emph on italics -\emph default +\emph default , see section above). Further search paths are determined by environment variables during runtime. -\newline -The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first catch - wins): -\newline +\newline +The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first + catch wins): +\newline -\newline +\newline 1. Binary files (preprocessor, assembler and linker) -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -2525,127 +2867,142 @@ The paths searched when running the compiler are as follows (the first catch \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Search path -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard default -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Win32 builds -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_HOME/ -\emph on +\emph on $PPREFIX2BIN_DIR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_HOME/bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_HOME -\backslash +\backslash bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Path of argv[0] (if available) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Path of argv[0] -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Path of argv[0] -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $PATH -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $PATH -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $PATH -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline + +\end_layout -\layout Standard -\noindent +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent 2. Include files -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -2655,326 +3012,363 @@ $PATH \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Search path -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard default -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Win32 builds -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -I dir -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -I dir -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -I dir -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_INCLUDE -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_INCLUDE -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_INCLUDE -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_HOME/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $PREFIX2DATA_DIR/ -\newline +\newline $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_ HOME/ -\newline +\newline share/sdcc/ -\newline +\newline include -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_HOME -\backslash +\backslash include -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard path(argv[0])/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $BIN2DATADIR/ -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard path(argv[0])/ -\newline +\newline ../sdcc/include -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard path(argv[0]) -\backslash +\backslash .. -\backslash +\backslash include -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on $DATADIR/ -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $INCLUDE_DIR_SUFFIX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard /usr/local/share/sdcc/ -\newline +\newline include -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard (not on Win32) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline + +\end_layout -\layout Standard -\noindent +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent The option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -nostdinc disables the last two search paths. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline 3. Library files -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard With the exception of \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -L dir \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset the -\shape italic +\shape italic model -\shape default +\shape default is auto-appended by the compiler (e.g. small, large, z80, ds390 etc.). -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -2984,662 +3378,748 @@ model \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Search path -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard default -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Win32 builds -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -L dir -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -L dir -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -L dir -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_LIB/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_LIB/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_LIB -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_HOME/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $PREFIX2DATA_DIR/ -\newline +\newline $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_HOME/ -\newline +\newline share/sdcc/ -\newline +\newline lib/ -\emph on +\emph on -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard $SDCC_HOME -\backslash +\backslash lib -\backslash +\backslash -\emph on +\emph on -\newline +\newline -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard path(argv[0])/ -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $BIN2DATADIR/ -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard path(argv[0])/ -\newline +\newline ../sdcc/lib/ -\emph on +\emph on -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Text - -\layout Standard - +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard path(argv[0]) -\backslash +\backslash -\newline +\newline .. -\backslash +\backslash lib -\backslash +\backslash -\emph on +\emph on -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - -\end_inset +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on $DATADIR/ -\newline +\newline $LIB_DIR_SUFFIX/ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard /usr/local/share/sdcc/ -\newline +\newline lib/ -\emph on +\emph on -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard (not on Win32) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Comment +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard Don't delete any of the stray spaces in the table above without checking the HTML output (last line)! -\layout Standard +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ -\newline +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\InsetSpace ~ + +\newline The option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -nostdlib disables the last two search paths. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Building SDCC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Building SDCC} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Building SDCC on Linux \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Building-SDCC-on-Linux} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\series medium +\series medium Download the source package -\series default +\series default either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the nightly snapshots -\series medium +\series medium , it will be named something like sdcc -\series default +\series default .src -\series medium +\series medium .t -\series default +\series default ar. -\series medium +\series medium gz -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\series medium +\series medium Bring up a command line terminal, such as xterm. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\series medium +\series medium Unpack the file using a command like: -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "tar -xvzf sdcc.src.tar.gz -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default " -\series medium +\series medium , this will create a sub-directory called sdcc with all of the sources. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Change directory into the main SDCC directory, for example type: -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "cd sdcc -\series default +\series default ". -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\series medium +\series medium Type -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "./configure -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default ". This configures the package for compilation on your system. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\series medium +\series medium Type -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "make -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default " -\series medium +\series medium . -\series default +\series default All of the source packages will compile, this can take a while. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate -\series medium +\series medium Type -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "make install" -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default as root -\series medium +\series medium . -\series default +\series default This copies the binary executables, the include files, the libraries and the documentation to the install directories. Proceed with section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Testing-the-SDCC} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Building SDCC on OSX 2.x -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Follow the instruction for Linux. -\newline +\newline -\newline -On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease -)) fails to compile SDCC. +\newline +On OSX 2.x it was reported, that the default + gcc (version 3.1 20020420 (prerelease)) fails to compile SDCC. Fortunately there's also gcc 2.9.x installed, which works fine. This compiler can be selected by running 'configure' with: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code ./configure CC=gcc2 CXX=g++2 -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Cross compiling SDCC on Linux for Windows -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard With the Mingw32 gcc cross compiler it's easy to compile SDCC for Win32. See section 'Configure Options'. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Building SDCC using Cygwin and Mingw32 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For building and installing a Cygwin executable follow the instructions for Linux. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline On Cygwin a \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset native \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset Win32-binary can be built, which will not need the Cygwin-DLL. For the necessary 'configure' options see section 'configure options' or the script 'sdcc/support/scripts/sdcc_cygwin_mingw32'. -\newline +\newline -\newline -In order to install Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from +\newline +In order to install + Cygwin on Windows download setup.exe from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[www.cygwin.com]{http://www.cygwin.com/} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Run it, set the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset default text file type \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset to \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset unix \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset and download/install at least the following packages. Some packages are selected by default, others will be automatically selected because of dependencies with the manually selected packages. Never deselect these packages! -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize flex -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize bison -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize gcc ; version 3.x is fine, no need to use the old 2.9x -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize binutils ; selected with gcc -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize make -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize rxvt ; a nice console, which makes life much easier under windoze (see below) -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize man ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or later -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize less ; not really needed for building SDCC, but you'll miss it sooner or later -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize svn ; only if you use Subversion access -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you want to develop something you'll need: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize python ; for the regression tests -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize gdb ; the gnu debugger, together with the nice GUI \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset insight \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize openssh ; to access the CF or commit changes -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize autoconf and autoconf-devel ; if you want to fight with 'configure', don't use autoconf-stable! -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard rxvt is a nice console with history. Replace in your cygwin.bat the line -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code bash - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -login -i -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard with (one line): -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code rxvt -sl 1000 -fn "Lucida Console-12" -sr -cr red -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code -bg black -fg white -geometry 100x65 -e bash - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -login -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Text selected with the mouse is automatically copied to the clipboard, pasting works with shift-insert. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The other good tip is to make sure you have no //c/-style paths anywhere, - use /cygdrive/c/ instead. +\newline +The other good tip is to make sure you have no //c/-styl +e paths anywhere, use /cygdrive/c/ instead. Using // invokes a network lookup which is very slow. If you think \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset cygdrive \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset is too long, you can change it with e.g. -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code mount -s -u -c /mnt -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF. Life is much easier, if you store the source tree on a drive which is mounted in binary mode. @@ -3648,51 +4128,53 @@ SDCC sources use the unix line ending LF. The tabulator spacing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tabulator spacing (8 columns)} -\end_inset +\end_inset used in the project is 8. Although a tabulator spacing of 8 is a sensible choice for programmers (it's a power of 2 and allows to display 8/16 bit signed variables without loosing columns) the plan is to move towards using only spaces in the source. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Building SDCC Using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0/NET (MSVC) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium +\series medium Download the source package -\series default +\series default either from the SDCC Subversion repository or from the \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[nightly snapshots]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series medium +\series medium , it will be named something like sdcc -\series default +\series default .src -\series medium +\series medium .tgz. -\series default +\series default SDCC is distributed with all the projects, workspaces, and files you need to build it using Visual C++ 6.0/NET (except for SDCDB and ucSim). The workspace name is 'sdcc.dsw'. Please note that as it is now, all the executables are created in a folder called sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin_vc. Once built you need to copy the executables from sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin_vc to sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin before running SDCC. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline WARNING: Visual studio is very picky with line terminations; it expects the 0x0d, 0x0a DOS style line endings, not the 0x0a Unix style line endings. When using the Subversion repository it's easiest to configure the svn @@ -3701,382 +4183,406 @@ WARNING: Visual studio is very picky with line terminations; it expects by Developer Studio etc. etc. \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset when opening the sdcc.dsw workspace or any of the *.dsp projects, then you need to convert the Unix style line endings to DOS style line endings. To do so you can use the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset unix2dos \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset utility freely available on the internet. Doug Hawkins reported in the sdcc-user list that this works: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline C: -\backslash +\backslash Programming -\backslash +\backslash SDCC> unix2dos sdcc.dsw -\newline +\newline C: -\backslash +\backslash Programming -\backslash +\backslash SDCC> for /R %I in (*.dsp) do @unix2dos "%I" -\newline +\newline -\newline -In order to build SDCC with MSVC you need win32 executables of bison.exe, - flex.exe, and gawk.exe. +\newline +In order to build SDCC with MSVC + you need win32 executables of bison.exe, flex.exe, and gawk.exe. One good place to get them is \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[here]{http://unxutils.sourceforge.net} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Download the file UnxUtils \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{UnxUtils} -\end_inset +\end_inset .zip. Now you have to install the utilities and setup MSVC so it can locate the required programs. Here there are two alternatives (choose one!): -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate The easy way: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline a) Extract UnxUtils.zip to your C: -\backslash +\backslash hard disk PRESERVING the original paths, otherwise bison won't work. (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is selected) -\newline +\newline -\newline -b) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, - in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories +\newline +b) + In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, in + 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories window add a new path: 'C: -\backslash +\backslash user -\backslash +\backslash local -\backslash +\backslash wbin', click ok. -\newline +\newline -\newline -(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that could be useful, - such as diff and patch.) -\layout Enumerate +\newline +(As a side effect, you get a bunch of Unix utilities that + could be useful, such as diff and patch.) +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate A more compact way: -\newline +\newline -\newline -This one avoids extracting a bunch of files you may not use, but requires - some extra work: -\newline +\newline +This one avoids extracting a bunch of files you may not + use, but requires some extra work: +\newline -\newline -a) Create a directory were to put the tools needed, or use a directory already - present. +\newline +a) Create a directory were to put the + tools needed, or use a directory already present. Say for example 'C: -\backslash +\backslash util'. -\newline +\newline -\newline -b) Extract 'bison.exe', 'bison.hairy', 'bison.simple', 'flex.exe', and gawk.exe - to such directory WITHOUT preserving the original paths. +\newline +b) Extract 'bison.exe', 'bison.hairy', 'bison.simple', 'flex.exe', and + gawk.exe to such directory WITHOUT preserving the original paths. (If you are using WinZip make certain that 'Use folder names' is not selected) -\newline +\newline -\newline -c) Rename bison.exe to '_bison.exe'. -\newline +\newline +c +) Rename bison.exe to '_bison.exe'. +\newline -\newline +\newline d) Create a batch file 'bison.bat' in 'C: -\backslash +\backslash util -\backslash +\backslash ' and add these lines: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ set BISON_SIMPLE=C: -\backslash +\backslash util -\backslash +\backslash bison.simple -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ set BISON_HAIRY=C: -\backslash +\backslash util -\backslash +\backslash bison.hairy -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _bison %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9 -\newline +\newline -\newline -Steps 'c' and 'd' are needed because bison requires by default that the - files 'bison.simple' and 'bison.hairy' reside in some weird Unix directory, - '/usr/local/share/' I think. +\newline +Steps 'c' and 'd' are needed + because bison requires by default that the files 'bison.simple' and 'bison.hairy' + reside in some weird Unix directory, '/usr/local/share/' I think. So it is necessary to tell bison where those files are located if they are not in such directory. That is the function of the environment variables BISON_SIMPLE and BISON_HAIRY. -\newline +\newline -\newline -e) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, +\newline +e +) In the Visual C++ IDE click Tools, Options, select the Directory tab, in 'Show directories for:' select 'Executable files', and in the directories window add a new path: 'c: -\backslash +\backslash util', click ok. Note that you can use any other path instead of 'c: -\backslash +\backslash util', even the path where the Visual C++ tools are, probably: 'C: -\backslash +\backslash Program Files -\backslash +\backslash Microsoft Visual Studio -\backslash +\backslash Common -\backslash +\backslash Tools'. So you don't have to execute step 'e' :) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard That is it. Open 'sdcc.dsw' in Visual Studio, click 'build all', when it finishes copy the executables from sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin_vc to sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin, and you can compile using SDCC. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Building SDCC Using Borland -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate From the sdcc directory, run the command "make -f Makefile.bcc". This should regenerate all the .exe files in the bin directory except for SDCDB and ucSim. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate If you modify any source files and need to rebuild, be aware that the dependenci es may not be correctly calculated. The safest option is to delete all .obj files and run the build again. From a Cygwin BASH prompt, this can easily be done with the command (be sure you are in the sdcc directory): -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold find . -\backslash +\backslash ( -name '*.obj' -o -name '*.lib' -o -name '*.rul' -\backslash +\backslash ) -print -exec rm {} -\backslash +\backslash ; -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline or on Windows NT/2000/XP from the command prompt with the command: -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -\newline +\newline del /s *.obj *.lib *.rul -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default from the sdcc directory. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Windows Install Using a ZIP Package -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Download the binary zip package from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset and unpack it using your favorite unpacking tool (gunzip, WinZip, etc). This should unpack to a group of sub-directories. An example directory structure after unpacking the mingw32 package is: c: -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin for the executables, c: -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash include and c: -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash lib for the include and libraries. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Adjust your environment variable PATH to include the location of the bin directory or start sdcc using the full path. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Windows Install Using the Setup Program \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Windows-Install} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Download the setup program -\emph on +\emph on sdcc-x.y.z-setup.exe -\emph default +\emph default for an official release from -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=599} -\end_inset +\end_inset or a setup program for one of the snapshots -\emph on +\emph on sdcc-yyyymmdd-xxxx-setup.exe -\emph default +\emph default from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset and execute it. A windows typical installer will guide you through the installation process. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection VPATH \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{VPATH} -\end_inset +\end_inset feature -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC supports the VPATH feature provided by configure and make. It allows to separate the source and build trees. Here's an example: -\layout Standard - - -\family typewriter -cd ~\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +cd ~\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ # cd $HOME -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter -tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +tar -xzf sdcc.src.tar.gz\InsetSpace ~ # extract source to directory sdcc -\layout Standard - - -\family typewriter -mkdir sdcc.build\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +mkdir sdcc.build\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ # put output in sdcc.build -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter cd sdcc.build -\layout Standard - - -\family typewriter -../sdcc/configure\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family typewriter +../sdcc/configure\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ # configure is doing all the magic! -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter make -\layout Standard -\noindent +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent That's it! -\series bold +\series bold configure -\series default +\series default will create the directory tree will all the necessary Makefiles in ~/sdcc.build. It automagically computes the variables srcdir, top_srcdir and top_buildir for each directory. After running -\series bold +\series bold make -\series default +\series default the generated files will be in ~/sdcc.build, while the source files stay in ~/sdcc. -\newline +\newline This is not only usefull for building different binaries, e.g. when cross compiling. It also gives you a much better overview in the source tree when all the @@ -4086,578 +4592,616 @@ This is not only usefull for building different binaries, e.g. Simply copy it to the build directory, edit it, enter `make clean`, `rm Makefile.dep` and `make`. -\series bold +\series bold make -\series default +\series default will do the rest for you! -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Building the Documentation -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Add - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -enable-doc to the configure arguments to build the documentation together with all the other stuff. You will need several tools (LyX, LaTeX, LaTeX2HTML, pdflatex, dvipdf, dvips and makeindex) to get the job done. Another possibility is to change to the doc directory and to type -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset make \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default there. You're invited to make changes and additions to this manual (sdcc/doc/sdccman.ly x). Using LyX \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset as editor is straightforward. Prebuilt documentation in html and pdf format is available from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Reading the Documentation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Currently reading the document in pdf format is recommended, as for unknown reason the hyperlinks are working there whereas in the html version they are not \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard If you should know why please drop us a note -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline You'll find the pdf version \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PDF version of this document} -\end_inset +\end_inset at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline A html version \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HTML version of this document} -\end_inset +\end_inset should be online at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/doc/sdccman.html/index.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline This documentation is in some aspects different from a commercial documentation: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize It tries to document SDCC for several processor architectures in one document (commercially these probably would be separate documents/products). This document \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Status of documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset currently matches SDCC for mcs51 and DS390 best and does give too few informati on about f.e. Z80, PIC14, PIC16 and HC08. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize There are many references pointing away from this documentation. Don't let this distract you. If there f.e. was a reference like \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.opencores.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset together with a statement \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset some processors which are targetted by SDCC can be implemented in a -\emph on +\emph on f -\emph default +\emph default ield -\emph on +\emph on p -\emph default +\emph default rogrammable -\emph on +\emph on g -\emph default +\emph default ate -\emph on +\emph on a -\emph default +\emph default rray \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FPGA (field programmable gate array)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{FpgaC ((subset of) C to FPGA compiler)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset have you ever heard of an open source compiler that compiles a subset of C for an FPGA? \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset we expect you to have a quick look there and come back. If you read this you are on the right track. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Some sections attribute more space to problems, restrictions and warnings than to the solution. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize The installation section and the section about the debugger is intimidating. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize There are still lots of typos and there are more different writing styles than pictures. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Testing the SDCC Compiler \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Testing-the-SDCC} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The first thing you should do after installing your SDCC compiler is to see if it runs. Type -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sdcc - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -version" \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default at the prompt, and the program should run and output its version like: -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter SDCC : mcs51/z80/avr/ds390/pic16/pic14/ds400/hc08 2.5.6 #4169 (May 8 2006) (UNIX) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If it doesn't run, or gives a message about not finding sdcc program, then you need to check over your installation. Make sure that the sdcc bin directory is in your executable search path defined by the PATH environment setting ( -\series medium +\series medium see -\series default +\series default section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\series medium +\series medium Install trouble-shooting for suggestions -\series default +\series default ). Make sure that the sdcc program is in the bin folder, if not perhaps something did not install correctly. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\series medium +\series medium SDCC -\series default +\series default is commonly installed as described in section \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Install and search paths \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\series medium +\series medium Make sure the compiler works on a very simple example. Type in the following test.c program using your favorite -\series default +\series default ASCII -\series medium +\series medium editor: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter char test; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void main(void) { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ test=0; -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium +\series medium Compile this using the following command: -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sdcc -c test.c". -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\series medium +\series medium If all goes well, the compiler will generate a test.asm and test.rel file. Congratulations, you've just compiled your first program with SDCC. We used the -c option to tell SDCC not to link the generated code, just to keep things simple for this step. -\series default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\series medium +\series medium The next step is to try it with the linker. Type in -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sdcc test.c -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default " -\series medium +\series medium . If all goes well the compiler will link with the libraries and produce a test.ihx output file. If this step fails -\series default +\series default -\series medium +\series medium (no test.ihx, and the linker generates warnings), then the problem is most likely that -\series default +\series default SDCC -\series medium +\series medium cannot find the -\series default +\series default / -\series medium +\series medium usr/local/share/sdcc/lib directory -\series default +\series default -\series medium +\series medium (see -\series default +\series default section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\series medium +\series medium Install trouble-shooting for suggestions). -\series default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\series medium +\series medium The final test is to ensure -\series default +\series default SDCC -\series medium +\series medium can use the -\series default +\series default standard -\series medium +\series medium header files and libraries. Edit test.c and change it to the following: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter #include -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline char str1[10]; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void main(void) { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ strcpy(str1, "testing"); -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\series medium +\series medium Compile this by typing -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sdcc test.c" -\family default -\series medium +\family default +\series medium . This should generate a test.ihx output file, and it should give no warnings such as not finding the string.h file. If it cannot find the string.h file, then the problem is that -\series default +\series default SDCC -\series medium +\series medium cannot find the /usr/local/share/sdcc/include directory -\series default +\series default -\series medium +\series medium (see the -\series default +\series default section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\series medium +\series medium Install trouble-shooting section for suggestions). -\series default +\series default Use option -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -print-search-dirs -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs} -\end_inset +\end_inset to find exactly where SDCC is looking for the include and lib files. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Install Trouble-shooting \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Install-Trouble-shooting} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Install trouble-shooting} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection If SDCC does not build correctly -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A thing to try is starting from scratch by unpacking the .tgz source package again in an empty directory. Configure it like: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold ./configure 2>&1 | tee configure.log -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline and build it like: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold make 2>&1 | tee make.log -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline If anything goes wrong, you can review the log files to locate the problem. Or a relevant part of this can be attached to an email that could be helpful when requesting help from the mailing list. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection What the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset ./configure \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset does -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset ./configure \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset command is a script that analyzes your system and performs some configuration to ensure the source package compiles on your system. It will take a few minutes to run, and will compile a few tests to determine what compiler features are installed. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection What the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset make \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset does -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This runs the GNU make tool, which automatically compiles all the source packages into the final installed binary executables. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection What the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset make install \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset command does. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This will install the compiler, other executables libraries and include files into the appropriate directories. See sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset -,\SpecialChar ~ +,\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ about install and search paths. -\newline -On most systems you will need super-user privileges to do this. -\layout Section +\newline +On most systems you will need super-user privilege +s to do this. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Components of SDCC -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers. These include linkers, assemblers, simulators and other components. Here is a summary of some of the components. @@ -4665,815 +5209,884 @@ SDCC is not just a compiler, but a collection of tools by various developers. which you can find in the source package in their respective directories. As SDCC grows to include support for other processors, other packages from various developers are included and may have their own sets of documentation. -\newline +\newline -\newline -You might want to look at the files which are installed in . +\newline +You + might want to look at the files which are installed in . At the time of this writing, we find the following programs for gcc-builds: -\newline +\newline + -\newline +\newline In /bin: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sdcc - The compiler. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sdcpp - The C preprocessor. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize asx8051 - The assembler for 8051 type processors. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize as-z80 -\series bold +\series bold , -\series default +\series default as-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 assemblers. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize aslink -The linker for 8051 type processors. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize link-z80 -\series bold +\series bold , -\series default +\series default link-gbz80 - The Z80 and GameBoy Z80 linkers. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize s51 - The ucSim 8051 simulator. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sdcdb - The source debugger. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize packihx - A tool to pack (compress) Intel hex files. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In /share/sdcc/include -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize the include files -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In /share/sdcc/lib -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize the subdirs src and small, large, z80, gbz80 and ds390 with the precompiled relocatables. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In /share/sdcc/doc -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize the documentation -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As development for other processors proceeds, this list will expand to include executables to support processors like AVR, PIC, etc. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection sdcc - The Compiler -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This is the actual compiler, it in turn uses the c-preprocessor and invokes the assembler and linkage editor. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection sdcpp - The C-Preprocessor -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The preprocessor \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} -\end_inset +\end_inset is a modified version of the GNU cpp \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cpp|see{sdcpp}} -\end_inset +\end_inset preprocessor \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The C preprocessor is used to pull in #include sources, process #ifdef statements, #defines and so on. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection as -\emph on +\emph on xxxx -\emph default +\emph default , aslink, link- -\emph on +\emph on xxx -\emph default +\emph default - The Assemblers and Linkage Editors -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This is retargettable assembler & linkage editor, it was developed by Alan Baldwin. John Hartman created the version for 8051, and I (Sandeep) have made some enhancements and bug fixes for it to work properly with SDCC. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection s51 - The Simulator -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard S51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51} -\end_inset +\end_inset is a freeware, opensource simulator developed by Daniel Drotos. The simulator is built as part of the build process. For more information visit Daniel's web site at: \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://mazsola.iit.uni-miskolc.hu/~drdani/embedded/s51} -\end_inset +\end_inset . It currently supports the core mcs51, the Dallas DS80C390 and the Phillips XA51 family. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection sdcdb - Source Level Debugger -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} -\end_inset +\end_inset is the companion source level debugger. More about SDCDB in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The current version of the debugger uses Daniel's Simulator S51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{s51} -\end_inset +\end_inset , but can be easily changed to use other simulators. -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Using SDCC -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Compiling -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Single Source File Projects -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For single source file 8051 projects the process is very simple. Compile your programs with the following command -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold "sdcc sourcefile.c". -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default This will compile, assemble and link your source file. Output files are as follows: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile.asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Assembler source \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler source} -\end_inset +\end_inset file created by the compiler -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile.lst \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lst} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Assembler listing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing} -\end_inset +\end_inset file created by the Assembler -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile.rst \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rst} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Assembler listing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler listing} -\end_inset +\end_inset file updated with linkedit information, created by linkage editor -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile.sym \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.sym} -\end_inset +\end_inset - symbol listing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Symbol listing} -\end_inset +\end_inset for the sourcefile, created by the assembler -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile.rel \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} -\end_inset +\end_inset or sourcefile.o \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.o} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Object file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Object file} -\end_inset +\end_inset created by the assembler, input to Linkage editor -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile.map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} -\end_inset +\end_inset - The memory map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map} -\end_inset +\end_inset for the load module, created by the Linker -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile.mem \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.mem} -\end_inset +\end_inset - A file with a summary of the memory usage -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile.ihx \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.ihx} -\end_inset +\end_inset - The load module in Intel hex format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} -\end_inset +\end_inset (you can select the Motorola S19 format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format} -\end_inset +\end_inset with - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -out-fmt-s19 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} -\end_inset +\end_inset . If you need another format you might want to use -\family sans -\shape italic +\family sans +\shape italic objdump -\family default -\shape default +\family default +\shape default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset or -\family sans -\shape italic +\family sans +\shape italic srecord -\family default -\shape default +\family default +\shape default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). Both formats are documented in the documentation of srecord \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile.adb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.adb} -\end_inset +\end_inset - An intermediate file containing debug information needed to create the .cdb file (with - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -debug \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile.cdb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.cdb} -\end_inset +\end_inset - An optional file (with - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -debug) containing debug information. The format is documented in cdbfileformat.pdf -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile. - (no extension) \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ (no extension)} -\end_inset +\end_inset An optional AOMF or AOMF51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{OMF file} -\end_inset +\end_inset file containing debug information (generated with option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -debug). The (Intel) -\emph on +\emph on a -\emph default +\emph default bsolute -\emph on +\emph on o -\emph default +\emph default bject -\emph on +\emph on m -\emph default +\emph default odule -\emph on +\emph on f -\emph default +\emph default ormat is commonly used by third party tools (debuggers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger} -\end_inset +\end_inset , simulators, emulators) -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sourcefile.dump* \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.dump*} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Dump file to debug the compiler it self (generated with option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumpall) (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ and section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Anatomy of the compiler \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset ). -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Postprocessing the Intel Hex \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} -\end_inset +\end_inset file -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In most cases this won't be needed but the Intel Hex file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.ihx} -\end_inset +\end_inset which is generated by SDCC might include lines of varying length and the addresses within the file are not guaranteed to be strictly ascending. If your toolchain or a bootloader does not like this you can use the tool -\family typewriter +\family typewriter packihx -\family default +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset which is part of the SDCC distribution: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold packihx sourcefile.ihx >sourcefile.hex -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline The separately available -\emph on +\emph on srecord -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset package additionally allows to set undefined locations to a predefined value, to insert checksums \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{checksum} -\end_inset +\end_inset of various flavours (crc, add, xor) and to perform other manipulations (convert, split, crop, offset, ...). -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold -srec_cat\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\series bold +srec_cat\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sourcefile.ihx -intel\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -o sourcefile.hex -intel -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default An example for a more complex command line \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard the command backfills \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{backfill unused memory} -\end_inset +\end_inset unused memory with 0x12 and the overall 16 bit sum of the complete 64 kByte block is zero. If the program counter on an mcs51 runs wild the backfill pattern 0x12 will be interpreted as an -\family typewriter +\family typewriter lcall -\family default +\family default to address -\family typewriter +\family typewriter 0x1212 -\family default +\family default (where an emergency routine could sit). -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset could look like: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold -\size footnotesize -srec_cat\SpecialChar ~ -sourcefile.ihx -intel\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ --fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\series bold +\size footnotesize +srec_cat\InsetSpace ~ +sourcefile.ihx -intel\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +-fill 0x12 0x0000 0xfffe\InsetSpace ~ -little-endian-checksum-nega -tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +tive 0xfffe 0x02 0x02\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -o sourcefile.hex -intel -\size default +\size default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default The srecord package is available at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/projects/srecord} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Projects with Multiple Source Files -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC can compile only ONE file at a time. Let us for example assume that you have a project containing the following files: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline foo1.c (contains some functions) -\newline +\newline foo2.c (contains some more functions) -\newline -foomain.c (contains more functions and the function main) -\newline +\newline +foomai +n.c (contains more functions and the function main) +\newline -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize -\newline +\newline -\size default +\size default The first two files will need to be compiled separately with the commands: -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize -\size default +\size default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc\SpecialChar ~ --c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc\InsetSpace ~ +-c\InsetSpace ~ foo1.c -\family default -\series default -\size footnotesize +\family default +\series default +\size footnotesize -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold -\size default -sdcc\SpecialChar ~ --c\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\series bold +\size default +sdcc\InsetSpace ~ +-c\InsetSpace ~ foo2.c -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Then compile the source file containing the -\emph on +\emph on main() -\emph default +\emph default function and link \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker} -\end_inset +\end_inset the files together with the following command: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold -sdcc\SpecialChar ~ -foomain.c\SpecialChar ~ -foo1.rel\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +\series bold +sdcc\InsetSpace ~ +foomain.c\InsetSpace ~ +foo1.rel\InsetSpace ~ foo2.rel -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Alternatively, -\emph on +\emph on foomain.c -\emph default +\emph default can be separately compiled as well: -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -\newline +\newline -\newline -sdcc\SpecialChar ~ --c\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +sdcc\InsetSpace ~ +-c\InsetSpace ~ foomain.c -\newline +\newline sdcc foomain.rel foo1.rel foo2.rel -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default The file containing the -\emph on +\emph on main() -\emph default +\emph default function -\emph on +\emph on -\emph default -\noun on +\emph default +\noun on must -\noun default +\noun default be the -\noun on +\noun on first -\noun default +\noun default file specified in the command line, since the linkage editor processes file in the order they are presented to it. The linker is invoked from SDCC using a script file with extension .lnk \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lnk} -\end_inset +\end_inset . You can view this file to troubleshoot linking problems such as those arising from missing libraries. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Projects with Additional Libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Some reusable routines may be compiled into a library, see the documentation for the assembler and linkage editor (which are in /share/sdcc/doc) for how to create a -\emph on +\emph on .lib \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lib} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default library file. Libraries created in this manner can be included in the command line. Make sure you include the -L option to tell the linker where to look for these files if they are not in the current directory. Here is an example, assuming you have the source file -\emph on +\emph on foomain.c -\emph default +\emph default and a library -\emph on +\emph on foolib.lib -\emph default +\emph default in the directory -\emph on +\emph on mylib -\emph default +\emph default (if that is not the same as your current project): -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc foomain.c foolib.lib -L mylib -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default Note here that -\emph on +\emph on mylib -\emph default +\emph default must be an absolute path name. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The most efficient way to use libraries is to keep separate modules in separate - source files. +\newline +The most efficient way to use libraries is + to keep separate modules in separate source files. The lib file now should name all the modules.rel \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rel} -\end_inset +\end_inset files. For an example see the standard library file -\emph on +\emph on libsdcc.lib -\emph default +\emph default in the directory /share/lib/small. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Using sdcclib to Create and Manage Libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library file as described in the preceding section, sdcclib can be used to embed all the modules belonging to such library in the library file itself. @@ -5482,248 +6095,282 @@ Alternatively, instead of having a .rel file for each entry on the library Additionally, the packed library file contains an index of all include modules and symbols that significantly speeds up the linking process. To display a list of options supported by sdcclib type: -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcclib -? \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default To create a new library file, start by compiling all the required modules. For example: -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc -c _divsint.c -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc -c _divuint.c -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc -c _modsint.c -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc -c _moduint.c -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc -c _mulint.c -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This will create files _divsint.rel, _divuint.rel, _modsint.rel, _moduint.rel, and _mulint.rel. The next step is to add the .rel files to the library file: -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcclib libint.lib _divsint.rel -\family default +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcclib libint.lib _divuint.rel -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcclib libint.lib _modsint.rel -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcclib libint.lib _moduint.rel -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcclib libint.lib _mulint.rel -\series default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If the file already exists in the library, it will be replaced. To see what modules and symbols are included in the library, options -s and -m are available. For example: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcclib -s libint.lib -\family default +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcclib} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter -\series default +\family typewriter +\series default _divsint.rel: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __divsint_a_1_1 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __divsint_PARM_2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __divsint -\newline +\newline _divuint.rel: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __divuint_a_1_1 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __divuint_PARM_2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __divuint_reste_1_1 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __divuint_count_1_1 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __divuint -\newline +\newline _modsint.rel: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __modsint_a_1_1 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __modsint_PARM_2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __modsint -\newline +\newline _moduint.rel: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __moduint_a_1_1 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __moduint_PARM_2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __moduint_count_1_1 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __moduint -\newline +\newline _mulint.rel: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __mulint_PARM_2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __mulint -\family default -\series bold +\family default +\series bold + +\newline -\newline +\end_layout -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\begin_layout Standard If the source files are compiled using - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -debug \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} -\end_inset +\end_inset , the corresponding debug information file .adb will be include in the library file as well. @@ -5737,708 +6384,801 @@ status Collapsed is embedded in the library file itself. Library files created using sdcclib are used as described in the preceding sections. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Command Line Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Command Line Options} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Processor Selection Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options processor selection} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Processor selection options} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -mmcs51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mmcs51} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Intel MCS51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51} -\end_inset +\end_inset family of processors. This is the default processor target. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -mds390 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds390} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Dallas DS80C390 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C390} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -mds400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mds400} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Dallas DS80C400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -mhc08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mhc08} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Freescale/Motorola HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset family of processors. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -mz80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mz80} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Zilog Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset family of processors. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -mgbz80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mgbz80} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the GameBoy Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor (Not actively maintained). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -mavr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mavr} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Atmel AVR \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AVR} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor (Not maintained, not complete). AVR users should probably have a look at winavr \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr} -\end_inset +\end_inset or \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=index} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Comment +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard I think it is fair to direct users there for now. Open source is also about avoiding unnecessary work . But I didn't find the 'official' link. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\series bold +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\series bold -mpic14 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic14} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Microchip PIC 14 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} -\end_inset +\end_inset -bit processors (p16f84 and variants. In development, not complete). -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Comment +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard p16f627 p16f628 p16f84 p16f873 p16f877? -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\end_inset -\series bold + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 + +\series bold -mpic16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mpic16} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Microchip PIC 16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset -bit processors (p18f452 and variants. In development, not complete). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -mtlcs900h -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Toshiba TLCS-900H \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TLCS-900H} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor (Not maintained, not complete). -\layout List -\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -mxa51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-mxa51} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for the Phillips XA51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XA51} -\end_inset +\end_inset processor (Not maintained, not complete). -\layout Subsection +\end_layout -Preprocessor Options +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Preprocessor Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options preprocessor} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Preprocessor options} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -I \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-I} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default The additional location where the pre processor will look for <..h> or \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset ..h \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset files. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -D \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-D} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Command line definition of macros. Passed to the preprocessor. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -M \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-M} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make describing the dependencies of each object file. For each source file, the preprocessor outputs one make-rule whose target is the object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are all the files `#include'd in it. This rule may be a single line or may be continued with ` -\backslash +\backslash '-newline if it is long. The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed C program. `-M' implies `-E \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E} -\end_inset +\end_inset '. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -C \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-C} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments. Used with the `-E' option. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -MM \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-MM} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with `#include \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset file"'. System header files included with `#include ' are omitted. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -Aquestion(answer) \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Aquestion(answer)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Assert the answer answer for question, in case it is tested with a preprocessor conditional such as `#if #question(answer)'. `-A-' disables the standard assertions that normally describe the target machine. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -Umacro \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Umacro} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Undefine macro macro. `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include' and `-imacros' options. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -dM \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dM} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that are in effect at the end of preprocessing. Used with the `-E' option. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -dD \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dD} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Tell the preprocessor to pass all macro definitions into the output, in their proper sequence in the rest of the output. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -dN \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-dN} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted. Only `#define name' is included in the output. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -pedantic-parse-number \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-pedantic-parse-number} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Pedentic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed properly and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded. See also #pragma pedantic_parse_number in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph on +\emph on Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard! -\layout List -\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold --Wp\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +-Wp\InsetSpace ~ preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption] -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wp preprocessorOption[,preprocessorOption]} -\end_inset +\end_inset ... Pass the preprocessorOption to the preprocessor -\family typewriter +\family typewriter sdcpp -\family default +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} -\end_inset +\end_inset . SDCC uses an adapted version of the preprocessor -\emph on +\emph on cpp -\emph default +\emph default of the GNU Compiler Collection \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gcc (GNU Compiler Collection)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ( -\emph on +\emph on gcc -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/} -\end_inset +\end_inset -), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\SpecialChar ~ -4.1.1\SpecialChar ~ -CPP\SpecialChar ~ +), if you need more dedicated options please refer to the GCC\InsetSpace ~ +4.1.1\InsetSpace ~ +CPP\InsetSpace ~ Manual at \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection Linker Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options linker} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker options} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold --L\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +-L\InsetSpace ~ - -\series default +\series default \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\series bold +\series bold -lib-path \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-lib-path } -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-L -\/-lib-path} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ This option is passed to the linkage editor's additional libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset search path. The path name must be absolute. Additional library files may be specified in the command line. See section Compiling programs for more details. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xram-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ The start location of the external ram \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset , default value is 0. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xram-loc 0x8000 or - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xram-loc 32768. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -code-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ The start location of the code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} -\end_inset +\end_inset segment, default value 0. Note when this option is used the interrupt vector table \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} -\end_inset +\end_inset is also relocated to the given address. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g.: - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -code-loc 0x8000 or - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -code-loc 32768. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ By default the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset is placed after the data segment. Using this option the stack can be placed anywhere in the internal memory @@ -6446,23 +7186,29 @@ status Collapsed The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g. - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-loc 0x20 or - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-loc 32. Since the sp register is incremented before a push or call, the initial @@ -6471,79 +7217,89 @@ status Collapsed register banks or the data segment and with enough space for the current application. The -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -pack-iram -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram} -\end_inset +\end_inset option (which is now a default setting) will override this setting, so you should also specify the -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -no-pack-iram -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram} -\end_inset +\end_inset option if you need to manually place the stack. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xstack-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ By default the external stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xstack} -\end_inset +\end_inset is placed after the pdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset segment. Using this option the xstack can be placed anywhere in the external memory @@ -6551,76 +7307,92 @@ status Collapsed The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, e.g. - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xstack-loc 0x8000 or - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-loc 32768. The provided value should not overlap any other memory areas such as the pdata or xdata segment and with enough space for the current application. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -data-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ The start location of the internal ram data \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset segment. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -data-loc 0x20 or - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -data-loc 32. (By default, the start location of the internal ram data segment is set @@ -6629,622 +7401,720 @@ status Collapsed For example if register banks 0 and 1 are used without bit variables, the data segment will be set, if - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -data-loc is not used, to location 0x10.) -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -idata-loc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-idata-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ The start location of the indirectly addressable internal ram \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset of the 8051, default value is 0x80. The value entered can be in Hexadecimal or Decimal format, eg. - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -idata-loc 0x88 or - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -idata-loc 136. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -bit-loc -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ The start location of the bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset addressable internal ram of the 8051. This is -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default implemented yet. - Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\SpecialChar ~ + Instead an option can be passed directly to the linker: -Wl\InsetSpace ~ -bBSEG=. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -out-fmt-ihx \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-ihx} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default The linker output (final object code) is in Intel Hex format. \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} -\end_inset +\end_inset This is the default option. The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -out-fmt-s19 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default The linker output (final object code) is in Motorola S19 format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Motorola S19 format} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The format itself is documented in the documentation of srecord. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -out-fmt-elf \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-out-fmt-s19} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Options!-\/-out-fmt-elf} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default The linker output (final object code) is in ELF format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ELF format} -\end_inset +\end_inset . (Currently only supported for the HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset processors) -\layout List -\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold --Wl\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +-Wl\InsetSpace ~ linkOption[,linkOption] -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wl linkOption[,linkOption]} -\end_inset +\end_inset ... Pass the linkOption to the linker. If a bootloader is used an option like \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset --Wl\SpecialChar ~ +-Wl\InsetSpace ~ -bCSEG=0x1000 \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset would be typical to set the start of the code segment. See also #pragma constseg and #pragma codeseg in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Pragmas} -\end_inset +\end_inset . File sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html has more on linker options. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection MCS51 Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options MCS51} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 options} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -model-small \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-small} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\size large -\emph on +\series default +\size large +\emph on -\size default -\emph default +\size default +\emph default Generate code for Small Model programs, see section Memory Models for more details. This is the default model. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -model-medium \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-medium} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for Medium model programs, see section Memory Models for more details. If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled with this option. It must also be used when invoking the linker. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -model-large \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generate code for Large model programs, see section Memory Models for more details. If this option is used all source files in the project have to be compiled with this option. It must also be used when invoking the linker. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xstack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Uses a pseudo stack in the pdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset area (usually the first 256 bytes in the external ram) for allocating variables and passing parameters. See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:External-Stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ External Stack for more details. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -iram-size -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to check if the internal ram usage is within limits of the given value. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xram-size -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to check if the external ram usage is within limits of the given value. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -code-size -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to check if the code memory usage is within limits of the given value. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-size -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to check if there is at minimum bytes for stack. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -pack-iram -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-pack-iram} -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to use unused register banks for data variables and pack data, idata and stack together. This is the default now. -\layout List -\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -no-pack-iram -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-pack-iram} -\end_inset +\end_inset Causes the linker to use old style for allocating memory areas. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection DS390 / DS400 Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options DS390} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -model-flat24 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-model-flat24} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\emph on +\size large +\emph on -\size default -\emph default +\size default +\emph default Generate 24-bit flat mode code. This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now and is default when using -\emph on +\emph on -mds390 -\emph default +\emph default . See section Memory Models for more details. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -protect-sp-update \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-protect-sp-update} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default disable interrupts during ESP:SP updates. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-10bit -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-10bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset Generate code for the 10 bit stack mode of the Dallas DS80C390 part. This is the one and only that the ds390 code generator supports right now and is default when using -\emph on +\emph on -mds390 -\emph default +\emph default . In this mode, the stack is located in the lower 1K of the internal RAM, which is mapped to 0x400000. @@ -7259,796 +8129,919 @@ status Collapsed It is important to ensure that the processor is in this mode before calling any re-entrant functions compiled with this option. In principle, this should work with the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option, but that has not been tested. It is incompatible with the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xstack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option. It also only makes sense if the processor is in 24 bit contiguous addressing mode (see the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -model-flat24 option -\emph default +\emph default ). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-probe \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-stack-probe} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default insert call to function __stack_probe at each function prologue. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -tini-libid \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-tini-libid} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default LibraryID used in -mTININative. -\layout List -\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -use-accelerator \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390!Options!-\/-use-accelerator} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default generate code for DS390 Arithmetic Accelerator. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection Z80 Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -callee-saves-bc -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-callee-saves-bc} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\emph on +\size large +\emph on -\size default -\emph default +\size default +\emph default Force a called function to always save BC. -\layout List -\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -no-std-crt0 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Options!-\/-no-std-crt0} -\end_inset +\end_inset When linking, skip the standard crt0.o object file. You must provide your own crt0.o for your system when linking. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Optimization Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options optimization} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimization options} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -nogcse \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nogcse} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will not do global subexpression elimination, this option may be used when the compiler creates undesirably large stack/data spaces to store compiler temporaries ( -\emph on +\emph on s -\emph default +\emph default pill -\emph on +\emph on loc -\emph default +\emph default ations, sloc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sloc (spill location)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). A warning message will be generated when this happens and the compiler will indicate the number of extra bytes it allocated. - It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~ nogcse \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be used to turn off global subexpression elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination} -\end_inset +\end_inset for a given function only. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -noinvariant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinvariant} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will not do loop invariant optimizations, this may be turned off for reasons explained for the previous option. For more details of loop optimizations performed see Loop Invariants in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations} -\end_inset +\end_inset . - It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + It is recommended that this option NOT be used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~ noinvariant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be used to turn off invariant optimizations for a given function only. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -noinduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noinduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will not do loop induction optimizations, see section strength reduction for more details. - It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~ noinduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be used to turn off induction optimizations for a given function only. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -nojtbound \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nojtbound} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Will not generate boundary condition check when switch statements \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} -\end_inset +\end_inset are implemented using jump-tables. See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ Switch Statements for more details. - It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + It is recommended that this option is NOT used, #pragma\InsetSpace ~ nojtbound \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be used to turn off boundary checking for jump tables for a given function only. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -noloopreverse \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-noloopreverse} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\size large +\series default +\size large -\size default +\size default Will not do loop reversal \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing} -\end_inset +\end_inset optimization. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset - -\series bold +\series bold nolabelopt -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nolabelopt } -\end_inset +\end_inset Will not optimize labels (makes the dumpfiles more readable). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -no-xinit-opt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will not memcpy initialized data from code space into xdata space. This saves a few bytes in code space if you don't have initialized data \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -nooverlay \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nooverlay} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default The compiler will not overlay parameters and local variables of any function, see section Parameters and local variables for more details. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -no-peep \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Disable peep-hole optimization with built-in rules. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -peep-file -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ This option can be used to use additional rules to be used by the peep hole optimizer. See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Peephole-Optimizer} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ Peep Hole optimizations for details on how to write these rules. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -peep-asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Pass the inline assembler code through the peep hole optimizer. This can cause unexpected changes to inline assembler code, please go through the peephole optimizer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} -\end_inset +\end_inset rules defined in the source file tree '/peeph.def' before using this option. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -opt-code-speed \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-speed} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly at the expense of code size. -\layout List -\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -opt-code-size \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-opt-code-size} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly at the expense of code speed. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection Other Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options other} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold --c\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +-c\InsetSpace ~ - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -compile-only \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-compile-only} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-c -\/-compile-only} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default will compile and assemble the source, but will not call the linkage editor. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - -\series default +\series default \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\series bold +\series bold -c1mode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-c1mode} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default reads the preprocessed source from standard input and compiles it. The file name for the assembler output must be specified using the -o option. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -E \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-E} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Run only the C preprocessor. Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard output. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold --o\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +-o\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-o } -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default The output path resp. file where everything will be placed. If the parameter is a path, it must have a trailing slash (or backslash for the Windows binaries) to be recognized as a path. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\size large -\emph on +\series default +\size large +\emph on -\size default -\emph default +\size default +\emph default All functions in the source file will be compiled as -\emph on +\emph on reentrant -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset , i.e. the parameters and local variables will be allocated on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset . See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset Parameters and Local Variables for more details. If this option is used all source files in the project should be compiled with this option. It automatically implies --int-long-reent and --float-reent. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -callee-saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-callee-saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset function1[,function2][,function3].... -\series default +\series default The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing & popping when calling small functions from larger functions. @@ -8056,23 +9049,23 @@ status Collapsed function names specified. The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions, no extra code will be generated at the entry & exit (function prologue -\series bold +\series bold \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default & epilogue -\series bold +\series bold \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default ) for these functions to save & restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIALLY reduce code & improve run time performance of the generated code. @@ -8084,47 +9077,54 @@ status Collapsed If the project consists of multiple source files then all the source file should be compiled with the same - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -callee-saves option string. - Also see #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + Also see #pragma\InsetSpace ~ callee_saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -debug \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information. The debug information collected in a file with .cdb extension can be used with the SDCDB. @@ -8132,147 +9132,164 @@ When this option is used the compiler will generate debug information. Another file with no extension contains debug information in AOMF or AOMF51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} -\end_inset +\end_inset format which is commonly used by third party tools. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -S \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-S} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. The output is an assembler code file for the input file specified. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -int-long-reent \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Integer (16 bit) and long (32 bit) libraries have been compiled as reentrant. Note by default these libraries are compiled as non-reentrant. See section Installation for more details. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -cyclomatic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-cyclomatic} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default This option will cause the compiler to generate an information message for each function in the source file. The message contains some -\emph on +\emph on important -\emph default +\emph default information about the function. The number of edges and nodes the compiler detected in the control flow graph of the function, and most importantly the -\emph on +\emph on cyclomatic complexity \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default see section on Cyclomatic Complexity for more details. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -float-reent \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-float-reent} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Floating point library is compiled as reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset . See section Installation for more details. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -main-return \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default This option can be used if the code generated is called by a monitor program or if the main routine includes an endless loop. This option results in slightly smaller code and saves two bytes of stack @@ -8280,457 +9297,523 @@ status Collapsed The return from the 'main' \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{main return} -\end_inset +\end_inset function will return to the function calling main. The default setting is to lock up i.e. generate a ' -\family typewriter +\family typewriter sjmp . -\family default +\family default '. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -nostdinc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdinc} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default include path to the preprocessor. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -nostdlib \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-nostdlib} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default This will prevent the compiler from passing on the default library \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset path to the linker. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -verbose \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-verbose} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Shows the various actions the compiler is performing. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold -V \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-V} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Shows the actual commands the compiler is executing. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -no-c-code-in-asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-c-code-in-asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Hides your ugly and inefficient c-code from the asm file, so you can always blame the compiler :) -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -no-peep-comments \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-peep-comments} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will not include peep-hole comments in the generated files. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -i-code-in-asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-i-code-in-asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Include i-codes in the asm file. Sounds like noise but is most helpful for debugging the compiler itself. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -less-pedantic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-less-pedantic} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Disable some of the more pedantic warnings \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Warnings} -\end_inset +\end_inset (jwk burps: please be more specific here, please!). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset --disable-warning\SpecialChar ~ +-disable-warning\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-disable-warning} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Disable specific warning with number . -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -print-search-dirs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-print-search-dirs} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Display the directories in the compiler's search path -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -vc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Display errors and warnings using MSVC style, so you can use SDCC with the visual studio IDE \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE} -\end_inset +\end_inset . With SDCC both offering a GCC-like (the default) and a MSVC-like \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MSVC output style} -\end_inset +\end_inset output style, integration into most programming editors should be straightforwa rd. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -use-stdout \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Send errors and warnings to stdout instead of stderr. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold --Wa\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +-Wa\InsetSpace ~ asmOption[,asmOption] -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-Wa asmOption[,asmOption]} -\end_inset +\end_inset ... Pass the asmOption to the assembler \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options assembler} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler options} -\end_inset +\end_inset . See file sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html for assembler options.cd -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -std-sdcc89 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc89} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (default). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -std-c89 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -std-sdcc99 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -std-c99 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-sdcc99} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -codeseg -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-codeseg } -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ The name to be used for the code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} -\end_inset +\end_inset segment, default CSEG. This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the code in a special @@ -8738,33 +9821,37 @@ status Collapsed place in memory. Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the code in a bank. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -constseg -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-constseg } -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ The name to be used for the const \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} -\end_inset +\end_inset segment, default CONST. This is useful if you need to tell the compiler to put the const data in @@ -8772,901 +9859,1009 @@ status Collapsed in a special place in memory. Can be used for instance when using bank switching to put the const data in a bank. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -fdollars-in-identifiers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-fdollars-in-identifiers} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Permit '$' as an identifier character -\layout List -\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold more-pedantic -\series default +\series default Actually this is -\series bold -\emph on +\series bold +\emph on not -\series default -\emph default +\series default +\emph default a SDCC compiler option but if you want -\emph on +\emph on more -\emph default +\emph default warnings you can use a separate tool dedicated to syntax checking like splint \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset . To make your source files parseable by splint you will have to include -\family sans +\family sans lint.h -\family default +\family default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset in your source file and add brackets around extended keywords (like -\family sans +\family sans \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset -__at\SpecialChar ~ +__at\InsetSpace ~ -\series bold +\series bold ( -\series default +\series default 0xab -\series bold +\series bold ) -\series default +\series default \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default and -\family sans +\family sans \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset -__interrupt\SpecialChar ~ +__interrupt\InsetSpace ~ (2) \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default ). -\newline +\newline Splint has an excellent on line manual at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org/manual/} -\end_inset +\end_inset and it's capabilities go beyond pure syntax checking. You'll need to tell splint the location of SDCC's include files so a typical command line could look like this: -\newline +\newline -\family sans -splint\SpecialChar ~ --I\SpecialChar ~ -/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family sans +splint\InsetSpace ~ +-I\InsetSpace ~ +/usr/local/share/sdcc/include/mcs51/\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ myprogram.c -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection Intermediate Dump Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Intermediate-Dump-Options} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options intermediate dump} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intermediate dump options} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The following options are provided for the purpose of retargetting and debugging the compiler. They provide a means to dump the intermediate code (iCode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) generated by the compiler in human readable form at various stages of the compilation process. More on iCodes see chapter \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:The-anatomy-of} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset The anatomy of the compiler \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumpraw \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpraw} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default This option will cause the compiler to dump the intermediate code into a file of named -\emph on +\emph on .dumpraw -\emph default +\emph default just after the intermediate code has been generated for a function, i.e. before any optimizations are done. The basic blocks \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks} -\end_inset +\end_inset at this stage ordered in the depth first number, so they may not be in sequence of execution. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumpgcse \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpgcse} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will create a dump of iCode's, after global subexpression elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Global subexpression elimination} -\end_inset +\end_inset , into a file named -\emph on +\emph on .dumpgcse. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumpdeadcode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpdeadcode} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will create a dump of iCode's, after deadcode elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination} -\end_inset +\end_inset , into a file named -\emph on +\emph on .dumpdeadcode. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumploop \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumploop} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\size large +\series default +\size large -\size default +\size default Will create a dump of iCode's, after loop optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization} -\end_inset +\end_inset , into a file named -\emph on +\emph on .dumploop. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumprange \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumprange} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default -\size large +\series default +\size large -\size default +\size default Will create a dump of iCode's, after live range analysis \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} -\end_inset +\end_inset , into a file named -\emph on +\emph on .dumprange. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumlrange \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumlrange} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will dump the life ranges \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} -\end_inset +\end_inset for all symbols. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumpregassign \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpregassign} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\bar under +\bar under -\series default -\bar default +\series default +\bar default Will create a dump of iCode's, after register assignment \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register assignment} -\end_inset +\end_inset , into a file named -\emph on +\emph on .dumprassgn. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumplrange \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumplrange} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Will create a dump of the live ranges of iTemp's -\layout List -\added_space_bottom bigskip \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumpall \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size large -\bar under +\size large +\bar under -\series default -\size default -\bar default +\series default +\size default +\bar default Will cause all the above mentioned dumps to be created. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Redirecting output on Windows Shells -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard By default SDCC writes it's error messages to \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset standard error \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . To force all messages to \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset standard output \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset use -\series bold +\series bold - -\series default -\emph on +\series default +\emph on \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\series bold -\emph default + +\series bold +\emph default - -\series default +\series default use-stdout \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-use-stdout} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Additionally, if you happen to have visual studio installed in your windows machine, you can use it to compile your sources using a custom build and the SDCC - -\emph on +\emph on \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\emph default + +\emph default -vc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-vc} -\end_inset +\end_inset option. Something like this should work: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\series bold +\series bold c: -\backslash +\backslash sdcc -\backslash +\backslash bin -\backslash +\backslash sdcc.exe - -\series default -\emph on +\series default +\emph on \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\series bold -\emph default + +\series bold +\emph default -vc - -\series default -\emph on +\series default +\emph on \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\series bold -\emph default + +\series bold +\emph default -model-large -c $(InputPath) -\layout Section +\series default + +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Environment variables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Environment variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC recognizes the following environment variables: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold SDCC_LEAVE_SIGNALS \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LEAVE\_SIGNALS} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default SDCC installs a signal handler \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{signal handler} -\end_inset +\end_inset to be able to delete temporary files after an user break (^C) or an exception. If this environment variable is set, SDCC won't install the signal handler in order to be able to debug SDCC. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold -TMP,\SpecialChar ~ -TEMP,\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +TMP,\InsetSpace ~ +TEMP,\InsetSpace ~ TMPDIR \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{TMP, TEMP, TMPDIR} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Path, where temporary files will be created. The order of the variables is the search order. In a standard *nix environment these variables are not set, and there's no need to set them. On Windows it's recommended to set one of them. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold SDCC_HOME \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_HOME} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Path, see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Install-paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Install Paths \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold SDCC_INCLUDE \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_INCLUDE} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Path, see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Search Paths \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series bold +\series bold SDCC_LIB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_LIB} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default Path, see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Search-Paths} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Search Paths \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset .. -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard There are some more environment variables recognized by SDCC, but these are solely used for debugging purposes. They can change or disappear very quickly, and will never be documented. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Storage Class Language Extensions -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection MCS51/DS390 Storage Class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset Language Extensions -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In addition to the ANSI storage classes SDCC allows the following MCS51 specific storage classes: -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection data \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset / near \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{near (storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_near (storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This is the -\series bold +\series bold default -\series default +\series default storage class for the Small Memory model ( -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on near -\emph default +\emph default or the more ANSI-C compliant forms -\emph on +\emph on __data -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on __near -\emph default +\emph default can be used synonymously). Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated in the directly addressable portion of the internal RAM of a 8051, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __data unsigned char test_data; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -75*00 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +75*00 01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _test_data,#0x01 -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection xdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset / far \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Variables declared with this storage class will be placed in the external RAM. This is the -\series bold +\series bold default -\series default +\series default storage class for the Large Memory model, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __xdata unsigned char test_xdata; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -90s00r00\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +90s00r00\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dptr,#_test_xdata -\newline -74\SpecialChar ~ -01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +74\InsetSpace ~ +01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,#0x01 -\newline -F0\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -movx\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +F0\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +movx\InsetSpace ~ @dptr,a -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection idata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Variables declared with this storage class will be allocated into the indirectly addressable portion of the internal ram of a 8051, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __idata unsigned char test_idata; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -78r00\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse + +\family typewriter +78r00\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ r0,#_test_idata -\newline -76\SpecialChar ~ -01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +76\InsetSpace ~ +01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ @r0,#0x01 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM as the data memory. The original 8051 had 128 byte idata memory, nowadays most devices have @@ -9674,24 +10869,26 @@ Please note, the first 128 byte of idata physically access the same RAM The stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset is located in idata memory. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection pdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing modes of a 8051. It is typically located at the start of xdata and has a maximum size of @@ -9701,698 +10898,749 @@ Paged xdata access is just as straightforward as using the other addressing The high byte of the address is determined by port P2 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} -\end_inset +\end_inset (or in case of some 8051 variants by a separate Special Function Register, see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). This is the -\series bold +\series bold default -\series default +\series default storage class for the Medium Memory model, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __pdata unsigned char test_pdata; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -78r00\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +78r00\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r0,#_test_pdata -\newline -74 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +74 01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,#0x01 -\newline -F2\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +F2\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ movx @r0,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If the - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xstack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} -\end_inset +\end_inset option is used the pdata memory area is followed by the xstack memory area and the sum of their sizes is limited to 256 bytes. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_code} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard 'Variables' declared with this storage class will be placed in the code memory: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __code unsigned char test_code; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Read access to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -90s00r6F\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +90s00r6F\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov dptr,#_test_code -\newline -E4\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +E4\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ clr a -\newline -93\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +93\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ movc a,@a+dptr -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter char -\family default +\family default indexed arrays of characters in code memory can be accessed efficiently: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __code char test_array[] = {'c','h','e','a','p'}; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Read access to this array using an 8-bit unsigned index generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -E5*00\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +E5*00\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,_index -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -90s00r41\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +90s00r41\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov dptr,#_test_array -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -93\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse + +\family typewriter +93\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ movc a,@a+dptr -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This is a data-type and a storage class specifier. When a variable is declared as a bit, it is allocated into the bit addressable memory of 8051, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __bit test_bit; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Writing 1 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -D2*00\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -setb\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse + +\family typewriter +D2*00\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +setb\InsetSpace ~ _test_bit -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The bit addressable memory consists of 128 bits which are located from 0x20 to 0x2f in data memory. -\newline -Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support ANSI-C - bitfields +\newline +Apart from this 8051 specific storage class most architectures support + ANSI-C bitfields \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bitfields} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard Not really meant as examples, but nevertheless showing what bitfields are about: device/include/mc68hc908qy.h and support/regression/tests/bitfields.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset . In accordance with ISO/IEC 9899 bits and bitfields without an explicit signed modifier are implemented as unsigned. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset / sfr16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr16} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr16} -\end_inset +\end_inset / sfr32 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr32} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr32} -\end_inset +\end_inset / sbit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sbit} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sbit} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Like the bit keyword, -\emph on +\emph on sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit -\emph default +\emph default signify both a data-type and storage class, they are used to describe the -\emph on +\emph on s -\emph default +\emph default pecial -\emph on +\emph on f -\emph default +\emph default unction -\emph on +\emph on r -\emph default +\emph default egisters and -\emph on +\emph on s -\emph default +\emph default pecial -\emph on +\emph on bit -\emph default +\emph default variables of a 8051, eg: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __sfr __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset - (0x80) P0;\SpecialChar ~ + (0x80) P0;\InsetSpace ~ /* special function register P0 at location 0x80 */ -\newline - -\newline -/* 16 bit special function register combination for timer 0 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - with the high byte at location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */ -\newline -__sfr16 __at (0x8C8A) TMR0; -\newline - -\newline +\newline + +\newline +/* 16 bit + special function register combination for timer 0 +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + with the high byte at + location 0x8C and the low byte at location 0x8A */ +\newline +__sfr16 __at (0x8C8A) + TMR0; +\newline + +\newline __sbit __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset - (0xd7) CY;\SpecialChar ~ + (0xd7) CY;\InsetSpace ~ /* CY (Carry Flag \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flags} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Carry flag} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) */ -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Special function registers which are located on an address dividable by 8 are bit-addressable, an -\emph on +\emph on sbit -\emph default +\emph default addresses a specific bit within these sfr. -\newline -16 Bit and 32 bit special function register combinations which require a - certain access order are better not declared using -\emph on +\newline +16 Bit and 32 bit special function + register combinations which require a certain access order are better not + declared using +\emph on sfr16 -\emph default +\emph default or -\emph on +\emph on sfr32. -\emph default +\emph default Allthough SDCC usually accesses them Least Significant Byte (LSB) first, this is not guaranteed. -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Please note, if you use a header file which was written for another compiler then the sfr / sfr16 / sfr32 / sbit Storage Class extensions will most likely be -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default compatible. Specifically the syntax -\family typewriter -\SpecialChar ~ -sfr P0 = 0x80;\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +\InsetSpace ~ +sfr P0 = 0x80;\InsetSpace ~ -\family default +\family default is compiled -\emph on +\emph on without warning -\emph default +\emph default by SDCC to an assignment of 0x80 to a variable called P0 -\family typewriter +\family typewriter \begin_inset Marginal -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold -\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +\InsetSpace ~ ! -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset . -\family default +\family default Nevertheless it is possible to write header files \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files} -\end_inset +\end_inset which can be shared among different compilers (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Pointers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pointer} -\end_inset +\end_inset to MCS51/DS390 specific memory spaces -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC allows (via language extensions) pointers to explicitly point to any of the memory spaces \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} -\end_inset +\end_inset of the 8051. In addition to the explicit pointers, the compiler uses (by default) generic pointers which can be used to point to any of the memory spaces. -\newline +\newline -\newline -Pointer declaration examples: -\layout Verse +\newline +Pointer + declaration examples: +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter /* pointer physically in internal ram pointing to object in external ram */ -\newline +\newline __xdata unsigned char * __data p; -\newline +\newline -\newline -/* pointer physically in external ram pointing to object in internal ram - */ -\newline +\newline +/* pointer physically in external ram + pointing to object in internal ram */ +\newline __data unsigned char * __xdata p; -\newline - -\newline -/* pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */ -\newline -__xdata unsigned char * __code p; -\newline - -\newline -/* pointer physically in code space pointing to data in code space */ -\newline +\newline + +\newline +/* + pointer physically in code rom pointing to data in xdata space */ +\newline +__xdata + unsigned char * __code p; +\newline + +\newline +/* pointer physically in code space pointing to + data in code space */ +\newline __code unsigned char * __code p; -\newline +\newline -\newline -/* generic pointer physically located in xdata space */ -\newline +\newline +/* generic pointer + physically located in xdata space */ +\newline unsigned char * __xdata p; -\newline +\newline -\newline -/* generic pointer physically located in default memory space */ -\newline +\newline +/* generic + pointer physically located in default memory space */ +\newline unsigned char * p; -\newline +\newline -\newline -/* the following is a function pointer +\newline +/* + the following is a function pointer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function pointer} -\end_inset +\end_inset physically located in data space */ -\newline +\newline char (* __data fp)(void); -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Well you get the idea. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline All unqualified pointers are treated as 3-byte (4-byte for the ds390) -\emph on +\emph on generic -\emph default +\emph default pointers. -\size small +\size small -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\size default +\size default The highest order byte of the -\emph on +\emph on generic -\emph default +\emph default pointers contains the data space information. Assembler support routines are called whenever data is stored or retrieved using -\emph on +\emph on generic -\emph default +\emph default pointers. These are useful for developing reusable library \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset routines. Explicitly specifying the pointer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pointer} -\end_inset +\end_inset type will generate the most efficient code. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Notes on MCS51 memory \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory} -\end_inset +\end_inset layout -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The 8051 family of microcontrollers have a minimum of 128 bytes of internal RAM memory which is structured as follows: -\newline - -\newline -- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7, - -\newline -- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold 128 bit +\newline + +\newline +- Bytes 00-1F - 32 bytes to hold + up to 4 banks of the registers R0 to R7, +\newline +- Bytes 20-2F - 16 bytes to hold + 128 bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset variables and, -\newline +\newline - Bytes 30-7F - 80 bytes for general purpose use. -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Additionally some members of the MCS51 family may have up to 128 bytes of additional, indirectly addressable, internal RAM memory ( -\emph on +\emph on idata -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_idata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). Furthermore, some chips may have some built in external memory ( -\emph on +\emph on xdata -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) which should not be confused with the internal, directly addressable RAM memory ( -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). Sometimes this built in -\emph on +\emph on xdata -\emph default +\emph default memory has to be activated before using it (you can probably find this information on the datasheet of the microcontroller your are using, see also section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ Startup-Code). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Normally SDCC will only use the first bank \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} -\end_inset +\end_inset of registers (register bank 0), but it is possible to specify that other banks of registers (keyword -\emph on +\emph on using -\emph default +\emph default -\emph on +\emph on \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default ) should be used in interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset routines. By default, the compiler will place the stack after the last byte of allocated memory for variables. For example, if the first 2 banks of registers are used, and only four bytes are used for -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default variables, it will position the base of the internal stack at address 20 (0x14). This implies that as the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset grows, it will use up the remaining register banks, and the 16 bytes used by the 128 bit variables, and 80 bytes for general purpose use. @@ -10400,165 +11648,188 @@ data register banks and after the byte holding the last bit variable. For example, if register banks 0 and 1 are used, and there are 9 bit variables (two bytes used), -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default variables will be placed starting from address 0x10 to 0x20 and continue at address 0x22. You can also use - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -data-loc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-data-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset to specify the start address of the -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default and - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -iram-size \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset to specify the size of the total internal RAM ( -\emph on +\emph on data -\emph default +\emph default + -\emph on +\emph on idata -\emph default +\emph default ). -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard By default the 8051 linker will place the stack after the last byte of (i)data variables. Option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-loc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset allows you to specify the start of the stack, i.e. you could start it after any data in the general purpose area. If your microcontroller has additional indirectly addressable internal RAM ( -\emph on +\emph on idata -\emph default +\emph default ) you can place the stack on it. You may also need to use - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xdata-loc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xdata-loc} -\end_inset +\end_inset to set the start address of the external RAM ( -\emph on +\emph on xdata -\emph default +\emph default ) and - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xram-size \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xram-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset to specify its size. Same goes for the code memory, using - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -code-loc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-loc } -\end_inset +\end_inset and - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -code-size \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-code-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset . If in doubt, don't specify any options and see if the resulting memory layout is appropriate, then you can adjust it. -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The linker generates two files with memory allocation information. The first, with extension .map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} -\end_inset +\end_inset shows all the variables and segments. The second with extension .mem \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.mem} -\end_inset +\end_inset shows the final memory layout. The linker will complain either if memory segments overlap, there is not @@ -10567,335 +11838,375 @@ The linker generates two files with memory allocation information. allocation, take a look at either the .map or .mem files to find out what the problem is. The .mem file may even suggest a solution to the problem. -\layout Subsection +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection Z80/Z180 Storage Class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset Language Extensions -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset (in/out to 8-bit addresses) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset family has separate address spaces for memory and -\emph on +\emph on i -\emph default +\emph default nput/ -\emph on +\emph on o -\emph default +\emph default utput memory. I/O memory \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{I/O memory (Z80, Z180)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!I/O memory} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!I/O memory} -\end_inset +\end_inset is accessed with special instructions, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +sfr at 0x78 IoPort;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* define a var in I/O space at 78h called IoPort */ -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -3E 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +3E 01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ld a,#0x01 -\newline -D3 78\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +D3 78\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ out (_IoPort),a -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection banked sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset (in/out to 16-bit addresses) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The keyword -\emph on +\emph on banked -\emph default +\emph default is used to support 16 bit addresses in I/O memory e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter sfr banked at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset 0x123 IoPort; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Writing 0x01 to this variable generates the assembly code: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -01 23 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +01 23 01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ld bc,#_IoPort -\newline -3E 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +3E 01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ld a,#0x01 -\newline -ED 79\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +ED 79\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ out (c),a -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection sfr \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset (in0/out0 to 8 bit addresses on Z180 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180} -\end_inset +\end_inset /HD64180 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HD64180 (see Z180)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The compiler option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -portmode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Options!-\/-portmode} -\end_inset +\end_inset -=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +=180 (80) and a compiler #pragma\InsetSpace ~ portmode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z180!Pragmas!\#pragma portmode} -\end_inset +\end_inset z180 (z80) is used to turn on (off) the Z180/HD64180 port addressing instructio ns -\family typewriter +\family typewriter in0/out0 -\family default +\family default instead of -\family typewriter +\family typewriter in/out -\family default +\family default . If you include the file z180.h this will be set automatically. -\layout Subsection +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection HC08 Storage Class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset Language Extensions -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection data \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{data (hc08 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_data (hc08 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The data storage class declares a variable that resides in the first 256 bytes of memory (the direct page). The HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset is most efficient at accessing variables (especially pointers) stored here. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection xdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (hc08 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (hc08 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The xdata storage class declares a variable that can reside anywhere in memory. This is the default if no storage class is specified. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Absolute Addressing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Data items can be assigned an absolute address with the -\emph on +\emph on at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset
-\emph default +\emph default keyword, in addition to a storage class, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset 0x7ffe unsigned int chksum; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard or, better conforming to ISO/IEC 9899 C: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __xdata __at (0x7ffe) unsigned int chksum; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In the above example the variable chksum will be located at 0x7ffe and 0x7fff of the external ram. The compiler does -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default reserve any space for variables declared in this way \begin_inset Marginal -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold -\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +\InsetSpace ~ ! -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset (they are implemented with an equate in the assembler). Thus it is left to the programmer to make sure there are no overlaps with @@ -10903,113 +12214,119 @@ collapsed true The assembler listing file (.lst \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.lst} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) and the linker output files (.rst \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.rst} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) and (.map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.map} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) are good places to look for such overlaps. Variables with an absolute address are -\emph on +\emph on not \begin_inset Marginal -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold -\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +\InsetSpace ~ ! -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\emph default + +\emph default initialized \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In case of memory mapped I/O devices the keyword -\emph on +\emph on volatile -\emph default +\emph default has to be used to tell the compiler that accesses might not be removed: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter volatile \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset __xdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset (0x8000) unsigned char PORTA_8255; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For some architectures (mcs51) array accesses are more efficient if an (xdata/fa r) array -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\size default +\family default +\size default starts at a block (256 byte) boundary \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{block boundary} -\end_inset +\end_inset (section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset has an example). -\newline -Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all storage classes, - e.g.: -\layout Verse +\newline +Absolute addresses can be specified for variables in all + storage classes, e.g.: +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset (0x02) bvar; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The above example will allocate the variable at offset 0x02 in the bit-addressab le space. There is no real advantage to assigning absolute addresses to variables @@ -11018,1006 +12335,1072 @@ le space. For example, if you have a routine that uses one or more of the microcontroller I/O pins, and such pins are different for two different hardwares, you can declare the I/O pins in your routine using: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter extern volatile \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset - __bit MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ + __bit MOSI;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* master out, slave in */ -\newline -extern volatile __bit MISO;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* master in, slave out */ -\newline -extern volatile __bit MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +extern volatile __bit MISO;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +/* master + in, slave out */ +\newline +extern volatile __bit MCLK;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* master clock */ -\newline - -\newline -/* Input and Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus. -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -If needed adapt polarity of clock, polarity of data and bit order -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline + +\newline +/* Input and + Output of a byte on a 3-wire serial bus. +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +If needed adapt polarity of clock, + polarity of data and bit order +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ */ -\newline -unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte) -\newline +\newline +unsigned char spi_io(unsigned char out_byte) + +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ unsigned char i=8; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ do { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ MOSI = out_byte & 0x80; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ out_byte <<= 1; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -MCLK = 1; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* _asm nop _endasm; */\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +MCLK = + 1; +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +/* _asm nop _endasm; */\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* for slow peripherals */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ if(MISO) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -out_byte += 1; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +out_byte += + 1; +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ MCLK = 0; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ } while(--i); -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ return out_byte; -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Then, someplace in the code for the first hardware you would use -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __bit __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset - (0x80) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ + (0x80) MOSI;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* I/O port 0, bit 0 */ -\newline -__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* I/O port 0, bit 1 */ -\newline -__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +__bit __at (0x81) MISO;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +/* I/O port 0, + bit 1 */ +\newline +__bit __at (0x82) MCLK;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* I/O port 0, bit 2 */ -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Similarly, for the second hardware you would use -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +__bit __at (0x83) MOSI;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* I/O port 0, bit 3 */ -\newline -__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* I/O port 1, bit 1 */ -\newline +\newline +__bit __at (0x91) MISO;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +/* + I/O port 1, bit 1 */ +\newline __bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset - __at (0x92) MCLK;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ + __at (0x92) MCLK;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* I/O port 1, bit 2 */ -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard and you can use the same hardware dependent routine without changes, as for example in a library. This is somehow similar to sbit, but only one absolute address has to be specified in the whole project. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Parameters \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameters} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} -\end_inset +\end_inset & Local Variables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Automatic (local) variables and parameters to functions can either be placed on the stack or in data-space. The default action of the compiler is to place these variables in the internal RAM (for small model) or external RAM (for large model). This in fact makes them similar to -\emph on +\emph on static \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{static} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default so by default functions are non-reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline They can be placed on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset by using the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option, by using -\emph on -#pragma\SpecialChar ~ +\emph on +#pragma\InsetSpace ~ stackauto -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto} -\end_inset +\end_inset or by using the -\emph on +\emph on reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default keyword in the function declaration, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter unsigned char foo(char i) __reentrant -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Since stack space on 8051 is limited, the -\emph on +\emph on reentrant -\emph default +\emph default keyword or the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto -\emph default +\emph default option should be used sparingly. Note that the reentrant keyword just means that the parameters & local variables will be allocated to the stack, it -\emph on +\emph on does not -\emph default +\emph default mean that the function is register bank \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} -\end_inset +\end_inset independent. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Local variables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be assigned storage classes and absolute \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Absolute addressing} -\end_inset +\end_inset addresses, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter unsigned char foo() -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ __xdata unsigned char i; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ __bit bvar; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ __data __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset (0x31) unsigned char j; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In the above example the variable -\emph on +\emph on i -\emph default +\emph default will be allocated in the external ram, -\emph on +\emph on bvar -\emph default +\emph default in bit addressable space and -\emph on +\emph on j -\emph default +\emph default in internal ram. When compiled with -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto -\emph default +\emph default or when a function is declared as -\emph on +\emph on reentrant -\emph default +\emph default this should only be done for static variables. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Parameters \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} -\end_inset +\end_inset however are not allowed any storage class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset , (storage classes for parameters will be ignored), their allocation is governed by the memory model in use, and the reentrancy options. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It is however allowed to use bit parameters in reentrant functions and also non-static local bit variables are supported. Efficient use is limited to 8 semi-bitregisters in bit space. They are pushed and popped to stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset as a single byte just like the normal registers. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Overlaying \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Overlaying} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Overlaying} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For non-reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset functions SDCC will try to reduce internal ram space usage by overlaying parameters and local variables of a function (if possible). Parameters and local variables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset of a function will be allocated to an overlayable segment if the function has -\emph on +\emph on no other function calls and the function is non-reentrant and the memory model \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} -\end_inset +\end_inset is small. -\emph default +\emph default If an explicit storage class \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset is specified for a local variable, it will NOT be overlayed. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that the compiler (not the linkage editor) makes the decision for overlayin g the data items. Functions that are called from an interrupt service routine \begin_inset Marginal -collapsed true +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold ! -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset - should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + should be preceded by a #pragma\InsetSpace ~ nooverlay \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} -\end_inset +\end_inset if they are not reentrant. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Also note that the compiler does not do any processing of inline assembler code, so the compiler might incorrectly assign local variables and parameters of a function into the overlay segment if the inline assembler code calls other c-functions that might use the overlay. - In that case the #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + In that case the #pragma\InsetSpace ~ nooverlay should be used. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Parameters and local variables of functions that contain 16 or 32 bit multiplica tion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} -\end_inset +\end_inset or division \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division} -\end_inset +\end_inset will NOT be overlayed since these are implemented using external functions, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter #pragma save -\newline +\newline #pragma nooverlay \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline void set_error(unsigned char errcd) -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ P3 = errcd; -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline #pragma restore -\newline +\newline -\newline -void some_isr () __interrupt +\newline +void + some_isr () __interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset (2) -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ set_error(10); -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard In the above example the parameter -\emph on +\emph on errcd -\emph default +\emph default for the function -\emph on +\emph on set_error -\emph default - would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +\emph default + would be assigned to the overlayable segment if the #pragma\InsetSpace ~ nooverlay was not present, this could cause unpredictable runtime behavior when called from an interrupt service routine. - The #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + The #pragma\InsetSpace ~ nooverlay ensures that the parameters and local variables for the function are NOT overlayed. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Interrupt Service Routines \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection General Information -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC allows -\emph on +\emph on i -\emph default +\emph default nterrupt -\emph on +\emph on s -\emph default +\emph default ervice -\emph on +\emph on r -\emph default +\emph default outines to be coded in C, with some extended keywords. -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter void timer_isr (void) __interrupt (1) __using (1) -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The optional number following the -\emph on +\emph on interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default keyword is the interrupt number this routine will service. When present, the compiler will insert a call to this routine in the interrupt vector table \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} -\end_inset +\end_inset for the interrupt number specified. If you have multiple source files in your project, interrupt service routines can be present in any of them, but a prototype of the isr MUST be present or included in the file that contains the function -\emph on +\emph on main -\emph default +\emph default . The optional (8051 specific) keyword -\emph on +\emph on using \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default can be used to tell the compiler to use the specified register bank when generating code for this function. -\newline +\newline Interrupt service routines open the door for some very interesting bugs: -\layout Subsubsection - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset Common interrupt pitfall: variable not declared -\emph on +\emph on volatile -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If an interrupt service routine changes variables which are accessed by other functions these variables have to be declared -\emph on +\emph on volatile -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset . See \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_variable} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Subsubsection - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-atomic} -\end_inset +\end_inset Common interrupt pitfall: -\emph on +\emph on non-atomic access -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If the access to these variables is not -\emph on +\emph on atomic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default (i.e. the processor needs more than one instruction for the access and could be interrupted while accessing the variable) the interrupt must be disabled during the access to avoid inconsistent data. -\newline -Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs and - should be protected by disabling interrupts. +\newline +Access to 16 or 32 bit variables is obviously not atomic on 8 bit CPUs + and should be protected by disabling interrupts. You're not automatically on the safe side if you use 8 bit variables though. We need an example here: f.e. on the 8051 the harmless looking \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter -flags\SpecialChar ~ -|=\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +flags\InsetSpace ~ +|=\InsetSpace ~ 0x80; -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset is not atomic if -\family typewriter +\family typewriter flags -\family default +\family default resides in xdata. Setting \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter -flags\SpecialChar ~ -|=\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +flags\InsetSpace ~ +|=\InsetSpace ~ 0x40; -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset from within an interrupt routine might get lost if the interrupt occurs at the wrong time. \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family typewriter -counter\SpecialChar ~ -+=\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +counter\InsetSpace ~ ++=\InsetSpace ~ 8; -\family default +\family default \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset is not atomic on the 8051 even if -\family typewriter +\family typewriter counter -\family default +\family default is located in data memory. -\newline -Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can cause a lot of trouble. +\newline +Bugs like these are hard to reproduce and can + cause a lot of trouble. -\layout Subsubsection - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-stack-overflow} -\end_inset +\end_inset Common interrupt pitfall: -\emph on +\emph on stack overflow -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The return address and the registers used in the interrupt service routine are saved on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset so there must be sufficient stack space. If there isn't variables or registers (or even the return address itself) will be corrupted. This -\emph on +\emph on stack overflow -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack overflow} -\end_inset +\end_inset is most likely to happen if the interrupt occurs during the \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset deepest \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset subroutine when the stack is already in use for f.e. many return addresses. -\layout Subsubsection - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-non-reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset Common interrupt pitfall: -\emph on +\emph on use of non-reentrant functions -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A special note here, int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) integer division \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Division} -\end_inset +\end_inset , multiplication \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} -\end_inset +\end_inset & modulus \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Modulus} -\end_inset +\end_inset and floating-point \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} -\end_inset +\end_inset operations are implemented using external support routines. If an interrupt service routine needs to do any of these operations then the support routines (as mentioned in a following section) will have to be recompiled using the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option and the source file will need to be compiled using the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -int-long-reent -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} -\end_inset +\end_inset compiler option. -\newline +\newline Note, the type promotion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset required by ANSI C can cause 16 bit routines to be used \begin_inset Marginal -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold -\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +\InsetSpace ~ ! -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset without the programmer being aware of it. See f.e. the cast -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (unsigned char)(tail-1) -\family default +\family default within the if clause in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard Calling other functions from an interrupt service routine is not recommended, avoid it if possible. Note that when some function is called from an interrupt service routine - it should be preceded by a #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + it should be preceded by a #pragma\InsetSpace ~ nooverlay \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} -\end_inset +\end_inset if it is not reentrant. Furthermore nonreentrant functions should not be called from the main program @@ -12025,48 +13408,55 @@ nooverlay They also must not be called from low priority interrupt service routines while a high priority interrupt service routine might be active. You could use semaphores or make the function -\emph on +\emph on critical -\emph default +\emph default if all parameters are passed in registers. -\newline +\newline Also see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Overlaying} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ about Overlaying and section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Functions-using-private-banks} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ about Functions using private register banks. -\layout Subsection +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection MCS51/DS390 Interrupt Service Routines -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset numbers and the corresponding address & descriptions for the Standard 8051/8052 are listed below. SDCC will automatically adjust the \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} -\end_inset +\end_inset to the maximum interrupt number specified. -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -12076,297 +13466,334 @@ Interrupt \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Interrupt # -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Vector Address -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard External 0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0x0003 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Timer 0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0x000b -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard External 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0x0013 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 3 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Timer 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0x001b -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 4 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Serial -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0x0023 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 5 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Timer 2 (8052) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0x002b -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard ... -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard ... -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard n -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0x0003 + 8*n -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If the interrupt service routine is defined without -\emph on +\emph on using \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default a register bank or with register bank 0 ( -\emph on +\emph on using -\emph default +\emph default 0), the compiler will save the registers used by itself on the stack upon entry and restore them at exit, however if such an interrupt service routine calls another function then the entire register bank will be saved on the stack. This scheme may be advantageous for small interrupt service routines which have low register usage. -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard If the interrupt service routine is defined to be using a specific register bank then only -\emph on +\emph on a, b, dptr -\emph default +\emph default & psw are saved and restored, if such an interrupt service routine calls another function (using another register bank) then the entire register bank of the called function will be saved on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset . This scheme is recommended for larger interrupt service routines. -\layout Subsection +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset Interrupt Service Routines -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard Since the number of interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset available is chip specific and the interrupt vector table always ends at the last byte of memory, the interrupt numbers corresponds to the interrupt @@ -12377,371 +13804,403 @@ Since the number of interrupts this way; instead see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} -\end_inset +\end_inset for details on customizing startup. -\layout Subsection +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Z80 Interrupt Service Routines -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset uses several different methods for determining the correct interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset vector depending on the hardware implementation. Therefore, SDCC ignores the optional interrupt number and does not attempt to generate an interrupt vector table. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard By default, SDCC generates code for a maskable interrupt, which uses a RETI instruction to return from the interrupt. To write an interrupt handler for the non-maskable interrupt, which needs a RETN instruction instead, add the -\emph on +\emph on critical -\emph default +\emph default keyword: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter void nmi_isr (void) critical interrupt -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard However if you need to create a non-interruptable interrupt service routine you would also require the -\emph on +\emph on critical -\emph default +\emph default keyword. To distinguish between this and an nmi_isr you must provide an interrupt number. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Enabling and Disabling Interrupts -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Critical Functions and Critical Statements -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A special keyword may be associated with a block or a function declaring it as -\emph on +\emph on critical -\emph default +\emph default . SDCC will generate code to disable all interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset upon entry to a critical function and restore the interrupt enable to the previous state before returning. Nesting critical functions will need one additional byte on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset for each call. -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter int foo () __critical \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{critical} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_critical} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The critical attribute maybe used with other attributes like -\emph on +\emph on reentrant. -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline The keyword -\emph on +\emph on critical -\emph default +\emph default may also be used to disable interrupts more locally: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __critical{ i++; } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard More than one statement could have been included in the block. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Enabling and Disabling Interrupts directly -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset can also be disabled and enabled directly (8051): -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -EA = 0;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -or:\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse + +\family typewriter +EA = 0;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +or:\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ EA_SAVE = EA; -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse + +\family typewriter +...\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ EA = 0; -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -EA = 1;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse + +\family typewriter +EA = 1;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse + +\family typewriter +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ EA = EA_SAVE; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard On other architectures which have seperate opcodes for enabling and disabling interrupts you might want to make use of defines with inline assembly \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} -\end_inset +\end_inset (HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08!interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset ): -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter #define CLI _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -cli\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +cli\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -#define SEI _asm\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sei\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +#define SEI _asm\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sei\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _endasm; -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ... -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note: it is sometimes sufficient to disable only a specific interrupt source like f.e. a timer or serial interrupt by manipulating an -\emph on +\emph on interrupt mask \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt mask} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default register. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Usually the time during which interrupts are disabled should be kept as short as possible. This minimizes both -\emph on +\emph on interrupt latency -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt latency} -\end_inset +\end_inset (the time between the occurrence of the interrupt and the execution of the first code in the interrupt routine) and -\emph on +\emph on interrupt jitter -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt jitter} -\end_inset +\end_inset (the difference between the shortest and the longest interrupt latency). These really are something different, f.e. @@ -12750,17 +14209,18 @@ interrupt jitter On a loudspeaker driven via a digital to analog converter which is fed by an interrupt a latency of a few milliseconds might be tolerable, whereas a much smaller jitter will be very audible. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can reenable interrupts within an interrupt routine and on some architecture s you can make use of two (or more) levels of -\emph on +\emph on interrupt priorities -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority} -\end_inset +\end_inset . On some architectures which don't support interrupt priorities these can @@ -12769,40 +14229,42 @@ interrupt priorities Check there is sufficient space on the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset and don't add complexity unless you have to. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Semaphore \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{semaphore} -\end_inset +\end_inset locking (mcs51/ds390) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Some architectures (mcs51/ds390) have an atomic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} -\end_inset +\end_inset bit test and -\emph on +\emph on -\emph default +\emph default clear -\emph on +\emph on -\emph default +\emph default instruction. These type of instructions are typically used in preemptive multitasking systems, where a routine f.e. claims the use of a data structure ('acquires a lock \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lock} -\end_inset +\end_inset on it'), makes some modifications and then releases the lock when the data structure is consistent again. @@ -12811,127 +14273,132 @@ instruction. With the atomic bit test and clear instruction interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset don't have to be disabled for the locking operation. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC generates this instruction if the source follows this pattern: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter volatile \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset bit resource_is_free; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline if (resource_is_free) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ resource_is_free=0; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ resource_is_free=1; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note, mcs51 and ds390 support only an atomic \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{atomic} -\end_inset +\end_inset bit test and -\emph on +\emph on clear -\emph default +\emph default instruction (as opposed to atomic bit test and -\emph on +\emph on set). -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Functions using private register banks \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Functions-using-private-banks} -\end_inset +\end_inset (mcs51/ds390) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Some architectures have support for quickly changing register sets. SDCC supports this feature with the -\emph on +\emph on using \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_using (mcs51, ds390 register bank)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default attribute (which tells the compiler to use a register bank \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{register bank (mcs51, ds390)} -\end_inset +\end_inset other than the default bank zero). It should only be applied to -\emph on +\emph on interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default functions (see footnote below). This will in most circumstances make the generated ISR code more efficient since it will not have to save registers on the stack. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\emph on +\emph on using -\emph default +\emph default attribute will have no effect on the generated code for a -\emph on +\emph on non-interrupt -\emph default +\emph default function (but may occasionally be useful anyway \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions using a particular bank, it can be declared with the same 'using' attribute as the calling 'interrupt' functions. @@ -12939,69 +14406,73 @@ possible exception: if a function is called ONLY from 'interrupt' functions call memcpy(), it might make sense to create a specialized version of memcpy() 'using 1', since this would prevent the ISR from having to save bank zero to the stack on entry and switch to bank zero before calling the function -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset ). -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on (pending: Note, nowadays the -\emph default +\emph default using -\emph on +\emph on attribute has an effect on -\emph default +\emph default -\emph on +\emph on the generated code for a -\emph default +\emph default non-interrupt -\emph on +\emph on function -\emph default +\emph default . -\emph on +\emph on ) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard An -\emph on +\emph on interrupt -\emph default +\emph default function using a non-zero bank will assume that it can trash that register bank, and will not save it. Since high-priority interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupts} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt priority} -\end_inset +\end_inset can interrupt low-priority ones on the 8051 and friends, this means that if a high-priority ISR -\emph on +\emph on using -\emph default +\emph default a particular bank occurs while processing a low-priority ISR -\emph on +\emph on using -\emph default +\emph default the same bank, terrible and bad things can happen. To prevent this, no single register bank should be -\emph on +\emph on used -\emph default +\emph default by both a high priority and a low priority ISR. This is probably most easily done by having all high priority ISRs use one bank and all low priority ISRs use another. If you have an ISR which can change priority at runtime, you're on your own: I suggest using the default bank zero and taking the small performance hit. -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions. If your ISR must call other functions, it is most efficient if those functions use the same bank as the ISR (see note 1 below); the next best is if the @@ -13009,41 +14480,48 @@ It is most efficient if your ISR calls no other functions. It is very inefficient to call a function using a different, non-zero bank from an ISR. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Startup Code \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Startup-Code} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Startup code} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection MCS51/DS390 Startup Code -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The compiler inserts a call to the C routine -\emph on +\emph on _sdcc_external_startup() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_sdcc\_external\_startup()} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series bold -\emph default +\series bold +\emph default -\series default +\series default at the start of the CODE area. This routine is in the runtime library \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Runtime library} -\end_inset +\end_inset . By default this routine returns 0, if this routine returns a non-zero value, @@ -13052,1968 +14530,2078 @@ at the start of the CODE area. Otherwise static & global variables will be initialized before the function main is invoked. You could add a -\emph on +\emph on _sdcc_external_startup() -\emph default +\emph default routine to your program to override the default if you need to setup hardware or perform some other critical operation prior to static & global variable initialization \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Variable initialization} -\end_inset +\end_inset . On some mcs51 variants xdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{xdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset memory has to be explicitly enabled before it can be accessed or if the watchdog \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{watchdog} -\end_inset +\end_inset needs to be disabled, this is the place to do it. The startup code clears all internal data memory, 256 bytes by default, but from 0 to n-1 if -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -iram-size \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-iram-size } -\end_inset +\end_inset n -\emph default +\emph default is used. (recommended for Chipcon CC1010). -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard See also the compiler options -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -no-xinit -\emph default +\emph default - -\emph on +\emph on opt -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-xinit-opt} -\end_inset +\end_inset , -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -main-return -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-main-return} -\end_inset +\end_inset and section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} -\end_inset +\end_inset about MCS51-variants. -\layout Subsection +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection HC08 Startup Code -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset startup code follows the same scheme as the MCS51 startup code. -\layout Subsection +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Z80 Startup Code -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard On the Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset the startup code is inserted by linking with crt0.o which is generated from sdcc/device/lib/z80/crt0.s. If you need a different startup code you can use the compiler option -\emph on +\emph on - -\series bold -\emph default +\series bold +\emph default \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\series default -\emph on + +\series default +\emph on -no-std-crt0 -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-no-std-crt0} -\end_inset +\end_inset and provide your own crt0.o. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Inline Assembler Code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection A Step by Step Introduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:A-Step-by Assembler Introduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Starting from a small snippet of c-code this example shows for the MCS51 how to use inline assembly, access variables, a function parameter and an array in xdata memory. The example uses an MCS51 here but is easily adapted for other architectures. This is a buffer routine which should be optimized: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize unsigned char __far \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{far (storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_far (storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset __at \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{at} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_at} -\end_inset +\end_inset (0x7f00) buf[0x100]; \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} -\end_inset - - -\newline -unsigned char head, tail;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_inset + + +\newline +unsigned char head, tail;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* if interrupts \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset are involved see -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset about -\series bold +\series bold volatile -\series default +\series default */ -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) )\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) + )\InsetSpace ~ /* cast -\series bold +\series bold needed -\series default +\series default to avoid promotion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset to integer */ \begin_inset Marginal -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold -\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +\InsetSpace ~ ! -\end_inset - - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -buf[ head++ ] = c;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +buf[ head++ ] = c;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */ -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If the code snippet (assume it is saved in buffer.c) is compiled with SDCC then a corresponding buffer.asm file is generated. We define a new function -\family typewriter +\family typewriter to_buffer_asm() -\family default +\family default in file buffer.c in which we cut and paste the generated code, removing unwanted comments and some ':'. Then add \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset _asm \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset _endasm; \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset to the beginning and the end of the function body: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize /* With a cut and paste from the .asm file, we have something to start with. -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -The function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */ -\newline -void to_buffer_asm( unsigned char c ) -\newline +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +The + function is not yet OK! (registers aren't saved) */ +\newline +void to_buffer_asm( + unsigned char c ) +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ r2,dpl -\newline -;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;buffer.c if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) \InsetSpace ~ /* cast -\series bold +\series bold needed -\series default +\series default to avoid promotion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset to integer */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,_tail -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -dec\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +dec\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ r3,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,_head -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ cjne a,ar3,00106$ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ret -\newline -00106$: -\newline +\newline +00106$: + +\newline ;buffer.c buf[ head++ ] = c; /* access to a 256 byte aligned array */ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Aligned array} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ r3,_head -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -inc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +inc\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _head -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dpl,r3 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dph,#(_buf >> 8) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,r2 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -movx @dptr,a -\newline +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +movx @dptr,a + +\newline 00103$: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ret -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The new file buffer.c should compile with only one warning about the unreferenced function argument 'c'. Now we hand-optimize the assembly code and insert an #define USE_ASSEMBLY (1) and finally have: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize unsigned char __far __at(0x7f00) buf[0x100]; -\newline +\newline unsigned char head, tail; -\newline -#define USE_ASSEMBLY (1) -\newline +\newline +#define + USE_ASSEMBLY (1) +\newline -\newline +\newline #if !USE_ASSEMBLY -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +if( + head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ buf[ head++ ] = c; -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline #else -\newline +\newline -\newline -void to_buffer( unsigned char c ) -\newline +\newline +void to_buffer( + unsigned char c ) +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ c; // to avoid warning: unreferenced function argument -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ; save used registers here. -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ; If we were still using r2,r3 we would have to push them here. -\newline +\newline ; if( head != (unsigned char)(tail-1) ) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ a,_tail -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -dec\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +dec\InsetSpace ~ a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -xrl\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +xrl\InsetSpace ~ a,_head -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; we could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -jz\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +; we + could do an ANL a,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see below) +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +jz\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ t_b_end$ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +; +\newline ; -\newline -; buf[ head++ ] = c; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ - a,dpl \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ + buf[ head++ ] = c; +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ + a,dpl \InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ; dpl holds lower byte of function argument -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ - dpl,_head \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ + + dpl,_head \InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ; buf is 0x100 byte aligned so head can be used directly -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ - dph,#(_buf>>8) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ + dph,#(_bu +f>>8) +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ movx @dptr,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -inc \SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +inc \InsetSpace ~ _head -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a smaller buffer (see above) -\newline +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +; we could do an ANL _head,#0x0f here to use a + smaller buffer (see above) +\newline t_b_end$: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ; restore used registers here -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline #endif -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The inline assembler code can contain any valid code understood by the assembler , this includes any assembler directives and comment lines. The assembler does not like some characters like ':' or ''' in comments. You'll find an 100+ pages assembler manual in sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset or online at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The compiler does not do any validation of the code within the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ... _endasm -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size default +\size default ; -\family default +\family default keyword pair. Specifically it will not know which registers are used and thus register pushing/popping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} -\end_inset +\end_inset has to be done manually. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It is recommended that each assembly instruction (including labels) be placed in a separate line (as the example shows). When the - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset - -\emph on +\emph on peep-asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default command line option is used, the inline assembler code will be passed through the peephole optimizer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} -\end_inset +\end_inset . There are only a few (if any) cases where this option makes sense, it might cause some unexpected changes in the inline assembler code. Please go through the peephole optimizer rules defined in file -\emph on +\emph on SDCCpeeph.def -\emph default +\emph default before using this option. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Naked Functions \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Naked-Functions} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Naked functions} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A special keyword may be associated with a function declaring it as -\emph on +\emph on _naked \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\emph default +\emph default The -\emph on +\emph on _naked -\emph default +\emph default function modifier attribute prevents the compiler from generating prologue \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} -\end_inset +\end_inset and epilogue \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function epilogue} -\end_inset +\end_inset code for that function. This means that the user is entirely responsible for such things as saving any registers that may need to be preserved, selecting the proper register bank, generating the -\emph on +\emph on return -\emph default +\emph default instruction at the end, etc. Practically, this means that the contents of the function must be written in inline assembler. This is particularly useful for interrupt functions, which can have a large (and often unnecessary) prologue/epilogue. For example, compare the code generated by these two functions: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter volatile \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset data unsigned char counter; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void simpleInterrupt(void) __interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset (1) -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ counter++; -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void nakedInterrupt(void) __interrupt (2) __naked -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\end_inset - - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -inc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_inset + + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +inc\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -reti\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function. -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +reti\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +; MUST explicitly + include ret or reti in _naked function. +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For an 8051 target, the generated simpleInterrupt looks like: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Note, this is an -\emph on +\emph on outdated -\emph default +\emph default example, recent versions of SDCC generate -\newline +\newline the -\emph on +\emph on same -\emph default +\emph default code for simpleInterrupt() and nakedInterrupt()! -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline _simpleInterrupt: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +push\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ acc -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +push\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ b -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +pu +sh\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dpl -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +push\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dph -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -push\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +push\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ psw -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ psw,#0x00 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -inc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +inc\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _counter -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -pop\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +pop\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ psw -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -pop\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +pop\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dph -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -pop\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +pop\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dpl -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -pop\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +pop\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ b -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -pop\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +pop\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ acc -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ reti -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard whereas nakedInterrupt looks like: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter _nakedInterrupt: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -inc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +inc\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _counter ; does not change flags, no need to save psw -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -reti\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -; MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function -\layout Standard +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +reti\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +; + MUST explicitly include ret or reti in _naked function +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The related directive #pragma exclude \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} -\end_inset +\end_inset allows a more fine grained control over pushing & popping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} -\end_inset +\end_inset the registers. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard While there is nothing preventing you from writing C code inside a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter _naked -\family default +\family default function, there are many ways to shoot yourself in the foot doing this, and it is recommended that you stick to inline assembler. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Use of Labels within Inline Assembler -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC allows the use of in-line assembler with a few restrictions regarding labels. In older versions of the compiler all labels defined within inline assembler code -\emph on +\emph on had to be -\emph default +\emph default of the form -\emph on +\emph on nnnnn$ -\emph default +\emph default where nnnn is a number less than 100 (which implies a limit of utmost 100 inline assembler labels -\emph on +\emph on per function -\emph default -\noun on +\emph default +\noun on ) -\noun default +\noun default . -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter _asm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ b,#10 -\newline +\newline 00001$: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -djnz\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +djnz\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ b,00001$ -\newline +\newline _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Inline assembler code cannot reference any C-Labels, however it can reference labels \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Labels} -\end_inset +\end_inset defined by the inline assembler, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter foo() { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* some c code */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _asm -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ; some assembler code -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ljmp $0003 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -_endasm; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +_endasm; + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* some more c code */ -\newline -clabel:\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* inline assembler cannot reference this label */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +clabel:\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +/* inline assembler cannot reference this + label */ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _asm -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -$0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +$0003: ;label (can be referenced by inline assembler only) + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _endasm \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_endasm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* some more c code */ -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In other words inline assembly code can access labels defined in inline assembly within the scope of the function. The same goes the other way, i.e. labels defines in inline assembly can not be accessed by C statements. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Interfacing with Assembler Code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Global Registers used for Parameter Passing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parameter passing} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The compiler always uses the global registers -\emph on +\emph on DPL, DPH \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} -\end_inset +\end_inset , B \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{B (mcs51, ds390 register)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on ACC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ACC (mcs51, ds390 register)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default to pass the first parameter to a routine. The second parameter onwards is either allocated on the stack (for reentrant routines or if - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto is used) or in data / xdata memory (depending on the memory model). -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Assembler Routine (non-reentrant) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In the following example \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (non-reentrant)} -\end_inset +\end_inset the function c_func calls an assembler routine asm_func, which takes two parameters \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char); -\newline +\newline -\newline -int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) -\newline +\newline +int c_func (unsigned char + i, unsigned char j) +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ return asm_func(i,j); -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline int main() -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ return c_func(10,9); -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The corresponding assembler function is: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .globl _asm_func_PARM_2 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ .globl _asm_func -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ .area OSEG -\newline +\newline _asm_func_PARM_2: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -.ds 1 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +.ds + 1 +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ .area CSEG -\newline +\newline _asm_func: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,dpl -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -add\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +add\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,_asm_func_PARM_2 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dpl,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dph \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR, DPH, DPL} -\end_inset +\end_inset ,#0x00 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ret -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note here that the return values \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value} -\end_inset +\end_inset are placed in 'dpl' - One byte return value, 'dpl' LSB & 'dph' MSB for two byte values. 'dpl', 'dph' and 'b' for three byte values (generic pointers) and 'dpl','dph',' b' & 'acc' for four byte values. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The parameter naming convention is __PARM_, where n is the parameter number starting from 1, and counting from the left. The first parameter is passed in \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset dpl \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset for a one byte parameter, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset dptr \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset for two bytes, \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset b,dptr \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset for three bytes and \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset acc,b,dptr \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset for a four bytes parameter. The variable name for the second parameter will be __PARM_2. -\newline +\newline -\newline -Assemble the assembler routine with the following command: -\newline +\newline +Assem +ble the assembler routine with the following command: +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold asx8051 -losg asmfunc.asm -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default Then compile and link the assembler routine to the C source file with the following command: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc cfunc.c asmfunc.rel -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Assembler Routine (reentrant) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In this case \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines (reentrant)} -\end_inset +\end_inset the second parameter \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function parameter} -\end_inset +\end_inset onwards will be passed on the stack, the parameters are pushed from right to left i.e. after the call the leftmost parameter will be on the top of the stack. Here is an example: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter extern int asm_func(unsigned char, unsigned char); -\newline +\newline -\newline -int c_func (unsigned char i, unsigned char j) reentrant -\newline +\newline +int c_func (unsigned char + i, unsigned char j) reentrant +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ return asm_func(i,j); -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline int main() -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -return c_func(10,9); -\newline +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +return + c_func(10,9); +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The corresponding assembler routine is: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .globl _asm_func -\newline +\newline _asm_func: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ push _bp -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov _bp,sp -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r2,dpl -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,_bp -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -add a,#0xfd -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +add + a,#0xfd +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r0,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ add a,#0xfc ;? -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r1,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,@r0 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ add a,r2 ;? -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mov dpl,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mov dpl,a + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov dph,#0x00 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov sp,_bp -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ pop _bp -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ret -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The compiling and linking procedure remains the same, however note the extra entry & exit linkage required for the assembler code, _bp is the stack frame pointer and is used to compute the offset into the stack for parameters and local variables. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section int (16 bit) \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (16 bit)} -\end_inset +\end_inset and long (32 bit) \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long (32 bit)} -\end_inset +\end_inset Support -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division, multiplication and modulus operations are implemented by support routines. These support routines are all developed in ANSI-C to facilitate porting @@ -15021,12 +16609,13 @@ For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division, used. The following files contain the described routines, all of them can be found in /share/sdcc/lib. -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -15035,292 +16624,324 @@ For signed & unsigned int (16 bit) and long (32 bit) variables, division, \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold Function -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold Description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _mulint.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 16 bit multiplication -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _divsint.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signed 16 bit division (calls _divuint) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _divuint.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard unsigned 16 bit division -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _modsint.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signed 16 bit modulus (calls _moduint) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _moduint.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard unsigned 16 bit modulus -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _mullong.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 32 bit multiplication -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _divslong.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signed 32 division (calls _divulong) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _divulong.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard unsigned 32 division -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _modslong.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signed 32 bit modulus (calls _modulong) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _modulong.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard unsigned 32 bit modulus -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Since they are compiled as -\emph on +\emph on non-reentrant -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset , interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset service routines should not do any of the above operations. If this is unavoidable then the above routines will need to be compiled with the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option, after which the source program will have to be compiled with -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -int-long-reent \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-int-long-reent} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option. Notice that you don't have to call these routines directly. The compiler will use them automatically every time an integer operation is required. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Floating Point Support \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers. The floating point support routines are derived from gcc's floatlib.c and consist of the following routines: -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\size footnotesize +\begin_layout Standard +\align center -\begin_inset Tabular +\size footnotesize +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -15329,637 +16950,673 @@ SDCC supports IEEE (single precision 4 bytes) floating point numbers. \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none Function -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fsadd.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none add floating point numbers -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fssub.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none subtract floating point numbers -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fsdiv.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none divide floating point numbers -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fsmul.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none multiply floating point numbers -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2uchar.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to unsigned char -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2char.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to signed char -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2uint.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to unsigned int -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2int.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to signed int -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2ulong. -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default \color default c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to unsigned long -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _fs2long.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert floating point to signed long -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _uchar2fs.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert unsigned char to floating point -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _char2fs.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert char to floating point number -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _uint2fs.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert unsigned int to floating point -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _int2fs.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert int to floating point numbers -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _ulong2fs.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert unsigned long to floating point number -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none _long2fs.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none convert long to floating point number -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard These support routines are developed in ANSI-C so there is room for space and speed improvement \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard These floating point routines ( -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default sinf(), cosf(), ...) for the mcs51 are implemented in assembler. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset . Note if all these routines are used simultaneously the data space might @@ -15968,250 +17625,272 @@ not Also notice that you don't have to call this routines directly. The compiler will use them automatically every time a floating point operation is required. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Library Routines \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Compiler support routines (_gptrget, _mulint etc.) -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Stdclib functions (puts, printf, strcat etc.) -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection -\layout Paragraph +\end_layout +\begin_layout Paragraph getchar(), putchar() -\layout Standard - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{} -\end_inset +\end_inset As usual on embedded systems you have to provide your own -\family typewriter +\family typewriter getchar() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{getchar()} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter putchar() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{putchar()} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default routines. SDCC does not know whether the system connects to a serial line with or without handshake, LCD, keyboard or other device. And whether a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter lf -\family default +\family default to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter crlf -\family default +\family default conversion within -\family typewriter +\family typewriter putchar() -\family default +\family default is intended. You'll find examples for serial routines f.e. in sdcc/device/lib. For the mcs51 this minimalistic polling -\family typewriter +\family typewriter putchar() -\family default +\family default routine might be a start: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter void putchar (char c) { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -while (!TI)\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +while (!TI)\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* assumes UART is initialized */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -TI = 0; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +TI + = 0; +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ SBUF = c; -\newline +\newline } -\layout Paragraph +\end_layout +\begin_layout Paragraph printf() -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The default -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf()} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default implementation in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf_large.c -\family default +\family default does not support float (except on ds390). To enable this recompile it with the option -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset DUSE_FLOATS=1 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{USE\_FLOATS} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default on the command line. Use -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -model-large \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-model-large} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default for the mcs51 port, since this uses a lot of memory. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you're short on code memory you might want to use -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf_small() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_small()} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default -\emph on +\emph on instead -\emph default +\emph default of -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf(). -\family default +\family default For the mcs51 there additionally are assembly versions -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf_tiny() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_tiny() (mcs51)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default (subset of printf using less than 270 bytes) and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf_fast() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast() (mcs51)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter printf_fast_f() \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf\_fast\_f() (mcs51)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default (floating-point aware version of printf_fast) which should fit the requirements of many embedded systems (printf_fast() can be customized by unsetting #defines to -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default support long variables and field widths). Be shure to only use only one of these printf options within a project. -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Feature matrix of different -\emph on +\emph on printf -\emph default +\emph default options on mcs51. -\layout Standard +\end_layout - -\begin_inset Tabular - +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular + - + @@ -16222,935 +17901,1454 @@ printf \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold -\size large +\series bold +\size large mcs51 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard printf \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{printf} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard printf -\size scriptsize +\size scriptsize USE_FLOATS=1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard printf_small -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard printf_fast -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard printf_fast_f -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard printf_tiny -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard filename -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size scriptsize +\size scriptsize printf_large.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size scriptsize +\size scriptsize printf_large.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size scriptsize +\size scriptsize printfl.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size scriptsize +\size scriptsize printf_fast.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size scriptsize +\size scriptsize printf_fast_f.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size scriptsize +\size scriptsize printf_tiny.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Quotes sld +\end_inset + +Hello World +\begin_inset Quotes srd +\end_inset + + size +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +small / large +\end_layout -code size (small\SpecialChar ~ -/\SpecialChar ~ -large) in\SpecialChar ~ -kByte -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +1.7k / 2.4k +\end_layout -1.4 / 2.0 -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +4.3k / 5.6k +\end_layout -2.8 / 3.7 -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +1.2k / 1.8k +\end_layout -0.45 / 0.47 (+ _ltoa) -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +1.3k / 1.3k +\end_layout -1.2 / 1.2 -\end_inset +\end_inset - + \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +1.9k / 1.9k +\end_layout -1.6 / 1.6 -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +0.44k / 0.44k +\end_layout -0.26 / 0.26 -\end_inset +\end_inset - + \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +code size +\end_layout -formats -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +small / large +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +1.4k / 2.0k +\end_layout -cd(f)i -\emph on -o -\emph default -psx -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +2.8k / 3.7k +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +0.45k / 0.47k (+ _ltoa) +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Standard +1.2k / 1.2k +\end_layout -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +1.6k / 1.6k +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +0.26k / 0.26k +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +formats +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +cdi +\emph on +o +\emph default +psux +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard + +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none cd -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default \color default f -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none i -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph on -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph on +\bar default +\noun default \color default o -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none -psx -\end_inset +psux +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard c -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none d -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph on -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph on +\bar default +\noun default \color default o -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none s -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default \color default x -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +cdsux +\end_layout -cdsx -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +cdfsux +\end_layout -cdfsx -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +cdsux +\end_layout -cdsx -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard long (32 bit) support -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard x -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard x -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard x -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +x +\end_layout -x/(-) -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none -x/(-) -\end_inset +x +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard byte arguments on stack -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard b -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard b -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout -h -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout -h -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard float format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout -(%f) -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard %f -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout -(%f) -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +%f +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Range limited to +/- 4294967040 +\end_layout + +\end_inset -%f (limited\SpecialChar ~ -range) -\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard float formats %e %g -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +field width +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +x +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +x +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +x +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +x +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +string speed +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Execution time of printf("%s%c%s%c%c%c", "Hello", ' ', "World", '!', ' +\backslash +r', ' +\backslash +n'); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty putchar() +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +small / large +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +1.52 / 2.59 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +1.53 / 2.62 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +0.92 / 0.93 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +0.45 / 0.45 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +0.46 / 0.46 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +0.45 / 0.45 ms +\end_layout -- -\end_inset +\end_inset - + \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +int speed +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed -field width -\end_inset +\begin_layout Standard +Execution time of printf("%d", -12345); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, empty + putchar() +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +small / large +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +3.01 / 3.61 ms +\end_layout -x -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +3.01 / 3.61 ms +\end_layout -x -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +3.51 / 18.13 ms +\end_layout -- -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +0.22 / 0.22 ms +\end_layout -x/(-) -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +0.23 / 0.23 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +0.25 / 0.25 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +long speed +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Execution time of printf("%ld", -123456789); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, + empty putchar() +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +small / large +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +5.37 / 6.31 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +5.37 / 6.31 ms +\end_layout -x/(-) -\end_inset +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +8.71 / 40.65 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +0.40 / 0.40 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +0.40 / 0.40 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +float speed +\begin_inset Foot +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard +Execution time of printf("%.3f", -12345.678); standard 8051 @ 22.1184 MHz, + empty putchar() +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +, +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +small / large +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +7.49 / 22.47 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +- +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Standard +1.04 / 1.04 ms +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Text +\begin_layout Standard - -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{malloc.h} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As of SDCC 2.6.2 you no longer need to call an initialization routine before using dynamic memory allocation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{dynamic memory allocation (malloc)} -\end_inset +\end_inset and a default heap \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{heap (malloc)} -\end_inset +\end_inset space of 1024 bytes is provided for malloc to allocate memory from. If you need a different heap size you need to recompile _heap.c with the required size defined in HEAP_SIZE. It is recommended to make a copy of this file into your project directory and compile it there with: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter sdcc -c _heap.c -D HEAD_SIZE=2048 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard And then link it with: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter sdcc main.rel _heap.rel -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Math functions (sinf, powf, sqrtf etc.) -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard See definitions in file . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Other libraries -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset included in SDCC should have a license at least as liberal as the GNU Lesser General Public License \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph on +\emph on LGPL -\emph default +\emph default . -\layout Comment +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Comment +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard license statements for the libraries are missing. sdcc/device/lib/ser_ir.c -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard or _decdptr f.e. come with a GPL (as opposed to LGPL) License - this will not be liberal enough for many embedded programmers. -\layout Standard +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard If you have ported some library or want to share experience about some code which f.e. falls into any of these categories Busses (I \begin_inset Formula $^{\textrm{2}}$ -\end_inset +\end_inset C, CAN, Ethernet, Profibus, Modbus, USB, SPI, JTAG ...), Media (IDE, Memory cards, eeprom, flash...), En-/Decryption, Remote debugging, Realtime kernel, Keyboard, LCD, RTC, FPGA, PID then the sdcc-user mailing list \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ would certainly like to hear about it. -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard Programmers coding for embedded systems are not especially famous for being enthusiastic, so don't expect a big hurray but as the mailing list is searchabl e these references are very valuable. Let's help to create a climate where information is shared. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Memory Models -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection MCS51 Memory Models \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 memory model} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Small, Medium and Large -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC allows three memory models for MCS51 code, -\shape slanted +\shape slanted small, medium -\shape default +\shape default and -\shape slanted +\shape slanted large -\shape default +\shape default . Modules compiled with different memory models should -\emph on +\emph on never -\emph default +\emph default be combined together or the results would be unpredictable. The library routines supplied with the compiler are compiled as small, medium and large. The compiled library modules are contained in separate directories as small, medium and large so that you can link to the appropriate set. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard When the medium or large model is used all variables declared without a storage class will be allocated into the external ram, this includes all parameters and local variables (for non-reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset functions). When the small model is used variables without storage class are allocated in the internal ram. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Judicious usage of the processor specific storage classes \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Storage class} -\end_inset +\end_inset and the 'reentrant' function type will yield much more efficient code, than using the large model. Several optimizations are disabled when the program is compiled using the large model, it is therefore recommended that the small model be used unless absolutely required. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection External Stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:External-Stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{External stack (mcs51)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The external stack (- \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xstack option \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-xstack} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) is located in pdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset memory (usually at the start of the external ram segment) and uses all unused space in pdata (max. 256 bytes). When - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xstack option is used to compile the program, the parameters and local variables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset of all reentrant functions are allocated in this area. This option is provided for programs with large stack space requirements. When used with the - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset option, all parameters and local variables are allocated on the external stack (note: support libraries will need to be recompiled with the same options. There is a predefined target in the library makefile). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The compiler outputs the higher order address byte of the external ram segment into port P2 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} -\end_inset +\end_inset (see also section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:MCS51-variants} -\end_inset +\end_inset ), therefore when using the External Stack option, this port -\emph on +\emph on may not -\emph default +\emph default be used by the application program. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection DS390 Memory Model \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory model} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS390 memory model} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The only model supported is Flat 24 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Flat 24 (DS390 memory model)} -\end_inset +\end_inset . This generates code for the 24 bit contiguous addressing mode of the Dallas @@ -17158,140 +19356,153 @@ The only model supported is Flat 24 In this mode, up to four meg of external RAM or code space can be directly addressed. See the data sheets at www.dalsemi.com for further information on this part. -\newline +\newline -\newline -Note that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor - into 24 bitmode (although -\emph on +\newline +Note + that the compiler does not generate any code to place the processor into + 24 bitmode (although +\emph on tinibios -\emph default +\emph default in the ds390 libraries will do that for you). If you don't use -\emph on +\emph on tinibios -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tinibios (DS390)} -\end_inset +\end_inset , the boot loader or similar code must ensure that the processor is in 24 bit contiguous addressing mode before calling the SDCC startup code. -\newline +\newline -\newline -Like the -\emph on +\newline +Like + the +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -model-large -\emph default +\emph default option, variables will by default be placed into the XDATA segment. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Segments may be placed anywhere in the 4 meg address space using the usual - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -*-loc options. Note that if any segments are located above 64K, the -r flag must be passed to the linker to generate the proper segment relocations, and the Intel HEX output format must be used. The -r flag can be passed to the linker by using the option -\emph on +\emph on -Wl-r -\emph default +\emph default on the SDCC command line. However, currently the linker can not handle code segments > 64k. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Pragmas \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Pragmas} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Pragmas} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC supports the following #pragma directives: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold save -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save} -\end_inset +\end_inset - this will save most current options to the save/restore stack. - See #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + See #pragma\InsetSpace ~ restore. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold restore -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore} -\end_inset +\end_inset - will restore saved options from the last save. saves & restores can be nested. SDCC uses a save/restore stack: save pushes current options to the stack, restore pulls current options from the stack. - See #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + See #pragma\InsetSpace ~ save. -\newline +\newline -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold callee_saves -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{function prologue} -\end_inset +\end_inset function1[,function2[,function3...]] - The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving across function calls, however this can cause unnecessary register pushing & popping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} -\end_inset +\end_inset when calling small functions from larger functions. This option can be used to switch off the register saving convention for @@ -17304,165 +19515,175 @@ callee_saves to determine the appropriate scheme to use for each function call. If - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -callee-saves command line option is used, the function names specified - in #pragma\SpecialChar ~ + in #pragma\InsetSpace ~ callee_saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma callee\_saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset is appended to the list of functions specified in the command line. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold exclude -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} -\end_inset +\end_inset none | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]] - The exclude pragma disables the generation of pairs of push/pop \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{push/pop} -\end_inset +\end_inset instructions in -\emph on +\emph on I -\emph default +\emph default nterrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph on +\emph on S -\emph default +\emph default ervice -\emph on +\emph on R -\emph default +\emph default outines. The directive should be placed immediately before the ISR function definition and it affects ALL ISR functions following it. - To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\SpecialChar ~ -exclude\SpecialChar ~ + To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use #pragma\InsetSpace ~ +exclude\InsetSpace ~ none \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma exclude} -\end_inset +\end_inset . See also the related keyword _naked \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_naked} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_naked} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold less_pedantic -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma less\_pedantic} -\end_inset +\end_inset - the compiler will not warn you anymore for obvious mistakes, you'r on your own now ;-( -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold disable_warning -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma disable\_warning} -\end_inset +\end_inset - the compiler will not warn you anymore about warning number . -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold nogcse -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} -\end_inset +\end_inset - will stop global common subexpression elimination. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold noinduction -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset - will stop loop induction optimizations. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold noinvariant -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinvariant} -\end_inset +\end_inset - will not do loop invariant optimizations. For more details see Loop Invariants in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Loop-Optimizations} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold noiv -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noiv} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Do not generate interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset vector table \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{interrupt vector table} -\end_inset +\end_inset entries for all ISR functions defined after the pragma. This is useful in cases where the interrupt vector table must be defined @@ -17473,301 +19694,328 @@ noiv number after the interrupt keyword, see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Interrupt-Service-Routines} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\SpecialChar ~ +\InsetSpace ~ about interrupts. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold nojtbound -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} -\end_inset +\end_inset - will not generate code for boundary value checking, when switch statements are turned into jump-tables (dangerous). For more details see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:'switch'-Statements} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold noloopreverse -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noloopreverse} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Will not do loop reversal optimization -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold nooverlay -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nooverlay} -\end_inset +\end_inset - the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables of a function. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold stackauto -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma stackauto} -\end_inset +\end_inset - See option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset and section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Parameters-and-Local-Variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset Parameters and Local Variables. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold opt_code_speed -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_speed} -\end_inset +\end_inset - The compiler will optimize code generation towards fast code, possibly at the expense of code size. Currently this has little effect. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold opt_code_size -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_size} -\end_inset +\end_inset - The compiler will optimize code generation towards compact code, possibly at the expense of code speed. Currently this has little effect. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold opt_code_balanced -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma opt\_code\_balanced} -\end_inset +\end_inset - The compiler will attempt to generate code that is both compact and fast, as long as meeting one goal is not a detriment to the other (this is the default). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold std_sdcc89 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc89} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Generally follow the C89 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (default). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold std_c89 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c89} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Follow the C89 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold std_sdcc99 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_sdcc99} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Generally follow the C99 standard, but allow SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold std_c99 -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma std\_c99} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Follow the C99 standard and disable SDCC features that conflict with the standard (incomplete support). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold codeseg -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma codeseg} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Use this name (max. 8 characters) for the code segment. See option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -codeseg. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold constseg -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma constseg} -\end_inset +\end_inset - Use this name (max. 8 characters) for the const segment. See option - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -constseg. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The preprocessor SDCPP \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sdcpp (preprocessor)} -\end_inset +\end_inset supports the following #pragma directives: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold pedantic_parse_number -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number} -\end_inset +\end_inset (+ | -) - Pedantic parse numbers so that situations like 0xfe-LO_B(3) are parsed properly and the macro LO_B(3) gets expanded. Default is off. Below is an example on how to use this pragma. -\emph on +\emph on Note: this functionality is not in conformance with standard! -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter #pragma pedantic_parse_number + \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma pedantic\_parse\_number} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline #define LO_B(x) ((x) & 0xff) -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline unsigned char foo(void) -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3); -\newline - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +unsigned char c=0xfe-LO_B(3) +; +\newline + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ return c; -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold preproc_asm -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset (+ | -) - switch _asm _endasm block preprocessing on / off. Default is on. @@ -17775,138 +20023,143 @@ preproc_asm This will prevent the preprocessor from changing the formating required by assembly code. Below is an example on how to use this pragma. -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter #pragma preproc_asm - \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma preproc\_asm} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline #define MYDELAY _asm -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ nop ;my assembly comment... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ nop -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ nop -\newline +\newline _endasm -\newline -#pragma preproc_asm + -\newline +\newline +#pragma preproc_asm + + +\newline -\newline +\newline void foo (void) -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ MYDELAY; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\series bold +\series bold sdcc_hash -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma sdcc\_hash} -\end_inset +\end_inset (+ | -) - Allow "naked" hash in macro definition, for example: -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter #define DIR_LO(x) #(x & 0xff) -\family default +\family default -\newline +\newline Default is off. Below is an example on how to use this pragma. -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter #pragma preproc_asm + -\newline +\newline #pragma sdcc_hash + \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma sdcc\_hash} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline #define ROMCALL(x) -\backslash +\backslash -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov R6_B3, #(x & 0xff) -\backslash +\backslash -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov R7_B3, #((x >> 8) & 0xff) -\backslash +\backslash -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ lcall __romcall -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline ... -\newline +\newline _asm -\newline +\newline ROMCALL(72) -\newline +\newline _endasm; -\newline +\newline ... -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to store compiler generated temporary variables. @@ -17915,102 +20168,106 @@ The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-on or off certain optimizations are used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas should be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside a function body could have unpredictable results. -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter #pragma save \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma save} -\end_inset +\end_inset - \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ + \InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* save the current settings */ -\newline +\newline #pragma nogcse \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nogcse} -\end_inset +\end_inset - \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ + \InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* turnoff global subexpression elimination */ -\newline +\newline #pragma noinduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset /* turn off induction optimizations */ -\newline +\newline int foo () -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ /* large code */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline #pragma restore \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma restore} -\end_inset +\end_inset /* turn the optimizations back on */ -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated. It is strongly recommended that the save and restore pragma's be used when changing options for a function. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Defines Created by the Compiler -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The compiler creates the following #defines \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#defines} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Defines created by the compiler} -\end_inset +\end_inset : -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout - -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -18019,537 +20276,598 @@ The compiler creates the following #defines \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold #define -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold Description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Always defined. Since version 2.5.6 the version number as an int (ex. 256) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC_mcs51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_mcs51} -\end_inset +\end_inset or SDCC_ds390 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_ds390} -\end_inset +\end_inset or SDCC_z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset , etc. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard depending on the model used (e.g.: -mds390) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard __mcs51 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_mcs51} -\end_inset +\end_inset , __ds390 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ds390} -\end_inset +\end_inset , __hc08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_hc08} -\end_inset +\end_inset , __z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset , etc -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard depending on the model used (e.g. -mz80) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC_STACK_AUTO \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_AUTO} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard when -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto -\emph default +\emph default option is used -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC_MODEL_SMALL \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_SMALL} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard when -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -model-small -\emph default +\emph default is used -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC_MODEL_MEDIUM \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_MEDIUM} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard when -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -model-medium -\emph default +\emph default is used -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC_MODEL_LARGE \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_LARGE} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard when -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -model-large -\emph default +\emph default is used -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC_USE_XSTACK \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_USE\_XSTACK} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard when -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -xstack -\emph default +\emph default option is used -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC_STACK_TENBIT \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_STACK\_TENBIT} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard when -\emph on +\emph on -mds390 -\emph default +\emph default is used -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC_MODEL_FLAT24 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCC\_MODEL\_FLAT24} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard when -\emph on +\emph on -mds390 -\emph default +\emph default is used -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Notes on supported Processors -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section MCS51 variants \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:MCS51-variants} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard MCS51 processors are available from many vendors and come in many different flavours. While they might differ considerably in respect to Special Function Registers the core MCS51 is usually not modified or is kept compatible. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection pdata access by SFR -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard With the upcome of devices with internal xdata and flash memory devices using port P2 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{P2 (mcs51 sfr)} -\end_inset +\end_inset as dedicated I/O port is becoming more popular. Switching the high byte for pdata \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{pdata (mcs51, ds390 storage class)} -\end_inset +\end_inset access which was formerly done by port P2 is then achieved by a Special Function Register \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sfr} -\end_inset +\end_inset . In well-established MCS51 tradition the address of this -\emph on +\emph on sfr -\emph default +\emph default is where the chip designers decided to put it. Needless to say that they didn't agree on a common name either. So that the startup code can correctly initialize xdata variables, you should define an sfr with the name _XPAGE -\family typewriter +\family typewriter \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_XPAGE (mcs51)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default +\family default at the appropriate location if the default, port P2, is not used for this. Some examples are: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __sfr __at (0x92) _XPAGE; /* Cypress EZ-USB family */ -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __sfr __at (0xaf) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */ -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter __sfr __at (0xaa) _XPAGE; /* some Silicon Labs (Cygnal) chips */ -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For more exotic implementations further customizations may be needed. See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Startup-Code} -\end_inset +\end_inset for other possibilities. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Other Features available by SFR -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard Some MCS51 variants offer features like Double DPTR \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} -\end_inset +\end_inset , multiple DPTR, decrementing DPTR, 16x16 Multiply. These are currently not used for the MCS51 port. If you absolutely need them you can fall back to inline assembly or submit a patch to SDCC. -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section DS400 port -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The DS80C400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS400} -\end_inset +\end_inset microcontroller has a rich set of peripherals. In its built-in ROM library it includes functions to access some of the features, among them is a TCP stack with IP4 and IP6 support. Library headers (currently in beta status) and other files are provided at -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp.dalsemi.com/pub/tini/ds80c400/c_libraries/sdcc/index.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section The Z80 and gbz80 port -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC can target both the Zilog Z80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80} -\end_inset +\end_inset and the Nintendo Gameboy's Z80-like gbz80 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gbz80 (GameBoy Z80)} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The Z80 port is passed through the same -\emph on +\emph on regressions tests \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) as the MCS51 and DS390 ports, so floating point support, support for long variables and bitfield support is fine. See mailing lists and forums about interrupt routines. -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and z80/gen.c. The stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset frame is similar to that generated by the IAR Z80 compiler. IX is used as the base pointer, HL and IY are used as a temporary registers, @@ -18557,22 +20875,28 @@ As always, the code is the authoritative reference - see z80/ralloc.c and Return values \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Z80!return value} -\end_inset +\end_inset for the Z80 port are stored in L (one byte), HL (two bytes), or DEHL (four bytes). The gbz80 port use the same set of registers for the return values, but in a different order of significance: E (one byte), DE (two bytes), or HLDE (four bytes). -\layout Section +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section The HC08 port -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{HC08} -\end_inset +\end_inset family has been added in October 2003, and is still undergoing some basic development. @@ -18580,51 +20904,66 @@ The port to the Freescale/Motorola HC08 unoptimized. Some of the SDCC's standard C library functions have embedded non-HC08 inline assembly and so are not yet usable. -\layout Standard -\added_space_bottom bigskip +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The HC08 port passes the regression test suite (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). -\layout Section -\pagebreak_top +\begin_inset VSpace bigskip +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section The PIC14 port -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The 14bit PIC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} -\end_inset +\end_inset port still requires a major effort from the development community. However it can work for simple code. It passes its (smaller set of) regression tests \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)} -\end_inset +\end_inset in the directory -\shape italic +\shape italic sdcc/src/regression -\shape default +\shape default . -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection C code and 14bit PIC code page \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{code page (pic14)} -\end_inset +\end_inset and RAM banks \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{RAM bank (pic14)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks. It does not have intimate knowledge of the code flow. It will put all the code section of a single asm file into a single code @@ -18633,405 +20972,461 @@ The linker organizes allocation for the code page and RAM banks. used. The compiler treats all functions of a single C file as being in the same code page unless it is non static. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline To get the best follow these guide lines: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Make local functions static, as non static functions require code page selection overhead. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate For devices that have multiple code pages it is more efficient to use the same number of files as pages, i.e. for the 16F877 use 4 separate files and i.e. for the 16F874 use 2 separate files. This way the linker can put the code for each file into different code pages and there's less page selection overhead. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate And as for any 8 bit micro (especially for PIC 14 as they have a very simple instruction set), use 'unsigned char' whereever possible instead of 'int'. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Creating a device include file -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For generating a device include file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Header files} -\end_inset +\end_inset use the support perl script inc2h.pl kept in directory support/script. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Interrupt code -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For the interrupt function, use the keyword '__interrupt' \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset with level number of 0 (PIC14 only has 1 interrupt so this number is only there to avoid a syntax error - it ought to be fixed). E.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter void Intr(void) __interrupt 0 -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ T0IF = 0; /* Clear timer interrupt */ -\newline +\newline } -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Linking and assembling -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For assembling you can use either GPUTILS' \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)} -\end_inset +\end_inset gpasm.exe or MPLAB's mpasmwin.exe. GPUTILS is available from \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} -\end_inset +\end_inset . For linking you can use either GPUTIL's gplink or MPLAB's mplink.exe. If you use MPLAB and an interrupt function then the linker script file vectors section will need to be enlarged to link with mplink. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Here is a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Makefile -\family default +\family default using GPUTILS: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .c.o: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ gpasm -c $*.asm -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline $(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -gplink -m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib -\layout Standard - +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +gplink + -m -s $(PRJ).lkr -o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard Here is a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Makefile -\family default +\family default using MPLAB: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter .c.o: -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ sdcc -S -V -mpic14 -p16F877 $< -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mpasmwin /q /o $*.asm -\newline +\newline -\newline -$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +$(PRJ).hex: $(OBJS) + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mplink /v $(PRJ).lkr /m $(PRJ).map /o $(PRJ).hex $(OBJS) libsdcc.lib -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Please note that indentations within a -\family typewriter +\family typewriter Makefile -\family default +\family default have to be done with a tabulator character. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Command-line options -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Besides the switches common to all SDCC backends, the PIC14 port accepts the following options (for an updated list see sdcc - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -help): -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -debug-extra \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-debug-extra} -\end_inset +\end_inset emit debug info in assembly output -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -no-pcode-opt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-no-pcode-opt} -\end_inset +\end_inset disable (slightly faulty) optimization on pCode -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-loc \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-stack-loc} -\end_inset +\end_inset sets the lowest address of the argument passing stack (defaults to a suitably large shared databank to reduce BANKSEL overhead) -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-size \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14!Options!-\/-stack-size} -\end_inset +\end_inset sets the size if the argument passing stack (default: 16, minimum: 4) -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection The library -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection error: missing definition for symbol \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset __gptrget1 \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The PIC14 port uses library routines to provide more complex operations like multiplication, division/modulus and (generic) pointer dereferencing. In order to add these routines to your project, you must link with PIC14's -\family typewriter +\family typewriter libsdcc.lib -\family default +\family default . For single source file projects this is done automatically, more complex projects must add -\family typewriter +\family typewriter libsdcc.lib -\family default +\family default to the linker's arguments. Make sure you also add an include path for the library (using the -I switch to the linker)! -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Processor mismatch in file \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset XXX \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This warning can usually be ignored due to the very good compatibility amongst 14 bit PIC \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC14} -\end_inset +\end_inset devices. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You might also consider recompiling the library for your specific device by changing the ARCH=p16f877 (default target) entry in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter device/lib/pic/Makefile.in -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter device/lib/pic/Makefile -\family default +\family default to reflect your device. This might even improve performance for smaller devices as unneccesary BANKSELs migth be removed. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Known bugs -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection initialized data -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Currently, data can only be initialized if it resides in the source file together with -\emph on +\emph on main() -\emph default +\emph default . Data in other source files will silently -\series bold +\series bold not -\series default +\series default be initialized. -\family typewriter -\size footnotesize +\family typewriter +\size footnotesize \begin_inset Marginal -collapsed true +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold -\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +\InsetSpace ~ ! -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\layout Section -\pagebreak_top +\begin_layout Standard + +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section The PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port is the portion of SDCC that is responsible to produce code for the Microchip \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Microchip} -\end_inset +\end_inset (TM) microcontrollers with 16 bit core. Currently this family of microcontrollers contains the PIC18Fxxx and PIC18Fxxxx. Currently supported devices are: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -19044,667 +21439,807 @@ The PIC16 \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F242 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F248 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F252 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F258 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F442 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F448 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F452 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F458 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F1220 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F2220 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F2550 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F4331 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F4455 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F6520 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F6620 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F6680 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F6720 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F8520 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F8620 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F8680 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 18F8720 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Global Options -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard PIC16 port supports the standard command line arguments as supposed, with the exception of certain cases that will be mentioned in the following list: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -callee-saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-callee-saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset See - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -all-callee-saves -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -all-callee-saves \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-all-callee-saves} -\end_inset +\end_inset All function arguments are passed on stack by default. -\emph on +\emph on There is no need to specify this in the command line. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -fommit-frame-pointer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Options!-\/-fommit-frame-pointer} -\end_inset +\end_inset Frame pointer will be omitted when the function uses no local variables. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Port Specific Options \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Options PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The port specific options appear after the global options in the sdcc --help output. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection General Options -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard General options enable certain port features and optimizations. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -pstack-model=[model] Used in conjuction with the command above. Defines the stack model to be used, valid stack models are : -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\emph on +\emph on small -\emph default +\emph default Selects small stack model. 8 bit stack and frame pointers. Supports 256 bytes stack size. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\emph on +\emph on large -\emph default +\emph default Selects large stack model. 16 bit stack and frame pointers. Supports 65536 bytes stack size. -\end_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -preplace-udata-with=[kword] Replaces the default udata keyword for allocating unitialized data variables with [kword]. Valid keywords are: "udata_acs", "udata_shr", "udata_ovr". -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -ivt-loc positions the Interrupt Vector Table at location . Useful for bootloaders. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -asm= sets the full path and name of an external assembler to call. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -link= sets the full path and name of an external linker to call. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -mplab-comp MPLAB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!MPLAB} -\end_inset +\end_inset compatibility option. Currently only suppresses special gpasm directives. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Optimization Options -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -optimize-goto Try to use (conditional) BRA instead of GOTO -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -optimize-cmp Try to optimize some compares. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -optimize-df Analyze the dataflow of the generated code and improve it. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -obanksel=nn Set optimization level for inserting BANKSELs. -\newline +\newline -\begin_deeper -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout -0 no optimization -\layout List +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +0 no optimization +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 1 checks previous used register and if it is the same then does not emit BANKSEL, accounts only for labels. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 2 tries to check the location of (even different) symbols and removes BANKSELs if they are in the same bank. -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on Important: There might be problems if the linker script has data sections across bank borders! -\end_deeper -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Subsubsection Linking Options -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -nodefaultlibs do not link default libraries when linking -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -no-crt Don't link the default run-time modules -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -use-crt= Use a custom run-time module instead of the defaults. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Debugging Options -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Debugging options enable extra debugging information in the output files. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -debug-xtra Similar to - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -debug \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} -\end_inset +\end_inset , but dumps more information. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -debug-ralloc Force register allocator to dump .d file with debugging information. is the name of the file compiled. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -pcode-verbose Enable pcode debugging information in translation. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -denable-peeps Force the usage of peepholes. Use with care. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -gstack Trace push/pops for stack pointer overflow -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -call-tree dump call tree in .calltree file -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Enviromental Variables -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There is a number of enviromental variables that can be used when running SDCC to enable certain optimizations or force a specific program behaviour. these variables are primarily for debugging purposes so they can be enabled/dis abled at will. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Currently there is only two such variables available: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure bitfields is optimized by directly loading FSR0 with the address of the bitfield structure. @@ -19715,28 +22250,32 @@ OPTIMIZE_BITFIELD_POINTER_GET when this variable exists reading of structure (ie. 80 bytes of code space are saved when compiling malloc.c with this option). -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 NO_REG_OPT do not perform pCode registers optimization. This should be used for debugging purposes. In some where bugs in the pcode optimizer are found, users can benefit from temporarily disabling the optimizer until the bug is fixed. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Preprocessor Macros -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port defines the following preprocessor macros while translating a source. -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -19745,148 +22284,168 @@ PIC16 \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Macro -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC_pic16 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Port identification -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _ \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset _pic16 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Port identification (same as above) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard pic18fxxxx -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard MCU Identification. -\emph on +\emph on xxxx -\emph default +\emph default is the microcontrol identification number, i.e. 452, 6620, etc -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard _ \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset _18Fxxxx -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard MCU Identification (same as above) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard STACK_MODEL_nnn -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -19895,101 +22454,112 @@ In addition the following macros are defined when calling assembler: \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Macro -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard __18Fxxxx -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard MCU Identification. -\emph on +\emph on xxxx -\emph default +\emph default is the microcontrol identification number, i.e. 452, 6620, etc -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC_MODEL_nnn -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the memory model used for SDCC -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard STACK_MODEL_nnn -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard nnn = SMALL or LARGE respectively according to the stack model used -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Directories -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port uses the following directories for searching header files and libraries. -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -20000,233 +22570,270 @@ PIC16 \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Directory -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Target -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Command prefix -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard PREFIX/sdcc/include/pic16 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard PIC16 specific headers -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Compiler -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -I -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard PREFIX/sdcc/lib/pic16 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard PIC16 specific libraries -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Linker -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -L -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Pragmas \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Pragmas} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port currently supports the following pragmas: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset pragma stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset forces the code generator to initialize the stack & frame pointers at a specific address. This is an adhoc solution for cases where no STACK directive is available in the linker script or gplink is not instructed to create a stack section. -\newline -The stack pragma should be used only once in a project. +\newline +The + stack pragma should be used only once in a project. Multiple pragmas may result in indeterminate behaviour of the program. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard The old format (ie. #pragma stack 0x5ff) is deprecated and will cause the stack pointer to cross page boundaries (or even exceed the available data RAM) and crash the program. Make sure that stack does not cross page boundaries when using the SMALL stack model. -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\newline + +\newline The format is as follows: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code #pragma stack bottom_address [stack_size] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on bottom_address -\emph default +\emph default is the lower bound of the stack section. The stack pointer initially will point at address (bottom_address+stack_size-1). -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code Example: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code /* initializes stack of 100 bytes at RAM address 0x200 */ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code #pragma stack 0x200 100 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If the stack_size field is omitted then a stack is created with the default size of 64. This size might be enough for most programs, but its not enough for operations with deep function nesting or excessive stack usage. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 code \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Pragmas!\#pragma code} -\end_inset +\end_inset place a function symbol at static FLASH address -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code Example: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout -\layout LyX-Code +\begin_layout LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code /* place function test_func at 0x4000 */ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code #pragma code test_func 0x4000 -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\begin_layout LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 library instructs the linker to use a library module. -\newline +\newline Usage: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code #pragma library module_name -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on module_name -\emph default +\emph default can be any library or object file (including its path). Note that there are four reserved keywords which have special meaning. These are: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -20236,455 +22843,541 @@ module_name \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Keyword -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Module to link -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold ignore -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard ignore all library pragmas -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on (none) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard link the C library -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on libc18f -\emph default +\emph default .lib -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold math -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard link the Math libarary -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on libm18f -\emph default +\emph default .lib -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold io -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard link the I/O library -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on libio18f* -\emph default +\emph default .lib -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold debug -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard link the debug library -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\emph on +\emph on libdebug -\emph default +\emph default .lib -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline * is the device number, i.e. 452 for PIC18F452 MCU. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This feature allows for linking with specific libraries withoug having to explicit name them in the command line. Note that the -\noun on +\noun on ignore -\noun default +\noun default keyword will reject all modules specified by the library pragma. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 udata pragma udata instructs the compiler to emit code so that linker will place a variable at a specific memory bank -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code Example: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout -\layout LyX-Code +\begin_layout LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code /* places variable foo at bank2 */ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code #pragma udata bank2 foo -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code char foo; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In order for this pragma to work extra SECTION directives should be added in the .lkr script. In the following example a sample .lkr file is shown: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code // Sample linker script for the PIC18F452 processor -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code LIBPATH . -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=vectors START=0x0 END=0x29 PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=page START=0x2A END=0x7FFF -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=idlocs START=0x200000 END=0x200007 PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=config START=0x300000 END=0x30000D PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=devid START=0x3FFFFE END=0x3FFFFF PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code CODEPAGE NAME=eedata START=0xF00000 END=0xF000FF PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code ACCESSBANK NAME=accessram START=0x0 END=0x7F -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout -\layout LyX-Code +\begin_layout LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr0 START=0x80 END=0xFF -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr1 START=0x100 END=0x1FF -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr2 START=0x200 END=0x2FF -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr3 START=0x300 END=0x3FF -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr4 START=0x400 END=0x4FF -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code DATABANK NAME=gpr5 START=0x500 END=0x5FF -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code ACCESSBANK NAME=accesssfr START=0xF80 END=0xFFF PROTECTED -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=CONFIG ROM=config -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout -\layout LyX-Code +\begin_layout LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank0 RAM=gpr0 # these SECTION directives -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank1 RAM=gpr1 # should be added to link -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank2 RAM=gpr2 # section name 'bank?' with -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank3 RAM=gpr3 # a specific DATABANK name -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank4 RAM=gpr4 -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code SECTION NAME=bank5 RAM=gpr5 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The linker will recognise the section name set in the pragma statement and will position the variable at the memory bank set with the RAM field at the SECTION line in the linker script file. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Header Files \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:PIC16_Header-Files} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There is one main header file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Header files} -\end_inset +\end_inset that can be included to the source files using the pic16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port. That file is the -\series bold +\series bold pic18fregs.h -\series default +\series default . This header file contains the definitions for the processor special registers, so it is necessary if the source accesses them. It can be included by adding the following line in the beginning of the file: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code #include -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The specific microcontroller is selected within the pic18fregs.h automatically, so the same source can be used with a variety of devices. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Libraries -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The libraries \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!Libraries} -\end_inset +\end_inset that PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port depends on are the microcontroller device libraries which contain the symbol definitions for the microcontroller special function registers. These libraries have the format pic18fxxxx.lib, where -\emph on +\emph on xxxx -\emph default +\emph default is the microcontroller identification number. The specific library is selected automatically by the compiler at link stage according to the selected device. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Libraries are created with gplib which is part of the gputils package \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* Building the libraries -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Before using SDCC/pic16 there are some libraries that need to be compiled. This process is not done automatically by SDCC since not all users use SDCC for pic16 projects. So each user should compile the libraries separately. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The steps to compile the pic16 libraries under Linux are: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code cd device/lib/pic16 -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code ./configure -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code make -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code cd .. -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code make model-pic16 -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code su -c 'make install' # install the libraries, you need the root password -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If you need to install the headers too, do: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code cd device/include -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code su -c 'make install' # install the headers, you need the root password -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There exist a special target to build the I/O libraries. This target is not automatically build because it will build the I/O library for -\emph on +\emph on every -\emph default +\emph default supported device. This way building will take quite a lot of time. Users are advised to edit the -\series bold +\series bold device/lib/pic16/pics.build -\series default +\series default file and then execute: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code make lib-io -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Memory Models -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The following memory models are supported by the PIC16 port: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize small model -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize large model -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source. The sizes are shown in the next table: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -20694,167 +23387,187 @@ Memory model affects the default size of pointers within the source. \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Pointer sizes according to memory model -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard small model -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard large model -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard code pointers -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 16-bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 24-bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard data pointers -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 16-bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 16-bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It is advisable that all sources within a project are compiled with the same memory model. If one wants to override the default memory model, this can be done by declaring a pointer as -\series bold +\series bold far -\series default +\series default or -\series bold +\series bold near -\series default +\series default . Far selects large memory model's pointers, while near selects small memory model's pointers. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The standard device libraries (see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:PIC16_Header-Files} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) contain no reference to pointers, so they can be used with both memory models. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Stack -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset implementation for the PIC16 port uses two indirect registers, FSR1 and FSR2. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout -FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer -\layout List +\begin_layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +FSR1 is assigned as stack pointer +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 FSR2 is assigned as frame pointer -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The following stack models are supported by the PIC16 port -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on small -\noun default +\noun default model -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -\noun on +\noun on large -\noun default +\noun default model -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\noun on +\noun on Small -\noun default +\noun default model means that only the FSRxL byte is used to access stack and frame, while -\emph on -\noun on +\emph on +\noun on large -\emph default -\noun default +\emph default +\noun default uses both FSRxL and FSRxH registers. The following table shows the stack/frame pointers sizes according to stack model and the maximum space they can address: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -20864,204 +23577,235 @@ large \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Stack & Frame pointer sizes according to stack model -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard small -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard large -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Stack pointer FSR1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 8-bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 16-bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Frame pointer FSR2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 8-bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 16-bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\noun on +\noun on Large -\noun default +\noun default stack model is currently not working properly throughout the code generator. So its use is not advised. Also there are some other points that need special care: -\newline +\newline -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Do not create stack sections with size more than one physical bank (that is 256 bytes) -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Stack sections should no cross physical bank limits (i.e. #pragma stack 0x50 0x100) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard These limitations are caused by the fact that only FSRxL is modified when using SMALL stack model, so no more than 256 bytes of stack can be used. This problem will disappear after LARGE model is fully implemented. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Functions -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In addition to the standard SDCC function keywords, PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port makes available two more: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 wparam \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!wparam} -\end_inset +\end_inset Use the WREG to pass one byte of the first function argument. This improves speed but you may not use this for functions with arguments that are called via function pointers, otherwise the first byte of the first parameter will get lost. Usage: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code void func_wparam(int a) wparam -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code { -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code /* WREG hold the lower part of a */ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code /* the high part of a is stored in FSR2+2 (or +3 for large stack model) */ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code ... -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code } -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 shadowregs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!shadowregs} -\end_inset +\end_inset When entering/exiting an ISR, it is possible to take advantage of the PIC18F hardware shadow registers which hold the values of WREG, STATUS and BSR registers. This can be done by adding the keyword -\emph on +\emph on shadowregs -\emph default +\emph default before the -\emph on +\emph on interrupt -\emph default +\emph default keyword in the function's header. -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code void isr_shadow(void) shadowregs interrupt 1 -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code { -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code ... -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on shadowregs -\emph default +\emph default instructs the code generator not to store/restore WREG, STATUS, BSR when entering/exiting the ISR. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Function return values -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following a modified Microchip policy optimized for SDCC. The following table shows these registers: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -21070,155 +23814,175 @@ Return values from functions are placed to the appropriate registers following \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard size -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard destination register -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 8 bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard WREG -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 16 bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard PRODL:WREG -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 24 bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard PRODH:PRODL:WREG -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 32 bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard FSR0L:PRODH:PRODL:WREG -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard >32 bits -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard on stack, FSR0 points to the beginning -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Interrupts -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard An interrupt \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!interrupt} -\end_inset +\end_inset service routine (ISR) is declared using the -\emph on +\emph on interrupt -\emph default +\emph default keyword. -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code void isr(void) interrupt -\emph on +\emph on n -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code { -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code ... -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on n -\emph default +\emph default is the interrupt number, which for PIC18F devices can be: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -21228,154 +23992,167 @@ n \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on n -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Interrupt Vector -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Interrupt Vector Address -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard RESET vector -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0x000000 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none HIGH priority interrupts -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0x000008 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard LOW priority interrupts -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0x000018 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard When generating assembly code for ISR the code generator places a -\noun on +\noun on goto -\noun default +\noun default instruction at the -\emph on +\emph on Interrupt Vector Address -\emph default +\emph default which points at the genetated ISR. This single GOTO instruction is part of an automatically generated -\emph on +\emph on interrupt entry point -\emph default +\emph default function. The actuall ISR code is placed as normally would in the code space. Upon interrupt request, the GOTO instruction is executed which jumps to the ISR code. When declaring interrupt functions as _naked this GOTO instruction is -\series bold +\series bold not -\series default +\series default generated. The whole interrupt functions is therefore placed at the Interrupt Vector Address of the specific interrupt. @@ -21384,83 +24161,98 @@ not at the next interrupt´s vector address and cause undeterminate program behaviour if that interrupt is raised. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard This is not a problem when -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate this is a HIGH interrupt ISR and LOW interrupts are -\emph on +\emph on disabled -\emph default +\emph default or not used. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate when the ISR is small enough not to reach the next interrupt´s vector address. -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout -\emph on +\begin_layout Standard + +\emph on n -\emph default +\emph default is possible to be omitted. This way a function is generated similar to an ISR, but it is not assigned to any interrupt. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard When entering an interrupt, currently the PIC16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port automatically saves the following registers: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize WREG -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize STATUS -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize BSR -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize PROD (PRODL and PRODH) -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize FSR0 (FSR0L and FSR0H) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard These registers are restored upon return from the interrupt routine. \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard NOTE that when the _naked attribute is specified for an interrupt routine, then NO registers are stored or restored. -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection Generic Pointers -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types. There are 3 types of generic pointers currently implemented data, code and eeprom pointers. They are differentiated by the value of the 7th and 6th bits of the upper byte: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -21472,276 +24264,311 @@ Generic pointers are implemented in PIC16 port as 3-byte (24-bit) types. \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard pointer type -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 7th bit -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 6th bit -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard rest of the pointer -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard data -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on uuuuuu uuuuxxxx xxxxxxxx -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard a 12-bit data pointer in data RAM memory -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard code -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on uxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard a 21-bit code pointer in FLASH memory -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard eeprom -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on uuuuuu uuuuuuxx xxxxxxxx -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard a 10-bit eeprom pointer in EEPROM memory -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard (unimplemented) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard unimplemented pointer type -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Generic pointer are read and written with a set of library functions which read/write 1, 2, 3, 4 bytes. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection PIC16 C Libraries -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Standard I/O Streams -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In the -\emph on +\emph on stdio.h -\emph default +\emph default the type FILE is defined as: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code typedef char * FILE; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This type is the stream type implemented I/O in the PIC18F devices. Also the standard input and output streams are declared in stdio.h: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code extern FILE * stdin; -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code extern FILE * stdout; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The FILE type is actually a generic pointer which defines one more type of generic pointers, the -\emph on +\emph on stream -\emph default +\emph default pointer. This new type has the format: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -21755,134 +24582,150 @@ pointer. \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard pointer type -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard <7:6> -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard <5> -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard <4> -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard <3:0> -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard rest of the pointer -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard descrption -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard stream -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 00 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard nnnn -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter -\shape slanted -\emph on +\family typewriter +\shape slanted +\emph on uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard upper byte high nubble is 0x2n, the rest are zeroes -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -21893,301 +24736,356 @@ Currently implemented there are 3 types of streams defined: \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard stream type -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard value -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard module -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard STREAM_USART -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter 0x200000UL -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard USART -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Writes/Reads characters via the USART peripheral -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard STREAM_MSSP -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter 0x210000UL -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard MSSP -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Writes/Reads characters via the MSSP peripheral -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard STREAM_USER -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter 0x2f0000UL -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard (none) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Writes/Reads characters via used defined functions -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The stream identifiers are declared as macros in the stdio.h header. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In the libc library there exist the functions that are used to write to each of the above streams. These are -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 _ \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset _stream_usart_putchar writes a character at the USART stream -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 _ \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset _stream_mssp_putchar writes a character at the MSSP stream -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 putchar dummy function. This writes a character to a user specified manner. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In order to increase performance -\emph on +\emph on putchar -\emph default +\emph default is declared in stdio.h as having its parameter in WREG (it has the wparam keyword). In stdio.h exists the macro PUTCHAR(arg) that defines the putchar function in a user-friendly way. -\emph on +\emph on arg -\emph default +\emph default is the name of the variable that holds the character to print. An example follows: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code #include -\newline +\newline #include -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline PUTCHAR( c ) -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code { -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code PORTA = c; /* dump character c to PORTA */ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void main(void) -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code { -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code stdout = STREAM_USER; /* this is not necessary, since stdout points -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code * by default to STREAM_USER */ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code printf (¨This is a printf test -\backslash +\backslash n¨); -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code } -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Printing functions -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard PIC16 contains an implementation of the printf-family of functions. There exist the following functions: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int sprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, ...); -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int vsprintf(char *buf, char *fmt, va_list ap); -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout -\layout LyX-Code +\begin_layout LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int printf(char *fmt, ...); -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int vprintf(char *fmt, va_lista ap); -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout LyX-Code -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int fprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, ...); -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code extern unsigned int vfprintf(FILE *fp, char *fmt, va_list ap); -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard For sprintf and vsprintf -\emph on +\emph on buf -\emph default +\emph default should normally be a data pointer where the resulting string will be placed. No range checking is done so the user should allocate the necessery buffer. For fprintf and vfprintf -\emph on +\emph on fp -\emph default +\emph default should be a stream pointer (i.e. stdout, STREAM_MSSP, etc...). -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Signals -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources. A list of these interrupts is shown in the following table: -\layout Standard -\align center +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -22198,526 +25096,605 @@ The PIC18F family of microcontrollers supports a number of interrupt sources. \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signal name -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard signal name -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard descritpion -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_RB -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard PORTB change interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_EE -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard EEPROM/FLASH write complete interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_INT0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard INT0 external interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_BCOL -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Bus collision interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_INT1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard INT1 external interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_LVD -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Low voltage detect interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_INT2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard INT2 external interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_PSP -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Parallel slave port interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_CCP1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard CCP1 module interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_AD -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard AD convertion complete interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_CCP2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard CCP2 module interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_RC -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard USART receive interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_TMR0 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard TMR0 overflow interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_TX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard USART transmit interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_TMR1 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard TMR1 overflow interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_MSSP -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SSP receive/transmit interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_TMR2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard TMR2 matches PR2 interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SIG_TMR3 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard TMR3 overflow interrupt -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The prototypes for these names are defined in the header file -\emph on +\emph on signal.h -\emph default +\emph default . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In order to simplify signal handling, a number of macros is provided: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 DEF_INTHIGH(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table for high priority interrupts. -\emph on +\emph on name -\emph default +\emph default is the function name to use. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 DEF_INTLOW(name) begin the definition of the interrupt dispatch table fo low priority interrupt. -\emph on +\emph on name -\emph default +\emph default is the function name to use. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 DEF_HANDLER(sig,handler) define a handler for signal -\emph on +\emph on sig. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 END_DEF end the declaration of the dispatch table. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Additionally there are two more macros to simplify the declaration of the signal handler: -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 -\series medium +\series medium SIGHANDLER(handler) -\series default +\series default this declares the function prototype for the -\emph on +\emph on handler -\emph default +\emph default function. -\layout List -\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 +\end_layout +\begin_layout List +\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 SIGHANDLERNAKED(handler) same as SIGHANDLER() but declares a naked function. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard An example of using the macros above is shown below: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code #include -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code #include -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline DEF_INTHIGH(high_int) -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code DEF_HANDLER(SIG_TMR0, _tmr0_handler) -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code DEF_HANDLER(SIG_BCOL, _bcol_handler) -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code END_DEF -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline SIGHANDLER(_tmr0_handler) -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code { -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code /* action to be taken when timer 0 overflows */ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code } -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline SIGHANDLERNAKED(_bcol_handler) -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code { -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code _asm -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code /* action to be taken when bus collision occurs */ -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code retfie -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code _endasm; -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold NOTES: -\series default +\series default Special care should be taken when using the above scheme: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize do not place a colon (;) at the end of the DEF_* and END_DEF macros. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize when declaring SIGHANDLERNAKED handler never forget to use -\emph on +\emph on retfie -\emph default +\emph default for proper returning. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection PIC16 Port -- Tips -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Here you can find some general tips for compiling programs with SDCC/pic16. -\layout Subsubsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection Stack size -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The default stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16!stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset size (that is 64 bytes) probably is enough for many programs. One must take care that when there are many levels of function nesting, @@ -22727,166 +25704,191 @@ The default stack need to set the stack size around the maximum (256 for small stack model). The following diagram shows what happens when calling printf to print an integer: -\layout LyX-Code +\end_layout +\begin_layout LyX-Code printf () --> ltoa () --> ultoa () --> divschar () -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It is should be understood that stack is easily consumed when calling complicate d functions. Using command line arguments like - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -fommit-frame-pointer might reduce stack usage by not creating unnecessery stack frames. Other ways to reduce stack usage may exist. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Known bugs -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The PIC16 Port currently does not pass SDCC's regression test \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC16)} -\end_inset +\end_inset suite (see section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Quality-control} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) and thus the nightly regression tests for the PIC16 target are currently disabled for all hosts except for -\emph on +\emph on Linux on Opteron. -\emph default +\emph default This means you can see the result of the PIC16 regression tests f.e. by checking the log files in \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/regression_test_results/amd64-unknown-linux2.3/} -\end_inset +\end_inset (pick the most up to date file there, scroll down, lend a hand). -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Debugging -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are several approaches to debugging your code. This chapter is meant to show your options and to give detail on some of them: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline When writing your code: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize write your code with debugging in mind (avoid duplicating code, put conceptually similar variables into structs, use structured code, have strategic points within your code where all variables are consistent, ...) -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize run a syntax-checking tool like splint \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{lint (syntax checking tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset (see - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -more-pedantic \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) over the code. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize for the high level code use a C-compiler (like f.e. GCC) to compile run and debug the code on your host. See (see - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -more-pedantic \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) on howto handle syntax extensions like __xdata, __at(), ... -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize use another C-compiler to compile code for your target. Always an option but not recommended:) And not very likely to help you. If you seriously consider walking this path you should at least occasionally check portability of your code. Most commercial compiler vendors will offer an evaluation version so you can test compile your code or snippets of your code. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Debugging on a simulator: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize there is a separate section about SDCDB (section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) below. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize or (8051 specific) use a freeware/commercial simulator which interfaces to the AOMF \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} -\end_inset +\end_inset file (see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) optionally generated by SDCC. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Debugging On-target: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize use a MCU port pin to serially output debug data to the RS232 port of your host. You'll probably want some level shifting device typically involving a MAX232 or similar IC. If the hardware serial port of the MCU is not available search for 'Software UART' in your favourite search machine. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize use an on-target monitor. In this context a monitor is a small program which usually accepts commands via a serial line and allows to set program counter, to single step through @@ -22895,168 +25897,177 @@ use an on-target monitor. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Related-open-source-tools} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize toggle MCU port pins at strategic points within your code and use an oscilloscop e. A -\emph on +\emph on digital oscilloscope -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Oscilloscope} -\end_inset +\end_inset with deep trace memory is really helpful especially if you have to debug a realtime application. If you need to monitor more pins than your oscilloscope provides you can sometimes get away with a small R-2R network. On a single channel oscilloscope you could f.e. - monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\SpecialChar ~ + monitor 2 push-pull driven pins by connecting one via a 10\InsetSpace ~ k \begin_inset Formula $\Omega$ -\end_inset +\end_inset - resistor and the other one by a 5\SpecialChar ~ + resistor and the other one by a 5\InsetSpace ~ k \begin_inset Formula $\Omega$ -\end_inset +\end_inset resistor to the oscilloscope probe (check output drive capability of the pins you want to monitor). If you need to monitor many more pins a -\emph on +\emph on logic analyzer -\emph default +\emph default will be handy. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize use an ICE ( -\emph on +\emph on i -\emph default +\emph default n -\emph on +\emph on c -\emph default +\emph default ircuit -\emph on +\emph on e -\emph default +\emph default mulator \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ICE (in circuit emulator)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). Usually very expensive. And very nice to have too. And usually locks you (for years...) to the devices the ICE can emulate. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize use a remote debugger. In most 8-bit systems the symbol information is not available on the target, and a complete debugger is too bulky for the target system. Therefore usually a debugger on the host system connects to an on-target debugging stub which accepts only primitive commands. -\newline +\newline Terms to enter into your favourite search engine could be 'remote debugging', 'gdb stub' or 'inferior debugger'. (is there one?) -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize use an on target hardware debugger. Some of the more modern MCUs include hardware support for setting break points and monitoring/changing variables by using dedicated hardware pins. This facility doesn't require additional code to run on the target and -\emph on +\emph on usually -\emph default +\emph default doesn't affect runtime behaviour until a breakpoint is hit. For the mcs51 most hardware debuggers use the AOMF \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{AOMF, AOMF51} -\end_inset +\end_inset file (see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{OMF file} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) as input file. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Last not least: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize if you are not familiar with any of the following terms you're likely to run into problems rather sooner than later: -\emph on +\emph on volatile -\emph default +\emph default , -\emph on +\emph on atomic -\emph default +\emph default , -\emph on +\emph on memory map -\emph default +\emph default , -\emph on +\emph on overlay -\emph default +\emph default . As an embedded programmer you -\emph on +\emph on have -\emph default +\emph default to know them so why not look them up -\emph on +\emph on before -\emph default +\emph default you have problems?) -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize tell someone else about your problem (actually this is a surprisingly effective means to hunt down the bug even if the listener is not familiar with your environment). As 'failure to communicate' is probably one of the job-induced deformations of an embedded programmer this is highly encouraged. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Debugging with SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Debugging-with-SDCDB} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC is distributed with a source level debugger \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Debugger} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The debugger uses a command line interface, the command repertoire of the debugger has been kept as close to gdb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gdb} -\end_inset +\end_inset (the GNU debugger) as possible. The configuration and build process is part of the standard compiler installati @@ -23064,25 +26075,30 @@ on, which also builds and installs the debugger in the target directory specified during configuration. The debugger allows you debug BOTH at the C source and at the ASM source level. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Compiling for Debugging -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -debug \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-debug} -\end_inset +\end_inset option must be specified for all files for which debug information is to be generated. @@ -23090,29 +26106,34 @@ status Collapsed The linker creates the .cdb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.cdb} -\end_inset +\end_inset file from the .adb \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{.adb} -\end_inset +\end_inset files and the address information. This .cdb is used by the debugger. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection How the Debugger Works -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard When the - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -debug option is specified the compiler generates extra symbol information some of which are put into the assembler source and some are put into the @@ -23126,64 +26147,74 @@ status Collapsed When a command is issued for the debugger, it translates it into appropriate commands for the simulator. (Currently SDCDM only connects to the simulator but -\emph on +\emph on newcdb -\emph default +\emph default at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://ec2drv.sf.net/} -\end_inset +\end_inset is an effort to connect directly to the hardware.) -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Starting the Debugger SDCDB -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The debugger can be started using the following command line. (Assume the file you are debugging has the file name foo). -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcdb foo -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline The debugger will look for the following files. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize foo.c - the source file. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize foo.cdb - the debugger symbol information file. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize foo.ihx - the Intel hex format \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Intel hex format} -\end_inset +\end_inset object file. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection SDCDB Command Line Options -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -directory= this option can used to specify the directory search list. @@ -23193,329 +26224,398 @@ status Collapsed if the source files can be in the directories /home/src1 and /home/src2, the - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -directory option should be - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -directory=/home/src1:/home/src2. Note there can be no spaces in the option. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -cd - change to the . -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -fullname - used by GUI front ends. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -cpu - this argument is passed to the simulator please see the simulator docs for details. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -X this options is passed to the simulator please see the simulator docs for details. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -s passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -S passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize -k passed to simulator see the simulator docs for details. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection SDCDB Debugger Commands -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As mentioned earlier the command interface for the debugger has been deliberatel y kept as close the GNU debugger gdb, as possible. This will help the integration with existing graphical user interfaces (like ddd, xxgdb or xemacs) existing for the GNU debugger. If you use a graphical user interface for the debugger you can skip this section. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* break [line | file:line | function | file:function] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Set breakpoint at specified line or function: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcdb>break 100 -\newline +\newline sdcdb>break foo.c:100 -\newline +\newline sdcdb>break funcfoo -\newline +\newline sdcdb>break foo.c:funcfoo -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* clear [line | file:line | function | file:function ] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Clear breakpoint at specified line or function: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcdb>clear 100 -\newline +\newline sdcdb>clear foo.c:100 -\newline +\newline sdcdb>clear funcfoo -\newline +\newline sdcdb>clear foo.c:funcfoo -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* continue -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Continue program being debugged, after breakpoint. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* finish -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Execute till the end of the current function. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* delete [n] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Delete breakpoint number 'n'. If used without any option clear ALL user defined break points. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* info [break | stack | frame | registers ] -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize info break - list all breakpoints -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize info stack - show the function call stack. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize info frame - show information about the current execution frame. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize info registers - show content of all registers. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* step -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Step program until it reaches a different source line. Note: pressing repeats the last command. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* next -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Step program, proceeding through subroutine calls. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* run -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Start debugged program. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* ptype variable -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Print type information of the variable. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* print variable -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard print value of variable. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* file filename -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard load the given file name. Note this is an alternate method of loading file for debugging. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* frame -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard print information about current frame. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* set srcmode -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Toggle between C source & assembly source. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* ! simulator command -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Send the string following '!' to the simulator, the simulator response is displayed. Note the debugger does not interpret the command being sent to the simulator, so if a command like 'go' is sent the debugger can loose its execution context and may display incorrect values. -\layout Subsubsection* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsubsection* quit -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard "Watch me now. Iam going Down. My name is Bobby Brown" -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Interfacing SDCDB with DDD -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Comment +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard The screenshot was converted from png to eps with: \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset bmeps -c -e8f -p3 ddd_example.png >ddd_example.eps \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset which produces a pretty compact eps file which is free from compression artifacts. -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The screenshot was included in sdccman.lyx cvs version 1.120 but later removed as this broke the build system on Sourceforge (pdf-file was broken. pdflatex does not accept eps files). -\layout Standard +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\emph on +\emph on p -\emph default +\emph default ortable -\emph on +\emph on n -\emph default +\emph default etwork -\emph on +\emph on g -\emph default +\emph default raphics File -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/figures/ddd_example.png} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\size default +\size default shows a screenshot of a debugging session with DDD \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)} -\end_inset +\end_inset (Unix only) on a simulated 8032. The debugging session might not run as smoothly as the screenshot suggests. The debugger allows setting of breakpoints, displaying and changing variables, single stepping through C and assembler code. -\newline +\newline The source was compiled with -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline sdcc - -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -debug ddd_example.c -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -\newline +\newline -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline and DDD was invoked with -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline ddd -debugger "sdcdb -cpu 8032 ddd_example" -\layout Standard - - -\begin_inset Note -collapsed false +\end_layout -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status open +\begin_layout Standard Check that the double quotes or an apostroph within the command line survive the LyX tool chain. Previously the apostrophs got slanted in the PDF output so a cut and paste did not work. -\end_inset +\end_layout +\end_inset -\layout Subsection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection Interfacing SDCDB with XEmacs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{XEmacs} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Emacs} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Two files (in emacs lisp) are provided for the interfacing with XEmacs, sdcdb.el and sdcdbsrc.el. These two files can be found in the $(prefix)/bin directory after the installat @@ -23523,840 +26623,865 @@ ion is complete. These files need to be loaded into XEmacs for the interface to work. This can be done at XEmacs startup time by inserting the following into your '.xemacs' file (which can be found in your HOME directory): -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (load-file sdcdbsrc.el) -\family default +\family default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline .xemacs is a lisp file so the () around the command is REQUIRED. The files can also be loaded dynamically while XEmacs is running, set the environment variable 'EMACSLOADPATH' to the installation bin directory (/bin), then enter the following command ESC-x load-file sdcdbsrc. To start the interface enter the following command: -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold ESC-x sdcdbsrc -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline You will prompted to enter the file name to be debugged. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are bound - to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el. +\newline +The command line options that are passed to the simulator directly are + bound to default values in the file sdcdbsrc.el. The variables are listed below, these values maybe changed as required. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sdcdbsrc-cpu-type '51 -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sdcdbsrc-frequency '11059200 -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize sdcdbsrc-serial nil -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The following is a list of key mapping for the debugger interface. -\layout Standard +\end_layout -\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Standard +\InsetSpace ~ -\family typewriter +\family typewriter -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ Current Listing :: -\newline -;;key\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -binding\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;key\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +binding\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ Comment -\newline -;;---\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ --------\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;---\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +-------\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ------- -\newline +\newline ;; -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -n\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-next-from-src\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +n\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdb-next-fro +m-src\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ SDCDB next command -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -b\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-back-from-src\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +b\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdb-back-from-src\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ SDCDB back command -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -c\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-cont-from-src\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +c\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdb-cont-f +rom-src\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ SDCDB continue command -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -s\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-step-from-src\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +s\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdb-step-from-src\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ SDCDB step command -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -?\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-whatis-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +?\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdb-w +hatis-c-sexp\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ SDCDB ptypecommand for data at -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ buffer point -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -x\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-delete\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -SDCDB Delete all breakpoints if no arg -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +x\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdbsrc-delete\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +SDCD +B Delete all breakpoints if no arg +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ given or delete arg (C-u arg x) -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -m\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-frame\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +m\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdbsrc +-frame\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ SDCDB Display current frame if no arg, -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -given or display frame arg -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +given or display frame arg + +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ buffer point -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -!\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +!\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ Goto the SDCDB output buffer -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -p\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-print-c-sexp\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +p\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdb-prin +t-c-sexp\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ SDCDB print command for data at -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ buffer point -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -g\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -Goto the SDCDB output buffer -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -t\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it off) -\newline +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +g\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdbsrc-goto-sdcdb\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +Got +o the SDCDB output buffer +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +t\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdbsrc-mode\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +Toggles Sdcdbsrc mode (turns it + off) +\newline ;; -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -C-c\SpecialChar ~ -C-f\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-finish-from-src\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +C-c\InsetSpace ~ +C-f\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdb-finish-from-src\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ SDCDB finish command -\newline +\newline ;; -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -C-x\SpecialChar ~ -SPC\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdb-break\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +C-x\InsetSpace ~ +SPC\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdb-brea +k\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ Set break for line with point -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -ESC\SpecialChar ~ -t\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-mode\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +ESC\InsetSpace ~ +t\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdcdbsrc-mode\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ Toggle Sdcdbsrc mode -\newline -;;\SpecialChar ~ -ESC\SpecialChar ~ -m\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -sdcdbsrc-srcmode\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +;;\InsetSpace ~ +ESC\InsetSpace ~ +m\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +sdc +dbsrc-srcmode\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ Toggle list mode -\newline +\newline ;; -\newline +\newline + +\end_layout -\layout Chapter -\pagebreak_top +\begin_layout Standard + +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter TIPS -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Here are a few guidelines that will help the compiler generate more efficient code, some of the tips are specific to this compiler others are generally good programming practice. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value. If it is known in advance that the value is going to be less than 256 then use an 'unsigned char' instead of a 'short' or 'int'. @@ -24364,218 +27489,240 @@ Use the smallest data type to represent your data-value. promoted to 'signed int' \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{promotion to signed int} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Marginal -collapsed true - -\layout Standard +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold -\SpecialChar ~ +\series bold +\InsetSpace ~ ! -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset before doing any operation. This promotion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be omitted, if the result is the same. The effect of the promotion rules together with the sign-extension is often surprising: -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter unsigned char uc = 0xfe; -\newline +\newline if (uc * uc < 0) /* this is true! */ -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ .... -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\family typewriter +\family typewriter uc * uc -\family default +\family default is evaluated as -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (int) uc * (int) uc = (int) 0xfe * (int) 0xfe = (int) 0xfc04 = -1024 -\family default +\family default . -\newline +\newline Another one: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (unsigned char) -12 / (signed char) -3 = ... -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard No, the result is not 4: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (int) (unsigned char) -12 / (int) (signed char) -3 = -\newline -(int) (unsigned char) 0xf4 / (int) (signed char) 0xfd = -\newline -(int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd = -\newline +\newline +(int) (unsigned char) + 0xf4 / (int) (signed char) 0xfd = +\newline (int) 0x00f4 / (int) 0xfffd = -\newline +\newline +(int) 0x00f4 + / (int) 0xfffd = +\newline (int) 244 / (int) -3 = -\newline +\newline (int) -81 = (int) 0xffaf; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Don't complain, that gcc gives you a different result. gcc uses 32 bit ints, while SDCC uses 16 bit ints. Therefore the results are different. -\newline +\newline From \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset comp.lang.c FAQ \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset : -\layout Quote +\end_layout +\begin_layout Quote -\emph on +\emph on If well-defined overflow characteristics are important and negative values are not, or if you want to steer clear of sign-extension problems when manipulating bits or bytes, use one of the corresponding unsigned types. (Beware when mixing signed and unsigned values in expressions, though.) -\newline -Although character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny" - integers, doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredicta -ble sign extension and increased code size. -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize - +\newline +Although + character types (especially unsigned char) can be used as "tiny" integers, + doing so is sometimes more trouble than it's worth, due to unpredictable + sign extension and increased code size. +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Use unsigned when it is known in advance that the value is not going to be negative. This helps especially if you are doing division or multiplication, bit-shifting or are using an array index. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize NEVER jump into a LOOP. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Declare the variables to be local \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{local variables} -\end_inset +\end_inset whenever possible, especially loop control variables (induction). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Have a look at the assembly listing to get a \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset feeling \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset for the code generation. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Porting code from or to other compilers \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Porting-code-to-other-compilers} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check whether endianness of the compilers differs and adapt where needed. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check the device specific header files \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files} -\end_inset +\end_inset for compiler specific syntax. Eventually include the file \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/compiler.h?view=markup} -\end_inset +\end_inset to allow using common header files. (see f.e. cc2510fx.h \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/device/include/mcs51/cc2510fx.h?view=markup} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check whether the startup code contains the correct initialization (watchdog, peripherals). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check whether the sizes of short, int, long match. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check if some 16 or 32 bit hardware registers require a specific addressing order (least significant or most significant byte first) and adapt if needed ( -\emph on +\emph on first -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on last -\emph default +\emph default relate to time and not to lower/upper memory location here, so this is -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default the same as endianness). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check whether the keyword -\emph on +\emph on volatile -\emph default +\emph default is used where needed. The compilers might differ in their optimization characteristics (as different versions of the same compiler might also use more clever optimizations @@ -24583,123 +27730,132 @@ volatile See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:Common-interrupt-pitfall-volatile} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check that the compilers are not told to supress warnings. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check and convert compiler specific extensions (interrupts, memory areas, pragmas etc.). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check for differences in type promotion. Especially check for math operations on -\family typewriter +\family typewriter char -\family default +\family default or -\family typewriter +\family typewriter unsigned char -\family default +\family default variables. For the sake of C99 compatibility SDCC will probably promote these to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter int -\family default +\family default more often than other compilers. Eventually insert explicit casts to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (char) -\family default +\family default or -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (unsigned char) -\family default +\family default . - Also check that the ~\SpecialChar ~ + Also check that the ~\InsetSpace ~ operator \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\~\/ Operator} -\end_inset +\end_inset is not used on -\family typewriter +\family typewriter bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default - variables, use the !\SpecialChar ~ +\family default + variables, use the !\InsetSpace ~ operator instead. See sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{type promotion} -\end_inset +\end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check the assembly code generated for interrupt routines (f.e. for calls to possibly non-reentrant library functions). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check whether timing loops result in proper timing (or preferably consider a rewrite of the code with timer based delays instead). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check for differences in printf parameters (some compilers push (va_arg \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{vararg, va\_arg} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) char variables as -\family typewriter +\family typewriter int -\family default +\family default others push them as -\family typewriter +\family typewriter char -\family default +\family default . See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Compatibility-with-previous} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize check the resulting memory map \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Memory map} -\end_inset +\end_inset . Usage of different memory spaces: code, stack, data (for mcs51/ds390 additional ly idata, pdata, xdata). Eventually check if unexpected library functions are included. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Tools \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Tools} -\end_inset +\end_inset included in the distribution -\layout Standard -\align left +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align left +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -24709,431 +27865,469 @@ Tools \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold Name -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold Purpose -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold Directory -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard uCsim \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Simulator for various architectures -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/sim/ucsim -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard keil2sdcc.pl -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard header file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Header files} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Include files} -\end_inset +\end_inset conversion -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/support/scripts -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard mh2h.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard header file conversion -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/support/scripts -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard as-gbz80 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Assembler -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard as-z80 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Assembler -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard asx8051 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Assembler -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCDB -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Simulator -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard aslink -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Linker -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard link-z80 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Linker -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard link-gbz80 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Linker -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard packihx -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Intel Hex packer \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{packihx (tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/bin -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Documentation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset included in the distribution -\layout Standard -\align left +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align left +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -25142,432 +28336,454 @@ Documentation \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold Subject / Title -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold Filename / Where to get -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC Compiler User Guide -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard You're reading it right now -\emph on - \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\emph on + \InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/sdccman.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Changelog of SDCC -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/Changelog -\emph on - \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\emph on + \InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard ASXXXX \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{asXXXX (as-gbz80, as-hc08, asx8051, as-z80)} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset Assemblers and -\newline +\newline ASLINK \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{aslink} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Linker documentation} -\end_inset +\end_inset Relocating Linker -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html -\emph on -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\emph on +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/as/doc/asxhtm.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC regression test \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf -\emph on -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\emph on +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Various notes -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/doc/* -\emph on -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\emph on +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/doc/} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Notes on debugging with SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/debugger/README -\emph on -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\emph on +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at -\emph default +\emph default : -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/debugger/README} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard uCsim \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{uCsim} -\end_inset +\end_inset Software simulator for microcontrollers -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default \color default /index.html -\emph on -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\emph on +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/sim/ucsim/doc/index.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Temporary notes on the pic16 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PIC16} -\end_inset +\end_inset port -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES -\emph on -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\emph on +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\newline +\newline -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/src/pic16/NOTES} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard SDCC internal documentation (debugging file format) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard sdcc/doc/ -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none cdbfileformat.pd -\family default -\series default -\shape default -\size default -\emph default -\bar default -\noun default +\family default +\series default +\shape default +\size default +\emph default +\bar default +\noun default \color default f -\emph on - \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\emph on + \InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\hfill +\hfill online at: -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/cdbfileformat.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Related open source tools \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Related-open-source-tools} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Related tools} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard -\align left +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align left +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -25577,497 +28793,529 @@ Related open source tools \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold Name -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold Purpose -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold Where to get -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard gpsim \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gpsim (pic simulator)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard PIC simulator -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.dattalo.com/gnupic/gpsim.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard gputils \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{gputils (pic tools)} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard GNU PIC utilities -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/gputils} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard flP5 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard PIC programmer -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/flp5/} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard ec2drv/newcdb -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Tools for Silicon Laboratories JTAG debug adapter, partly based on SDCDB (Unix only) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ec2drv} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard indent \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{indent (source formatting tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Formats C source - Master of the white spaces -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/indent.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard srecord \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{srecord (bin, hex, ... tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Object file conversion, checksumming, ... -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/srecord} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard objdump \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{objdump (tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Object file conversion, ... -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Part of binutils (should be there anyway) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard cmon51 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmon51} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard doxygen \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{doxygen (source documentation tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Source code documentation system -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.doxygen.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard kdevelop -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard IDE (has anyone tried integrating SDCC & SDCDB? Unix only) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.kdevelop.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard paulmon -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard 8051 monitor (hex up-/download, single step, disassemble) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/paulmon2.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard splint \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{splint (syntax checking tool)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Statically checks c sources (see \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{lyx:more-pedantic-SPLINT} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.splint.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard ddd \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DDD (debugger)} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Debugger, serves nicely as GUI to SDCDB \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SDCDB (debugger)} -\end_inset +\end_inset (Unix only) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Related documentation / recommended reading -\layout Standard -\align left +\end_layout -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_layout Standard +\align left +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -26077,272 +29325,292 @@ Related documentation / recommended reading \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold Name -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold Subject / Title -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold +\series bold Where to get -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\family roman -\series medium -\shape up -\size normal -\emph off -\bar no -\noun off +\family roman +\series medium +\shape up +\size normal +\emph off +\bar no +\noun off \color none c-refcard.pdf -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard C Reference Card \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C Reference card} -\end_inset +\end_inset , 2 pages -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://refcards.com/refcards/c/index.html} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard c-faq -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard C-FAQ \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{C FAQ} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.c-faq.com} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset C-Standard \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - -\size footnotesize +\begin_layout Standard +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard ISO/IEC DTR 18037 -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset Extensions for Embedded C \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - -\size footnotesize +\begin_layout Standard +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Latest datasheet of target CPU -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard vendor -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard Revision history of datasheet -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard vendor -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Application notes specifically for SDCC -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC makes no claims about the completeness of this list and about up-to-datenes s or correctness of the application notes \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Application notes} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard -\align left +\end_layout -\size footnotesize +\begin_layout Standard +\align left -\begin_inset Tabular +\size footnotesize +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -26352,349 +29620,377 @@ s or correctness of the application notes \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold -\size footnotesize +\series bold +\size footnotesize Vendor -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold -\size footnotesize +\series bold +\size footnotesize Subject / Title -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\series bold -\size footnotesize +\series bold +\size footnotesize Where to get -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Maxim / Dallas -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Using the SDCC Compiler for the DS80C400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS80C400} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - -\size footnotesize +\begin_layout Standard +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3346.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Maxim / Dallas -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Using the Free SDCC C Compiler to Develop Firmware for the DS89C420/430/440/450 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DS89C4x0} -\end_inset +\end_inset Family of Microcontrollers -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - -\size footnotesize +\begin_layout Standard +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/an/AN3477.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Silicon Laboratories / Cygnal -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Integrating SDCC 8051 Tools Into The Silicon Labs IDE \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IDE} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - -\size footnotesize +\begin_layout Standard +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.silabs.com/public/documents/tpub_doc/anote/Microcontrollers/en/an198.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Interfacing SDCC to Syn and Textpad -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - -\size footnotesize +\begin_layout Standard +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Ramtron / Goal Semiconductor -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Installing and Configuring SDCC and Crimson Editor -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - -\size footnotesize +\begin_layout Standard +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ramtron.com/doc/Products/Microcontroller/Support_Tools.asp} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Texas Instruments -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize MSC12xx Programming with SDCC -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard - - -\size footnotesize +\begin_layout Standard +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://focus.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?literatureNumber=sbaa109&fileType=pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Some Questions -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Some questions answered, some pointers given - it might be time to in turn ask -\emph on +\emph on you -\emph default +\emph default some questions: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize can you solve your project with the selected microcontroller? Would you find out early or rather late that your target is too small/slow/whatever? Can you switch to a slightly better device if it doesn't fit? -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize should you solve the problem with an 8 bit CPU? Or would a 16/32 bit CPU and/or another programming language be more adequate? Would an operating system on the target device help? -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize if you solved the problem, will the marketing department be happy? -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize if the marketing department is happy, will customers be happy? -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize if you're the project manager, marketing department and maybe even the customer in one person, have you tried to see the project from the outside? -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize is the project done if you think it is done? Or is just that other interface/pro tocol/feature/configuration/option missing? How about website, manual(s), internationali(z|s)ation, packaging, labels, 2nd source for components, electromagnetic compatability/interference, documentation for production, production test software, update mechanism, patent issues? -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize is your project adequately positioned in that magic triangle: fame, fortune, fun? -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Maybe not all answers to these questions are known and some answers may even be -\emph on +\emph on no -\emph default +\emph default , nevertheless knowing these questions may help you to avoid burnout \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard burnout is bad for electronic devices, programmers and motorcycle tyres -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset . Chances are you didn't want to hear some of them... -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Support \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Support} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC has grown to be a large project. The compiler alone (without the preprocessor, assembler and linker) is well over 150,000 lines of code (blank stripped). @@ -26708,56 +30004,60 @@ SDCC has grown to be a large project. There are lots of ways to contribute, and we encourage you to take part in making SDCC a great software package. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The SDCC project is hosted on the SDCC sourceforge site at \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdcc} -\end_inset +\end_inset . You'll find the complete set of mailing lists \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)} -\end_inset +\end_inset , forums, bug reporting system, patch submission \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} -\end_inset +\end_inset system, download \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download} -\end_inset +\end_inset area and Subversion code repository \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository} -\end_inset +\end_inset there. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Reporting Bugs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bug reporting} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Reporting bugs} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The recommended way of reporting bugs is using the infrastructure of the sourceforge site. You can follow the status of bug reports there and have an overview about the known bugs. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and will be fixed ASAP. When reporting a bug, it is very useful to include a small test program @@ -26766,48 +30066,57 @@ Bug reports are automatically forwarded to the developer mailing list and this can be very helpful. Compiling your program with the - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumpall \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-dumpall} -\end_inset +\end_inset option can sometimes be useful in locating optimization problems. When reporting a bug please make sure you: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Attach the code you are compiling with SDCC. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Specify the exact command you use to run SDCC, or attach your Makefile. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Specify the SDCC version (type " -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc -v -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default "), your platform, and operating system. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Provide an exact copy of any error message or incorrect output. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate Put something meaningful in the subject of your message. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all requests for support or when reporting any problems or bugs with SDCC. Though this will make your message lengthy, it will greatly improve your @@ -26815,204 +30124,218 @@ Please attempt to include these 5 important parts, as applicable, in all Some SDCC developers are frustrated by bug reports without code provided that they can use to reproduce and ultimately fix the problem, so please be sure to provide sample code if you are reporting a bug! -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Please have a short check that you are using a recent version of SDCC and the bug is not yet known. This is the link for reporting bugs: \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=100599} -\end_inset +\end_inset . With SDCC on average having more than 200 downloads \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{download} -\end_inset +\end_inset on sourceforge per day \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard 220 daily downloads on average Jan-Sept 2006 and about 150 daily downloads between 2002 and 2005. This does not include other methods of distribution. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset there must be some users. So it's not exactly easy to find a new bug. If you find one we need it: -\emph on +\emph on reporting bugs is good -\emph default +\emph default . -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Requesting Features \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Requesting-Features} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Feature request} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Requesting features} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Like bug reports feature requests are forwarded to the developer mailing list. This is the link for requesting features: \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Submitting patches -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Like bug reports contributed patches are forwarded to the developer mailing list. This is the link for submitting patches \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} -\end_inset +\end_inset : \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=300599} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You need to specify some parameters to the -\family typewriter +\family typewriter diff -\family default +\family default command for the patches to be useful. If you modified more than one file a patch created f.e. with -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset diff -Naur unmodified_directory modified_directory >my_changes.patch \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default will be fine, otherwise -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset diff -u sourcefile.c.orig sourcefile.c >my_changes.patch \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default -\family default +\family default will do. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Getting Help -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard These links should take you directly to the \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Mailing lists]{http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=599} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard Traffic on sdcc-devel and sdcc-user is about 100 mails/month each not counting automated messages (mid 2003) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset and the \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Forums]{http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=599} -\end_inset +\end_inset , lists \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Mailing list(s)} -\end_inset +\end_inset and forums are archived and searchable so if you are lucky someone already had a similar problem. While mails to the lists themselves are delivered promptly their web front end on sourceforge sometimes shows a severe time lag (up to several weeks), if you're seriously using SDCC please consider subscribing to the lists. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section ChangeLog -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You can follow the status of the Subversion version \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{version} -\end_inset +\end_inset of SDCC by watching the Changelog \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Changelog} -\end_inset +\end_inset in the Subversion repository -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/sdcc/trunk/sdcc/ChangeLog} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Subversion Source Code Repository -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The output of -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold sdcc --version -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default or the filenames of the snapshot versions of SDCC include date and its Subversion \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subversion code repository} -\end_inset +\end_inset number. Subversion allows to download the source of recent or previous versions \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sourceforge.net/svn/?group_id=599} -\end_inset +\end_inset (by number or by date). An on-line source code browser and detailled instructions are also available @@ -27021,20 +30344,22 @@ sdcc --version versions prior to the conversion from cvs \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{cvs|see{Subversion}} -\end_inset +\end_inset to Subversion (April 2006) are either by accessible by Subversion or by cvs). -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Release policy \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release policy} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Historically there often were long delays between official releases and the sourceforge download area tends to get not updated at all. Excuses in the past might have referred to problems with live range analysis, @@ -27044,97 +30369,112 @@ Historically there often were long delays between official releases and daily snapshots available at \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[snap]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset , and you can always build the very last version (hopefully with many bugs fixed, and features added) from the source code available at \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl[Source]{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php#Source} -\end_inset +\end_inset . A release wiki \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Release wiki} -\end_inset +\end_inset at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sf.net/release_wiki/} -\end_inset +\end_inset also holds some information about past and future releases. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Examples \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You'll find some small examples in the directory -\emph on +\emph on sdcc/device/examples/. -\emph default +\emph default More examples and libraries are available at -\emph on +\emph on The SDCC Open Knowledge Resource \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdccokr.dl9sec.de/} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default web site or at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.pjrc.com/tech/8051/} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Comment +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Comment +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard I did insert a reference to Paul's web site here although it seems rather dedicated to a specific 8032 board (I think it's okay because it f.e. shows LCD/Harddisc interface and has a free 8051 monitor. Independent 8032 board vendors face hard competition of heavily subsidized development boards anyway). -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Maybe we should include some links to real world applications. Preferably pointer to pointers (one for each architecture) so this stays manageable here? -\layout Section +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section Quality control \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Quality-control} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Quality control} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The compiler is passed through nightly compile and build checks. The so called -\shape italic +\shape italic regression tests -\shape default +\shape default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} -\end_inset +\end_inset check that SDCC itself compiles flawlessly on several host platforms (i386, Opteron, 64 bit Alpha, ppc64, MacOS X on PPC, Solaris on Sparc) and checks @@ -27146,442 +30486,491 @@ regression tests (click on the red or green symbols on the right side of \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/snap.php} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There is a separate document -\shape italic +\shape italic test_suite.pdf \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Test suite} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\shape default +\shape default \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/doc/test_suite_spec.pdf} -\end_inset +\end_inset about the regression test suite. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard You'll find the test code in the directory -\shape italic +\shape italic sdcc/support/regression -\shape default +\shape default . You can run these tests manually by running -\family sans +\family sans make -\family default +\family default in this directory (or f.e. -\family sans -\series bold +\family sans +\series bold \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset make test-mcs51 \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset -\family default -\series default +\family default +\series default if you don't want to run the complete tests). The test code might also be interesting if you want to look for examples \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Examples} -\end_inset +\end_inset checking corner cases of SDCC or if you plan to submit patches \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Patch submission} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The 14bit pic port uses a different set of regression tests \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test (PIC14)} -\end_inset +\end_inset , you'll find them in the directory -\shape italic +\shape italic sdcc/src/regression -\shape default +\shape default . -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Use of SDCC in Education -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In short: -\emph on +\emph on highly -\emph default +\emph default encouraged \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard the phrase "use in education" might evoke the association " -\emph on +\emph on only -\emph default +\emph default fit for use in education". This connotation is not intended but nevertheless risked as the licensing of SDCC makes it difficult to offer educational discounts -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset . If your rationales are to: -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate give students a chance to understand the -\emph on +\emph on complete -\emph default +\emph default steps of code generation -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate have a curriculum that can be extended for years. Then you could use an fpga board as target and your curriculum will seamlessly extend from logic synthesis ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[http://www.opencores.org]{opencores.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset , \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[Oregano]{http://www.oregano.at/ip/ip01.htm} -\end_inset +\end_inset ), over assembly programming, to C to FPGA compilers ( \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[FPGAC]{http://sf.net/projects/fpgac} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) and to C. -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate be able to insert excursions about skills like using a revision control system, submitting/applying patches, using a type-setting (as opposed to word-processing) engine LyX/LaTeX, using \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[SourceForge]{http://www.sf.net} -\end_inset +\end_inset , following some \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[netiquette]{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netiquette} -\end_inset +\end_inset , understanding BSD/LGPL/GPL/Proprietary licensing, growth models of Open Source Software, CPU simulation, compiler regression tests \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Regression test} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline And if there should be a shortage of ideas then you can always point students to the ever-growing feature request list \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=599&atid=350599} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate not tie students to a specific host platform and instead allow them to use a host platform of -\emph on +\emph on their -\emph default +\emph default choice (among them Alpha, i386, i386_64, MacOs, Mips, Sparc, Windows and eventually \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[OLPC]{http://www.laptop.org} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate not encourage students to use illegal copies of educational software -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate be immune to licensing/availability/price changes of the chosen tool chain -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate be able to change to a new target platform without having to adopt a new tool chain -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate have complete control over and insight into the tool chain -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate make your students aware about the pros and cons of open source software development -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate give back to the public as you are probably at least partially publically funded -\layout Enumerate +\end_layout +\begin_layout Enumerate give students a chance to publically prove their skills and to possibly see a world wide impact -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard then SDCC is probably among the first choices. Well, probably SDCC might be the only choice. -\layout Chapter -\pagebreak_top +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard + +\newpage + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Chapter SDCC Technical Data -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC performs a host of standard optimizations in addition to some MCU specific optimizations. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Sub-expression Elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression elimination} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The compiler does local and -\emph on +\emph on g -\emph default +\emph default lobal -\emph on +\emph on c -\emph default +\emph default ommon -\emph on +\emph on s -\emph default +\emph default ubexpression -\emph on +\emph on e -\emph default +\emph default limination, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter i = x + y + 1; -\newline +\newline j = x + y; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard will be translated to -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter iTemp = x + y; -\newline +\newline i = iTemp + 1; -\newline +\newline j = iTemp; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Some subexpressions are not as obvious as the above example, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter a->b[i].c = 10; -\newline +\newline a->b[i].d = 11; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In this case the address arithmetic a->b[i] will be computed only once; the equivalent code in C would be. -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter iTemp = a->b[i]; -\newline +\newline iTemp.c = 10; -\newline +\newline iTemp.d = 11; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The compiler will try to keep these temporary variables in registers. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Dead-Code Elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter int global; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void f () { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ int i; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -i = 1; \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* dead store */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -global = 1;\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +i = 1; \InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* dead store */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +global = 1;\InsetSpace ~ +/* dead + store */ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ global = 2; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ return; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -global = 3;\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +global = 3;\InsetSpace ~ /* unreachable */ -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard will be changed to -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter int global; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline void f () { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ global = 2; -\newline +\newline } -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Copy-Propagation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Copy propagation} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter int f() { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ int i, j; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ i = 10; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ j = i; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ return j; -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard will be changed to -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter int f() { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ int i, j; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ i = 10; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ j = 10; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ return 10; -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note: the dead stores created by this copy propagation will be eliminated by dead-code elimination. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Loop Optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Loop-Optimizations} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Two types of loop optimizations are done by SDCC -\emph on +\emph on loop invariant -\emph default +\emph default lifting and -\emph on +\emph on strength reduction -\emph default +\emph default of loop induction variables. In addition to the strength reduction the optimizer marks the induction variables and the register allocator tries to keep the induction variables @@ -27589,13 +30978,13 @@ loop invariant Because of this preference of the register allocator \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation} -\end_inset +\end_inset , loop induction optimization causes an increase in register pressure, which may cause unwanted spilling of other temporary variables into the stack \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{stack} -\end_inset +\end_inset / data space. The compiler will generate a warning message when it is forced to allocate @@ -27603,2963 +30992,3132 @@ loop invariant If this extra space allocation is undesirable then induction optimization can be eliminated either for the entire source file (with - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset --noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\SpecialChar ~ +-noinduction option) or for a given function only using #pragma\InsetSpace ~ noinduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma noinduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Loop Invariant: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter for (i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i ++) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ f += k + l; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard changed to -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter itemp = k + l; -\newline +\newline for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ f += itemp; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard As mentioned previously some loop invariants are not as apparent, all static address computations are also moved out of the loop. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Strength Reduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset , this optimization substitutes an expression by a cheaper expression: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter for (i=0;i < 100; i++) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ar[i*5] = i*3; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard changed to -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter itemp1 = 0; -\newline +\newline itemp2 = 0; -\newline +\newline for (i=0;i< 100;i++) { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ar[itemp1] = itemp2; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -itemp1 += 5; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +itemp1 + += 5; +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ itemp2 += 3; -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The more expensive multiplication \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} -\end_inset +\end_inset is changed to a less expensive addition. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Loop Reversing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop reversing} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This optimization is done to reduce the overhead of checking loop boundaries for every iteration. Some simple loops can be reversed and implemented using a \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset decrement and jump if not zero \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset instruction. SDCC checks for the following criterion to determine if a loop is reversible (note: more sophisticated compilers use data-dependency analysis to make this determination, SDCC uses a more simple minded analysis). -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize The 'for' loop is of the form -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter for( = ; [< | <=] ; [++ | += 1]) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize The does not contain \begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset +\end_inset continue \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset or 'break \begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize All goto's are contained within the loop. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize No function calls within the loop. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize The loop control variable is not assigned any value within the loop -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize The loop control variable does NOT participate in any arithmetic operation within the loop. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize There are NO switch statements in the loop. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Algebraic Simplifications -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC does numerous algebraic simplifications, the following is a small sub-set of these optimizations. -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -i = j + 0;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse + +\family typewriter +i = j + 0;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ i = j; -\newline -i /= 2;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +i /= 2;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ i >>= 1; -\newline -i = j - j;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +i + = j - j;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ i = 0; -\newline -i = j / 1;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - /* changed to: */\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +i = j / 1;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + /* changed to: */\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ i = j; -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note the subexpressions \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Subexpression} -\end_inset +\end_inset given above are generally introduced by macro expansions or as a result of copy/constant propagation. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection 'switch' Statements \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:'switch'-Statements} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC can optimize switch statements to jump tables \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{jump tables} -\end_inset +\end_inset . It makes the decision based on an estimate of the generated code size. SDCC is quite liberal in the requirements for jump table generation: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize The labels need not be in order, and the starting number need not be one or zero, the case labels are in numerical sequence or not too many case labels are missing. -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -switch(i) {\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Verse + +\family typewriter +switch(i) {\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ switch (i) { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 4: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +case 4: ...\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 0: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 5: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +case 5: ...\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 1: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 3: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 6: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +case 3: ...\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +case 6: ...\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 3: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 7: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +case 7: ...\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 4: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 8: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +case 8: ...\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 5: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 9: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +case 9: ...\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 6: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 10: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +case 10: ...\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 7: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -case 11: ...\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +case 11: ...\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 8: ... -\newline -}\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +}\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Both the above switch statements will be implemented using a jump-table. The example to the right side is slightly more efficient as the check for the lower boundary of the jump-table is not needed. -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize The number of case labels is not larger than supported by the target architectur e. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize If the case labels are not in numerical sequence ('gaps' between cases) SDCC checks whether a jump table with additionally inserted dummy cases is still attractive. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize If the starting number is not zero and a check for the lower boundary of the jump-table can thus be eliminated SDCC might insert dummy cases 0, ... . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Switch statements which have large gaps in the numeric sequence or those that have too many case labels can be split into more than one switch statement for efficient code generation, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter switch (i) { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 1: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 2: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 3: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 4: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 5: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 6: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 7: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 101: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 102: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 103: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 104: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 105: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 106: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 107: ... -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard If the above switch statement is broken down into two switch statements -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter switch (i) { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 1: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 2: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 3: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 4: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 5: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 6: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 7: ... -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard and -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter switch (i) { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 101: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 102: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 103: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 104: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 105: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 106: ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ case 107: ... -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard then both the switch statements will be implemented using jump-tables whereas the unmodified switch statement will not be. -\layout Comment +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Comment +status collapsed +\begin_layout Standard There might be reasons which SDCC cannot know about to either favour or not favour jump tables. If the target system has to be as quick for the last switch case as for the first (pro jump table), or if the switch argument is known to be zero in the majority of the cases (contra jump table). -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard The pragma nojtbound \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\#pragma nojtbound} -\end_inset +\end_inset can be used to turn off checking the -\emph on +\emph on j -\emph default +\emph default ump -\emph on +\emph on t -\emph default +\emph default able -\emph on +\emph on bound -\emph default +\emph default aries. It has no effect if a default label is supplied. Use of this pragma is dangerous: if the switch \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{switch statement} -\end_inset +\end_inset argument is not matched by a case statement the processor will happily jump into Nirvana. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Bit-shifting Operations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit shifting} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Bit shifting is one of the most frequently used operation in embedded programmin g. SDCC tries to implement bit-shift operations in the most efficient way possible, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter unsigned char i; -\newline +\newline ... -\newline +\newline i >>= 4; -\newline +\newline ... -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard generates the following code: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -mov\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +mov\InsetSpace ~ a,_i -\newline +\newline swap a -\newline -anl\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +anl\InsetSpace ~ a,#0x0f -\newline -mov\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +mov\InsetSpace ~ _i,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In general SDCC will never setup a loop if the shift count is known. Another example: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter unsigned int i; -\newline +\newline ... -\newline +\newline i >>= 9; -\newline +\newline ... -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard will generate: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,(_i + 1) -\newline -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ (_i + 1),#0x00 -\newline -clr\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +clr\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ c -\newline -rrc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +rrc\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a -\newline -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _i,a -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Bit-rotation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Bit rotation} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A special case of the bit-shift operation is bit rotation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{rotating bits} -\end_inset +\end_inset , SDCC recognizes the following expression to be a left bit-rotation: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -\series bold +\family typewriter +\series bold unsigned -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -char i;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +char i;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* unsigned is needed for rotation */ -\newline +\newline ... -\newline +\newline i = ((i << 1) | (i >> 7)); -\family default +\family default -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ... -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard will generate the following code: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,_i -\newline -rl\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +rl\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a -\newline -mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _i,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard SDCC uses pattern matching on the parse tree to determine this operation.Variatio ns of this case will also be recognized as bit-rotation, i.e.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter i = ((i >> 7) | (i << 1)); /* left-bit rotation */ -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Nibble and Byte Swapping -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Other special cases of the bit-shift operations are nibble or byte swapping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{swapping nibbles/bytes} -\end_inset +\end_inset , SDCC recognizes the following expressions: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -\series bold +\family typewriter +\series bold unsigned -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ char i; -\newline +\newline -\series bold +\series bold unsigned -\series default -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\series default +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ int j; -\newline +\newline ... -\newline +\newline i = ((i << 4) | (i >> 4)); -\family default +\family default -\newline +\newline -\family typewriter +\family typewriter j = ((j << 8) | (j >> 8)); -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard and generates a swap instruction for the nibble swapping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Nibble swapping} -\end_inset +\end_inset or move instructions for the byte swapping \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Byte swapping} -\end_inset +\end_inset . The \begin_inset Quotes sld -\end_inset +\end_inset j \begin_inset Quotes srd -\end_inset +\end_inset example can be used to convert from little to big-endian or vice versa. If you want to change the endianness of a -\emph on +\emph on signed -\emph default +\emph default integer you have to cast to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter (unsigned int) -\family default +\family default first. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that SDCC stores numbers in little-endian \begin_inset Foot -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +status open +\begin_layout Standard Usually 8-bit processors don't care much about endianness. This is not the case for the standard 8051 which only has an instruction to increment its -\emph on +\emph on dptr -\emph default +\emph default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DPTR} -\end_inset +\end_inset -datapointer -\emph on +\emph on -\emph default +\emph default so little-endian is the more efficient byte order. -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{little-endian} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Endianness} -\end_inset +\end_inset format (i.e. lowest order first). -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Highest Order Bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Highest Order Bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset / Any Order Bit \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Any Order Bit} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It is frequently required to obtain the highest order bit of an integral type (long, int, short or char types). Also obtaining any other order bit is not uncommon. SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the highest order bit and generates optimized code for it, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter unsigned int gint; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline foo () { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ unsigned char hob1, aob1; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -bit hob2, hob3, aob2, aob3; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +bit hob2, hob3, aob2, + aob3; +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ hob1 = (gint >> 15) & 1; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ hob2 = (gint >> 15) & 1; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -hob3 = gint & 0x8000; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +hob3 = gint & 0x8000; + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ aob1 = (gint >> 9) & 1; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ aob2 = (gint >> 8) & 1; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ aob3 = gint & 0x0800; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ .. -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard will generate the following code: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 61 ;\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse + +\family typewriter +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 61 ;\InsetSpace ~ hob.c 7 -\newline -000A E5*01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 62\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +000A E5*01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 62\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline -000C 23\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 63\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - rl\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +000C 23\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 63\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + rl\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a -\newline -000D 54 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 64\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - anl\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +000D 54 01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + + 64\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + anl\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,#0x01 -\newline -000F F5*02\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 65\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +000F F5*02\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 65\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _foo_hob1_1_1,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 66 ;\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 66 ;\InsetSpace ~ hob.c 8 -\newline -0011 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 67\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0011 E5*01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + + 67\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline -0013 33\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 68\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - rlc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0013 33\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 68\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + rlc\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a -\newline -0014 92*00\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 69\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - _foo_hob2_1_1,c -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 66 ;\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0014 92*00\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 69\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + _foo_hob2_1_1,c + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 66 ;\InsetSpace ~ hob.c 9 -\newline -0016 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 67\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0016 E5*01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 67\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline -0018 33\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 68\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - rlc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0018 33\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 68\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + rlc\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a -\newline -0019 92*01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 69\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0019 92*01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + + 69\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _foo_hob3_1_1,c -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 70 ;\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 70 ;\InsetSpace ~ hob.c 10 -\newline -001B E5*01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 71\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +001B E5*01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 71\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline -001D 03\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 72\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - rr\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +001D + 03\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 72\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + rr\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a -\newline -001E 54 01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 73\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - anl\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +001E 54 01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 73\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + anl\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,#0x01 -\newline -0020 F5*03\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 74\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - _foo_aob1_1_1,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 75 ;\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0020 F5*03\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 74\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + _foo_aob1_1_1,a + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 75 ;\InsetSpace ~ hob.c 11 -\newline -0022 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 76\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0022 E5*01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 76\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline -0024 13\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 77\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - rrc\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0024 13\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 77\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + rrc\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a -\newline -0025 92*02\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 78\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0025 92*02\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + + 78\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _foo_aob2_1_1,c -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 79 ;\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 79 ;\InsetSpace ~ hob.c 12 -\newline -0027 E5*01\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 80\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0027 E5*01\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 80\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ a,(_gint + 1) -\newline -0029 A2 E3\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 81\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0029 + A2 E3\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 81\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ c,acc[3] -\newline -002B 92*03\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 82\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +002B 92*03\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 82\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _foo_aob3_1_1,c -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Other variations of these cases however will -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default be recognized. They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only way to get the highest order bit, (it is portable). Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xyz = gint + ((gint >> 15) & 1); -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard will still be recognized. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Higher Order Byte \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Byte} -\end_inset +\end_inset / Higher Order Word \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Higher Order Word} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard It is also frequently required to obtain a higher order byte or word of a larger integral type (long, int or short types). SDCC recognizes the following expressions to yield the higher order byte or word and generates optimized code for it, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter unsigned int gint; -\newline +\newline unsigned long int glong; -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline foo () { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -unsigned char hob1, hob2; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +unsigned char hob1, + hob2; +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ unsigned int how1, how2; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ hob1 = (gint >> 8) & 0xFF; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ hob2 = glong >> 24; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +how1 = (glong >> 16) & 0xFFFF; + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ how2 = glong >> 8; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ .. -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard will generate the following code: -\layout Verse - - -\family typewriter -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 91 ;\SpecialChar ~ +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Verse + +\family typewriter +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 91 ;\InsetSpace ~ hob.c 15 -\newline -0037 85*01*06\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 92\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0037 85*01*06\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 92\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _foo_hob1_1_1,(_gint + 1) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 93 ;\SpecialChar ~ - hob.c 16 -\newline -003A 85*05*07\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 94\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 93 ;\InsetSpace ~ + hob.c + 16 +\newline +003A 85*05*07\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 94\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _foo_hob2_1_1,(_glong + 3) -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 95 ;\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 95 ;\InsetSpace ~ hob.c 17 -\newline -003D 85*04*08\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 96\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +003D 85*04*08\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + + 96\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _foo_how1_1_1,(_glong + 2) -\newline -0040 85*05*09\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 97\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - (_foo_how1_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 3) -\newline -0043 85*03*0A\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 98\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0040 85*05*09\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 97\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + (_foo_how1_1_1 + + 1),(_glong + 3) +\newline +0043 85*03*0A\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + 98\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ _foo_how2_1_1,(_glong + 1) -\newline -0046 85*04*0B\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - 99\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ - mov\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +0046 85*04*0B\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + + 99\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ + mov\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ (_foo_how2_1_1 + 1),(_glong + 2) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Again, variations of these cases may -\emph on +\emph on not -\emph default +\emph default be recognized. They are standard C expressions, so I heartily recommend these be the only way to get the higher order byte/word, (it is portable). Of course it will be recognized even if it is embedded in other expressions, e.g.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter xyz = gint + ((gint >> 8) & 0xFF); -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard will still be recognized. -\layout Subsection +\end_layout +\begin_layout Subsection Peephole Optimizer \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Peephole-Optimizer} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Peephole optimizer} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The compiler uses a rule based, pattern matching and re-writing mechanism for peep-hole optimization. It is inspired by -\emph on +\emph on copt -\emph default +\emph default a peep-hole optimizer by Christopher W. - Fraser (cwfraser\SpecialChar ~ -@\SpecialChar ~ + Fraser (cwfraser\InsetSpace ~ +@\InsetSpace ~ microsoft.com). A default set of rules are compiled into the compiler, additional rules may be added with the -\emph on +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -peep-file \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-peep-file} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\emph default +\emph default option. The rule language is best illustrated with examples. -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter replace { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov %1,a -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,%1 -\newline +\newline } by { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov %1,a -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The above rule will change the following assembly \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Assembler routines} -\end_inset +\end_inset sequence: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter mov r1,a -\newline +\newline mov a,r1 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard to -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter mov r1,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note: All occurrences of a -\emph on +\emph on %n -\emph default +\emph default (pattern variable) must denote the same string. With the above rule, the assembly sequence: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter mov r1,a -\newline +\newline mov a,r2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard will remain unmodified. -\newline +\newline -\newline -Other special case optimizations may be added by the user (via -\emph on +\newline +Other special case optimizations may be added by the + user (via +\emph on - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -peep-file option -\emph default +\emph default ). E.g. some variants of the 8051 MCU \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MCS51 variants} -\end_inset +\end_inset allow only -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ajmp -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter acall -\family default +\family default . The following two rules will change all -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ljmp -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter lcall -\family default +\family default to -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ajmp -\family default +\family default and -\family typewriter +\family typewriter acall -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter replace { lcall %1 } by { acall %1 } -\newline +\newline replace { ljmp %1 } by { ajmp %1 } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The -\emph on +\emph on inline-assembler code -\emph default +\emph default is also passed through the peep hole optimizer, thus the peephole optimizer can also be used as an assembly level macro expander. The rules themselves are MCU dependent whereas the rule language infra-structur e is MCU independent. Peephole optimization rules for other MCU can be easily programmed using the rule language. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline The syntax for a rule is as follows: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter rule := replace [ restart ] '{' ' -\backslash +\backslash n' -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ '}' by '{' ' -\backslash +\backslash n' -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ ' -\backslash +\backslash n' -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ '}' [if ] ' -\backslash +\backslash n' -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard := assembly instruction (each instruction including labels must be on a separate line). -\newline +\newline -\newline -The optimizer will apply to the rules one by one from the top in the sequence - of their appearance, it will terminate when all rules are exhausted. +\newline +The optimizer will apply to the rules + one by one from the top in the sequence of their appearance, it will terminate + when all rules are exhausted. If the 'restart' option is specified, then the optimizer will start matching the rules again from the top, this option for a rule is expensive (performance) , it is intended to be used in situations where a transformation will trigger the same rule again. An example of this (not a good one, it has side effects) is the following rule: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter replace restart { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ pop %1 -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ push %1 } by { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ; nop -\newline +\newline } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Note that the replace pattern cannot be a blank, but can be a comment line. Without the 'restart' option only the innermost 'pop' 'push' pair would be eliminated, i.e.: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter pop ar1 -\newline +\newline pop ar2 -\newline +\newline push ar2 -\newline +\newline push ar1 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard would result in: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter pop ar1 -\newline +\newline ; nop -\newline +\newline push ar1 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\emph on +\emph on with -\emph default +\emph default the restart option the rule will be applied again to the resulting code and then all the pop-push pairs will be eliminated to yield: -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ; nop -\newline +\newline ; nop -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard A conditional function can be attached to a rule. Attaching rules are somewhat more involved, let me illustrate this with an example. -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter replace { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ ljmp %5 -\newline +\newline %2: -\newline +\newline } by { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ - \SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ + \InsetSpace ~ sjmp %5 -\newline +\newline %2: -\newline +\newline } if labelInRange -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The optimizer does a look-up of a function name table defined in function -\emph on +\emph on callFuncByName -\emph default +\emph default in the source file SDCCpeeph.c, with the name -\emph on +\emph on labelInRange -\emph default +\emph default . If it finds a corresponding entry the function is called. Note there can be no parameters specified for these functions, in this case the use of -\emph on +\emph on %5 -\emph default +\emph default is crucial, since the function -\emph on +\emph on labelInRange -\emph default +\emph default expects to find the label in that particular variable (the hash table containin g the variable bindings is passed as a parameter). If you want to code more such functions, take a close look at the function labelInRange and the calling mechanism in source file SDCCpeeph.c. Currently implemented are -\emph on +\emph on labelInRange, labelRefCount, labelIsReturnOnly, operandsNotSame, xramMovcOption, 24bitMode, portIsDS390, 24bitModeAndPortDS390 -\emph default +\emph default and -\emph on +\emph on notVolatile -\emph default +\emph default . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard I know this whole thing is a little kludgey, but maybe some day we will have some better means. If you are looking at this file, you will see the default rules that are compiled into the compiler, you can add your own rules in the default set there if you get tired of specifying the - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -peep-file option. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section ANSI-Compliance \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ANSI-compliance} -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:ANSI-Compliance} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The latest publically available version of the standard -\emph on +\emph on ISO/IEC 9899 - Programming languages - C -\emph default +\emph default should be available at: \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards.html#9899} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Deviations from the compliance: -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize functions are not reentrant \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{reentrant} -\end_inset +\end_inset unless explicitly declared as such or the -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard -\backslash +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -stack-auto \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-stack-auto} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default command line option is specified. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize structures \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{struct} -\end_inset +\end_inset and unions \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{union} -\end_inset +\end_inset cannot be assigned values directly, cannot be passed as function parameters or assigned to each other and cannot be a return value \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{return value} -\end_inset +\end_inset from a function, e.g.: -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter struct s { ... }; -\newline +\newline struct s s1, s2; -\newline +\newline foo() -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ s1 = s2 ; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\newline +\newline -\series bold +\series bold struct -\series default +\series default s foo1 ( -\series bold +\series bold struct -\series default +\series default s parms) /* invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ -\newline +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -struct s rets; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +struct s rets; + +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ return rets; /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in ANSI */ -\newline +\newline } -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize initialization of structure arrays must be fully braced. -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +struct s { char x } a[] = {1, 2};\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* invalid in SDCC */ -\newline -struct s { char x } a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */ -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\newline +struct s { char x + } a[] = {{1}, {2}}; /* OK */ +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize 'long long \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{long long (not supported)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ' (64 bit integers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{int (64 bit) (not supported)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) not supported. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize 'double \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{double (not supported)} -\end_inset +\end_inset ' precision floating point \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Floating point support} -\end_inset +\end_inset not supported. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Old K&R style \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{K\&R style} -\end_inset +\end_inset function declarations are NOT allowed. -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter +\family typewriter foo(i,j) /* this old style of function declarations */ -\newline -int i,j; /* are valid in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */ -\newline +\newline +int i,j; /* are valid + in ANSI but not valid in SDCC */ +\newline { -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ... -\newline +\newline } -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Most enhancements in C99 are not supported, f.e.: -\begin_deeper -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -\series bold +\family typewriter +\series bold inline \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{inline (not supported)} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default int increment (int a) { return a+1; } /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99. An empty define -\emph on +\emph on #define inline -\emph default +\emph default can be used as a work around */ -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline for ( -\series bold +\series bold int -\series default +\series default i=0; i<10; i++) /* is invalid in SDCC although allowed in C99 */ -\end_deeper -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize Certain words that are valid identifiers in the standard may be reserved words in SDCC unless the -\series bold +\series bold - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -std-c89 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c89} -\end_inset +\end_inset or - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -std-c99 \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{-\/-std-c99} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\series default +\series default command line options are used. These may include (depending on the selected processor): 'at', 'banked', 'bit', 'code', 'critical', 'data', 'eeprom', 'far', 'flash', 'idata', 'interrup @@ -30570,20 +34128,22 @@ t', 'near', 'nonbanked', 'pdata', 'reentrant', 'sbit', 'sfr', 'shadowregs', that begin with two underscores \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{\_\_ (prefix for extended keywords)} -\end_inset +\end_inset , f.e. '__data' instead of 'data'. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Cyclomatic Complexity \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Cyclomatic complexity} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent paths the program can take during execution of the function. This is an important number since it defines the number test cases you @@ -30596,45 +34156,50 @@ Cyclomatic complexity of a function is defined as the number of independent Large functions can have low complexity, and small functions can have large complexity levels. -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline SDCC uses the following formula to compute the complexity: -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard complexity = (number of edges in control flow graph) - (number of nodes in control flow graph) + 2; -\newline +\newline -\newline -Having said that the industry standard is 10, you should be aware that in - some cases it be may unavoidable to have a complexity level of less than - 10. +\newline +Having said that the industry standard is 10, + you should be aware that in some cases it be may unavoidable to have a + complexity level of less than 10. For example if you have switch statement with more than 10 case labels, each case label adds one to the complexity level. The complexity level is by no means an absolute measure of the algorithmic complexity of the function, it does however provide a good starting point for which functions you might look at for further optimization. -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section Retargetting for other Processors -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The issues for retargetting the compiler are far too numerous to be covered by this document. What follows is a brief description of each of the seven phases of the compiler and its MCU dependency. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Parsing the source and building the annotated parse tree. This phase is largely MCU independent (except for the language extensions). Syntax & semantic checks are also done in this phase, along with some initial optimizations like back patching labels and the pattern matching optimizations like bit-rotation etc. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy manipulated during the later phases. This phase is entirely MCU independent. @@ -30643,143 +34208,162 @@ The second phase involves generating an intermediate code which can be easy The compiler can be made to dump a human readable form of the code generated by using the - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -dumpraw option. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize This phase does the bulk of the standard optimizations and is also MCU independe nt. This phase can be broken down into several sub-phases: -\newline - -\newline -Break down intermediate code (iCode) into basic blocks. -\newline -Do control flow & data flow analysis on the basic blocks. -\newline -Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpression elimination -\newline +\newline + +\newline +Break down intermediate + code (iCode) into basic blocks. +\newline +Do control flow & data flow analysis on the + basic blocks. +\newline +Do local common subexpression elimination, then global subexpressio +n elimination +\newline Dead code elimination -\newline +\newline Loop optimizations -\newline -If loop optimizations caused any changes then do 'global subexpression eliminati -on' and 'dead code elimination' again. -\layout Itemize +\newline +If loop optimizations + caused any changes then do 'global subexpression elimination' and 'dead + code elimination' again. +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize This phase determines the live-ranges; by live range I mean those iTemp variables defined by the compiler that still survive after all the optimization s. Live range analysis \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} -\end_inset +\end_inset is essential for register allocation, since these computation determines which of these iTemps will be assigned to registers, and for how long. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize Phase five is register allocation. There are two parts to this process. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The first part I call 'register packing' (for lack of a better term). +\newline +The first part I call 'register packing' + (for lack of a better term). In this case several MCU specific expression folding is done to reduce register pressure. -\newline +\newline -\newline -The second part is more MCU independent and deals with allocating registers - to the remaining live ranges. +\newline +The second part is more MCU independent and deals with + allocating registers to the remaining live ranges. A lot of MCU specific code does creep into this phase because of the limited number of index registers available in the 8051. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize The Code generation phase is (unhappily), entirely MCU dependent and very little (if any at all) of this code can be reused for other MCU. However the scheme for allocating a homogenized assembler operand for each iCode operand may be reused. -\layout Itemize +\end_layout +\begin_layout Itemize As mentioned in the optimization section the peep-hole optimizer is rule based system, which can reprogrammed for other MCUs. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard More information is available in a wiki \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{wiki} -\end_inset +\end_inset (preliminary link \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/release_wiki/index.php?page=SDCC+internals+and+porting} -\end_inset +\end_inset ) and in the thread \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sf.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=13954144} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Compiler internals \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Compiler internals} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section The anatomy of the compiler \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:The-anatomy-of} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\shape italic +\shape italic This is an excerpt from an article published in Circuit Cellar Magazine in -\series bold +\series bold August 2000 -\series default +\series default . It's a little outdated (the compiler is much more efficient now and user/develo per friendly), but pretty well exposes the guts of it all. -\shape default +\shape default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline The current version of SDCC can generate code for Intel 8051 and Z80 MCU. It is fairly easy to retarget for other 8-bit MCU. Here we take a look at some of the internals of the compiler. -\layout Paragraph* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Paragraph* Parsing \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Parsing} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Annotated syntax tree} -\end_inset +\end_inset ). This phase also involves propagating types (annotating each node of the @@ -30792,46 +34376,52 @@ Parsing the input source file and creating an AST (Annotated Syntax Tree xdata will be treated as a storage class specifier when parsing 8051 C code but will be treated as a C identifier when parsing z80 or ATMEL AVR C code. -\layout Paragraph* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Paragraph* Generating iCode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Intermediate code generation. In this phase the AST is broken down into three-operand form (iCode). These three operand forms are represented as doubly linked lists. ICode is the term given to the intermediate form generated by the compiler. ICode example section shows some examples of iCode generated for some simple C source functions. -\layout Paragraph* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Paragraph* Optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Optimizations} -\end_inset +\end_inset . -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Bulk of the target independent optimizations is performed in this phase. The optimizations include constant propagation, common sub-expression eliminati on, loop invariant code movement, strength reduction of loop induction variables and dead-code elimination. -\layout Paragraph* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Paragraph* Live range analysis \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard During intermediate code generation phase, the compiler assumes the target machine has infinite number of registers and generates a lot of temporary variables. @@ -30845,16 +34435,18 @@ nerated temporaries. The live ranges are computed in terms of these numbers. The from number is the number of the iCode which first defines the operand and the to number signifies the iCode which uses this operand last. -\layout Paragraph* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Paragraph* Register Allocation \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed by each operand. In most MCUs only a few registers can be used for indirect addressing. @@ -30872,20 +34464,23 @@ The register allocation determines the type and number of registers needed operand and use the registers in this block, the operand will then be popped at the end of the basic block. -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard There are other MCU specific considerations in this phase. Some MCUs have an accumulator; very short-lived operands could be assigned to the accumulator instead of a general-purpose register. -\layout Paragraph* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Paragraph* Code generation -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Figure II gives a table of iCode \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} -\end_inset +\end_inset operations supported by the compiler. The code generation involves translating these operations into corresponding @@ -30896,14 +34491,15 @@ Figure II gives a table of iCode SEND and RECV iCode operations will not be generated, and it also does not support JUMPTABLES. -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Figure II -\begin_inset Tabular +\begin_inset Tabular @@ -30914,1820 +34510,2002 @@ Figure II \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold iCode -\series default +\series default \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold Operands -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold Description -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\series bold +\series bold C Equivalent -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '!' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize NOT operation -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = ! IC_LEFT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '~' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Bitwise complement of -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = ~IC_LEFT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize RRC -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Rotate right with carry -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << 1) | (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8-1)); -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize RLC -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Rotate left with carry -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT << (sizeof(LC_LEFT)*8-1) ) | (IC_LEFT >> 1); -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize GETHBIT -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Get the highest order bit of IC_LEFT -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (IC_LEFT >> (sizeof(IC_LEFT)*8 -1)); -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize UNARYMINUS -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Unary minus -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = - IC_LEFT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IPUSH -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Push the operand into stack -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize NONE -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IPOP -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Pop the operand from the stack -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize NONE -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize CALL -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Call the function represented by IC_LEFT -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT(); -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize PCALL -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Call via function pointer -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT)(); -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize RETURN -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Return the value in operand IC_LEFT -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize return IC_LEFT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize LABEL -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LABEL() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Label -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LABEL: -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize GOTO -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LABEL() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Goto label -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize goto IC_LABEL(); -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '+' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Addition -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT + IC_RIGHT -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '-' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Subtraction -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT - IC_RIGHT -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '*' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Multiplication -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT * IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '/' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Division -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT / IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '%' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Modulus -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT % IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '<' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Less than -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT < IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '>' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Greater than -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT > IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize EQ_OP -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Equal to -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT == IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize AND_OP -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Logical and operation -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT && IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize OR_OP -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Logical or operation -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT || IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '^' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Exclusive OR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT ^ IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '|' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Bitwise OR -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT | IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize BITWISEAND -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Bitwise AND -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT & IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize LEFT_OP -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Left shift -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT << IC_RIGHT -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize RIGHT_OP -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Right shift -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_LEFT >> IC_RIGHT -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize GET_VALUE_ -\newline +\newline AT_ ADDRESS -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Indirect fetch -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (*IC_LEFT); -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize POINTER_SET -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Indirect set -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize (*IC_RESULT) = IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize '=' -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RIGHT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Assignment -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IFX -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_COND IC_TRUE IC_LABEL -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Conditional jump. If true label is present then jump to true label if condition is true else jump to false label if condition is false -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize if (IC_COND) goto IC_TRUE; -\newline -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ Or -\newline +\newline If (!IC_COND) goto IC_FALSE; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ADDRESS_OF -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Address of -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = &IC_LEFT(); -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize JUMPTABLE -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_JTCOND IC_JTLABELS -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Jump to list of labels depending on the value of JTCOND -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Switch statement -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize CAST -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RIGHT() IC_LEFT() IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Cast types -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT = (typeof IC_LEFT) IC_RIGHT; -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize SEND -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_LEFT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize This is used for passing parameters in registers; -\newline -move IC_LEFT to the next available parameter register. -\end_inset +\newline +move IC_LEFT to the next + available parameter register. +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize None -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize RECV -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize IC_RESULT() -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize This is used for receiving parameters passed in registers; -\newline -Move the values in the next parameter register to IC_RESULT -\end_inset +\newline +Move the values + in the next parameter register to IC_RESULT +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize None -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\shape slanted -\size footnotesize +\shape slanted +\size footnotesize (some more have been added) -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard + +\end_layout -\end_inset +\end_inset \begin_inset Text -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard - -\shape slanted -\size footnotesize +\shape slanted +\size footnotesize see f.e. -\family typewriter +\family typewriter gen51Code() -\family default +\family default in -\family typewriter +\family typewriter src/mcs51/gen.c -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Comment +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Comment +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard In the original article Figure II was announced to be downloadable on -\shape italic +\shape italic Circuit Cellar -\shape default +\shape default 's web site. ftp://ftp.circuitcellar.com/pub/Circuit_Cellar/2000/121/dutta.ZIP -\layout Paragraph* +\end_layout + +\end_inset + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph* ICode Example \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{iCode} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This section shows some details of iCode. The example C code does not do anything useful; it is used as an example to illustrate the intermediate code generated by the compiler. -\layout Verse +\end_layout +\begin_layout Verse -\family typewriter -1.\SpecialChar ~ +\family typewriter +1.\InsetSpace ~ xdata int * p; -\newline -2.\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +2.\InsetSpace ~ int gint; -\newline -3.\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +3.\InsetSpace ~ /* This function does nothing useful. It is used -\newline -4.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +4.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ for the purpose of explaining iCode */ -\newline -5.\SpecialChar ~ -short function (data int *x) -\newline -6.\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +5.\InsetSpace ~ +short function (data + int *x) +\newline +6.\InsetSpace ~ { -\newline -7.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -short i=10; \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +7.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +short i=10; \InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* dead initialization eliminated */ -\newline -8.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -short sum=10; /* dead initialization eliminated */ -\newline -9.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +8.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +short sum=10; + /* dead initialization eliminated */ +\newline +9.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ short mul; -\newline -10.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +10.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ int j ; -\newline -11.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -while (*x) *x++ = *p++; -\newline -12.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +11.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +while (*x) *x++ + = *p++; +\newline +12.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ sum = 0 ; -\newline -13.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +13.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mul = 0; -\newline -14.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -/* compiler detects i,j to be induction variables */ -\newline -15.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +14.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +/* compiler detects i,j to be induction + variables */ +\newline +15.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ for (i = 0, j = 10 ; i < 10 ; i++, j -\family default +\family default - \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed -\layout Standard +\begin_layout Standard -\backslash + +\backslash / -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset - -\family typewriter +\family typewriter ) { -\newline -16.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +16.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ sum += i; -\newline -17.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -mul += i * 3; \SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +17.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +mul += i * 3; \InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* this multiplication remains */ -\newline -18.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -gint += j * 3;\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +18.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +gint += + j * 3;\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ /* this multiplication changed to addition */ -\newline -19.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +19.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ } -\newline -20.\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +20.\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ return sum+mul; -\newline -21.\SpecialChar ~ +\newline +21.\InsetSpace ~ } -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard In addition to the operands each iCode contains information about the filename and line it corresponds to in the source file. The first field in the listing should be interpreted as follows: -\newline +\newline -\shape italic -\size footnotesize +\shape italic +\size footnotesize Filename(linenumber: iCode Execution sequence number : ICode hash table key : loop depth of the iCode). -\shape default -\size default +\shape default +\size default -\newline +\newline Then follows the human readable form of the ICode operation. Each operand of this triplet form can be of three basic types a) compiler generated temporary b) user defined variable c) a constant value. @@ -32736,40 +36514,41 @@ Then follows the human readable form of the ICode operation. Live ranges \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Live range analysis} -\end_inset +\end_inset are computed only for temporaries (i.e. live ranges are not computed for global variables). Registers \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Register allocation} -\end_inset +\end_inset are allocated for temporaries only. Operands are formatted in the following manner: -\newline +\newline -\shape italic -\size footnotesize +\shape italic +\size footnotesize Operand Name [lr live-from : live-to ] { type information } [ registers allocated ]. -\shape default -\size default +\shape default +\size default -\newline +\newline As mentioned earlier the live ranges are computed in terms of the execution sequence number of the iCodes, for example -\newline +\newline the iTemp0 is live from (i.e. first defined in iCode with execution sequence number 3, and is last used in the iCode with sequence number 5). For induction variables such as iTemp21 the live range computation extends the lifetime from the start to the end of the loop. -\newline -The register allocator used the live range information to allocate registers, - the same registers may be used for different temporaries if their live - ranges do not overlap, for example r0 is allocated to both iTemp6 and to - iTemp17 since their live ranges do not overlap. +\newline +The register allocator + used the live range information to allocate registers, the same registers + may be used for different temporaries if their live ranges do not overlap, + for example r0 is allocated to both iTemp6 and to iTemp17 since their live + ranges do not overlap. In addition the allocator also takes into consideration the type and usage of a temporary, for example itemp6 is a pointer to near space and is used as to fetch data from (i.e. @@ -32779,18 +36558,19 @@ The register allocator used the live range information to allocate registers, iTemp13 is allocated to a pseudo register CC which tells the back end that the temporary is used only for a conditional jump the code generation makes use of this information to optimize a compare and jump ICode. -\newline -There are several loop optimizations +\newline +There are several + loop optimizations \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Loop optimization} -\end_inset +\end_inset performed by the compiler. It can detect induction variables iTemp21(i) and iTemp23(j). Also note the compiler does selective strength reduction \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Strength reduction} -\end_inset +\end_inset , i.e. the multiplication of an induction variable in line 18 (gint = j * 3) is @@ -32799,1115 +36579,1297 @@ There are several loop optimizations The compiler does not change the multiplication \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Multiplication} -\end_inset +\end_inset in line 17 however since the processor does support an 8 * 8 bit multiplication. -\newline +\newline + Note the dead code elimination \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Dead-code elimination} -\end_inset +\end_inset optimization eliminated the dead assignments in line 7 & 8 to I and sum respectively. -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c (5:1:0:0) _entry($9) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(5:2:1:0) proc _function [lr0:0]{function short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:3:2:0) iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:4:53:0) preHeaderLbl0($11) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:5:55:0) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:6:5:1) _whilecontinue_0($1) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:7:7:1) iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:8:8:1) if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:9:14:1) iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:10:15:1) _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:13:18:1) iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:14:19:1) *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int }[r2 r3] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:15:12:1) iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] + 0x2 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:16:20:1) goto _whilecontinue_0($1) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(11:17:21:0)_whilebreak_0($3) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(12:18:22:0) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(13:19:23:0) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:20:54:0)preHeaderLbl1($13) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:21:56:0) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:22:57:0) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:23:58:0) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:24:26:1)_forcond_0($4) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:25:27:1) iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:26:28:1) if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(16:27:31:1) iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] + ITemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(17:29:33:1) iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(17:30:34:1) iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] + iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(18:32:36:1:1) iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(18:33:37:1) _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{ int}[r7 r0] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:36:42:1) iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(15:37:45:1) iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(19:38:47:1) goto _forcond_0($4) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(19:39:48:0)_forbreak_0($7) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(20:40:49:0) iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short}[DPTR] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] + ITemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(20:41:50:0) ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(20:42:51:0)_return($8) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize Sample.c(20:43:52:0) eproc _function [lr0:0]{ ia0 re0 rm0}{function short} -\size default +\size default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline Finally the code generated for this function: -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize .area DSEG (DATA) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize _p:: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ .ds 2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize _gint:: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ .ds 2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; sample.c 5 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; ---------------------------------------------- -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; function function -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; ---------------------------------------------- -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize _function: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] = recv -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r2,dpl -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] := iTemp0 [lr3:5]{_near * int}[r2] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov ar0,r2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ;_whilecontinue_0($1) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize 00101$: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; if iTemp4 [lr7:8]{int}[r2 r3] == 0 goto _whilebreak_0($3) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov ar2,@r0 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ inc r0 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov ar3,@r0 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dec r0 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,r2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ orl a,r3 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ jz 00103$ -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize 00114$: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR] := _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov dpl,_p -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov dph,(_p + 1) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} = _p [lr0:0]{_far * int} + 0x2 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,#0x02 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ add a,_p -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov _p,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ clr a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ addc a,(_p + 1) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov (_p + 1),a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] = @[iTemp7 [lr9:13]{_far * int}[DPTR]] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ movx a,@dptr -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r2,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ inc dptr -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ movx a,@dptr -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r3,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; *(iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0]) := iTemp10 [lr13:14]{int}[r2 r3] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov @r0,ar2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ inc r0 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov @r0,ar3 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] = -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp6 [lr5:16]{_near * int}[r0] + -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; 0x2 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ inc r0 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; goto _whilecontinue_0($1) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ sjmp 00101$ -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; _whilebreak_0($3) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize 00103$: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] := 0x0 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r2,#0x00 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] := 0x0 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r3,#0x00 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] := 0x0 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r4,#0x00 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6] := 0xa {int} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r5,#0x0A -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r6,#0x00 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] := 0x1e {int} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r7,#0x1E -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r0,#0x00 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; _forcond_0($4) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize 00104$: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] < 0xa {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; if iTemp13 [lr25:26]{char}[CC] == 0 goto _forbreak_0($7) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ clr c -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,r4 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ xrl a,#0x80 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ subb a,#0x8a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ jnc 00107$ -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize 00115$: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] = iTemp2 [lr18:40]{short}[r2] + -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,r4 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ add a,r2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r2,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] * 0x3 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov b,#0x03 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,r4 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mul ab -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r1,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] = iTemp11 [lr19:40]{short}[r3] + -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp15 [lr29:30]{short}[r1] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ add a,r3 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r3,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]= iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0]- 0x3 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,r7 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ add a,#0xfd -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r7,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,r0 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ addc a,#0xff -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov r0,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; _gint [lr0:0]{int} = _gint [lr0:0]{int} + iTemp17 [lr23:38]{int}[r7 r0] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,r7 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ add a,_gint -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov _gint,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,r0 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ addc a,(_gint + 1) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov (_gint + 1),a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] = iTemp21 [lr21:38]{short}[r4] + 0x1 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ inc r4 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]= iTemp23 [lr22:38]{int}[r5 r6]- 0x1 {short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dec r5 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ cjne r5,#0xff,00104$ -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ dec r6 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; goto _forcond_0($4) -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ sjmp 00104$ -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; _forbreak_0($7) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize 00107$: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; ret iTemp24 [lr40:41]{short} -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov a,r3 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ add a,r2 -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ mov dpl,a -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize ; _return($8) : -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize +\size footnotesize 00108$: -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard -\size footnotesize -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\size footnotesize +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ ret -\newline +\newline -\layout Section +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section A few words about basic block successors, predecessors and dominators -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard Successors are basic blocks \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Basic blocks} -\end_inset +\end_inset that might execute after this basic block. -\newline -Predecessors are basic blocks that might execute before reaching this basic - block. -\newline -Dominators are basic blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic - block. -\newline +\newline +Predecessors are basic blocks + that might execute before reaching this basic block. +\newline +Dominators are basic + blocks that WILL execute before reaching this basic block. +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard [basic block 1] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard if (something) -\layout Standard +\end_layout -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Standard +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ [basic block 2] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard else -\layout Standard +\end_layout -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ -\SpecialChar ~ +\begin_layout Standard +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ +\InsetSpace ~ [basic block 3] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard [basic block 4] -\newline +\newline -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard a) succList of [BB2] = [BB4], of [BB3] = [BB4], of [BB1] = [BB2,BB3] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard b) predList of [BB2] = [BB1], of [BB3] = [BB1], of [BB4] = [BB2,BB3] -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard c) domVect of [BB4] = BB1 ... here we are not sure if BB2 or BB3 was executed but we are SURE that BB1 was executed. -\layout Chapter +\end_layout +\begin_layout Chapter Acknowledgments -\layout Standard - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://sdcc.sourceforge.net#Who} -\end_inset +\end_inset -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on Thanks to all the other volunteer developers who have helped with coding, testing, web-page creation, distribution sets, etc. You know who you are :-) -\emph default +\emph default -\newline +\newline -\newline +\newline -\emph on +\emph on Also thanks to Sourceforge \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.sf.net} -\end_inset +\end_inset which has hosted the project since 1999 and donates significant download bandwidth and probably more than \begin_inset ERT -status Collapsed +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Standard -\layout Standard $10^{13}$ -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset CPU cycles per day. -\newline +\newline -\begin_inset Note -collapsed false - -\layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status open +\begin_layout Standard more than 10^13 is an estimate: on my Athlon 2800+ it takes about (0.5+6.5+20) minutes for (configure+make+regression test), and there is (i386, amd64, alpha, ppc64, (mingw32), sparc, macosx). -\end_inset +\end_layout + +\end_inset -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard This document was initially written by Sandeep Dutta -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard All product names mentioned herein may be trademarks \begin_inset LatexCommand \index{Trademarks} -\end_inset +\end_inset of their respective companies. -\layout Section* +\end_layout +\begin_layout Section* Alphabetical index -\layout Standard +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard To avoid confusion, the installation and building options for SDCC itself (chapter 2) are not part of the index. -\layout Standard - +\end_layout +\begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \printindex{} -\end_inset +\end_inset + +\end_layout -\the_end +\end_body +\end_document