Copyright (c) 2009-2011 Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

=pod

=head1 NAME

sudo_plugin - Sudo Plugin API

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Starting with version 1.8, B<sudo> supports a plugin API
for policy and session logging.  By default, the I<sudoers> policy
plugin and an associated I/O logging plugin are used.  Via the plugin
API, B<sudo> can be configured to use alternate policy and/or I/O
logging plugins provided by third parties.  The plugins to be used
are specified via the F<@sysconfdir@/sudo.conf> file.

The API is versioned with a major and minor number.  The minor
version number is incremented when additions are made.  The major
number is incremented when incompatible changes are made.  A plugin
should be check the version passed to it and make sure that the
major version matches.

The plugin API is defined by the C<sudo_plugin.h> header file.

=head2 The sudo.conf File

The F<@sysconfdir@/sudo.conf> file contains plugin configuration directives.
Currently, the only supported keyword is the C<Plugin> directive,
which causes a plugin plugin to be loaded.

A C<Plugin> line consists of the C<Plugin> keyword, followed by the
I<symbol_name> and the I<path> to the shared object containing the
plugin.  The I<symbol_name> is the name of the C<struct policy_plugin>
or C<struct io_plugin> in the plugin shared object.  The I<path>
may be fully qualified or relative.  If not fully qualified it is
relative to the F<@prefix@/libexec> directory.  Any additional
parameters after the I<path> are ignored.  Lines that don't begin
with C<Plugin> or C<Path> are silently ignored.

The same shared object may contain multiple plugins, each with a
different symbol name.  The shared object file must be owned by uid
0 and only writable by its owner.  Because of ambiguities that arise
from composite policies, only a single policy plugin may be specified.
This limitation does not apply to I/O plugins.

 #
 # Default @sysconfdir@/sudo.conf file
 #
 # Format:
 #   Plugin plugin_name plugin_path
 #   Path askpass /path/to/askpass
 #
 # The plugin_path is relative to @prefix@/libexec unless
 #   fully qualified.
 # The plugin_name corresponds to a global symbol in the plugin
 #   that contains the plugin interface structure.
 #
 Plugin sudoers_policy sudoers.so
 Plugin sudoers_io sudoers.so

=head2 Policy Plugin API

A policy plugin must declare and populate a C<policy_plugin> struct
in the global scope.  This structure contains pointers to the functions
that implement the B<sudo> policy checks.  The name of the symbol should
be specified in F<@sysconfdir@/sudo.conf> along with a path to the plugin
so that B<sudo> can load it.

 struct policy_plugin {
 #define SUDO_POLICY_PLUGIN	1
     unsigned int type; /* always SUDO_POLICY_PLUGIN */
     unsigned int version; /* always SUDO_API_VERSION */
     int (*open)(unsigned int version, sudo_conv_t conversation,
		 sudo_printf_t plugin_printf, char * const settings[],
		 char * const user_info[], char * const user_env[]);
     void (*close)(int exit_status, int error);
     int (*show_version)(int verbose);
     int (*check_policy)(int argc, char * const argv[],
                         char *env_add[], char **command_info[],
                         char **argv_out[], char **user_env_out[]);
     int (*list)(int argc, char * const argv[], int verbose,
                 const char *list_user);
     int (*validate)(void);
     void (*invalidate)(int remove);
     int (*init_session)(struct passwd *pwd);
 };

The policy_plugin struct has the following fields:

=over 4

=item type

The C<type> field should always be set to SUDO_POLICY_PLUGIN.

=item version

The C<version> field should be set to SUDO_API_VERSION.

This allows B<sudo> to determine the API version the plugin was
built against.

=item open

 int (*open)(unsigned int version, sudo_conv_t conversation,
             sudo_printf_t plugin_printf, char * const settings[],
             char * const user_info[], char * const user_env[]);

Returns 1 on success, 0 on failure, -1 if a general error occurred,
or -2 if there was a usage error.  In the latter case, B<sudo> will
print a usage message before it exits.  If an error occurs, the
plugin may optionally call the conversation or plugin_printf function
with C<SUDO_CONF_ERROR_MSG> to present additional error information
to the user.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item version

The version passed in by B<sudo> allows the plugin to determine the
major and minor version number of the plugin API supported by
B<sudo>.

=item conversation

A pointer to the conversation function that can be used by the
plugin to interact with the user (see below).
Returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.

=item plugin_printf

A pointer to a printf-style function that may be used to display
informational or error messages (see below).
Returns the number of characters printed on success and -1 on failure.

=item settings

A vector of user-supplied B<sudo> settings in the form of "name=value"
strings.  The vector is terminated by a C<NULL> pointer.  These
settings correspond to flags the user specified when running B<sudo>.
As such, they will only be present when the corresponding flag has
been specified on the command line.

When parsing I<settings>, the plugin should split on the B<first>
equal sign ('=') since the I<name> field will never include one
itself but the I<value> might.

=over 4

=item debug_level=number

A numeric debug level, from 1-9, if specified via the C<-D> flag.

=item runas_user=string

The user name or uid to to run the command as, if specified via the
C<-u> flag.

=item runas_group=string

The group name or gid to to run the command as, if specified via
the C<-g> flag.

=item prompt=string

The prompt to use when requesting a password, if specified via
the C<-p> flag.

=item set_home=bool

Set to true if the user specified the C<-H> flag.  If true, set the
C<HOME> environment variable to the target user's home directory.

=item preserve_environment=bool

Set to true if the user specified the C<-E> flag, indicating that
the user wishes to preserve the environment.

=item run_shell=bool

Set to true if the user specified the C<-s> flag, indicating that
the user wishes to run a shell.

=item login_shell=bool

Set to true if the user specified the C<-i> flag, indicating that
the user wishes to run a login shell.

=item implied_shell=bool

If the user does not specify a program on the command line, B<sudo>
will pass the plugin the path to the user's shell and set
I<implied_shell> to true.  This allows B<sudo> with no arguments
to be used similarly to L<su(1)>.  If the plugin does not to support
this usage, it may return a value of -2 from the C<check_policy>
function, which will cause B<sudo> to print a usage message and
exit.

=item preserve_groups=bool

Set to true if the user specified the C<-P> flag, indicating that
the user wishes to preserve the group vector instead of setting it
based on the runas user.

=item ignore_ticket=bool

Set to true if the user specified the C<-k> flag along with a
command, indicating that the user wishes to ignore any cached
authentication credentials.

=item noninteractive=bool

Set to true if the user specified the C<-n> flag, indicating that
B<sudo> should operate in non-interactive mode.  The plugin may
reject a command run in non-interactive mode if user interaction
is required.

=item login_class=string

BSD login class to use when setting resource limits and nice value,
if specified by the C<-c> flag.

=item selinux_role=string

SELinux role to use when executing the command, if specified by
the C<-r> flag.

=item selinux_type=string

SELinux type to use when executing the command, if specified by
the C<-t> flag.

=item bsdauth_type=string

Authentication type, if specified by the C<-a> flag, to use on
systems where BSD authentication is supported.

=item network_addrs=list

A space-separated list of IP network addresses and netmasks in the
form "addr/netmask", e.g. "192.168.1.2/255.255.255.0".  The address
and netmask pairs may be either IPv4 or IPv6, depending on what the
operating system supports.  If the address contains a colon (':'),
it is an IPv6 address, else it is IPv4.

=item progname=string

The command name that sudo was run as, typically "sudo" or "sudoedit".

=item sudoedit=bool

Set to true when the C<-e> flag is is specified or if invoked as
B<sudoedit>.  The plugin shall substitute an editor into I<argv>
in the I<check_policy> function or return C<-2> with a usage error
if the plugin does not support I<sudoedit>.  For more information,
see the I<check_policy> section.

=item closefrom=number

If specified, the user has requested via the C<-C> flag that B<sudo>
close all files descriptors with a value of I<number> or higher.
The plugin may optionally pass this, or another value, back in the
I<command_info> list.

=back

Additional settings may be added in the future so the plugin should
silently ignore settings that it does not recognize.

=item user_info

A vector of information about the user running the command in the form of
"name=value" strings.  The vector is terminated by a C<NULL> pointer.

When parsing I<user_info>, the plugin should split on the B<first>
equal sign ('=') since the I<name> field will never include one
itself but the I<value> might.

=over 4

=item user=string

The name of the user invoking B<sudo>.

=item uid=uid_t

The real user ID of the user invoking B<sudo>.

=item gid=gid_t

The real group ID of the user invoking B<sudo>.

=item groups=list

The user's supplementary group list formatted as a string of
comma-separated group IDs.

=item cwd=string

The user's current working directory.

=item tty=string

The path to the user's terminal device.  If the user has no terminal
device associated with the session, the value will be empty, as in
C<tty=>.

=item host=string

The local machine's hostname as returned by the C<gethostname()>
system call.

=item lines=int

The number of lines the user's terminal supports.  If there is
no terminal device available, a default value of 24 is used.

=item cols=int

The number of columns the user's terminal supports.  If there is
no terminal device available, a default value of 80 is used.

=back

=item user_env

The user's environment in the form of a C<NULL>-terminated vector of
"name=value" strings.

When parsing I<user_env>, the plugin should split on the B<first>
equal sign ('=') since the I<name> field will never include one
itself but the I<value> might.

=back

=item close

 void (*close)(int exit_status, int error);

The C<close> function is called when the command being run by B<sudo>
finishes.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item exit_status

The command's exit status, as returned by the wait(2) system call.
The value of C<exit_status> is undefined if C<error> is non-zero.

=item error

If the command could not be executed, this is set to the value of
C<errno> set by the execve(2) system call.  The plugin is responsible
for displaying error information via the conversation or plugin_printf
function.  If the command was successfully executed, the value of
C<error> is 0.

=back

=item show_version

 int (*show_version)(int verbose);

The C<show_version> function is called by B<sudo> when the user specifies
the C<-V> option.  The plugin may display its version information
to the user via the conversation or plugin_printf function using
C<SUDO_CONV_INFO_MSG>.  If the user requests detailed version
information, the verbose flag will be set.

=item check_policy

 int (*check_policy)(int argc, char * const argv[]
                     char *env_add[], char **command_info[],
                     char **argv_out[], char **user_env_out[]);

The I<check_policy> function is called by B<sudo> to determine
whether the user is allowed to run the specified commands.

If the I<sudoedit> option was enabled in the I<settings> array
passed to the I<open> function, the user has requested I<sudoedit>
mode.  I<sudoedit> is a mechanism for editing one or more files
where an editor is run with the user's credentials instead of with
elevated privileges.  B<sudo> achieves this by creating user-writable
temporary copies of the files to be edited and then overwriting the
originals with the temporary copies after editing is complete.  If
the plugin supports B<sudoedit>, it should choose the editor to be
used, potentially from a variable in the user's environment, such
as C<EDITOR>, and include it in I<argv_out> (note that environment
variables may include command line flags).  The files to be edited
should be copied from I<argv> into I<argv_out>, separated from the
editor and its arguments by a C<"--"> element.  The C<"--"> will
be removed by B<sudo> before the editor is executed.  The plugin
should also set I<sudoedit=true> in the I<command_info> list.

The I<check_policy> function returns 1 if the command is allowed,
0 if not allowed, -1 for a general error, or -2 for a usage error
or if B<sudoedit> was specified but is unsupported by the plugin.
In the latter case, B<sudo> will print a usage message before it
exits.  If an error occurs, the plugin may optionally call the
conversation or plugin_printf function with C<SUDO_CONF_ERROR_MSG>
to present additional error information to the user.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item argc

The number of elements in I<argv>, not counting the final C<NULL>
pointer.

=item argv

The argument vector describing the command the user wishes to run,
in the same form as what would be passed to the execve() system
call.  The vector is terminated by a C<NULL> pointer.

=item env_add

Additional environment variables specified by the user on the command
line in the form of a C<NULL>-terminated vector of "name=value"
strings.  The plugin may reject the command if one or more variables
are not allowed to be set, or it may silently ignore such variables.

When parsing I<env_add>, the plugin should split on the B<first>
equal sign ('=') since the I<name> field will never include one
itself but the I<value> might.

=item command_info

Information about the command being run in the form of "name=value"
strings.  These values are used by B<sudo> to set the execution
environment when running a command.  The plugin is responsible for
creating and populating the vector, which must be terminated with
a C<NULL> pointer.  The following values are recognized by B<sudo>:

=over 4

=item command=string

Fully qualified path to the command to be executed.

=item runas_uid=uid

User ID to run the command as.

=item runas_euid=uid

Effective user ID to run the command as.
If not specified, the value of I<runas_uid> is used.

=item runas_gid=gid

Group ID to run the command as.

=item runas_egid=gid

Effective group ID to run the command as.
If not specified, the value of I<runas_gid> is used.

=item runas_groups=list

The supplementary group vector to use for the command in the form
of a comma-separated list of group IDs.  If I<preserve_groups>
is set, this option is ignored.

=item login_class=string

BSD login class to use when setting resource limits and nice value
(optional).  This option is only set on systems that support login
classes.

=item preserve_groups=bool

If set, B<sudo> will preserve the user's group vector instead of
initializing the group vector based on C<runas_user>.

=item cwd=string

The current working directory to change to when executing the command.

=item noexec=bool

If set, prevent the command from executing other programs.

=item chroot=string

The root directory to use when running the command.

=item nice=int

Nice value (priority) to use when executing the command.  The nice
value, if specified, overrides the priority associated with the
I<login_class> on BSD systems.

=item umask=octal

The file creation mask to use when executing the command.

=item selinux_role=string

SELinux role to use when executing the command.

=item selinux_type=string

SELinux type to use when executing the command.

=item timeout=int

Command timeout.  If non-zero then when the timeout expires the
command will be killed.

=item sudoedit=bool

Set to true when in I<sudoedit> mode.  The plugin may enable
I<sudoedit> mode even if B<sudo> was not invoked as B<sudoedit>.
This allows the plugin to perform command substitution and transparently
enable I<sudoedit> when the user attempts to run an editor.

=item closefrom=number

If specified, B<sudo> will close all files descriptors with a value
of I<number> or higher.

=item iolog_compress=bool

Set to true if the I/O logging plugins, if any, should compress the
log data.  This is a hint to the I/O logging plugin which may choose
to ignore it.

=item iolog_path=string

Fully qualified path to the file or directory in which I/O log is
to be stored.  This is a hint to the I/O logging plugin which may
choose to ignore it.  If no I/O logging plugin is loaded, this
setting has no effect.

=item iolog_stdin=bool

Set to true if the I/O logging plugins, if any, should log the
standard input if it is not connected to a terminal device.  This
is a hint to the I/O logging plugin which may choose to ignore it.

=item iolog_stdout=bool

Set to true if the I/O logging plugins, if any, should log the
standard output if it is not connected to a terminal device.  This
is a hint to the I/O logging plugin which may choose to ignore it.

=item iolog_stderr=bool

Set to true if the I/O logging plugins, if any, should log the
standard error if it is not connected to a terminal device.  This
is a hint to the I/O logging plugin which may choose to ignore it.

=item iolog_ttyin=bool

Set to true if the I/O logging plugins, if any, should log all
terminal input.  This only includes input typed by the user and not
from a pipe or redirected from a file.  This is a hint to the I/O
logging plugin which may choose to ignore it.

=item iolog_ttyout=bool

Set to true if the I/O logging plugins, if any, should log all
terminal output.  This only includes output to the screen, not
output to a pipe or file.  This is a hint to the I/O logging plugin
which may choose to ignore it.

=item use_pty=bool

Allocate a pseudo-tty to run the command in, regardless of whether
or not I/O logging is in use.  By default, B<sudo> will only run
the command in a pty when an I/O log plugin is loaded.

=item set_utmp=bool

Create a utmp (or utmpx) entry when a pseudo-tty is allocated.  By
default, the new entry will be a copy of the user's existing utmp
entry (if any), with the tty, time, type and pid fields updated.

=item utmp_user=string

User name to use when constructing a new utmp (or utmpx) entry when
I<set_utmp> is enabled.  This option can be used to set the user
field in the utmp entry to the user the command runs as rather than
the invoking user.  If not set, B<sudo> will base the new entry on
the invoking user's existing entry.

=back

Unsupported values will be ignored.

=item argv_out

The C<NULL>-terminated argument vector to pass to the execve()
system call when executing the command.  The plugin is responsible
for allocating and populating the vector.

=item user_env_out

The C<NULL>-terminated environment vector to use when executing the
command.  The plugin is responsible for allocating and populating
the vector.

=back

=item list

 int (*list)(int verbose, const char *list_user,
             int argc, char * const argv[]);

List available privileges for the invoking user.  Returns 1 on
success, 0 on failure and -1 on error.  On error, the plugin may
optionally call the conversation or plugin_printf function with
C<SUDO_CONF_ERROR_MSG> to present additional error information to
the user.

Privileges should be output via the conversation or plugin_printf
function using C<SUDO_CONV_INFO_MSG>.

=over 4

=item verbose

Flag indicating whether to list in verbose mode or not.

=item list_user

The name of a different user to list privileges for if the policy
allows it.  If C<NULL>, the plugin should list the privileges of
the invoking user.

=item argc

The number of elements in I<argv>, not counting the final C<NULL>
pointer.

=item argv

If non-C<NULL>, an argument vector describing a command the user
wishes to check against the policy in the same form as what would
be passed to the execve() system call.  If the command is permitted
by the policy, the fully-qualified path to the command should be
displayed along with any command line arguments.

=back

=item validate

 int (*validate)(void);

The C<validate> function is called when B<sudo> is run with the
C<-v> flag.  For policy plugins such as I<sudoers> that cache
authentication credentials, this function will validate and cache
the credentials.

The C<validate> function should be C<NULL> if the plugin does not
support credential caching.

Returns 1 on success, 0 on failure and -1 on error.
On error, the plugin may optionally call the conversation or plugin_printf
function with C<SUDO_CONF_ERROR_MSG> to present additional
error information to the user.

=item invalidate

 void (*invalidate)(int remove);

The C<invalidate> function is called when B<sudo> is called with
the C<-k> or C<-K> flag.  For policy plugins such as I<sudoers> that
cache authentication credentials, this function will invalidate the
credentials.  If the I<remove> flag is set, the plugin may remove
the credentials instead of simply invalidating them.

The C<invalidate> function should be C<NULL> if the plugin does not
support credential caching.

=item init_session

 int (*init_session)(struct passwd *pwd);

The C<init_session> function is called when B<sudo> sets up the
execution environment for the command, immediately before the
contents of the I<command_info> list are applied (before the uid
changes).  This can be used to do session setup that is not supported
by I<command_info>, such as opening the PAM session.

The I<pwd> argument points to a passwd struct for the user the
command will be run as if the uid the command will run as was found
in the password database, otherwise it will be NULL.

Returns 1 on success, 0 on failure and -1 on error.
On error, the plugin may optionally call the conversation or plugin_printf
function with C<SUDO_CONF_ERROR_MSG> to present additional
error information to the user.

=back

=head3 Version macros

 #define SUDO_API_VERSION_GET_MAJOR(v) ((v) >> 16)
 #define SUDO_API_VERSION_GET_MINOR(v) ((v) & 0xffff)
 #define SUDO_API_VERSION_SET_MAJOR(vp, n) do { \
     *(vp) = (*(vp) & 0x0000ffff) | ((n) << 16); \
 } while(0)
 #define SUDO_VERSION_SET_MINOR(vp, n) do { \
     *(vp) = (*(vp) & 0xffff0000) | (n); \
 } while(0)

 #define SUDO_API_VERSION_MAJOR 1
 #define SUDO_API_VERSION_MINOR 0
 #define SUDO_API_VERSION ((SUDO_API_VERSION_MAJOR << 16) | \
                           SUDO_API_VERSION_MINOR)

=head2 I/O Plugin API

 struct io_plugin {
 #define SUDO_IO_PLUGIN		2
     unsigned int type; /* always SUDO_IO_PLUGIN */
     unsigned int version; /* always SUDO_API_VERSION */
     int (*open)(unsigned int version, sudo_conv_t conversation
                 sudo_printf_t plugin_printf, char * const settings[],
                 char * const user_info[], int argc, char * const argv[],
                 char * const user_env[]);
     void (*close)(int exit_status, int error); /* wait status or error */
     int (*show_version)(int verbose);
     int (*log_ttyin)(const char *buf, unsigned int len);
     int (*log_ttyout)(const char *buf, unsigned int len);
     int (*log_stdin)(const char *buf, unsigned int len);
     int (*log_stdout)(const char *buf, unsigned int len);
     int (*log_stderr)(const char *buf, unsigned int len);
 };

When an I/O plugin is loaded, B<sudo> runs the command in a pseudo-tty.
This makes it possible to log the input and output from the user's
session.  If any of the standard input, standard output or standard
error do not correspond to a tty, B<sudo> will open a pipe to capture
the I/O for logging before passing it on.

The log_ttyin function receives the raw user input from the terminal
device (note that this will include input even when echo is disabled,
such as when a password is read). The log_ttyout function receives
output from the pseudo-tty that is suitable for replaying the user's
session at a later time.  The log_stdin, log_stdout and log_stderr
functions are only called if the standard input, standard output
or standard error respectively correspond to something other than
a tty.

Any of the logging functions may be set to the NULL
pointer if no logging is to be performed.  If the open function
returns C<0>, no I/O will be sent to the plugin.

The io_plugin struct has the following fields:

=over 4

=item type

The C<type> field should always be set to SUDO_IO_PLUGIN

=item version

The C<version> field should be set to SUDO_API_VERSION.

This allows B<sudo> to determine the API version the plugin was
built against.

=item open

 int (*open)(unsigned int version, sudo_conv_t conversation
             sudo_printf_t plugin_printf, char * const settings[],
             char * const user_info[], int argc, char * const argv[],
             char * const user_env[]);

The I<open> function is run before the I<log_input>, I<log_output>
or I<show_version> functions are called.  It is only called if the
version is being requested or the I<check_policy> function has
returned successfully.  It returns 1 on success, 0 on failure, -1
if a general error occurred, or -2 if there was a usage error.  In
the latter case, B<sudo> will print a usage message before it exits.
If an error occurs, the plugin may optionally call the conversation
or plugin_printf function with C<SUDO_CONF_ERROR_MSG> to present
additional error information to the user.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item version

The version passed in by B<sudo> allows the plugin to determine the
major and minor version number of the plugin API supported by
B<sudo>.

=item conversation

A pointer to the conversation function that may be used by the
I<show_version> function to display version information (see
show_version below).  The conversation function may also be used
to display additional error message to the user.
The conversation function returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.

=item plugin_printf

A pointer to a printf-style function that may be used by the
I<show_version> function to display version information (see
show_version below).  The plugin_printf function may also be used
to display additional error message to the user.
The plugin_printf function returns number of characters printed on
success and -1 on failure.

=item settings

A vector of user-supplied B<sudo> settings in the form of "name=value"
strings.  The vector is terminated by a C<NULL> pointer.  These
settings correspond to flags the user specified when running B<sudo>.
As such, they will only be present when the corresponding flag has
been specified on the command line.

When parsing I<settings>, the plugin should split on the B<first>
equal sign ('=') since the I<name> field will never include one
itself but the I<value> might.

See the L<Policy Plugin API> section for a list of all possible settings.

=item user_info

A vector of information about the user running the command in the form of
"name=value" strings.  The vector is terminated by a C<NULL> pointer.

When parsing I<user_info>, the plugin should split on the B<first>
equal sign ('=') since the I<name> field will never include one
itself but the I<value> might.

See the L<Policy Plugin API> section for a list of all possible strings.

=item argc

The number of elements in I<argv>, not counting the final C<NULL>
pointer.

=item argv

If non-C<NULL>, an argument vector describing a command the user
wishes to run in the same form as what would be passed to the
execve() system call.

=item user_env

The user's environment in the form of a C<NULL>-terminated vector of
"name=value" strings.

When parsing I<user_env>, the plugin should split on the B<first>
equal sign ('=') since the I<name> field will never include one
itself but the I<value> might.

=back

=item close

 void (*close)(int exit_status, int error);

The C<close> function is called when the command being run by B<sudo>
finishes.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item exit_status

The command's exit status, as returned by the wait(2) system call.
The value of C<exit_status> is undefined if C<error> is non-zero.

=item error

If the command could not be executed, this is set to the value of
C<errno> set by the execve(2) system call.  If the command was
successfully executed, the value of C<error> is 0.

=back

=item show_version

 int (*show_version)(int verbose);

The C<show_version> function is called by B<sudo> when the user specifies
the C<-V> option.  The plugin may display its version information
to the user via the conversation or plugin_printf function using
C<SUDO_CONV_INFO_MSG>.  If the user requests detailed version
information, the verbose flag will be set.

=item log_ttyin

 int (*log_ttyin)(const char *buf, unsigned int len);

The I<log_ttyin> function is called whenever data can be read from
the user but before it is passed to the running command.  This
allows the plugin to reject data if it chooses to (for instance
if the input contains banned content).  Returns C<1> if the data
should be passed to the command, C<0> if the data is rejected
(which will terminate the command) or C<-1> if an error occurred.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item buf

The buffer containing user input.

=item len

The length of I<buf> in bytes.

=back

=item log_ttyout

 int (*log_ttyout)(const char *buf, unsigned int len);

The I<log_ttyout> function is called whenever data can be read from
the command but before it is written to the user's terminal.  This
allows the plugin to reject data if it chooses to (for instance
if the output contains banned content).  Returns C<1> if the data
should be passed to the user, C<0> if the data is rejected
(which will terminate the command) or C<-1> if an error occurred.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item buf

The buffer containing command output.

=item len

The length of I<buf> in bytes.

=back

=item log_stdin

 int (*log_stdin)(const char *buf, unsigned int len);

The I<log_stdin> function is only used if the standard input does
not correspond to a tty device.  It is called whenever data can be
read from the standard input but before it is passed to the running
command.  This allows the plugin to reject data if it chooses to
(for instance if the input contains banned content).  Returns C<1>
if the data should be passed to the command, C<0> if the data is
rejected (which will terminate the command) or C<-1> if an error
occurred.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item buf

The buffer containing user input.

=item len

The length of I<buf> in bytes.

=back

=item log_stdout

 int (*log_stdout)(const char *buf, unsigned int len);

The I<log_stdout> function is only used if the standard output does
not correspond to a tty device.  It is called whenever data can be
read from the command but before it is written to the standard
output.  This allows the plugin to reject data if it chooses to
(for instance if the output contains banned content).  Returns C<1>
if the data should be passed to the user, C<0> if the data is
rejected (which will terminate the command) or C<-1> if an error
occurred.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item buf

The buffer containing command output.

=item len

The length of I<buf> in bytes.

=back

=item log_stderr

 int (*log_stderr)(const char *buf, unsigned int len);

The I<log_stderr> function is only used if the standard error does
not correspond to a tty device.  It is called whenever data can be
read from the command but before it is written to the standard
error.  This allows the plugin to reject data if it chooses to
(for instance if the output contains banned content).  Returns C<1>
if the data should be passed to the user, C<0> if the data is
rejected (which will terminate the command) or C<-1> if an error
occurred.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item buf

The buffer containing command output.

=item len

The length of I<buf> in bytes.

=back

=back

=head3 Version macros

Same as for the L<Policy Plugin API>.

=head2 Conversation API

If the plugin needs to interact with the user, it may do so via the
conversation function.  A plugin should not attempt to read directly
from the standard input or the user's tty (neither of which are
guaranteed to exist).  The caller must include a trailing newline
in C<msg> if one is to be printed.

A printf-style function is also available that can be used to display
informational or error messages to the user, which is usually more
convenient for simple messages where no use input is required.

 struct sudo_conv_message {
 #define SUDO_CONV_PROMPT_ECHO_OFF  0x0001 /* do not echo user input */
 #define SUDO_CONV_PROMPT_ECHO_ON   0x0002 /* echo user input */
 #define SUDO_CONV_ERROR_MSG	    0x0003 /* error message */
 #define SUDO_CONV_INFO_MSG	    0x0004 /* informational message */
 #define SUDO_CONV_PROMPT_MASK	    0x0005 /* mask user input */
 #define SUDO_CONV_PROMPT_ECHO_OK   0x1000 /* flag: allow echo if no tty */
     int msg_type;
     int timeout;
     const char *msg;
 };

 struct sudo_conv_reply {
     char *reply;
 };

 typedef int (*sudo_conv_t)(int num_msgs,
	      const struct sudo_conv_message msgs[],
              struct sudo_conv_reply replies[]);

 typedef int (*sudo_printf_t)(int msg_type, const char *fmt, ...);

Pointers to the conversation and printf-style functions are passed
in to the plugin's C<open> function when the plugin is initialized.

To use the conversation function, the plugin must pass an array of
C<sudo_conv_message> and C<sudo_conv_reply> structures.  There must
be a C<struct sudo_conv_message> and C<struct sudo_conv_reply> for
each message in the conversation.  The plugin is responsible for
freeing the reply buffer filled in to the C<struct sudo_conv_reply>,
if any.

The printf-style function uses the same underlying mechanism as the
conversation function but only supports C<SUDO_CONV_INFO_MSG> and
C<SUDO_CONV_ERROR_MSG> for the I<msg_type> parameter.  It can be
more convenient than using the conversation function if no user
reply is needed and supports standard printf() escape sequences.

See the sample plugin for an example of the conversation function usage.

=head2 Sudoers Group Plugin API

The I<sudoers> module supports a plugin interface to allow non-Unix
group lookups.  This can be used to query a group source other than
the standard Unix group database.  A sample group plugin is bundled
with B<sudo> that implements file-based lookups.  Third party group
plugins include a QAS AD plugin available from Quest Software.

A group plugin must declare and populate a C<sudoers_group_plugin>
struct in the global scope.  This structure contains pointers to
the functions that implement plugin initialization, cleanup and
group lookup.

 struct sudoers_group_plugin {
    unsigned int version;
    int (*init)(int version, sudo_printf_t sudo_printf,
                char *const argv[]);
    void (*cleanup)(void);
    int (*query)(const char *user, const char *group,
                 const struct passwd *pwd);
};

The C<sudoers_group_plugin> struct has the following fields:

=over 4

=item version

The C<version> field should be set to GROUP_API_VERSION.

This allows I<sudoers> to determine the API version the group plugin
was built against.

=item init

 int (*init)(int version, sudo_printf_t plugin_printf,
             char *const argv[]);

The I<init> function is called after I<sudoers> has been parsed but
before any policy checks.  It returns 1 on success, 0 on failure
(or if the plugin is not configured), and -1 if a error occurred.
If an error occurs, the plugin may call the plugin_printf function
with C<SUDO_CONF_ERROR_MSG> to present additional error information
to the user.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item version

The version passed in by I<sudoers> allows the plugin to determine the
major and minor version number of the group plugin API supported by
I<sudoers>.

=item plugin_printf

A pointer to a printf-style function that may be used to display
informational or error message to the user.
Returns the number of characters printed on success and -1 on failure.

=item argv

A NULL-terminated array of arguments generated from the I<group_plugin>
option in I<sudoers>.  If no arguments were given, I<argv> will be
NULL.

=back

=item cleanup

 void (*cleanup)();

The I<cleanup> function is called when I<sudoers> has finished its
group checks.  The plugin should free any memory it has allocated
and close open file handles.

=item query

 int (*query)(const char *user, const char *group,
              const struct passwd *pwd);

The I<query> function is used to ask the group plugin whether I<user>
is a member of I<group>.

The function arguments are as follows:

=over 4

=item user

The name of the user being looked up in the external group database.

=item group

The name of the group being queried.

=item pwd

The password database entry for I<user>, if any.  If I<user> is not
present in the password database, I<pwd> will be C<NULL>.

=back

=back

=head3 Version Macros

 /* Sudoers group plugin version major/minor */
 #define GROUP_API_VERSION_MAJOR 1
 #define GROUP_API_VERSION_MINOR 0
 #define GROUP_API_VERSION ((GROUP_API_VERSION_MAJOR << 16) | \
                            GROUP_API_VERSION_MINOR)

 /* Getters and setters for group version */
 #define GROUP_API_VERSION_GET_MAJOR(v) ((v) >> 16)
 #define GROUP_API_VERSION_GET_MINOR(v) ((v) & 0xffff)
 #define GROUP_API_VERSION_SET_MAJOR(vp, n) do { \
     *(vp) = (*(vp) & 0x0000ffff) | ((n) << 16); \
 } while(0)
 #define GROUP_API_VERSION_SET_MINOR(vp, n) do { \
     *(vp) = (*(vp) & 0xffff0000) | (n); \
 } while(0)

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<sudoers(5)>, L<sudo(8)>

=head1 BUGS

If you feel you have found a bug in B<sudo>, please submit a bug report
at http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/

=head1 SUPPORT

Limited free support is available via the sudo-workers mailing list,
see http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-workers to subscribe or
search the archives.

=head1 DISCLAIMER

B<sudo> is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties,
including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability
and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.  See the LICENSE
file distributed with B<sudo> or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html
for complete details.